Upload
bryan-rich
View
231
Download
1
Tags:
Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
Chapter 1:The World of Earth Science
Section 1: Branches of Earth
Science
Geology• The study of the origin, history, and
structure of the earth and the processes that shape the earth.• Geologists specialize in different aspects
of earth:–Volcanologists – studies volcanoes–Seismologist – studies earthquakes–Paleontologist – studies fossils
Oceanography• Scientific study of the sea.
• Special areas of Oceanography–Physical Oceanographer–Biological Oceanographer–Geological Oceanographer–Chemical Oceanographer
Special areas of Oceanography
• Physical Oceanographer – studies physical features of the ocean such as waves and currents to see how they affect weather patterns and aquatic life.• Biological Oceanographer – studies plants
and animals that live in the ocean.
Special areas of Oceanography
• Geological Oceanographer – studies and explores the ocean floor for clues to the Earth’s history.• Chemical Oceanographer – studies
amounts and distributions of natural and human made chemicals in the ocean.
Reading Check: Describe four
special areas of oceanography?
Other Branches of Earth Science
• Meteorology – the scientific study of the Earth’s atmosphere, especially in relation to weather and climate.• Astronomy – the study of the universe.–Astronomers study stars, asteroids, planets,
and everything in space.
Reading Check: What do
astronomers study?
Special Branches of Earth Science
• Environmental Science• Ecology•Geochemistry•Geography• Cartography
Environmental Science• The study of how humans interact with
the environment.–Task: to determine how humans affect the
environment.
• Environmental science relies on: geology, life science, chemistry, and physics to help preserve Earth’s resources and to teach others how to use them wisely.
Ecology• The study of the relationships between
organisms and their surroundings.–Ecologist – person who studies a community
of organisms and their non-living environment. –They work in fields such as – wildlife
management, agriculture, forestry, and conservation.
Geochemistry• Combines the studies of geology and
chemistry.–geochemists – specialize in the chemistry
of rocks, minerals, and soil. –Can determine: the economic value of the materials
and what the environment was like when the rocks first formed.–Also studies: the distribution and effect of chemicals
added to the environment by human activity.
Geography/Cartography• Physical geographers – studies the surface
features of Earth.–Educated in geology, biology, and physics
• Cartographers – make maps of those features by aerial and satellite photos, and computer mapping systems.
Reading Check: What do
cartographers do?
Section Review:Pg. 11-#’s: 1-7, 9, 11
Section 2: Scientific Methods in Earth
Science
Reading Check: How do scientists
learn about the natural world?
Scientific Methods• Scientific methods – are a series of steps
that scientists use to answer questions and solve problems.–No set procedure, may use all steps or just some,
may repeat steps, use steps in different order.–Goal of scientific methods: is to come up with
reliable answers and solutions. Also used to gain insight into the problems they investigate.
Steps to Scientific Method
Ask a Question• Helps focus the purpose of an
investigation.
• Sample question: What kind of dinosaur did these bones come from?
Form a Hypothesis• Is a possible explanation or answer to a
question that can be tested.
• Sample hypothesis: based on prior knowledge, these bones came from a dinosaur not yet known to scientists.
Test the Hypothesis• EXPERIMENT.• Controlled experiment – test only one
factor, or variable, at a time.–All other variables remain constant.–*If more than one variable is changed
scientists cannot easily determine which variable caused the outcome.*
Test the Hypothesis• Making observations.• Collecting data and observe nature when
variables cannot be controlled.• Sample tests: Took measurements of
dinosaur bones, compared measurements with bones from know dinosaurs. Also visited museums and talked with other scientists.
Test the Hypothesis• Keeping accurate records.• Clear, honest, and accurate records of
their experiments and observations.• Presents findings supported by scientific
data.• Repeat experiments to verify findings.
Analyze the Results• Finished testing? Analyze results.• Make graphs and tables to organize and
summarize data.• Sample analysis: Found that bones did not
match bones of known dinosaur. Bones were either too large or too different in shape.
