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Chapter 1Chapter 1The Court SystemThe Court SystemSection 2 Section 2
ObjectivesObjectives
I. Discuss our use of the Dual Court System (State v. Federal)
II. Civil and Criminal Trial ProceduresIII. Juvenile Court System and
Procedures
I. Dual Court System: Federal I. Dual Court System: Federal and State Courtsand State Courts
Federal Court SystemFederal Court System
Supreme Court
Appellate Court
US District Courts
Tier 1 US District Courts
Tier 2 US Appellate Courts
Tier 3 US Supreme Court
US District CourtsUS District Courts
Each State has at least 1 District Court.
US District CourtsUS District Courts
Each State has at least 1 District Court.
MA has 3- Worcester, Boston, Springfield
US District CourtsUS District Courts
Each State has at least 1 District Court.
MA has 3- Worcester, Boston, Springfield
US District Courts have original jurisdiction, meaning they hear cases first◦This is the Federal
Courthouse in Boston
Random Riddle 1Random Riddle 1
What gets whiter the dirtier it gets?
Random Riddle 1Random Riddle 1
What gets whiter the dirtier it gets?
US Court of AppealsUS Court of AppealsAppellate Court -
hears appeals and reviews cases from lower courts.
US Court of AppealsUS Court of AppealsAppellate Court -
hears appeals and reviews cases from lower courts.
Does not listen to witness testimony
No Jury
US Court of AppealsUS Court of AppealsAppellate Court -
hears appeals and reviews cases from lower courts.
Does not listen to witness testimony
No JuryDecide if lower
courts applied the law accurately
US Supreme CourtUS Supreme Court
The highest Court in the country.
Consists of the Chief Justice (John Roberts) and 8 associate justices.
Hear Cases that:◦Affect a wide range
of people.
Hear Cases that:◦Affect a wide range
of people.◦Involve the
Constitution
Hear Cases that:◦Affect a wide range
of people.◦Involve the
Constitution◦Lower courts
couldn’t agree.
Hear Cases that:◦Affect a wide range
of people.◦Involve the
Constitution◦Lower courts
couldn’t agree.◦Involve a State
Federal JurisdictionFederal Jurisdiction
Jurisdiction-a court’s power to hear a case and make a judgment.
Federal JurisdictionFederal Jurisdiction
Jurisdiction-a court’s power to hear a case and make a judgment.
The Federal Courts have jurisdiction in a number of cases.
Federal JurisdictionFederal Jurisdiction
Jurisdiction-a court’s power to hear a case and make a judgment.
The Federal Courts have jurisdiction in a number of cases.
Refer to page 16 in book
Random RiddleRandom Riddle
Q: Mary’s father has 5 daughters – Nana, Nene, Nini, Nono. What is the fifth daughters name?
Random RiddleRandom Riddle
Q: Mary’s father has 5 daughters – Nana, Nene, Nini, Nono. What is the fifth daughters name?
Interpreting the ConstitutionInterpreting the Constitution◦Plessy v. Ferguson- argued that segregation was against the 13th and 14th amendment.
Interpreting the ConstitutionInterpreting the Constitution◦Plessy v. Ferguson- argued that segregation was against the 13th and 14th amendment.
◦Roe v. Wade - argued that laws against abortion violated the 14th amendment which protects our rights to privacy under the due process clause. Jane Roe is a fictitious name.Norma Leah McCorvey.Henry Wade- Texas DA
Cases between Citizens in Cases between Citizens in Different StatesDifferent States
Money amount must be over $75,000
US or State is involvedUS or State is involved
This does not include actions between a state or citizen.
Illinois V. Caballes
State Court SystemState Court System
State Supreme Court
Appellate Court
Trial Courts•Local
•General•Juvenile
Tier 1◦Local Trial Courts◦General Trial Courts◦Juvenile Trial Courts
Tier 2◦Court of Appeals
Tier 3 ◦State Supreme Court
Random Thoughts by Mitch Random Thoughts by Mitch HedbergHedberg
“An escalator can never break: it can only become stairs. You would never see an Escalator Temporarily Out Of Order sign, just Escalator Temporarily Stairs. Sorry for the convenience.”
Local and General Trial CourtsLocal and General Trial Courts
Local Trial Courts- hear small cases like traffic offenses and money disputes
Local and General Trial CourtsLocal and General Trial Courts
Local Trial Courts- hear small cases like traffic offenses and money disputes
General Trial Courts- hear state criminal cases.
