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7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 177
Microbial World and You
By
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 277
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 2
Terminologieshellip
bull Colony
ndash A visible mass of microbial cells arising from one cell or a
group of the same microbes
bull Procaryotes
ndash A cell whose genetic material is not enclosed in a nuclear
envelope
bull Eucaryotes ndash Cell having DNA inside a distinct membrane-enclosed nucleus
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 3
bull Algae
ndash Photosynthetic eukaryotes
bull Bacteria
ndash Prokaryotic organism characterized by peptidoglycan cell wall
bull Saprophytesdecomposers
ndash Organisms that obtain nutrients from dead organic matters
Terminologieshellip
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 4
What is Microbiology
bull Micro - too small to be seen with the naked eye
bull Bio - life
bull ology - study of
bull Is the study of very small living organisms calledmicroorganismsmicrobes
bull Microbes are ubiquitous
ndash Meaning they are virtually everywhere
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
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7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 6
bull Microbes play important roleshellip
ndash They are living onin our body
ndash Some colonize our body
ndash Produce oxygen thru photosynthesis ndash Decomposition of dead organismswasteproducts of living organisms
bull Decomposerssaprophyte
ndash Decompose industrial waste (oil spills) ndash
bioremediation ndash Involved in Elemental cycle (carbonnitrogenoxygen sulfur and phosphorouscycles)
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 7
bull Algae and bacteria serve as food for tinyanimals
bull Aid in the digestion of food in human ( E coli)
bull Microbes process our food and beverages ndash biotechnology
bull Genetic engineering
bull Cause 2 categories of diseases
ndash Infectious diseases (colonizes the body)
ndash Microbial intoxications (ingest toxin)
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 8
Organisms included in the study
of Microbiologybull 1 Bacteria
bull 2 Protozoans
bull 3 Algaebull 4 Parasites
bull 5 Yeasts and Molds
ndash Fungi
bull 6 Viruses
bull Bacteriology
bull Protozoology
bull Phycologybull Parasitology
bull Mycology
bull Virology
Microorganisms - Microbes - Germs
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 9
5 Kingdoms of Living Organisms
bull 1 Animalia
bull 2 Plantae
bull 3 Fungi
bull 4 Protista
bull 5 Monera - Bacteria and Cyanobacteria
bull Eukaryotic vs Prokaryotic
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 10
5 Characteristics of Life
bull 1 Cells
bull 2 Maintain structure by taking up
chemicals and energy from the environmentbull 3 Respond to stimuli in the external
environment
bull 4 Reproduce and pass on their organizationto their offspring
bull 5 Evolve and adapt to the environment
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 11
Taxonomic Classification
bull Kingdom
bull DivisionPhylumbull Class
bull Order
bull Family
bull Genus
bull species
bull Man
bull Animalia
bull Chordatabull Mammalia
bull Primate
bull Hominidae
bull Homo
bull sapien
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 12
Taxonomic Classification
bull Kingdom
bull Phylumbull Class
bull Order
bull Family
bull Genus
bull species
bull Cat
bull Animalia
bull Chordatebull Mammalia
bull Carnivora
bull Felidae
bull Felis
bull domestica
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 13
Binomial System of Taxonomic
Classificationbull Use only the Genus and species
ndash Homo sapien
ndash Felis domestica ndash Escherichia coli
bull Genus and species are either underlined or
italicized bull Genus is always capitalized
bull species is never capitalized
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 14
Classification Systembull 3 Domains 1978 Carl Woese
ndash 1 Bacteriabull Unicellular prokaryotes with cell wall containing
peptidoglycan
ndash 2 Archaea
bull Unicellular prokaryotes with no peptodoglycan incell wall
ndash 3 Eukarya
bull Protista
bull Fungi
bull Plantae
bull Animalia
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 15
Bacteria - what comes to mind
bull Diseases
bull Infections
bull Epidemics
bull Food Spoilagebull Only 3 of all known bacteria cause human
diseases
bull About 4 of all known bacteria cause plantdiseases
bull 95 of known bacteria are non-pathogens
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 16
Microbes Benefit Humans
bull 1Bacteria are primary decomposers -
recycle nutrients back into the environment
(sewage treatment plants)bull 2 Microbes produce various food products
ndash cheese pickles green olives
ndash yogurt soy sauce vinegar bread ndash Beer Wine Alcohol
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 17
3 Microbes are used to produce Antibiotics
bull Penicillin
bull Mold ndash Penicillium notatum
bull 1928 Alexander Fleming
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 18
4 Bacteria synthesize chemicals that our
body needs but cannot synthesize
bull Example E coli
ndash B vitamins - for metabolism
ndash Vitamin K - blood clotting
bull Escherichia coli
ndash Dr Escherich ndash Colon (intestine)
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 19
5 Biochemistry and Metabolism
bull Very simple structure
bull rapid rate of reproduction
bull provides ldquoinstantrdquo data
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 20
6 Microbial Antagonism
bull Our normal microbial flora prevents
potential pathogens from gaining access to
our body
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 21
7 Insect Pest Control
bull Using bacteria to control the growth of
insects
bull Bacillus thuringiensis
ndash caterpillars
ndash bollworms ndash corn borers
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 22
8 Bioremediation
bull Using microbes to clean up pollutants and
toxic wastes
bull Exxon Valdez - 1989
bull 2 Genera
ndash Pseudomonas sp ndash Bacillus sp
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 23
9 Recombinant DNA Technology
Gene Therapy Genetic Engineering
bull Bacteria can be manipulated to produceenzymes and proteins they normally would
not produce
ndash Insulin
ndash Human Growth Hormone
ndash Interferon
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 24
10 Microbes form the basis of
the food chain
Marine and fresh water microorganisms
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 25
Microbes do benefit us but they are also
capable of causing many diseases
bull Pneumonia Whooping Cough
bull Botulism Typhoid Fever Measles
bull Cholera Scarlet Fever Mumps
bull Syphilis Gonorrhea Herpes 1
bull Chlamydia Tuberculosis Herpes 2
bull Meningitis Tetanus RMSV
bull Strep Throat Lyme Disease AIDS
bull Black Plague Diarrhea Gangrene
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 26
History of the Study of
Microorganisms
bull 1665 Robert Hooke
ndash ldquolittle boxesrdquo - ldquocellsrdquo
ndash Cell Theory - all living things are made up of cells
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 27
Spontaneous Generation
bull Theory that life just ldquospontaneouslyrdquo
developed from non-living matter
bull Example
ndash toads snakes and mice - moist soil
ndash flies and maggots - manure and decaying flesh
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 28
Experiments to disprove
Spontaneous Generationbull Francesco Redi 1668
ndash Showed that worms which appeared on rotting meatwere from fly eggs
bull Rudolph Virchow 1858 ndash Theory of Biogenesis
bull Cells can only arise from preexisting cells
bull Louis Pasteur 1861 ndash Showed that appearance of microbes in sterilized media
was from air-borne bacteria ndash Showed that sterilized materials remained sterile if kept
isolated from the external environment
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 29
Anton van Leeuwenhoek 1674
- 1st person to actually see living microorganisms
ldquowee animalculesrdquo
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 30
ANTON VAN LEEUWENHOEK
bull 1st to see live bacteria and protozoabull FATHER OF MICROBIOLOGY
bull FATHER OF BACTERIOLOGY amp PROTOZOOLOGY
bull Fabric merchant a surveyor wine assayer and a minor city
official
bull Hobby
ndash ground tiny glass lenses which he mounted in smallmetal frames (single-lens microscope)
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 31
ANTON VAN LEEUWENHOEK
bull He never speculated on the
origin of microbes nor associate
them with infectious disease
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 32
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 33
bull Scientist became convinced of the existence of tiny creature (notseen by naked eye)
bull SPONTANEOUS GENERATION THEORY ABIOGENESIS wasestablished
ndash Life could develop spontaneously from inanimatesubstancesnonliving organisms
ndash UNTIL the time of Louis Pasteur and John Tyndall whodisproved the theory and prove that
bull ldquoLIFE CAN ONLY ARISE FROMPREEXISTING LIFE ALONErdquo
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 34
LOUIS PASTEUR
bull Contributions makes the
foundation of
ndash science of microbiology
ndash modern medicinehellip
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 35
LOUIS PASTEURrsquoS CONTRIBUTIONhellip
bull 1 Wine contamination Discoveredwhat occurs during alcoholicfermentation ndash Demonstrated that different microbes
produce different fermentationproducts
ndash Ex yeast converts glucose in grapesto ethanol by fermentation
ndash Acetobacter a contaminatingbacteriaconverts glucose to aceticacid (vinegar)- ruining the taste of thewine
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 36
2 Thru experiment dealth the fatal blow tothe theory of spontaneous generation
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 37
Pasteur designed special ldquoswan-necked flasksrdquo
with a boiled meat infusion
Shape of flask allowed air in (vital force) but trapped
dust particles which may contain microbes
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 38
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 39
LOUIS PASTEURrsquoS CONTRIBUTIONhellip
bull 3 Discovered forms of life that are withno oxygen
ndash Aerobes ndash microbes needs Oxygen ndash Anaerobes ndash microbes can live without
oxygen
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 40
LOUIS PASTEURrsquoS CONTRIBUTIONhellip
4 Pasteurization ndash process that kills microbesthat cause wine to spoil
- Can be used to kill pathogens in liquids
- Process- Heating and maintaining to 63-65oC for 30 minutes or 73-75oCfor 15mins
- Note not ALL microbes are killed
ONLY the pathogens
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 41
LOUIS PASTEURrsquoS CONTRIBUTIONhellip
bull 5 Discovered the causative agent that
were causing silkworm diseases in silk industry in France and how to preventsuch disease
bull 6 Contributed on the GERM THEORYOF DISEASE ndash specific microbes causespecific infectious diseases
ndash ex anthrax caused by Bacillus anthracis
ndash TB by Mycobacterium tuberculosis
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 42
LOUIS PASTEURrsquoS CONTRIBUTIONhellip
7 Championed changes in hospitalpractices to minimize the spread of disease by pathogens
8 Developed vaccines to preventcholeraanthrax and swineerysipelas (skin disease)
9 Developed RABIES vaccine in dogs
and successfully used to treathuman rabies
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 43
Germ Theory of Disease
bull Hard for people to believe that diseases werecaused by tiny invisible ldquowee animalculesrdquo
bull Diseases they thought were caused by
ndash demons
ndash witchcraft
ndash bad luck
ndash the wrath of God ndash curses
ndash evil spirits
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 44
Robert Koch - 1st to prove that
bacteria actually caused diseases
bull 1876
bull Microbial Etiology of Infectious Disease
ndash etiology - the cause of a disease
bull Developed methods of fixing staining andphotographing bacteria
bull Established ldquoscientific rulesrdquo to show a cause and
