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8/8/2019 Chapter 1 - Understanding Chemistry
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Understanding ChemistryUnderstanding Chemistry
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What is Chemistry?What is Chemistry?
Chemistry is the study of thecomposition, structure, properties and
interactions of matter.
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Chemistry Related CareersChemistry Related Careers
Aquaculturist
Bacteriologist
Biochemist
Chemical engineer
Cosmetic scientist Doctor
Environmental scientist
Food technologist
Forensic scientist
Geologist
Laboratory technician Nutritionist
Pathologist
Pharmacist
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In chemistry, all matter is considered as
chemical. Thus, chemicals are not only
found in laboratories, but also in commonsubstances such as air, water, soil and
metals.
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Scientific InvestigationScientific Investigation
Scientific Method
The scientific method or scientific process is
fundamental to scientific investigation and to the
acquisition of new knowledge based on physicalevidence by the scientists.
Scientists use observations and reasoning to propose
tentative explanations for natural phenomena, termed
hypotheses. The scientific method is a systematic approach to
research. It consists of the following steps:
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1. Making observation
An investigation usually begins with an observation
on a phenomenon.
Observation is to observe and gather theinformation about the phenomenon.
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2. Making Inference
After gathering sufficient information, we make an
inference, or early conclusion, based on what has
been observed. The inference may or may not be trueand need to be proven true or false with further
investigation.
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3. Identifying problem
Asking question based on the inference madeto identify the problem related to the
observation.
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4. Making a hypothesis
A hypothesis is a proposed explanation for a
phenomenon.
Normally, it is a general statement about the
relationship between the manipulated
variable and a responding variable in order
to explain the question ask.
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5. Identifying variables
A variable is a factor that affects other factors in anexperiment.
In a scientific investigation, we need to identify allrelated variables.
There are three types of variable, namely
Manipulated variable the factor that ispurposely changed in an experiment
Responding variable the factor that changeswith the manipulated variable
Fixed variables the factors that are keptconstant throughout an experiment. This is to
ensure that other factors do not affect the resultsof the experiment.
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6. Controlling variables
Deciding how to repeat the experiment several
times by using different values of the manipulated
variable. This step is to test the consistency in the
experiment and also to relate the manipulated
variable to the responding variable.
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7. Designing the experiment
Deciding how to carry out the experiment, including
determine the material, apparatus, experiment sets
out and the procedure to take. Always keep in mind that the main purpose of the
experiment is to o test the hypothesis.
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8. Carrying Out the Experiment
- After the planning of the experiment is done,
you will need to carry out the experiment
according to the procedure.
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9. Collecting data
Make observations in the experiment by watching
and measuring.
Measure the quantities accurately using suitablemeasuring instruments and units.
All data are collected and recorded in a proposed
table.
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10. Analysing and interpreting data
After collecting the data, you will need to analyse
the results of the experiment.
Data analysis is the step to studies information bybreaking it down into smaller parts.
The results can be presented in various forms, such
as a table, graph or chart.
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11. Making a conclusion
Draw conclusions based on the observations and
results.
State whether the hypothesis is true or false.
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12. Writing the report
A report is written after an experiment is performed.
The format of the report is arranged based on the
scientific investigation method which is performed
systematically; starting from the problems identified
to the last stage.
State any precautions taken to overcome problems
in the experiment.
A simple diagram of the experiment set-up would
sometime be useful.