Local and General Trial CourtsLocal and General Trial Courts
Local Trial Courts- hear small cases like traffic offenses and money disputes
General Trial Courts- hear state criminal cases.
Juvenile Courts- hear cases of minors
State Appellate and Supreme Courts
Jurisdictions are similar to Federal Appellate and Supreme courts.
Check your IQCheck your IQ
I'm a male. If Albert's son is my son's father, what is the relationship between Albert and me
Check your IQCheck your IQ
I'm a male. If Albert's son is my son's father, what is the relationship between Albert and me
Albert is my Father
II. Criminal v. Civil TrialsII. Criminal v. Civil TrialsCriminal Trials◦ Government v.
Defendant
Civil Trials◦ Plaintiff (citizen) v.
Defendant
II. Criminal v. Civil TrialsII. Criminal v. Civil TrialsCriminal Trials◦ Government v.
Defendant◦ More Protection for
Defendant.
Civil Trials◦ Plaintiff (citizen) v.
Defendant◦ Less Protection for
Defendant
II. Criminal v. Civil TrialsII. Criminal v. Civil TrialsCriminal Trials◦ Government v.
Defendant◦ More Protection for
Defendant. Stricter rules of evidence Burden of Proof-
Beyond a shadow of a doubt.
Civil Trials◦ Plaintiff (citizen) v.
Defendant◦ Less Protection for
Defendant Burden of Proof- By a
preponderance of evidence.
Is evidence more likely true then not
II. Criminal v. Civil TrialsII. Criminal v. Civil TrialsCriminal Trials◦ Government v.
Defendant◦ More Protection for
Defendant. Stricter rules of evidence Burden of Proof-
Beyond a shadow of a doubt.
◦ Verdict- Guilt or Innocence.
Civil Trials◦ Plaintiff (citizen) v.
Defendant◦ Less Protection for
Defendant Stricter rules of evidence Burden of Proof- By a
preponderance of evidence. (more likely true then not)
◦ Verdict- Liable or not Liable
II. Criminal v. Civil TrialsII. Criminal v. Civil TrialsCriminal Trials◦ Government v.
Defendant◦ More Protection for
Defendant. Stricter rules of evidence Burden of Proof-
Beyond a shadow of a doubt.
◦ Verdict- Guilt or Innocence.
◦ Consequences-Fines, Incarceration, Court Supervision
Civil Trials◦ Plaintiff (citizen) v.
Defendant◦ Less Protection for
Defendant Stricter rules of evidence Burden of Proof- By a
preponderance of evidence. (more likely true then not)
◦ Verdict- Liable or not Liable
◦ Consequences-money damages, injunctions
III. Criminal Trial Procedure: III. Criminal Trial Procedure: 1. Arrest1. Arrest
Arrest-when a person is legally deprived of their freedom.
III. Criminal Trial Procedure: III. Criminal Trial Procedure: 1. Arrest1. Arrest
Arrest-when a person is legally deprived of their freedom.
Officer can arrest if:◦ They have a
warrant
III. Criminal Trial Procedure: III. Criminal Trial Procedure: 1. Arrest1. Arrest
Arrest-when a person is legally deprived of their freedom.
Officer can arrest if:◦ They have a
warrant.◦ Officer has a reason
to believe that the defendant is committing a crime
2. Rights of a Defendant2. Rights of a Defendant
Miranda RightsRight to Remain
Silent
2. Rights of a Defendant2. Rights of a Defendant
Miranda RightsRight to Remain
Silent
2. Rights of a Defendant2. Rights of a Defendant
Miranda RightsRight to Remain
SilentTo Know Reason
for arrest
2. Rights of a Defendant2. Rights of a Defendant
Miranda RightsRight to Remain
SilentTo Know Reason
for arrestName of Officer
2. Rights of a Defendant2. Rights of a Defendant
Miranda RightsRight to Remain
SilentTo Know Reason
for arrestName of OfficerTelephone use
2. Rights of a Defendant2. Rights of a Defendant
Miranda RightsRight to Remain
SilentTo Know Reason
for arrestName of OfficerTelephone useTalk with an
Attorney
2. Rights of a Defendant2. Rights of a DefendantMiranda RightsRight to Remain
SilentTo Know Reason for
arrestName of OfficerTelephone useTalk with an
AttorneyFair Trial and
presumed innocent
3. Search and Seizure3. Search and SeizureOfficer may search a
person or dwelling if:◦ Permission is given
3. Search and Seizure3. Search and SeizureOfficer may search a
person or dwelling if:◦ Permission is given◦ Search Warrant
3. Search and Seizure3. Search and SeizureOfficer may search a
person or dwelling if:◦ Permission is given◦ Search Warrant◦ Person is arrested (limited
search)
3. Search and Seizure3. Search and SeizureOfficer may search a
person or dwelling if:◦ Permission is given◦ Search Warrant◦ Person is arrested (limited
search)◦ Illegal items are in plain
view
3. Search and Seizure3. Search and SeizureOfficer may search a
person or dwelling if:◦ Permission is given◦ Search Warrant◦ Person is arrested (limited
search)◦ Illegal items are in plain
view◦ Schools officials can
conduct searches if it affects the safety and well being of those in the school.