effect relationship between a microbe and a
disease
ndash Kochrsquos Postulates
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 45
Staining Koch Postulate
K hrsquo P t l t
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 46
Kochrsquos Postulates bull 1 The same organisms must be found in all
cases of a given diseasebull 2 The organism must be isolated and grown
in pure culture
bull 3 The isolated organism must reproducethe same disease when inoculated into a
healthy susceptible animal
bull 4 The original organism must again beisolated from the experimentally infected
animal
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 47
Exceptions to Kochrsquos Postulates
1 Some organisms have never been grown in
pure culture on artificial media
Treponema pallidum - Syphilis
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 48
Mycobacterium leprae
Leprosy
Never been grown in pure culture on artificial media
Seven Banded Armadillo
Exceptions to Kochrsquos Postulates
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 49
Exceptions to Kochrsquos Postulates
bull In exclusively human diseases it is not
morally acceptable to inoculate a deadly
pathogen into a ldquohuman guinea pigrdquo
bull HIV
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 50
Koch established the Microbial Etiology
of 3 important diseases of his day
bull 1 Cholera (fecal-oral disease)
ndash Vibrio cholerae
bull 2 Tuberculosis (pulmonary infection) ndash Mycobacterium tuberculosis
ndash Work on tuberculin (protein from M tuberculosis) that led to devrsquot of skin testing to diagnose TB
bull 3 Anthrax (sheep and cattle) ndash Bacillus anthracis ndash Discovered that B anthracis produce spores that is capable of resisting
adverse conditions
A h
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 51
Anthraxbull Bacillus anthracis
ndash Gram (+) non-motile aerobic spore forming rod ndash Streptobacilli with central spores
ndash Livestock
bull Sheep cattle goats
ndash Humans
bull Handle hides wool goat hair handicrafts from the Middle
East made from animal products
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 52
3 Forms of Human Anthrax
bull 1 Cutaneous Anthrax
ndash Enters thru cut or
abrasion
ndash Results in painless
ulcer (1-3 cm) with
black (necrotic) center
ndash About 20 mortality
rate in untreated cases
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 53
bull 2 Gastrointestinal Anthrax
ndash Contaminated meat
ndash Abdominal pain fevervomiting blood severe
diarrhea
ndash 25 to 60 mortality rate
3 I h l i A h
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 54
bull 3 Inhalation Anthrax
bull Initial symptomsresemble common
cold ndash Progress to severe
breathing problems andshock
ndash Usually results in death1-2 days after onset of acute symptoms
ndash Mortality rate 99 inuntreated cases
ndash Treatment usually noteffective aftersymptoms are present
A h Bi l i l W
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 55
Anthrax as a Biological Weapon
bull Deadly if not treated early
bull Spores can be produced in large quantities using basicknowledge of biology
bull Spores may remain viable for years (60 at least)
bull Spores can be spread
ndash Missiles rockets bombs mail crop dusters
bull No cloud or color
bull No smell
bull No taste
bull Antibiotics ndash only effective if administered early (within24 ndash 48 hours)
h 1 lidif
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 56
Koch - 1st to use Agar to solidify
culture media
Golden Age of Microbiology
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 57
Golden Age of Microbiology 1857 - 1914
bull Pasteur
ndash Pasteurization
ndash Fermentation
bull Joseph Lister
ndash Phenol to treat surgical wounds ndash 1st attempt to control infections
caused by microoganisms
bull Robert Koch ndash Kochrsquos Postulates
bull Edward Jenner
ndash vaccination
bull Paul Erlich ndash 1st synthetic drug used to treat infections
ndash Salvarsan - arsenic based chemical to treat Syphilis
bull ldquosalvationrdquo from Syphilis
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 58
Naming of Bacteria
bull Genus and species - Binomial System of
Taxonomic Classification
bull Information usually given
ndash 1 Describes an organism
ndash 2 Identifies a habitat ndash 3 Honors a scientist or researcher
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 59
Bacterial Morphology
bull Bacilli
bull Cocci
bull Spiral
Arrangements
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 60
ArrangementsStaphylo
Strepto
Diplo
Sarcinae
Tetrad
Vibrio (comma shaped)
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 61
bull Staphylococcus aureus
bull Staphylococcusepidermidis
bull Streptococcus
pneumoniae
bull Vibrio cholerae
bull Rhodospirillium
rubrumbull Bacillus subtilis
bull Micrococcus luteus
bull Escherichia coli
bull Bacillus anthracis
bull Salmonella enteridis
bull Streptococcus pyogenes
bull Steptococcus lactis
bull Streptococcus faecalis
bull Erlichia canis
bull Campylobacter jejuni
bull Helicobacter pylori
bull Enterobacter aerogenes
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 62
Microbiology A Human Perspective
bull Microorganisms cannot be seen without the aid of amicroscope
bull There are more than 200000 known microbesbull Exist in virtually any environment that has water
bull Exhibit tremendous biodiversity
bull Compose the largest biomass group of living
organismsbull Microbes exist for more than 35 billion years
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 63
bull Food production bread beer
bull Bioremediation decontamination
of hazardous wastesbull Useful products ethanol fuel
antibiotics amino acids
bull Genetic engineeringpharmaceuticals vaccines
bull Genomics genome sequencingpermits understanding of diseasemechanisms
Applications of Microbiology
Medical microbiology
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 64
bull Infectious diseases have killedmore people than all wars andnatural disasters combined
bull Outbreaks have changed thecourse of history
bull Vaccines have dramaticallydecreased the incidence of
infectious diseases especiallyin children
Medical microbiology
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 65
bull Re-emergence of ldquoOldrdquo Infectious
Diseases
ndash Cases of whooping cough have increased
in the last few years
ndash Many microbes have evolved antibiotic
resistance
Medical microbiology (cont)
Medical microbiology (cont )
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 66
bull Emerging infectious diseases
ndash As humans encroach upon wild habitat new infectious agents (microbes) arediscovered
ndash These agents are typically hosted by animals and are termed zoonotic agents
Medical microbiology (cont)
Agent Host Disease
Ebola virus Bats Ebola hemorrhagic fever
SARS virus Bats Severe acute respiratory syndrome
Sin Nombre virus Deer mouse Hantavirus cardiopulmonary syndrome
Nipah virus Bats Nipah encephalitis
Dengue virus Mosquitos Dengue fever Dengue hemorrhagic fever
Machupo virus Vesper mouse Bolivian hemorrhagic fever
Avian influenza viruses Various birds Influenza
Some recently discovered agents and their animal hosts
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 67
Terminologieshellip
bull Bacteriocins ndash Toxins produce by enterobacteria that are lethal to
related strains of bacteria
bull Resident flora ndash Collective vegetation in a given area in one part of the body yet produce infection in another
bull Infection
ndash Is an invasion of body tissue by microbes and theirgrowth
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 68
bull Infectious agent
ndash Microbes that cause infection
bull Asymptomaticsubclinical ndash Microbes do not produce clinical evidence of
disease
bull Disease ndash Detectable alteration in normal tissue function
bull Virulence
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 69
Virulence ndash Microbersquos ability to produce disease
bull Communicable disease ndash Infectious agents that can be transmitted to an individual by direct
or indirect contact or as airborne infection ndash ex common colds
bull Pathogenicity ndash Ability to produce disease
bull Pathogen ndash Disease causing microbes ndash 3 of known microbes are capable of causing disease
bull Non-pathogens ndash Do not cause disease
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 70
Terminologieshellip
bull Opportunistic pathogen ndash Causes disease only in a susceptible individual
bull Asepsis
ndash Freedom from disease-causing microbes
bull Medical asepsis ndash All practices intended to confine a specific
microbes to a specific area limiting the growth
amp transmission of microbes
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 71
bull Medical asepsis
ndash Objects are CLEAN (absence of almost all microbes)
bull Surgical asepsissterile technique
ndash Practices that keep an area or object free of allmicrobes
ndash Practices that destroys all microbes amp spores
bull Sepsis
ndash State of infection and can take many forms includingseptic shock
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GRADED RECITATION
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 73
Microorganisms are said to be
ubiquitous
Can you think of any locations thatwould be devoid of microorganisms
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 74
Of all the various areas of microbiology
mentioned in this chapter which
appeal to you the mostWhy
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 75
Assume that you are entering a health-related
professionOf what value will knowledge of
microbiology be to you
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 76
Many people consider Louis Pasteurrsquos
contributions to be the foundation of the
science of microbiology and a cornerstone
of modern medicine
What contributions did he make that would
cause people to believe that
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
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You have isolated a bacterium from the blood
of a patient with a newly described disease
What steps would you take to prove that the
organism that yoursquove isolated is the cause of
the patientrsquos disease
(Hint Remember Kochrsquos Postulates)
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 2
Terminologieshellip
bull Colony
ndash A visible mass of microbial cells arising from one cell or a
group of the same microbes
bull Procaryotes
ndash A cell whose genetic material is not enclosed in a nuclear
envelope
bull Eucaryotes ndash Cell having DNA inside a distinct membrane-enclosed nucleus
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 3
bull Algae
ndash Photosynthetic eukaryotes
bull Bacteria
ndash Prokaryotic organism characterized by peptidoglycan cell wall
bull Saprophytesdecomposers
ndash Organisms that obtain nutrients from dead organic matters
Terminologieshellip
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 4
What is Microbiology
bull Micro - too small to be seen with the naked eye
bull Bio - life
bull ology - study of
bull Is the study of very small living organisms calledmicroorganismsmicrobes
bull Microbes are ubiquitous
ndash Meaning they are virtually everywhere
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 6
bull Microbes play important roleshellip
ndash They are living onin our body
ndash Some colonize our body
ndash Produce oxygen thru photosynthesis ndash Decomposition of dead organismswasteproducts of living organisms
bull Decomposerssaprophyte
ndash Decompose industrial waste (oil spills) ndash
bioremediation ndash Involved in Elemental cycle (carbonnitrogenoxygen sulfur and phosphorouscycles)
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 7
bull Algae and bacteria serve as food for tinyanimals
bull Aid in the digestion of food in human ( E coli)
bull Microbes process our food and beverages ndash biotechnology
bull Genetic engineering
bull Cause 2 categories of diseases
ndash Infectious diseases (colonizes the body)
ndash Microbial intoxications (ingest toxin)
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 8
Organisms included in the study
of Microbiologybull 1 Bacteria
