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CHAPTER 1 THE TOOLS OF GEOGRAPHERS Slide 2 Globe A globe is a 3-D representation of the Earth. Sometimes globes are not very practical because they are TOO BULKY! They also are too small to small prominent features. Its hard to measure distance and direction because of its roundness. You also cant see the entire Earth at 1 time. Slide 3 Maps Maps are two dimensional graphic representations of the Earths curved surface on a flat surface. Maps are easily carried and can be drawn to any scale. Slide 4 Problem of Distortion Features are stretched to put Earths information onto a map. Slide 5 Distortion!!! Slide 6 Slide 7 DISTORTION Its impossible to accurately reflect a curved surface on a flat surface. The larger the surface the larger the distortion is on the map. TYPES OF DISTORTION : 1. Shape of land & bodies of water. 2. Size of (area) of land/water. 3. Distance 4. Direction Slide 8 TELLING DIRECTIONS Cardinal Directions are: North, South, East, West! Intermediate Directions are: Northeast, southeast, southwest, and northwest! Slide 9 Different Types of Maps 1. Physical Show landforms and bodies of water! Can determine characteristics of the place or region. 2. Political Human-created! Cities, states, territories, or countries. 3. Thematic More specific maps. Can show growth of a nation or influence of a nation, GDP, and Migration patterns! Slide 10 Maps and Map Skills Slide 11 Latitude The set of lines crossing the Earths surface horizontally, Circling east and west. Each line of latitude is always an equal distance from the next. They are also known as parallels. All latitude lines are parallel to each other They are also known as parallels. All latitude lines are parallel to each other. Slide 12 Longitude A set of lines that run vertically along Earths surface from the North Pole to the South Pole Slide 13 Hemispheres The earth can be divided into halves. Each of these halves is called a hemisphere The earth can be divided into halves. Each of these halves is called a hemisphere. Slide 14 Hemispheres at the Equator The north of the equator is called the northern hemisphere The south of the equator is called the southern hemisphere Slide 15 Slide 16 Map Projections Cylindrical Projections Conic Projections Robinson Projection Goodes Interrupted Slide 17 Cylindrical Projections--- Mercator Straight lines of latitude and Longitude are Perpendicular (accurate directions) Distortions: shape and size of areas far away from the equator. Little distortion near the equator Slide 18 Conic Projections Used for middle latitudes between 30 0 and 60 0 north latitudes, and between 30 0 and 60 0 south latitudes Shape and size are not preserved. Not much distortion between parallels. USED: by the US Geography Bureau and the Census Department. Slide 19 Robinson Projection Equal areas shown with high degree of accuracy Conformal except near edges of map where distortion increases Valuable for showing entire world. Slide 20 Goodes Interrupted High degree of accuracy in area and shape Distorted distance and scale. Valuable for showing Land masses. Slide 21 Points to Remember The projection one chooses to use depends on the information one wants. All Maps are projections they transfer Earths features from the globe to a flat surface (map). When large areas of Earth are mapped, distortion is more serious. When mapping small areas like cities, distortion is not usually evident.