4. Arraignment4. Arraignment
Arraignment-When defendant is read the indictment and is asked to enter their plea.
4. Arraignment4. Arraignment
Arraignment-When defendant is read the indictment and is asked to enter their plea.◦Indictment-A set of official charges◦Indictment can be determined by a prosecutor
or a Grand Jury
4. Arraignment4. Arraignment
Arraignment-When defendant is read the indictment and is asked to enter their plea.◦Indictment-A set of official charges◦Indictment can be determined by a prosecutor
or a Grand Jury◦Grand Jury-16-23 citizens called together to
determine if there is enough evidence to bring a case to trial
Random Riddle 2Random Riddle 2
Tom and his younger sister were fighting. Their mother was tired of the fighting, and decided to punish them by making them stand on the same piece of newspaper in such a way that they couldn't touch each other.
How did she accomplish this?
Random Riddle 2Random Riddle 2
Tom and his younger sister were fighting. Their mother was tired of the fighting, and decided to punish them by making them stand on the same piece of newspaper in such a way that they couldn't touch each other.
How did she accomplish this?
5. Trial5. Trial
1. Selection of Jury
5. Trial5. Trial
1. Selection of Jury2. Opening Statement
5. Trial5. Trial
1. Selection of Jury2. Opening Statement3. Introduction of Evidence
◦ Witness Testimonies◦ Deposition- out of court witness testimony
in written form◦ Bulk of Trial
5. Trial5. Trial
1. Selection of Jury2. Opening Statement3. Introduction of Evidence
◦ Witness Testimonies◦ Deposition- out of court witness testimony
in written form◦ Bulk of Trial
4. Closing Arguments
5. Trial5. Trial
1. Selection of Jury2. Opening Statement3. Introduction of Evidence
◦ Witness Testimonies◦ Deposition- out of court witness testimony
in written form◦ Bulk of Trial
4. Closing Arguments5. Instructions to the Jury
5. Trial5. Trial
1. Selection of Jury2. Opening Statement3. Introduction of Evidence
◦ Witness Testimonies◦ Deposition- out of court witness testimony
in written form◦ Bulk of Trial
4. Closing Arguments5. Instructions to the Jury6. Verdict
◦ Jury must be unanimous ◦ If not then it’s considered a “Hung Jury”
5. Trial5. Trial
1. Selection of Jury2. Opening Statement3. Introduction of Evidence
◦ Witness Testimonies◦ Deposition- out of court witness testimony
in written form◦ Bulk of Trial
4. Closing Arguments5. Instructions to the Jury6. Verdict
◦ Jury must be unanimous ◦ If not then it’s considered a “Hung Jury”
7. Sentencing
Random RiddleRandom Riddle
If I have it, I don’t share it. If I share it, I don’t have it. What is it?
Random RiddleRandom Riddle
If I have it, I don’t share it. If I share it, I don’t have it. What is it?
SentencingSentencing
Sentence- An appropriate punishment.
SentencingSentencing
Sentence- An appropriate punishment.
a. Fines
SentencingSentencing
Sentence- An appropriate punishment.
a. Finesb. Imprisonment
a. Mandatoryb. Indefinite: ex 5-10 yrs
SentencingSentencing
Sentence- An appropriate punishment.
a. Finesb. Imprisonment
a. Mandatoryb. Indefinite: ex 5-10 yrs
c. Death Penalty◦ 38 States carry it◦ Defendant cannot be
executed if: Under 18 Mentally Ill
Sentencing ContinuedSentencing Continued
d. Mitigating Factors◦ Information about the
defendant that can be presented to reduce the sentence
Sentencing ContinuedSentencing Continued
d. Mitigating Factors◦ Information about the
defendant that can be presented to reduce the sentence
Addictions Abused No prior history Nature of Criminal Act
Sentencing ContinuedSentencing Continued
e. Aggravating FactorsAny fact or circumstance that increases the severity or culpability of a criminal act.