bull 2 Protozoans
bull 3 Algaebull 4 Parasites
bull 5 Yeasts and Molds
ndash Fungi
bull 6 Viruses
bull Bacteriology
bull Protozoology
bull Phycologybull Parasitology
bull Mycology
bull Virology
Microorganisms - Microbes - Germs
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 9
5 Kingdoms of Living Organisms
bull 1 Animalia
bull 2 Plantae
bull 3 Fungi
bull 4 Protista
bull 5 Monera - Bacteria and Cyanobacteria
bull Eukaryotic vs Prokaryotic
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 10
5 Characteristics of Life
bull 1 Cells
bull 2 Maintain structure by taking up
chemicals and energy from the environmentbull 3 Respond to stimuli in the external
environment
bull 4 Reproduce and pass on their organizationto their offspring
bull 5 Evolve and adapt to the environment
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 11
Taxonomic Classification
bull Kingdom
bull DivisionPhylumbull Class
bull Order
bull Family
bull Genus
bull species
bull Man
bull Animalia
bull Chordatabull Mammalia
bull Primate
bull Hominidae
bull Homo
bull sapien
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 12
Taxonomic Classification
bull Kingdom
bull Phylumbull Class
bull Order
bull Family
bull Genus
bull species
bull Cat
bull Animalia
bull Chordatebull Mammalia
bull Carnivora
bull Felidae
bull Felis
bull domestica
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 13
Binomial System of Taxonomic
Classificationbull Use only the Genus and species
ndash Homo sapien
ndash Felis domestica ndash Escherichia coli
bull Genus and species are either underlined or
italicized bull Genus is always capitalized
bull species is never capitalized
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 14
Classification Systembull 3 Domains 1978 Carl Woese
ndash 1 Bacteriabull Unicellular prokaryotes with cell wall containing
peptidoglycan
ndash 2 Archaea
bull Unicellular prokaryotes with no peptodoglycan incell wall
ndash 3 Eukarya
bull Protista
bull Fungi
bull Plantae
bull Animalia
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 15
Bacteria - what comes to mind
bull Diseases
bull Infections
bull Epidemics
bull Food Spoilagebull Only 3 of all known bacteria cause human
diseases
bull About 4 of all known bacteria cause plantdiseases
bull 95 of known bacteria are non-pathogens
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 16
Microbes Benefit Humans
bull 1Bacteria are primary decomposers -
recycle nutrients back into the environment
(sewage treatment plants)bull 2 Microbes produce various food products
ndash cheese pickles green olives
ndash yogurt soy sauce vinegar bread ndash Beer Wine Alcohol
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 17
3 Microbes are used to produce Antibiotics
bull Penicillin
bull Mold ndash Penicillium notatum
bull 1928 Alexander Fleming
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 18
4 Bacteria synthesize chemicals that our
body needs but cannot synthesize
bull Example E coli
ndash B vitamins - for metabolism
ndash Vitamin K - blood clotting
bull Escherichia coli
ndash Dr Escherich ndash Colon (intestine)
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 19
5 Biochemistry and Metabolism
bull Very simple structure
bull rapid rate of reproduction
bull provides ldquoinstantrdquo data
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 20
6 Microbial Antagonism
bull Our normal microbial flora prevents
potential pathogens from gaining access to
our body
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 21
7 Insect Pest Control
bull Using bacteria to control the growth of
insects
bull Bacillus thuringiensis
ndash caterpillars
ndash bollworms ndash corn borers
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 22
8 Bioremediation
bull Using microbes to clean up pollutants and
toxic wastes
bull Exxon Valdez - 1989
bull 2 Genera
ndash Pseudomonas sp ndash Bacillus sp
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 23
9 Recombinant DNA Technology
Gene Therapy Genetic Engineering
bull Bacteria can be manipulated to produceenzymes and proteins they normally would
not produce
ndash Insulin
ndash Human Growth Hormone
ndash Interferon
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 24
10 Microbes form the basis of
the food chain
Marine and fresh water microorganisms
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 25
Microbes do benefit us but they are also
capable of causing many diseases
bull Pneumonia Whooping Cough
bull Botulism Typhoid Fever Measles
bull Cholera Scarlet Fever Mumps
bull Syphilis Gonorrhea Herpes 1
bull Chlamydia Tuberculosis Herpes 2
bull Meningitis Tetanus RMSV
bull Strep Throat Lyme Disease AIDS
bull Black Plague Diarrhea Gangrene
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 26
History of the Study of
Microorganisms
bull 1665 Robert Hooke
ndash ldquolittle boxesrdquo - ldquocellsrdquo
ndash Cell Theory - all living things are made up of cells
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 27
Spontaneous Generation
bull Theory that life just ldquospontaneouslyrdquo
developed from non-living matter
bull Example
ndash toads snakes and mice - moist soil
ndash flies and maggots - manure and decaying flesh
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 28
Experiments to disprove
Spontaneous Generationbull Francesco Redi 1668
ndash Showed that worms which appeared on rotting meatwere from fly eggs
bull Rudolph Virchow 1858 ndash Theory of Biogenesis
bull Cells can only arise from preexisting cells
bull Louis Pasteur 1861 ndash Showed that appearance of microbes in sterilized media
was from air-borne bacteria ndash Showed that sterilized materials remained sterile if kept
isolated from the external environment
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 29
Anton van Leeuwenhoek 1674
- 1st person to actually see living microorganisms
ldquowee animalculesrdquo
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 30
ANTON VAN LEEUWENHOEK
bull 1st to see live bacteria and protozoabull FATHER OF MICROBIOLOGY
bull FATHER OF BACTERIOLOGY amp PROTOZOOLOGY
bull Fabric merchant a surveyor wine assayer and a minor city
official
bull Hobby
ndash ground tiny glass lenses which he mounted in smallmetal frames (single-lens microscope)
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 31
ANTON VAN LEEUWENHOEK
bull He never speculated on the
origin of microbes nor associate
them with infectious disease
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 32
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 33
bull Scientist became convinced of the existence of tiny creature (notseen by naked eye)
bull SPONTANEOUS GENERATION THEORY ABIOGENESIS wasestablished
ndash Life could develop spontaneously from inanimatesubstancesnonliving organisms
ndash UNTIL the time of Louis Pasteur and John Tyndall whodisproved the theory and prove that
bull ldquoLIFE CAN ONLY ARISE FROMPREEXISTING LIFE ALONErdquo
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 34
LOUIS PASTEUR
bull Contributions makes the
foundation of
ndash science of microbiology
ndash modern medicinehellip
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 35
LOUIS PASTEURrsquoS CONTRIBUTIONhellip
bull 1 Wine contamination Discoveredwhat occurs during alcoholicfermentation ndash Demonstrated that different microbes
produce different fermentationproducts
ndash Ex yeast converts glucose in grapesto ethanol by fermentation
ndash Acetobacter a contaminatingbacteriaconverts glucose to aceticacid (vinegar)- ruining the taste of thewine
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 36
2 Thru experiment dealth the fatal blow tothe theory of spontaneous generation
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 37
Pasteur designed special ldquoswan-necked flasksrdquo
with a boiled meat infusion
Shape of flask allowed air in (vital force) but trapped
dust particles which may contain microbes
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 38
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 39
LOUIS PASTEURrsquoS CONTRIBUTIONhellip
bull 3 Discovered forms of life that are withno oxygen
ndash Aerobes ndash microbes needs Oxygen ndash Anaerobes ndash microbes can live without
oxygen
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 40
LOUIS PASTEURrsquoS CONTRIBUTIONhellip
4 Pasteurization ndash process that kills microbesthat cause wine to spoil
- Can be used to kill pathogens in liquids
- Process- Heating and maintaining to 63-65oC for 30 minutes or 73-75oCfor 15mins
- Note not ALL microbes are killed
ONLY the pathogens
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 41
LOUIS PASTEURrsquoS CONTRIBUTIONhellip
bull 5 Discovered the causative agent that
were causing silkworm diseases in silk industry in France and how to preventsuch disease
bull 6 Contributed on the GERM THEORYOF DISEASE ndash specific microbes causespecific infectious diseases
ndash ex anthrax caused by Bacillus anthracis
ndash TB by Mycobacterium tuberculosis
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 42
LOUIS PASTEURrsquoS CONTRIBUTIONhellip
7 Championed changes in hospitalpractices to minimize the spread of disease by pathogens
8 Developed vaccines to preventcholeraanthrax and swineerysipelas (skin disease)
9 Developed RABIES vaccine in dogs
and successfully used to treathuman rabies
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 43
Germ Theory of Disease
bull Hard for people to believe that diseases werecaused by tiny invisible ldquowee animalculesrdquo
bull Diseases they thought were caused by
ndash demons
ndash witchcraft
ndash bad luck
ndash the wrath of God ndash curses
ndash evil spirits
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 44
Robert Koch - 1st to prove that
bacteria actually caused diseases
bull 1876
bull Microbial Etiology of Infectious Disease
ndash etiology - the cause of a disease
bull Developed methods of fixing staining andphotographing bacteria
bull Established ldquoscientific rulesrdquo to show a cause and
effect relationship between a microbe and a
disease
ndash Kochrsquos Postulates
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 45
Staining Koch Postulate
K hrsquo P t l t
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 46
Kochrsquos Postulates bull 1 The same organisms must be found in all
cases of a given diseasebull 2 The organism must be isolated and grown
in pure culture
bull 3 The isolated organism must reproducethe same disease when inoculated into a
healthy susceptible animal
bull 4 The original organism must again beisolated from the experimentally infected
animal
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 47
Exceptions to Kochrsquos Postulates
1 Some organisms have never been grown in
pure culture on artificial media
Treponema pallidum - Syphilis
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 48
Mycobacterium leprae
Leprosy
Never been grown in pure culture on artificial media
Seven Banded Armadillo
Exceptions to Kochrsquos Postulates
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 49
Exceptions to Kochrsquos Postulates
bull In exclusively human diseases it is not
morally acceptable to inoculate a deadly
pathogen into a ldquohuman guinea pigrdquo
bull HIV
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 50
Koch established the Microbial Etiology
of 3 important diseases of his day
bull 1 Cholera (fecal-oral disease)
ndash Vibrio cholerae
bull 2 Tuberculosis (pulmonary infection) ndash Mycobacterium tuberculosis
ndash Work on tuberculin (protein from M tuberculosis) that led to devrsquot of skin testing to diagnose TB
bull 3 Anthrax (sheep and cattle) ndash Bacillus anthracis ndash Discovered that B anthracis produce spores that is capable of resisting
adverse conditions
A h
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 51
Anthraxbull Bacillus anthracis
ndash Gram (+) non-motile aerobic spore forming rod ndash Streptobacilli with central spores
ndash Livestock
bull Sheep cattle goats
ndash Humans
bull Handle hides wool goat hair handicrafts from the Middle
East made from animal products
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 52
3 Forms of Human Anthrax
bull 1 Cutaneous Anthrax
ndash Enters thru cut or
