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Chapter 1Sections 1.1, 1.3
Adv: Sections 1.1, 1.2, 1.3
Sect
ion 1
.1:
Sco
pe
of
Chem
istr
y
What is Chemistry? Areas of Study Big Ideas in Chemistry
What
is
Chem
istr
y?
化学 Means Chemistry in
Japanese. The characters literally
mean “Change Study.”
Chemistry is the study
of matter: the composition of matter
and the changes matter
undergoes. Write that down: it’s
really important!
Is it
rele
vant
to m
y
life?
Am
I e
ver
goin
g
to u
se t
his
?
How should I know? But Chemistry is all
around you. It is called the “central”
science because it is
fundamental to understanding all other
sciences well. Everything is made of
matter. Matter is anything that
has mass and takes up
space.
Are
as
of
Stu
dy
No one person could
possibly know everything
there is to know about
Chemistry. Chemistry can be broken
down into 5 major areas
of study: Organic Chemistry Biochemistry Inorganic Chemistry
Analytical Chemistry Physical Chemistry
Org
anic
C
hem
istr
y
The study of compounds
(chemicals) which contain
CARBON. They also will have hydrogen and maybe
oxygen or nitrogen, and
possibly lots of other
elements too. We will learn a little organic
chemistry, because they
test for it on the SOL.
Org
anic
C
hem
istr
y
All branches of chemistry,
including Organic can be
further broken down into:
Pure chemistry Doing chemistry just for the joy
of doing research. May not have any practical
value or use. Done at major universities.
Applied chemistry Doing chemistry to produce a
specific product to make
money off of. Generally done at a company.
Org
anic
C
hem
istr
y
Originally organic meant
“comes from nature.” However, not all organic
compounds come from
nature or living things today.
MOST are created by
scientists in a lab. Organic groceries just
mean they are produced
in a “natural” way without
any man-made fertilizers
or chemical enhancements.
Org
anic
Chem
istr
y =
B
ioch
em
istr
y?
Biochemistry is one of the
“subdivisions” of Organic
Chemistry. Biochemistry is the study
of organic compounds
which exist in living things
(primarily humans) and
the chemical processes
which occur in living
things. Breathing and digestion are
caused and regulated by
chemistry!
Org
anic
C
hem
istr
y
All branches of chemistry,
including Organic can be
further broken down into:
Pure chemistry Doing chemistry just for the joy
of doing research. May not have any practical
value or use. Done at major universities.
Applied chemistry Doing chemistry to produce a
specific product to make
money off of. Generally done at a company.
Hyd
roca
rbons
The simplest organic
compounds are called
hydrocarbons. These compounds ONLY
contain C and Hydrogen.
The simplest one is methane (natural gas)
which has a formula CH4.
You should write that
down and memorize
that!
Hyd
roca
rbons
Hydrocarbons are also called
“fossil fuels” (because they
come from decomposed
living things) and “petrochemicals” (because
they are found in petroleum). Petroleum is a mixture of
hydrocarbons found in
geologic formations beneath
the Earth’s surface. Used for energy Used for making plastic
Medic
ines
or
Pharm
ace
uti
cals
:
Asp
irin
Many organic compounds have value
as medicines. Aspirin is found in nature. But all of the
aspirin you buy is made
in chemical companies,
like Bayer. Aspirin occurs naturally
in willow tree bark. It
was discovered by Hippocrates.
Medic
ines
or
Pharm
ace
uti
cals
:
Asp
irin
Hippocratesmade a powder
with the bark and used it to
treat headaches and fevers
as early as 400BC. Aspirin was first isolated in
Germany at Bayer in 1897.
It is quite easy to make (I
do it at Germanna as a lab
experiment). Many pharmaceutical
products are quite difficult
to make however.
Poly
mers
Polymers can be natural
or synthetic (man made).
They are large molecules
composed of simple molecules hooked together in a long chain.
Monomer = one unit of
chain Polymer = many units to
form the chain Legos?
Natu
ral P
oly
mers
Natural Polymers Proteins (monomer =
amino acid) Starch and Cellulose
(monomer = sugar molecules) DNA or RNA (monomer =
purine or pyrimidine bases)
Syn
theti
c Po
lym
ers
Synthetic Polymers Plastics PE or polyethylene (most
common plastic found in soda
bottles) PVC or polyvinylchloride (pipes
used for plumbing) Styrofoam or polystyrene (cups)
Polyacrylate (found in disposable
diapers) Fibers (nylon, rayon,
polyester) Kevlar (bullet proof vests)
Teflon (PTFE or polytetrafluoroethylene)
Chem
ists
Lik
e
Big
Word
s
polytetrafluoroethylene
Just break it down into
syllables. Poly Tetra Fluoro Ethyl Ene Each syllable tells me
something about the
structure. That’s how it works in
Organic.
Inorg
anic
C
hem
istr
y
The study of compounds (chemicals) which do
not contain CARBON. Inorganic chemistry
studies the REST of the elements on the
Periodic Table. Carbon = Organic. Everything else =
Inorganic!
Ele
ments
on
Peri
odic
Table
The Periodic Table is
you BFF in this class. Don’t memorize it. However, do start
learning the symbols
and names for elements 1-36!
The E
lem
ent
Song The Element Song: http://www.priva
tehand.com/flash/elements.html
Analy
tica
l C
hem
istr
y
The study of the type of
chemistry they do on CSI
and other crime shows on
TV. Focuses on the
composition of matter and
can answer questions.
How much is there? Where did it come from?
Is it one substance or a
mixture of more than one
substance?
