Chapter 1Chapter 1

The Peopling of the WorldThe Peopling of the World

IntroductionIntroduction

Pre-HistoryPre-History - The time before writing (about 3,000 BC) - The time before writing (about 3,000 BC) Archaeologists – bones & Archaeologists – bones & artifactsartifacts (man made objects (man made objects

– pottery, bones, tools, artwork)– pottery, bones, tools, artwork) Anthropologists – Anthropologists – cultureculture (a group’s way of life) (a group’s way of life) Paleontologists – fossils (plant, animal remains)Paleontologists – fossils (plant, animal remains) Methods – Methods – Radiocarbon datingRadiocarbon dating, DNA, DNA HistoryHistory – The time since written records – The time since written records

BCE BCE – before common era (BC – “before Christ”)– before common era (BC – “before Christ”) CECE – common era (AD – “Anno Domini”– year of our lord or – common era (AD – “Anno Domini”– year of our lord or

“after death”)“after death”) CircaCirca (c.) – about/approximately (c.) – about/approximately

PaleolithicPaleolithic – Old Stone Age – Old Stone Age

2.5 million BC – 8,000 BC (BCE)2.5 million BC – 8,000 BC (BCE) NomadicNomadic Hunters and gatherersHunters and gatherers Use of fire, tools (stone, bone, wood)Use of fire, tools (stone, bone, wood) No real leader, equalityNo real leader, equality Lived in small groupsLived in small groups Paintings in cavesPaintings in caves

NeolithicNeolithic – New Stone – New StoneAgeAge

8,000 BC – 3,000 BC8,000 BC – 3,000 BC Most important development in historyMost important development in history ““Agricultural revolutionAgricultural revolution”” Farming develops; Farming develops; slash and burnslash and burn Control of environmentControl of environment DomesticationDomestication of animals of animals No need to travel – rise of No need to travel – rise of CIVILIZATION!CIVILIZATION! Provides regular & Provides regular & surplussurplus food supply; new food supply; new

toolstools

Neolithic cont.Neolithic cont.

Many developed in river valleys – Many developed in river valleys – WHY?WHY? MesopotamiaMesopotamia EgyptEgypt IndiaIndia ChinaChina

Characteristics of CivilizationCharacteristics of Civilization

Advanced citiesAdvanced cities Specialization of laborSpecialization of labor Complex institutions Complex institutions

Long lasting pattern of organization Long lasting pattern of organization (government, religion, education, etc.)(government, religion, education, etc.)

WritingWriting TechnologyTechnology

MesopotamiaMesopotamia

Fertile CrescentFertile Crescent

IraqIraq

SyriaSyria

JordanJordan

IsraelIsrael

EgyptEgypt

LebanonLebanon

Sumer & CivilizationSumer & Civilization

CitiesCities Between Between Tigris & EuphratesTigris & Euphrates Rivers (Iraq) Rivers (Iraq) ““Fertile Crescent” – MesopotamiaFertile Crescent” – Mesopotamia UrUr, Uruk, Eridu, Uruk, Eridu

Specialized WorkersSpecialized Workers Surplus food freed labor supply, Surplus food freed labor supply,

specializedspecialized ArtisansArtisans – skilled workers; farmers, etc. – skilled workers; farmers, etc. Social classes emerge; Social classes emerge; hierarchyhierarchy

Sumer & Civilization cont.Sumer & Civilization cont.

WritingWriting ScribesScribes – record keepers needed to keep – record keepers needed to keep

track of products (grain, livestock)track of products (grain, livestock) CuneiformCuneiform – Sumerian writing – Sumerian writing

Complex InstitutionsComplex Institutions Governments emerge to regulate peopleGovernments emerge to regulate people Religion/Priests – Religion/Priests – Ziggurats Ziggurats (temples)(temples)

Sumerian ZigguratSumerian Ziggurat

Sumer & Civilization cont.Sumer & Civilization cont.

TechnologyTechnology New tools, techniques, inventionsNew tools, techniques, inventions Pottery, plows, Pottery, plows, irrigationirrigation (impact?) (impact?) Advances in metal work – bronze Advances in metal work – bronze

(copper & tin) – (copper & tin) – Bronze ageBronze age

Sumerian Science & Tech.Sumerian Science & Tech.

Wagon wheelWagon wheel Arch & DomeArch & Dome Potter’s wheelPotter’s wheel Number system based on 60Number system based on 60 12 month calendar12 month calendar Bronze (copper & tin)Bronze (copper & tin) Metal plowMetal plow Irrigation (canals)Irrigation (canals) SailboatsSailboats

5 Characteristics of 5 Characteristics of Civilization?Civilization?

CITIESCITIES SPECIALIZATIONSPECIALIZATION INSTITUTIONSINSTITUTIONS WRITINGWRITING TECHNOLOGYTECHNOLOGY