abrasion
ndash Results in painless
ulcer (1-3 cm) with
black (necrotic) center
ndash About 20 mortality
rate in untreated cases
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 53
bull 2 Gastrointestinal Anthrax
ndash Contaminated meat
ndash Abdominal pain fevervomiting blood severe
diarrhea
ndash 25 to 60 mortality rate
3 I h l i A h
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 54
bull 3 Inhalation Anthrax
bull Initial symptomsresemble common
cold ndash Progress to severe
breathing problems andshock
ndash Usually results in death1-2 days after onset of acute symptoms
ndash Mortality rate 99 inuntreated cases
ndash Treatment usually noteffective aftersymptoms are present
A h Bi l i l W
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 55
Anthrax as a Biological Weapon
bull Deadly if not treated early
bull Spores can be produced in large quantities using basicknowledge of biology
bull Spores may remain viable for years (60 at least)
bull Spores can be spread
ndash Missiles rockets bombs mail crop dusters
bull No cloud or color
bull No smell
bull No taste
bull Antibiotics ndash only effective if administered early (within24 ndash 48 hours)
h 1 lidif
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 56
Koch - 1st to use Agar to solidify
culture media
Golden Age of Microbiology
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 57
Golden Age of Microbiology 1857 - 1914
bull Pasteur
ndash Pasteurization
ndash Fermentation
bull Joseph Lister
ndash Phenol to treat surgical wounds ndash 1st attempt to control infections
caused by microoganisms
bull Robert Koch ndash Kochrsquos Postulates
bull Edward Jenner
ndash vaccination
bull Paul Erlich ndash 1st synthetic drug used to treat infections
ndash Salvarsan - arsenic based chemical to treat Syphilis
bull ldquosalvationrdquo from Syphilis
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 58
Naming of Bacteria
bull Genus and species - Binomial System of
Taxonomic Classification
bull Information usually given
ndash 1 Describes an organism
ndash 2 Identifies a habitat ndash 3 Honors a scientist or researcher
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 59
Bacterial Morphology
bull Bacilli
bull Cocci
bull Spiral
Arrangements
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 60
ArrangementsStaphylo
Strepto
Diplo
Sarcinae
Tetrad
Vibrio (comma shaped)
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 61
bull Staphylococcus aureus
bull Staphylococcusepidermidis
bull Streptococcus
pneumoniae
bull Vibrio cholerae
bull Rhodospirillium
rubrumbull Bacillus subtilis
bull Micrococcus luteus
bull Escherichia coli
bull Bacillus anthracis
bull Salmonella enteridis
bull Streptococcus pyogenes
bull Steptococcus lactis
bull Streptococcus faecalis
bull Erlichia canis
bull Campylobacter jejuni
bull Helicobacter pylori
bull Enterobacter aerogenes
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 62
Microbiology A Human Perspective
bull Microorganisms cannot be seen without the aid of amicroscope
bull There are more than 200000 known microbesbull Exist in virtually any environment that has water
bull Exhibit tremendous biodiversity
bull Compose the largest biomass group of living
organismsbull Microbes exist for more than 35 billion years
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 63
bull Food production bread beer
bull Bioremediation decontamination
of hazardous wastesbull Useful products ethanol fuel
antibiotics amino acids
bull Genetic engineeringpharmaceuticals vaccines
bull Genomics genome sequencingpermits understanding of diseasemechanisms
Applications of Microbiology
Medical microbiology
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 64
bull Infectious diseases have killedmore people than all wars andnatural disasters combined
bull Outbreaks have changed thecourse of history
bull Vaccines have dramaticallydecreased the incidence of
infectious diseases especiallyin children
Medical microbiology
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 65
bull Re-emergence of ldquoOldrdquo Infectious
Diseases
ndash Cases of whooping cough have increased
in the last few years
ndash Many microbes have evolved antibiotic
resistance
Medical microbiology (cont)
Medical microbiology (cont )
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 66
bull Emerging infectious diseases
ndash As humans encroach upon wild habitat new infectious agents (microbes) arediscovered
ndash These agents are typically hosted by animals and are termed zoonotic agents
Medical microbiology (cont)
Agent Host Disease
Ebola virus Bats Ebola hemorrhagic fever
SARS virus Bats Severe acute respiratory syndrome
Sin Nombre virus Deer mouse Hantavirus cardiopulmonary syndrome
Nipah virus Bats Nipah encephalitis
Dengue virus Mosquitos Dengue fever Dengue hemorrhagic fever
Machupo virus Vesper mouse Bolivian hemorrhagic fever
Avian influenza viruses Various birds Influenza
Some recently discovered agents and their animal hosts
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 67
Terminologieshellip
bull Bacteriocins ndash Toxins produce by enterobacteria that are lethal to
related strains of bacteria
bull Resident flora ndash Collective vegetation in a given area in one part of the body yet produce infection in another
bull Infection
ndash Is an invasion of body tissue by microbes and theirgrowth
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 68
bull Infectious agent
ndash Microbes that cause infection
bull Asymptomaticsubclinical ndash Microbes do not produce clinical evidence of
disease
bull Disease ndash Detectable alteration in normal tissue function
bull Virulence
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 69
Virulence ndash Microbersquos ability to produce disease
bull Communicable disease ndash Infectious agents that can be transmitted to an individual by direct
or indirect contact or as airborne infection ndash ex common colds
bull Pathogenicity ndash Ability to produce disease
bull Pathogen ndash Disease causing microbes ndash 3 of known microbes are capable of causing disease
bull Non-pathogens ndash Do not cause disease
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 70
Terminologieshellip
bull Opportunistic pathogen ndash Causes disease only in a susceptible individual
bull Asepsis
ndash Freedom from disease-causing microbes
bull Medical asepsis ndash All practices intended to confine a specific
microbes to a specific area limiting the growth
amp transmission of microbes
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 71
bull Medical asepsis
ndash Objects are CLEAN (absence of almost all microbes)
bull Surgical asepsissterile technique
ndash Practices that keep an area or object free of allmicrobes
ndash Practices that destroys all microbes amp spores
bull Sepsis
ndash State of infection and can take many forms includingseptic shock
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GRADED RECITATION
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 73
Microorganisms are said to be
ubiquitous
Can you think of any locations thatwould be devoid of microorganisms
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 74
Of all the various areas of microbiology
mentioned in this chapter which
appeal to you the mostWhy
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 75
Assume that you are entering a health-related
professionOf what value will knowledge of
microbiology be to you
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 76
Many people consider Louis Pasteurrsquos
contributions to be the foundation of the
science of microbiology and a cornerstone
of modern medicine
What contributions did he make that would
cause people to believe that
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You have isolated a bacterium from the blood
of a patient with a newly described disease
What steps would you take to prove that the
organism that yoursquove isolated is the cause of
the patientrsquos disease
(Hint Remember Kochrsquos Postulates)
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 3
bull Algae
ndash Photosynthetic eukaryotes
bull Bacteria
ndash Prokaryotic organism characterized by peptidoglycan cell wall
bull Saprophytesdecomposers
ndash Organisms that obtain nutrients from dead organic matters
Terminologieshellip
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 4
What is Microbiology
bull Micro - too small to be seen with the naked eye
bull Bio - life
bull ology - study of
bull Is the study of very small living organisms calledmicroorganismsmicrobes
bull Microbes are ubiquitous
ndash Meaning they are virtually everywhere
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 6
bull Microbes play important roleshellip
ndash They are living onin our body
ndash Some colonize our body
ndash Produce oxygen thru photosynthesis ndash Decomposition of dead organismswasteproducts of living organisms
bull Decomposerssaprophyte
ndash Decompose industrial waste (oil spills) ndash
bioremediation ndash Involved in Elemental cycle (carbonnitrogenoxygen sulfur and phosphorouscycles)
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 7
bull Algae and bacteria serve as food for tinyanimals
bull Aid in the digestion of food in human ( E coli)
bull Microbes process our food and beverages ndash biotechnology
bull Genetic engineering
bull Cause 2 categories of diseases
ndash Infectious diseases (colonizes the body)
ndash Microbial intoxications (ingest toxin)
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 8
Organisms included in the study
of Microbiologybull 1 Bacteria
bull 2 Protozoans
bull 3 Algaebull 4 Parasites
bull 5 Yeasts and Molds
ndash Fungi
bull 6 Viruses
bull Bacteriology
bull Protozoology
bull Phycologybull Parasitology
bull Mycology
bull Virology
Microorganisms - Microbes - Germs
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 9
5 Kingdoms of Living Organisms
bull 1 Animalia
bull 2 Plantae
bull 3 Fungi
bull 4 Protista
bull 5 Monera - Bacteria and Cyanobacteria
bull Eukaryotic vs Prokaryotic
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 10
5 Characteristics of Life
bull 1 Cells
bull 2 Maintain structure by taking up
chemicals and energy from the environmentbull 3 Respond to stimuli in the external
environment
bull 4 Reproduce and pass on their organizationto their offspring
bull 5 Evolve and adapt to the environment
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 11
Taxonomic Classification
bull Kingdom
bull DivisionPhylumbull Class
bull Order
bull Family
bull Genus
bull species
bull Man
bull Animalia
bull Chordatabull Mammalia
bull Primate
bull Hominidae
bull Homo
bull sapien
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 12
Taxonomic Classification
bull Kingdom
bull Phylumbull Class
bull Order
bull Family
bull Genus
bull species
bull Cat
bull Animalia
bull Chordatebull Mammalia
bull Carnivora
bull Felidae
bull Felis
bull domestica
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 13
Binomial System of Taxonomic
Classificationbull Use only the Genus and species
ndash Homo sapien
ndash Felis domestica ndash Escherichia coli
bull Genus and species are either underlined or
italicized bull Genus is always capitalized
bull species is never capitalized
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 14
Classification Systembull 3 Domains 1978 Carl Woese
ndash 1 Bacteriabull Unicellular prokaryotes with cell wall containing
peptidoglycan
ndash 2 Archaea
bull Unicellular prokaryotes with no peptodoglycan incell wall
ndash 3 Eukarya
bull Protista
bull Fungi
bull Plantae
bull Animalia
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 15
Bacteria - what comes to mind
bull Diseases
bull Infections
bull Epidemics
bull Food Spoilagebull Only 3 of all known bacteria cause human
diseases
bull About 4 of all known bacteria cause plantdiseases
bull 95 of known bacteria are non-pathogens
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 16
Microbes Benefit Humans
bull 1Bacteria are primary decomposers -
recycle nutrients back into the environment
(sewage treatment plants)bull 2 Microbes produce various food products
ndash cheese pickles green olives
ndash yogurt soy sauce vinegar bread ndash Beer Wine Alcohol