Phys
ical
Chem
istr
y
The study of properties of
matter. Use calculus and other
high level math to do
chemistry. Lots of the facts that we
know about molecules
were discovered by physical chemists. Bond strengths, lengths,
and angles. Heat involved in reactions.
Speeds of reactions.
What’
s th
e
Big
Idea?
This is patterned after
the College Board who
redesigned AP Chemistry
around 6 Big Ideas. The book uses 8. Each
Big Idea will be explored
in several of the chapters
in the book. Big Ideas are the “central
themes” of chemistry or
how and why we organize
things the way we do.
What’
s th
e
Big
Idea?
Don’t memorize these:
Chemistry as the Central
Science Electrons and the Structure of Atoms
Bonding and Interactions
Reactions Kinetic Theory The Mole and Quantifying
Matter Matter and Energy Organic Chemistry
SO
L O
bje
ctiv
es
you
will
be t
est
ed o
n
CH 1 Scientific Investigation CH 2 Atomic Structure
and Periodicity CH 3 Nomenclature, Formulas and Bonding
CH 4 Molar Relationships
CH 5 Kinetic Molecular
Theory and States of
Matter CH 6 Organic Chemistry
Sect
ion 1
.2
Why Study Chemistry?
Next thing after Biology?
Chemistry can help explain
the natural world around you.
Chemistry can help prepare
you for a career in science or
medicine or engineering.
In other words, fields that you
can actually find a job in after
graduation. Chemistry can make you a
more informed citizen and
consumer in our society.
Acc
identa
l C
hem
istr
y
Pg 12-13 lists 4 “accidents”
which ended up making
millions of dollars. Sticky notes were invented
because a chemist working at
a glue company made some
glue which didn’t stick very
well. If you pulled on the paper it
would pull right off. His invention sat on a shelf for
6 years until he discovered a
use for the “worthless” glue.
Sect
ion 1
.3
Thinking Like a Scientist
The word chemistry comes from
alchemy. Alchemists weren’t scientists.
Robert Boyle (1627-1691)
changed that by calling himelf
a “chymist” and was probably
the first real scientist.
Antoine Lavoisier (1743-1794)
was “the father of modern
chemistry.” He explained chemical results
that others had explored before
him.
Anto
ine L
avo
isie
r
Demonstrated the principle we now
call “The Law of Conservation of
Mass.” Proved water was a compound.
Studied combustion and respiration
and discovered oxygen and nitrogen
and the percent composition of air.
Turned chemistry from a series of
good and detailed observations into a
science of careful measurement.
Wrote the first chemistry textbook
(which I have on my iPad) in French,
but his wife Marie Anne translated it
into English. Beheaded on the guillotine during the
French Revolution at age 50.
The S
cienti
fic
Meth
od
Yes, same one you have been learning since you first heard
about it in elementary
school. 3 major steps: Observation: look, see,
smell, touch, etc. Hypothesis: more than
just an “educated guess”
Experiment: used to test
your hypotheis.
The S
cienti
fic
Meth
od
Observations make you
wonder. They suggest questions
for you to study. From the observations,
you will develop a hypothesis. A hypothesis must be
TESTABLE. It must also
be possible for it to be
true or false, otherwise it
isn’t a good hypothesis.
Not
an e
duca
ted
guess
?
A better way of saying it
(now that we’re not in
middle school anymore)
is that a hypothesis is a
testable statement of
what you believe will
happen during an experiment, based on
your scientific expertise.
In other words, an educated guess you can
TEST!
Exp
eri
ments
Used to test and support
your hypothesis. Or used to test and not
support your hypothesis
Try not to think of “not
support” as a failure. Only 2 things can happen
in an experiment: it works
and you learned something, or it didn’t
work and you learned
something else.
Vari
able
s in
C
hem
istr
y Exp
eri
ments
Independent or Manipulated
Variable Variable “I change” Book sometimes calls it manipulated.
Always graphed on “x axis”
Dependent or Responding Variable
Changes or responds as a result of the
change you made to the independent
variable. Always graphed on “y axis”
Control or Constant Must be controlled so they don’t
change (stay constant)
If the do change, they will affect your
results (because now you have more
than 1 independent variable).
Never graphed.
Analy
zing D
ata
and
maki
ng C
oncl
usi
ons
Some people list these out as
separate steps in the Scientific
Method. I think they are all part of the
Experiment step. You must analyze data to know
what it is telling you. You must make conclusions to
figure out if they experiment did
support your hypothesis.
Your analysis and conclusions can
also suggest improvements for the
next experiment or a whole
different topic to investigate.
Gra
phin
g D
ata
This isn’t math class. We
don’t just graph to see what it
looks like. Chemistry graphs are
meaningful and we can get
real data off the graph.
This is part of Analysis of Data.
We will use Excel to produce
graphs starting in Lab 2.
We will use scatter plots with a
“line of best fit.” Bar graphs and pie charts are
generally not appropriate.
Sci
enti
fic
Theory
A theory is a detailed explanation
of why an experiment works the
way it does. A theory can NEVER be proven
completely true. Theories can always be disproved if
new data is discovered which
doesn’t support the theory.
Dalton’s Atomic Theory is studied
in Section 4.1 and is the basis for
modern chemistry. Kinetic Molecular Theory is
studied in Sections 13.1 and 14.1
Sci
enti
fic
Law
A law is a statement of
fact, usually about something chemical which
occurs naturally. Laws are always true.
They just don’t explain
how or why. Law of Conservation of
Mass is studied in Section
2.4. Much of what we learn this
entire year is built on that
law.
ssch
wart
z@ci
ty
schools
.com
HW: no reading.Do Problems:pg 28-30, # 36, 45,
47, 48, 50, 59, 60*,
64, 65, 69*