Reading Check: Why would
scientists create graphs and tables of
their data?
Draw Conclusions• Must conclude whether the results
supported the hypothesis.• If hypothesis is not supported by test-may
repeat investigation to check for errors. OR ask new questions and form new hypotheses.• Sample conclusion: bones were from
unknown dinosaur.
Communicate Results• Share results and what was learned with
others.–Writing reports for scientific journals or give
lectures on results.
• Others evaluate evidence-review experimental procedure, data, and reasoning behind explanations (part of scientific inquiry)
• Sample of sharing: press conference and scientific journal.
Reading Check: Why is it important
for the scientific community to review
new evidence?
Case Closed?• Investigation may not be closed.–New evidence may become available–Scientist may change hypothesis based on
new evidence–May have more questions based in original
evidence
• Sample questions: What specific dinosaur ate? What environment did it live in? How did it become extinct?
Section Review:Pg. 17-#’s: 1-6, 8, 9
Section 3: Scientific Models
Scientific Models• Used to
understand the natural world.• Explain or analyze
an object, system, or concept in more detail.
Models – a pattern, plan, representation, or description designed to show the structure or workings of an object, system, or concept.
Types of Scientific Models
• Physical
• Mathematical
• Conceptual
Physical Model–Looks like the real
object.
• Ex. Model airplanes, cars, and dolls
Physical model – model that you can touch.
Mathematical Model• Simple model –
calculate how far a car will go in an hour.• Complex model –
computers needed to process information. Ex. predicting population growth in the world
Mathematical model – made up of mathematical equations and data.
Conceptual Model• Composed of
many hypotheses• Each hypothesis is
supported through scientific methods.
Conceptual model – a system of ideas or a comparison with familiar things to help illustrate or explain an idea.
Ex. big bang theory – explanation of the structure of the universe.
Reading check: What is the big bang
theory?
Choosing the Right Model
–Explains an observation but also predicts what might happen in the future
Theory – explanation that ties together many hypotheses and observations.
Climate Models
–This type of model is complicated because there are many variables that affect climate.
Climate models – used by scientists who study Earth’s atmosphere.
Reading check: Why is a climate
model complicated?
Section Review:Pg. 21-#’s: 1-6, 8, 9
Section 4: Measurement and
Safety
Using the International system
of Units (SI)• Advantage: global measurement system
created for using a standard system of measurement.
Reading Check: Why was the
International System of Units developed?
Length• Meter – the basic
unit of length in the SI, symbol (m).
• Ex. Divide 1m into 100 parts, each part equals 1cm.
Length – scientists use meters (m) to measure length.
Volume• Measuring volume–Boxed-shaped object –
lXwXh– Irregularly shaped
object – measuring the volume of liquid that the object displaces.• Using a graduated
cylinder
Volume – a measure of the size of a body or region in three-dimensional space. Liters (L)
Mass
• Kilogram (kg) or grams (g) are used to describe the mass of an object.
• Ex. 1000g=1kg
Mass – a measure of the amount of matter in an object.
Temperature
• Fahrenheit (degree F) and Celsius (degree C).
Temperature – a measure of how hot or cold something is.
Thermometer – shows the relationship between degrees (F) and degrees (C).
Area• Area is measured
by the lengthXwidth.–Units – square
units – square meters, square centimeters, square kilometers.
Area – a measure of the size of a surface or a region.
Density• Density is
measured by the mass/volume.• Ex. units – grams
per milliliter and grams per cubic centimeter.
Density – the ratio of the mass of a substance to the volume of the substance.
Safety Rules• Always follow your teachers instruction• Before starting any scientific
investigation, obtain your teacher’s permission• Read the lab procedures completely and
carefully before you start• Pay attention to safety information and
caution statements
Reading Check: What should you do
before you start a scientific
investigation?
Section Review:Pg. 25 - #’s: 1-6
Chapter Review:Pg. 28 - #’s: 1-14,
16-19