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 17
3 Microbes are used to produce Antibiotics
bull Penicillin
bull Mold ndash Penicillium notatum
bull 1928 Alexander Fleming
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 18
4 Bacteria synthesize chemicals that our
body needs but cannot synthesize
bull Example E coli
ndash B vitamins - for metabolism
ndash Vitamin K - blood clotting
bull Escherichia coli
ndash Dr Escherich ndash Colon (intestine)
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 19
5 Biochemistry and Metabolism
bull Very simple structure
bull rapid rate of reproduction
bull provides ldquoinstantrdquo data
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 20
6 Microbial Antagonism
bull Our normal microbial flora prevents
potential pathogens from gaining access to
our body
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 21
7 Insect Pest Control
bull Using bacteria to control the growth of
insects
bull Bacillus thuringiensis
ndash caterpillars
ndash bollworms ndash corn borers
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 22
8 Bioremediation
bull Using microbes to clean up pollutants and
toxic wastes
bull Exxon Valdez - 1989
bull 2 Genera
ndash Pseudomonas sp ndash Bacillus sp
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 23
9 Recombinant DNA Technology
Gene Therapy Genetic Engineering
bull Bacteria can be manipulated to produceenzymes and proteins they normally would
not produce
ndash Insulin
ndash Human Growth Hormone
ndash Interferon
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 24
10 Microbes form the basis of
the food chain
Marine and fresh water microorganisms
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 25
Microbes do benefit us but they are also
capable of causing many diseases
bull Pneumonia Whooping Cough
bull Botulism Typhoid Fever Measles
bull Cholera Scarlet Fever Mumps
bull Syphilis Gonorrhea Herpes 1
bull Chlamydia Tuberculosis Herpes 2
bull Meningitis Tetanus RMSV
bull Strep Throat Lyme Disease AIDS
bull Black Plague Diarrhea Gangrene
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 26
History of the Study of
Microorganisms
bull 1665 Robert Hooke
ndash ldquolittle boxesrdquo - ldquocellsrdquo
ndash Cell Theory - all living things are made up of cells
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 27
Spontaneous Generation
bull Theory that life just ldquospontaneouslyrdquo
developed from non-living matter
bull Example
ndash toads snakes and mice - moist soil
ndash flies and maggots - manure and decaying flesh
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 28
Experiments to disprove
Spontaneous Generationbull Francesco Redi 1668
ndash Showed that worms which appeared on rotting meatwere from fly eggs
bull Rudolph Virchow 1858 ndash Theory of Biogenesis
bull Cells can only arise from preexisting cells
bull Louis Pasteur 1861 ndash Showed that appearance of microbes in sterilized media
was from air-borne bacteria ndash Showed that sterilized materials remained sterile if kept
isolated from the external environment
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 29
Anton van Leeuwenhoek 1674
- 1st person to actually see living microorganisms
ldquowee animalculesrdquo
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 30
ANTON VAN LEEUWENHOEK
bull 1st to see live bacteria and protozoabull FATHER OF MICROBIOLOGY
bull FATHER OF BACTERIOLOGY amp PROTOZOOLOGY
bull Fabric merchant a surveyor wine assayer and a minor city
official
bull Hobby
ndash ground tiny glass lenses which he mounted in smallmetal frames (single-lens microscope)
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 31
ANTON VAN LEEUWENHOEK
bull He never speculated on the
origin of microbes nor associate
them with infectious disease
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 32
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 33
bull Scientist became convinced of the existence of tiny creature (notseen by naked eye)
bull SPONTANEOUS GENERATION THEORY ABIOGENESIS wasestablished
ndash Life could develop spontaneously from inanimatesubstancesnonliving organisms
ndash UNTIL the time of Louis Pasteur and John Tyndall whodisproved the theory and prove that
bull ldquoLIFE CAN ONLY ARISE FROMPREEXISTING LIFE ALONErdquo
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 34
LOUIS PASTEUR
bull Contributions makes the
foundation of
ndash science of microbiology
ndash modern medicinehellip
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 35
LOUIS PASTEURrsquoS CONTRIBUTIONhellip
bull 1 Wine contamination Discoveredwhat occurs during alcoholicfermentation ndash Demonstrated that different microbes
produce different fermentationproducts
ndash Ex yeast converts glucose in grapesto ethanol by fermentation
ndash Acetobacter a contaminatingbacteriaconverts glucose to aceticacid (vinegar)- ruining the taste of thewine
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 36
2 Thru experiment dealth the fatal blow tothe theory of spontaneous generation
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 37
Pasteur designed special ldquoswan-necked flasksrdquo
with a boiled meat infusion
Shape of flask allowed air in (vital force) but trapped
dust particles which may contain microbes
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 38
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 39
LOUIS PASTEURrsquoS CONTRIBUTIONhellip
bull 3 Discovered forms of life that are withno oxygen
ndash Aerobes ndash microbes needs Oxygen ndash Anaerobes ndash microbes can live without
oxygen
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 40
LOUIS PASTEURrsquoS CONTRIBUTIONhellip
4 Pasteurization ndash process that kills microbesthat cause wine to spoil
- Can be used to kill pathogens in liquids
- Process- Heating and maintaining to 63-65oC for 30 minutes or 73-75oCfor 15mins
- Note not ALL microbes are killed
ONLY the pathogens
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 41
LOUIS PASTEURrsquoS CONTRIBUTIONhellip
bull 5 Discovered the causative agent that
were causing silkworm diseases in silk industry in France and how to preventsuch disease
bull 6 Contributed on the GERM THEORYOF DISEASE ndash specific microbes causespecific infectious diseases
ndash ex anthrax caused by Bacillus anthracis
ndash TB by Mycobacterium tuberculosis
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 42
LOUIS PASTEURrsquoS CONTRIBUTIONhellip
7 Championed changes in hospitalpractices to minimize the spread of disease by pathogens
8 Developed vaccines to preventcholeraanthrax and swineerysipelas (skin disease)
9 Developed RABIES vaccine in dogs
and successfully used to treathuman rabies
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 43
Germ Theory of Disease
bull Hard for people to believe that diseases werecaused by tiny invisible ldquowee animalculesrdquo
bull Diseases they thought were caused by
ndash demons
ndash witchcraft
ndash bad luck
ndash the wrath of God ndash curses
ndash evil spirits
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 44
Robert Koch - 1st to prove that
bacteria actually caused diseases
bull 1876
bull Microbial Etiology of Infectious Disease
ndash etiology - the cause of a disease
bull Developed methods of fixing staining andphotographing bacteria
bull Established ldquoscientific rulesrdquo to show a cause and
effect relationship between a microbe and a
disease
ndash Kochrsquos Postulates
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 45
Staining Koch Postulate
K hrsquo P t l t
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 46
Kochrsquos Postulates bull 1 The same organisms must be found in all
cases of a given diseasebull 2 The organism must be isolated and grown
in pure culture
bull 3 The isolated organism must reproducethe same disease when inoculated into a
healthy susceptible animal
bull 4 The original organism must again beisolated from the experimentally infected
animal
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 47
Exceptions to Kochrsquos Postulates
1 Some organisms have never been grown in
pure culture on artificial media
Treponema pallidum - Syphilis
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 48
Mycobacterium leprae
Leprosy
Never been grown in pure culture on artificial media
Seven Banded Armadillo
Exceptions to Kochrsquos Postulates
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 49
Exceptions to Kochrsquos Postulates
bull In exclusively human diseases it is not
morally acceptable to inoculate a deadly
pathogen into a ldquohuman guinea pigrdquo
bull HIV
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 50
Koch established the Microbial Etiology
of 3 important diseases of his day
bull 1 Cholera (fecal-oral disease)
ndash Vibrio cholerae
bull 2 Tuberculosis (pulmonary infection) ndash Mycobacterium tuberculosis
ndash Work on tuberculin (protein from M tuberculosis) that led to devrsquot of skin testing to diagnose TB
bull 3 Anthrax (sheep and cattle) ndash Bacillus anthracis ndash Discovered that B anthracis produce spores that is capable of resisting
adverse conditions
A h
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 51
Anthraxbull Bacillus anthracis
ndash Gram (+) non-motile aerobic spore forming rod ndash Streptobacilli with central spores
ndash Livestock
bull Sheep cattle goats
ndash Humans
bull Handle hides wool goat hair handicrafts from the Middle
East made from animal products
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 52
3 Forms of Human Anthrax
bull 1 Cutaneous Anthrax
ndash Enters thru cut or
abrasion
ndash Results in painless
ulcer (1-3 cm) with
black (necrotic) center
ndash About 20 mortality
rate in untreated cases
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 53
bull 2 Gastrointestinal Anthrax
ndash Contaminated meat
ndash Abdominal pain fevervomiting blood severe
diarrhea
ndash 25 to 60 mortality rate
3 I h l i A h
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 54
bull 3 Inhalation Anthrax
bull Initial symptomsresemble common
cold ndash Progress to severe
breathing problems andshock
ndash Usually results in death1-2 days after onset of acute symptoms
ndash Mortality rate 99 inuntreated cases
ndash Treatment usually noteffective aftersymptoms are present
A h Bi l i l W
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 55
Anthrax as a Biological Weapon
bull Deadly if not treated early
bull Spores can be produced in large quantities using basicknowledge of biology
bull Spores may remain viable for years (60 at least)
bull Spores can be spread
ndash Missiles rockets bombs mail crop dusters
bull No cloud or color
bull No smell
bull No taste
bull Antibiotics ndash only effective if administered early (within24 ndash 48 hours)
h 1 lidif
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 56
Koch - 1st to use Agar to solidify
culture media
Golden Age of Microbiology
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 57
Golden Age of Microbiology 1857 - 1914
bull Pasteur
ndash Pasteurization
ndash Fermentation
bull Joseph Lister
ndash Phenol to treat surgical wounds ndash 1st attempt to control infections
caused by microoganisms
bull Robert Koch ndash Kochrsquos Postulates
bull Edward Jenner
ndash vaccination
bull Paul Erlich ndash 1st synthetic drug used to treat infections
ndash Salvarsan - arsenic based chemical to treat Syphilis
bull ldquosalvationrdquo from Syphilis
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 58
Naming of Bacteria
bull Genus and species - Binomial System of
Taxonomic Classification
bull Information usually given
ndash 1 Describes an organism
ndash 2 Identifies a habitat ndash 3 Honors a scientist or researcher
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 59
Bacterial Morphology
bull Bacilli
bull Cocci
bull Spiral
Arrangements
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 60
ArrangementsStaphylo
Strepto
Diplo
Sarcinae
Tetrad
Vibrio (comma shaped)
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 61
bull Staphylococcus aureus
bull Staphylococcusepidermidis
bull Streptococcus
pneumoniae
bull Vibrio cholerae
bull Rhodospirillium
rubrumbull Bacillus subtilis
bull Micrococcus luteus
bull Escherichia coli