Sentencing ContinuedSentencing Continued
e. Aggravating FactorsAny fact or circumstance that increases the severity or culpability of a criminal act.
Criminal Record (Recidivism)
Lack of Remorse Nature of Criminal Act
IV. Civil Trial ProceduresIV. Civil Trial Procedures1. Pleadings- the filing
of a complaint and summons by the plaintiff and defendant.
IV. Civil Trial ProceduresIV. Civil Trial Procedures1. Pleadings- the filing
of a complaint and summons by the plaintiff and defendant.◦ Complaint- A legal
document containing a short plain statement of plaintiff’s claim against the defendant.
IV. Civil Trial ProceduresIV. Civil Trial Procedures1. Pleadings- the filing
of a complaint and summons by the plaintiff and defendant.◦ Complaint- A legal
document containing a short plain statement of plaintiff’s claim against the defendant.
◦ Summons- informs the accused that a lawsuit has begun.
And the rest…..And the rest…..2. Methods of Discovery- Where all facts are
disclosed and issues in dispute become clearly identified.
And the rest…..And the rest…..2. Methods of Discovery- Where all facts are
disclosed and issues in dispute become clearly identified.
3. Pretrial Hearing- Judge meets with parties to go over the case in hopes of disposing of it before trial.
And the rest…..And the rest…..2. Methods of Discovery- Where all facts are
disclosed and issues in dispute become clearly identified.
3. Pretrial Hearing- Judge meets with parties to go over the case in hopes of disposing of it before trial.
4. Trial Procedures- Similar to Criminal Trial with these exceptions:
And the rest…..And the rest…..2. Methods of Discovery- Where all facts are
disclosed and issues in dispute become clearly identified.
3. Pretrial Hearing- Judge meets with parties to go over the case in hopes of disposing of it before trial.
4. Trial Procedures- Similar to Criminal Trial with these exceptions:◦Verdict-In Massachusetts, guilty verdict does not
have to be unanimous (5/6ths of the jury members must agree.
And the rest…..And the rest…..2. Methods of Discovery- Where all facts are
disclosed and issues in dispute become clearly identified.
3. Pretrial Hearing- Judge meets with parties to go over the case in hopes of disposing of it before trial.
4. Trial Procedures- Similar to Criminal Trial with these exceptions:◦Verdict-In Massachusetts, guilty verdict does not
have to be unanimous (5/6ths of the jury members must agree.
◦ Instead of Sentencing it’s a Judgment◦ Judgment- The courts determination of liability in a
case.
And the rest…..And the rest…..2. Methods of Discovery- Where all facts are
disclosed and issues in dispute become clearly identified.
3. Pretrial Hearing- Judge meets with parties to go over the case in hopes of disposing of it before trial.
4. Trial Procedures- Similar to Criminal Trial with these exceptions:◦Verdict-In Massachusetts, guilty verdict does not
have to be unanimous (5/6ths of the jury members must agree.
◦ Instead of Sentencing it’s a Judgment◦ Judgment- The courts determination of liability in a
case.
5. Execution of Judgment
Execution of Judgment- the carrying out of the judgment.
5. Execution of Judgment
Execution of Judgment- the carrying out of the judgment.
◦ The judge may order a sheriff to go claim property if that was the judgment.
V. Juvenile CourtV. Juvenile Court
1. Detention Hearing -a court hearing where the judge decides if there is reason to keep the accused in custody.
V. Juvenile CourtV. Juvenile Court
1. Detention Hearing -a court hearing where the judge decides if there is reason to keep the accused in custody.
2. Adjudicatory Hearing -Where the judge questions the offender, parents, witnesses, probation officer etc to determine the guilt or innocence of the juvenile.
Sentences for MinorsSentences for Minors Judge may impose 4
types of sentences:1. Probation
Sentences for MinorsSentences for Minors Judge may impose 4
types of sentences:1. Probation2. Foster home, reform
school or training where parents may be required to pay for the support.
Sentences for MinorsSentences for Minors Judge may impose 4
types of sentences:1. Probation2. Foster home, reform
school or training where parents may be required to pay for the support.
3. Juvenile Detention
Sentences for MinorsSentences for Minors Judge may impose 4
types of sentences:1. Probation2. Foster home, reform
school or training where parents may be required to pay for the support.
3. Juvenile Detention4. Community Service or
pay victims back for damage