Chapter 1Shared History – the past events and stories that are common to everyone in a group

Chapter 2Glacier – a large body of ice that can grow or shrink depending on the climate.Evidence – the material on which a judgment or conclusion may be based. Artifacts, documents, photos, paintings, interviews, and rock carvings are all forms of historical evidence.Migration – seasonal movement from one region to another.Artifact – any object made, used or altered by humans.Archaeologist – a scientist who studies past human life and activities by examining physical evidence such as tools, fire pits, and ruins from dwellings.

Chapter 3Oral tradition – the custom of telling stories about the histories and legends of a group in order to teach about that culture.Elder – an older member of the tribe who is respected for his or her knowledge and wisdom.Tipi – a cone-shaped house made by stretching animal skins over a frame of wooden poles.Sugar Camp – village location during spring, when Dakota made sugar from maple sap.Bark House – a rectangular house made with poles and covered with large overlapping strips of bark.Ohanwaste – Dakota word meaning generosity.Tiyospaye – Dakota word meaning extended families, including cousins, aunts, and uncles.Wohoda – Dakota word meaning respect and courtesy.

Chapter 4Wigwam – a round dwelling made out of poles and saplings and covered with sheets of birchbark or woven mats.Oral Tradition – the custom of telling stories about the histories and legends of a group in order to teach about that culture.Pelts – animal skins that have been cleaned, stretched, and dried.Alliance – an agreement made between two or more different groups to join forces to achieve a common goal; the participating groups are called allies.

Chapter 5Trader - a wealthy man in charge of a trading post.Social Status – position or rank of a person in society.Clerk – a man who usually managed the day-to-day business at a fur trading post.Voyageur – a workman who performed the physical labor of the fur trade.Portage – the place where boats or goods are carried overland from one stretch of water to another.Rendezvous – an annual summer meeting of traders, clerks, voyageurs, and Indians.

Chapter 6Westward Expansion – the nineteenth-century movement of settlers and immigrants from the eastern United States to the Midwest and West.Treaty – a written agreement between two or more nations.Sovereign – self-ruling and independent.Military Base – a central location where an armed force keeps its supplies and organizes its operations.Territory – a part of the United States that is not within a state but is organized with its own governing leaders.Delegation – one or more persons chosen to represent others.Negotiation – the process of discussing a question or conflict in order to settle it.