bull Bacillus anthracis
bull Salmonella enteridis
bull Streptococcus pyogenes
bull Steptococcus lactis
bull Streptococcus faecalis
bull Erlichia canis
bull Campylobacter jejuni
bull Helicobacter pylori
bull Enterobacter aerogenes
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 62
Microbiology A Human Perspective
bull Microorganisms cannot be seen without the aid of amicroscope
bull There are more than 200000 known microbesbull Exist in virtually any environment that has water
bull Exhibit tremendous biodiversity
bull Compose the largest biomass group of living
organismsbull Microbes exist for more than 35 billion years
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 63
bull Food production bread beer
bull Bioremediation decontamination
of hazardous wastesbull Useful products ethanol fuel
antibiotics amino acids
bull Genetic engineeringpharmaceuticals vaccines
bull Genomics genome sequencingpermits understanding of diseasemechanisms
Applications of Microbiology
Medical microbiology
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 64
bull Infectious diseases have killedmore people than all wars andnatural disasters combined
bull Outbreaks have changed thecourse of history
bull Vaccines have dramaticallydecreased the incidence of
infectious diseases especiallyin children
Medical microbiology
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 65
bull Re-emergence of ldquoOldrdquo Infectious
Diseases
ndash Cases of whooping cough have increased
in the last few years
ndash Many microbes have evolved antibiotic
resistance
Medical microbiology (cont)
Medical microbiology (cont )
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 66
bull Emerging infectious diseases
ndash As humans encroach upon wild habitat new infectious agents (microbes) arediscovered
ndash These agents are typically hosted by animals and are termed zoonotic agents
Medical microbiology (cont)
Agent Host Disease
Ebola virus Bats Ebola hemorrhagic fever
SARS virus Bats Severe acute respiratory syndrome
Sin Nombre virus Deer mouse Hantavirus cardiopulmonary syndrome
Nipah virus Bats Nipah encephalitis
Dengue virus Mosquitos Dengue fever Dengue hemorrhagic fever
Machupo virus Vesper mouse Bolivian hemorrhagic fever
Avian influenza viruses Various birds Influenza
Some recently discovered agents and their animal hosts
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 67
Terminologieshellip
bull Bacteriocins ndash Toxins produce by enterobacteria that are lethal to
related strains of bacteria
bull Resident flora ndash Collective vegetation in a given area in one part of the body yet produce infection in another
bull Infection
ndash Is an invasion of body tissue by microbes and theirgrowth
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 68
bull Infectious agent
ndash Microbes that cause infection
bull Asymptomaticsubclinical ndash Microbes do not produce clinical evidence of
disease
bull Disease ndash Detectable alteration in normal tissue function
bull Virulence
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 69
Virulence ndash Microbersquos ability to produce disease
bull Communicable disease ndash Infectious agents that can be transmitted to an individual by direct
or indirect contact or as airborne infection ndash ex common colds
bull Pathogenicity ndash Ability to produce disease
bull Pathogen ndash Disease causing microbes ndash 3 of known microbes are capable of causing disease
bull Non-pathogens ndash Do not cause disease
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 70
Terminologieshellip
bull Opportunistic pathogen ndash Causes disease only in a susceptible individual
bull Asepsis
ndash Freedom from disease-causing microbes
bull Medical asepsis ndash All practices intended to confine a specific
microbes to a specific area limiting the growth
amp transmission of microbes
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 71
bull Medical asepsis
ndash Objects are CLEAN (absence of almost all microbes)
bull Surgical asepsissterile technique
ndash Practices that keep an area or object free of allmicrobes
ndash Practices that destroys all microbes amp spores
bull Sepsis
ndash State of infection and can take many forms includingseptic shock
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GRADED RECITATION
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 73
Microorganisms are said to be
ubiquitous
Can you think of any locations thatwould be devoid of microorganisms
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 74
Of all the various areas of microbiology
mentioned in this chapter which
appeal to you the mostWhy
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 75
Assume that you are entering a health-related
professionOf what value will knowledge of
microbiology be to you
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 76
Many people consider Louis Pasteurrsquos
contributions to be the foundation of the
science of microbiology and a cornerstone
of modern medicine
What contributions did he make that would
cause people to believe that
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You have isolated a bacterium from the blood
of a patient with a newly described disease
What steps would you take to prove that the
organism that yoursquove isolated is the cause of
the patientrsquos disease
(Hint Remember Kochrsquos Postulates)
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 4
What is Microbiology
bull Micro - too small to be seen with the naked eye
bull Bio - life
bull ology - study of
bull Is the study of very small living organisms calledmicroorganismsmicrobes
bull Microbes are ubiquitous
ndash Meaning they are virtually everywhere
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 6
bull Microbes play important roleshellip
ndash They are living onin our body
ndash Some colonize our body
ndash Produce oxygen thru photosynthesis ndash Decomposition of dead organismswasteproducts of living organisms
bull Decomposerssaprophyte
ndash Decompose industrial waste (oil spills) ndash
bioremediation ndash Involved in Elemental cycle (carbonnitrogenoxygen sulfur and phosphorouscycles)
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 7
bull Algae and bacteria serve as food for tinyanimals
bull Aid in the digestion of food in human ( E coli)
bull Microbes process our food and beverages ndash biotechnology
bull Genetic engineering
bull Cause 2 categories of diseases
ndash Infectious diseases (colonizes the body)
ndash Microbial intoxications (ingest toxin)
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 8
Organisms included in the study
of Microbiologybull 1 Bacteria
bull 2 Protozoans
bull 3 Algaebull 4 Parasites
bull 5 Yeasts and Molds
ndash Fungi
bull 6 Viruses
bull Bacteriology
bull Protozoology
bull Phycologybull Parasitology
bull Mycology
bull Virology
Microorganisms - Microbes - Germs
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 9
5 Kingdoms of Living Organisms
bull 1 Animalia
bull 2 Plantae
bull 3 Fungi
bull 4 Protista
bull 5 Monera - Bacteria and Cyanobacteria
bull Eukaryotic vs Prokaryotic
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 10
5 Characteristics of Life
bull 1 Cells
bull 2 Maintain structure by taking up
chemicals and energy from the environmentbull 3 Respond to stimuli in the external
environment
bull 4 Reproduce and pass on their organizationto their offspring
bull 5 Evolve and adapt to the environment
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 11
Taxonomic Classification
bull Kingdom
bull DivisionPhylumbull Class
bull Order
bull Family
bull Genus
bull species
bull Man
bull Animalia
bull Chordatabull Mammalia
bull Primate
bull Hominidae
bull Homo
bull sapien
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 12
Taxonomic Classification
bull Kingdom
bull Phylumbull Class
bull Order
bull Family
bull Genus
bull species
bull Cat
bull Animalia
bull Chordatebull Mammalia
bull Carnivora
bull Felidae
bull Felis
bull domestica
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 13
Binomial System of Taxonomic
Classificationbull Use only the Genus and species
ndash Homo sapien
ndash Felis domestica ndash Escherichia coli
bull Genus and species are either underlined or
italicized bull Genus is always capitalized
bull species is never capitalized
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 14
Classification Systembull 3 Domains 1978 Carl Woese
ndash 1 Bacteriabull Unicellular prokaryotes with cell wall containing
peptidoglycan
ndash 2 Archaea
bull Unicellular prokaryotes with no peptodoglycan incell wall
ndash 3 Eukarya
bull Protista
bull Fungi
bull Plantae
bull Animalia
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 15
Bacteria - what comes to mind
bull Diseases
bull Infections
bull Epidemics
bull Food Spoilagebull Only 3 of all known bacteria cause human
diseases
bull About 4 of all known bacteria cause plantdiseases
bull 95 of known bacteria are non-pathogens
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 16
Microbes Benefit Humans
bull 1Bacteria are primary decomposers -
recycle nutrients back into the environment
(sewage treatment plants)bull 2 Microbes produce various food products
ndash cheese pickles green olives
ndash yogurt soy sauce vinegar bread ndash Beer Wine Alcohol
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 17
3 Microbes are used to produce Antibiotics
bull Penicillin
bull Mold ndash Penicillium notatum
bull 1928 Alexander Fleming
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 18
4 Bacteria synthesize chemicals that our
body needs but cannot synthesize
bull Example E coli
ndash B vitamins - for metabolism
ndash Vitamin K - blood clotting
bull Escherichia coli
ndash Dr Escherich ndash Colon (intestine)
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 19
5 Biochemistry and Metabolism
bull Very simple structure
bull rapid rate of reproduction
bull provides ldquoinstantrdquo data
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 20
6 Microbial Antagonism
bull Our normal microbial flora prevents
potential pathogens from gaining access to
our body
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 21
7 Insect Pest Control
bull Using bacteria to control the growth of
insects
bull Bacillus thuringiensis
ndash caterpillars
ndash bollworms ndash corn borers
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 22
8 Bioremediation
bull Using microbes to clean up pollutants and
toxic wastes
bull Exxon Valdez - 1989
bull 2 Genera
ndash Pseudomonas sp ndash Bacillus sp
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 23
9 Recombinant DNA Technology
Gene Therapy Genetic Engineering
bull Bacteria can be manipulated to produceenzymes and proteins they normally would
not produce
ndash Insulin
ndash Human Growth Hormone
ndash Interferon
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 24
10 Microbes form the basis of
the food chain
Marine and fresh water microorganisms
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 25
Microbes do benefit us but they are also
capable of causing many diseases
bull Pneumonia Whooping Cough
bull Botulism Typhoid Fever Measles
bull Cholera Scarlet Fever Mumps
bull Syphilis Gonorrhea Herpes 1
bull Chlamydia Tuberculosis Herpes 2
bull Meningitis Tetanus RMSV
bull Strep Throat Lyme Disease AIDS
bull Black Plague Diarrhea Gangrene
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 26
History of the Study of
Microorganisms
bull 1665 Robert Hooke
ndash ldquolittle boxesrdquo - ldquocellsrdquo
ndash Cell Theory - all living things are made up of cells
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 27
Spontaneous Generation
bull Theory that life just ldquospontaneouslyrdquo
developed from non-living matter
bull Example
ndash toads snakes and mice - moist soil
ndash flies and maggots - manure and decaying flesh
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 28
Experiments to disprove
Spontaneous Generationbull Francesco Redi 1668
ndash Showed that worms which appeared on rotting meatwere from fly eggs
bull Rudolph Virchow 1858 ndash Theory of Biogenesis
bull Cells can only arise from preexisting cells
bull Louis Pasteur 1861 ndash Showed that appearance of microbes in sterilized media
was from air-borne bacteria ndash Showed that sterilized materials remained sterile if kept
isolated from the external environment
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 29
Anton van Leeuwenhoek 1674
- 1st person to actually see living microorganisms
ldquowee animalculesrdquo
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 30
ANTON VAN LEEUWENHOEK
bull 1st to see live bacteria and protozoabull FATHER OF MICROBIOLOGY
bull FATHER OF BACTERIOLOGY amp PROTOZOOLOGY
bull Fabric merchant a surveyor wine assayer and a minor city
official
bull Hobby
ndash ground tiny glass lenses which he mounted in smallmetal frames (single-lens microscope)
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 31
ANTON VAN LEEUWENHOEK
bull He never speculated on the
origin of microbes nor associate
them with infectious disease
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 32
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 33
bull Scientist became convinced of the existence of tiny creature (notseen by naked eye)
bull SPONTANEOUS GENERATION THEORY ABIOGENESIS wasestablished
ndash Life could develop spontaneously from inanimatesubstancesnonliving organisms
ndash UNTIL the time of Louis Pasteur and John Tyndall whodisproved the theory and prove that
bull ldquoLIFE CAN ONLY ARISE FROMPREEXISTING LIFE ALONErdquo
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 34
LOUIS PASTEUR
bull Contributions makes the
foundation of
ndash science of microbiology
ndash modern medicinehellip
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 35
LOUIS PASTEURrsquoS CONTRIBUTIONhellip
bull 1 Wine contamination Discoveredwhat occurs during alcoholicfermentation ndash Demonstrated that different microbes
produce different fermentationproducts
ndash Ex yeast converts glucose in grapesto ethanol by fermentation
ndash Acetobacter a contaminatingbacteriaconverts glucose to aceticacid (vinegar)- ruining the taste of thewine
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 36
2 Thru experiment dealth the fatal blow tothe theory of spontaneous generation
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 37
Pasteur designed special ldquoswan-necked flasksrdquo
with a boiled meat infusion
Shape of flask allowed air in (vital force) but trapped
dust particles which may contain microbes
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 38
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 39
LOUIS PASTEURrsquoS CONTRIBUTIONhellip
bull 3 Discovered forms of life that are withno oxygen
ndash Aerobes ndash microbes needs Oxygen ndash Anaerobes ndash microbes can live without
oxygen
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 40
LOUIS PASTEURrsquoS CONTRIBUTIONhellip
4 Pasteurization ndash process that kills microbesthat cause wine to spoil
- Can be used to kill pathogens in liquids
- Process- Heating and maintaining to 63-65oC for 30 minutes or 73-75oCfor 15mins
- Note not ALL microbes are killed
ONLY the pathogens
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 41
LOUIS PASTEURrsquoS CONTRIBUTIONhellip
bull 5 Discovered the causative agent that
were causing silkworm diseases in silk industry in France and how to preventsuch disease
bull 6 Contributed on the GERM THEORYOF DISEASE ndash specific microbes causespecific infectious diseases
ndash ex anthrax caused by Bacillus anthracis
ndash TB by Mycobacterium tuberculosis
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 42
LOUIS PASTEURrsquoS CONTRIBUTIONhellip
7 Championed changes in hospitalpractices to minimize the spread of disease by pathogens
8 Developed vaccines to preventcholeraanthrax and swineerysipelas (skin disease)
9 Developed RABIES vaccine in dogs
and successfully used to treathuman rabies
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 43
Germ Theory of Disease
bull Hard for people to believe that diseases werecaused by tiny invisible ldquowee animalculesrdquo
bull Diseases they thought were caused by
ndash demons
ndash witchcraft
ndash bad luck
ndash the wrath of God ndash curses
ndash evil spirits
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 44
Robert Koch - 1st to prove that
bacteria actually caused diseases
bull 1876
bull Microbial Etiology of Infectious Disease
ndash etiology - the cause of a disease
bull Developed methods of fixing staining andphotographing bacteria
bull Established ldquoscientific rulesrdquo to show a cause and
effect relationship between a microbe and a
disease
ndash Kochrsquos Postulates
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 45
Staining Koch Postulate
K hrsquo P t l t
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 46
Kochrsquos Postulates bull 1 The same organisms must be found in all
cases of a given diseasebull 2 The organism must be isolated and grown
in pure culture
bull 3 The isolated organism must reproducethe same disease when inoculated into a
healthy susceptible animal
bull 4 The original organism must again beisolated from the experimentally infected
animal
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 47
Exceptions to Kochrsquos Postulates
1 Some organisms have never been grown in
pure culture on artificial media
Treponema pallidum - Syphilis
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 48
Mycobacterium leprae
Leprosy
Never been grown in pure culture on artificial media
Seven Banded Armadillo
Exceptions to Kochrsquos Postulates
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 49
Exceptions to Kochrsquos Postulates
bull In exclusively human diseases it is not
morally acceptable to inoculate a deadly
pathogen into a ldquohuman guinea pigrdquo
bull HIV
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 50
Koch established the Microbial Etiology
of 3 important diseases of his day
bull 1 Cholera (fecal-oral disease)
ndash Vibrio cholerae
bull 2 Tuberculosis (pulmonary infection) ndash Mycobacterium tuberculosis
ndash Work on tuberculin (protein from M tuberculosis) that led to devrsquot of skin testing to diagnose TB
bull 3 Anthrax (sheep and cattle) ndash Bacillus anthracis ndash Discovered that B anthracis produce spores that is capable of resisting
adverse conditions
A h
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 51
Anthraxbull Bacillus anthracis
ndash Gram (+) non-motile aerobic spore forming rod ndash Streptobacilli with central spores
ndash Livestock
bull Sheep cattle goats
ndash Humans
bull Handle hides wool goat hair handicrafts from the Middle
East made from animal products
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 52
3 Forms of Human Anthrax
bull 1 Cutaneous Anthrax
ndash Enters thru cut or
abrasion
ndash Results in painless
ulcer (1-3 cm) with
black (necrotic) center
ndash About 20 mortality
rate in untreated cases
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 53
bull 2 Gastrointestinal Anthrax
ndash Contaminated meat
ndash Abdominal pain fevervomiting blood severe
diarrhea
ndash 25 to 60 mortality rate
3 I h l i A h
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 54
bull 3 Inhalation Anthrax
bull Initial symptomsresemble common
cold ndash Progress to severe
breathing problems andshock
ndash Usually results in death1-2 days after onset of acute symptoms
ndash Mortality rate 99 inuntreated cases
ndash Treatment usually noteffective aftersymptoms are present
A h Bi l i l W
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 55
Anthrax as a Biological Weapon
bull Deadly if not treated early
bull Spores can be produced in large quantities using basicknowledge of biology
bull Spores may remain viable for years (60 at least)
bull Spores can be spread
ndash Missiles rockets bombs mail crop dusters
bull No cloud or color
bull No smell
bull No taste
bull Antibiotics ndash only effective if administered early (within24 ndash 48 hours)
h 1 lidif
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 56
Koch - 1st to use Agar to solidify
culture media
Golden Age of Microbiology
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 57
Golden Age of Microbiology 1857 - 1914
bull Pasteur
ndash Pasteurization
ndash Fermentation
bull Joseph Lister
ndash Phenol to treat surgical wounds ndash 1st attempt to control infections
caused by microoganisms
bull Robert Koch ndash Kochrsquos Postulates
bull Edward Jenner
ndash vaccination
bull Paul Erlich ndash 1st synthetic drug used to treat infections
ndash Salvarsan - arsenic based chemical to treat Syphilis
bull ldquosalvationrdquo from Syphilis
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 58
Naming of Bacteria
bull Genus and species - Binomial System of
Taxonomic Classification
bull Information usually given
ndash 1 Describes an organism
ndash 2 Identifies a habitat ndash 3 Honors a scientist or researcher
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 59
Bacterial Morphology
bull Bacilli
bull Cocci
bull Spiral
Arrangements
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 60
ArrangementsStaphylo
Strepto
Diplo
Sarcinae
Tetrad
Vibrio (comma shaped)
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 61
bull Staphylococcus aureus
bull Staphylococcusepidermidis
bull Streptococcus
pneumoniae
bull Vibrio cholerae
bull Rhodospirillium
rubrumbull Bacillus subtilis
bull Micrococcus luteus
bull Escherichia coli
bull Bacillus anthracis
bull Salmonella enteridis
bull Streptococcus pyogenes
bull Steptococcus lactis
bull Streptococcus faecalis
bull Erlichia canis
bull Campylobacter jejuni
bull Helicobacter pylori
bull Enterobacter aerogenes
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 62
Microbiology A Human Perspective
bull Microorganisms cannot be seen without the aid of amicroscope
bull There are more than 200000 known microbesbull Exist in virtually any environment that has water
bull Exhibit tremendous biodiversity
bull Compose the largest biomass group of living
organismsbull Microbes exist for more than 35 billion years
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 63
bull Food production bread beer
bull Bioremediation decontamination
of hazardous wastesbull Useful products ethanol fuel
antibiotics amino acids
bull Genetic engineeringpharmaceuticals vaccines
bull Genomics genome sequencingpermits understanding of diseasemechanisms
Applications of Microbiology
Medical microbiology
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 64
bull Infectious diseases have killedmore people than all wars andnatural disasters combined
bull Outbreaks have changed thecourse of history
bull Vaccines have dramaticallydecreased the incidence of
infectious diseases especiallyin children
Medical microbiology
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 65
bull Re-emergence of ldquoOldrdquo Infectious
Diseases
ndash Cases of whooping cough have increased
in the last few years
ndash Many microbes have evolved antibiotic
resistance
Medical microbiology (cont)
Medical microbiology (cont )
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 66
bull Emerging infectious diseases
ndash As humans encroach upon wild habitat new infectious agents (microbes) arediscovered
ndash These agents are typically hosted by animals and are termed zoonotic agents
Medical microbiology (cont)
Agent Host Disease
Ebola virus Bats Ebola hemorrhagic fever
SARS virus Bats Severe acute respiratory syndrome
Sin Nombre virus Deer mouse Hantavirus cardiopulmonary syndrome
Nipah virus Bats Nipah encephalitis
Dengue virus Mosquitos Dengue fever Dengue hemorrhagic fever
Machupo virus Vesper mouse Bolivian hemorrhagic fever
Avian influenza viruses Various birds Influenza
Some recently discovered agents and their animal hosts
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 67
Terminologieshellip
bull Bacteriocins ndash Toxins produce by enterobacteria that are lethal to
related strains of bacteria
bull Resident flora ndash Collective vegetation in a given area in one part of the body yet produce infection in another
bull Infection
ndash Is an invasion of body tissue by microbes and theirgrowth
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 68
bull Infectious agent
ndash Microbes that cause infection
bull Asymptomaticsubclinical ndash Microbes do not produce clinical evidence of
disease
bull Disease ndash Detectable alteration in normal tissue function
bull Virulence
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 69
Virulence ndash Microbersquos ability to produce disease
bull Communicable disease ndash Infectious agents that can be transmitted to an individual by direct
or indirect contact or as airborne infection ndash ex common colds
bull Pathogenicity ndash Ability to produce disease
bull Pathogen ndash Disease causing microbes ndash 3 of known microbes are capable of causing disease
bull Non-pathogens ndash Do not cause disease
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 70
Terminologieshellip
bull Opportunistic pathogen ndash Causes disease only in a susceptible individual
bull Asepsis
ndash Freedom from disease-causing microbes
bull Medical asepsis ndash All practices intended to confine a specific
microbes to a specific area limiting the growth
amp transmission of microbes
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 71
bull Medical asepsis
ndash Objects are CLEAN (absence of almost all microbes)
bull Surgical asepsissterile technique
ndash Practices that keep an area or object free of allmicrobes
ndash Practices that destroys all microbes amp spores
bull Sepsis
ndash State of infection and can take many forms includingseptic shock
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GRADED RECITATION
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 73
Microorganisms are said to be
ubiquitous
Can you think of any locations thatwould be devoid of microorganisms
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 74
Of all the various areas of microbiology
mentioned in this chapter which
appeal to you the mostWhy
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 75
Assume that you are entering a health-related
professionOf what value will knowledge of
microbiology be to you
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 76
Many people consider Louis Pasteurrsquos
contributions to be the foundation of the
science of microbiology and a cornerstone
of modern medicine
What contributions did he make that would
cause people to believe that
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You have isolated a bacterium from the blood
of a patient with a newly described disease
What steps would you take to prove that the
organism that yoursquove isolated is the cause of
the patientrsquos disease
(Hint Remember Kochrsquos Postulates)
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 6
bull Microbes play important roleshellip
ndash They are living onin our body
ndash Some colonize our body
ndash Produce oxygen thru photosynthesis ndash Decomposition of dead organismswasteproducts of living organisms
bull Decomposerssaprophyte
ndash Decompose industrial waste (oil spills) ndash
bioremediation ndash Involved in Elemental cycle (carbonnitrogenoxygen sulfur and phosphorouscycles)
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 7
bull Algae and bacteria serve as food for tinyanimals
bull Aid in the digestion of food in human ( E coli)
bull Microbes process our food and beverages ndash biotechnology
bull Genetic engineering
bull Cause 2 categories of diseases
ndash Infectious diseases (colonizes the body)
ndash Microbial intoxications (ingest toxin)
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 8
Organisms included in the study
of Microbiologybull 1 Bacteria
bull 2 Protozoans
bull 3 Algaebull 4 Parasites
bull 5 Yeasts and Molds
ndash Fungi
bull 6 Viruses
bull Bacteriology
bull Protozoology
bull Phycologybull Parasitology
bull Mycology
bull Virology
Microorganisms - Microbes - Germs
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 9
5 Kingdoms of Living Organisms
bull 1 Animalia
bull 2 Plantae
bull 3 Fungi
bull 4 Protista
bull 5 Monera - Bacteria and Cyanobacteria
bull Eukaryotic vs Prokaryotic
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 10
5 Characteristics of Life
bull 1 Cells
bull 2 Maintain structure by taking up
chemicals and energy from the environmentbull 3 Respond to stimuli in the external
environment
bull 4 Reproduce and pass on their organizationto their offspring
bull 5 Evolve and adapt to the environment
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 11
Taxonomic Classification
bull Kingdom
bull DivisionPhylumbull Class
bull Order
bull Family
bull Genus
bull species
bull Man
bull Animalia
bull Chordatabull Mammalia
bull Primate
bull Hominidae
bull Homo
bull sapien
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 12
Taxonomic Classification
bull Kingdom
bull Phylumbull Class
bull Order
bull Family
bull Genus
bull species
bull Cat
bull Animalia
bull Chordatebull Mammalia
bull Carnivora
bull Felidae
bull Felis
bull domestica
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 13
Binomial System of Taxonomic
Classificationbull Use only the Genus and species
ndash Homo sapien
ndash Felis domestica ndash Escherichia coli
bull Genus and species are either underlined or
italicized bull Genus is always capitalized
bull species is never capitalized
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 14
Classification Systembull 3 Domains 1978 Carl Woese
ndash 1 Bacteriabull Unicellular prokaryotes with cell wall containing
peptidoglycan
ndash 2 Archaea
bull Unicellular prokaryotes with no peptodoglycan incell wall
ndash 3 Eukarya
bull Protista
bull Fungi
bull Plantae
bull Animalia
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 15
Bacteria - what comes to mind
bull Diseases
bull Infections
bull Epidemics
bull Food Spoilagebull Only 3 of all known bacteria cause human
diseases
bull About 4 of all known bacteria cause plantdiseases
bull 95 of known bacteria are non-pathogens
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 16
Microbes Benefit Humans
bull 1Bacteria are primary decomposers -
recycle nutrients back into the environment
(sewage treatment plants)bull 2 Microbes produce various food products
ndash cheese pickles green olives
ndash yogurt soy sauce vinegar bread ndash Beer Wine Alcohol
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 17
3 Microbes are used to produce Antibiotics
bull Penicillin
bull Mold ndash Penicillium notatum
bull 1928 Alexander Fleming
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 18
4 Bacteria synthesize chemicals that our
body needs but cannot synthesize
bull Example E coli
ndash B vitamins - for metabolism
ndash Vitamin K - blood clotting
bull Escherichia coli
ndash Dr Escherich ndash Colon (intestine)
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 19
5 Biochemistry and Metabolism
bull Very simple structure
bull rapid rate of reproduction
bull provides ldquoinstantrdquo data
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 20
6 Microbial Antagonism
bull Our normal microbial flora prevents
potential pathogens from gaining access to
our body
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 21
7 Insect Pest Control
bull Using bacteria to control the growth of
insects
bull Bacillus thuringiensis
ndash caterpillars
ndash bollworms ndash corn borers
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 22
8 Bioremediation
bull Using microbes to clean up pollutants and
toxic wastes
bull Exxon Valdez - 1989
bull 2 Genera
ndash Pseudomonas sp ndash Bacillus sp
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 23
9 Recombinant DNA Technology
Gene Therapy Genetic Engineering
bull Bacteria can be manipulated to produceenzymes and proteins they normally would
not produce
ndash Insulin
ndash Human Growth Hormone
ndash Interferon
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 24
10 Microbes form the basis of
the food chain
Marine and fresh water microorganisms
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 25
Microbes do benefit us but they are also
capable of causing many diseases
bull Pneumonia Whooping Cough
bull Botulism Typhoid Fever Measles
bull Cholera Scarlet Fever Mumps
bull Syphilis Gonorrhea Herpes 1
bull Chlamydia Tuberculosis Herpes 2
bull Meningitis Tetanus RMSV
bull Strep Throat Lyme Disease AIDS
bull Black Plague Diarrhea Gangrene
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 26
History of the Study of
Microorganisms
bull 1665 Robert Hooke
ndash ldquolittle boxesrdquo - ldquocellsrdquo
ndash Cell Theory - all living things are made up of cells
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 27
Spontaneous Generation
bull Theory that life just ldquospontaneouslyrdquo
developed from non-living matter
bull Example
ndash toads snakes and mice - moist soil
ndash flies and maggots - manure and decaying flesh
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 28
Experiments to disprove
Spontaneous Generationbull Francesco Redi 1668
ndash Showed that worms which appeared on rotting meatwere from fly eggs
bull Rudolph Virchow 1858 ndash Theory of Biogenesis
bull Cells can only arise from preexisting cells
bull Louis Pasteur 1861 ndash Showed that appearance of microbes in sterilized media
was from air-borne bacteria ndash Showed that sterilized materials remained sterile if kept
isolated from the external environment
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 29
Anton van Leeuwenhoek 1674
- 1st person to actually see living microorganisms
ldquowee animalculesrdquo
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 30
ANTON VAN LEEUWENHOEK
bull 1st to see live bacteria and protozoabull FATHER OF MICROBIOLOGY
bull FATHER OF BACTERIOLOGY amp PROTOZOOLOGY
bull Fabric merchant a surveyor wine assayer and a minor city
official
bull Hobby
ndash ground tiny glass lenses which he mounted in smallmetal frames (single-lens microscope)
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 31
ANTON VAN LEEUWENHOEK
bull He never speculated on the
origin of microbes nor associate
them with infectious disease
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 32
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 33
bull Scientist became convinced of the existence of tiny creature (notseen by naked eye)
bull SPONTANEOUS GENERATION THEORY ABIOGENESIS wasestablished
ndash Life could develop spontaneously from inanimatesubstancesnonliving organisms
ndash UNTIL the time of Louis Pasteur and John Tyndall whodisproved the theory and prove that
bull ldquoLIFE CAN ONLY ARISE FROMPREEXISTING LIFE ALONErdquo
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 34
LOUIS PASTEUR
bull Contributions makes the
foundation of
ndash science of microbiology
ndash modern medicinehellip
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 35
LOUIS PASTEURrsquoS CONTRIBUTIONhellip
bull 1 Wine contamination Discoveredwhat occurs during alcoholicfermentation ndash Demonstrated that different microbes
produce different fermentationproducts
ndash Ex yeast converts glucose in grapesto ethanol by fermentation
ndash Acetobacter a contaminatingbacteriaconverts glucose to aceticacid (vinegar)- ruining the taste of thewine
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 36
2 Thru experiment dealth the fatal blow tothe theory of spontaneous generation
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 37
Pasteur designed special ldquoswan-necked flasksrdquo
with a boiled meat infusion
Shape of flask allowed air in (vital force) but trapped
dust particles which may contain microbes
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 38
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 39
LOUIS PASTEURrsquoS CONTRIBUTIONhellip
bull 3 Discovered forms of life that are withno oxygen
ndash Aerobes ndash microbes needs Oxygen ndash Anaerobes ndash microbes can live without
oxygen
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 40
LOUIS PASTEURrsquoS CONTRIBUTIONhellip
4 Pasteurization ndash process that kills microbesthat cause wine to spoil
- Can be used to kill pathogens in liquids
- Process- Heating and maintaining to 63-65oC for 30 minutes or 73-75oCfor 15mins
- Note not ALL microbes are killed
ONLY the pathogens
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 41
LOUIS PASTEURrsquoS CONTRIBUTIONhellip
bull 5 Discovered the causative agent that
were causing silkworm diseases in silk industry in France and how to preventsuch disease
bull 6 Contributed on the GERM THEORYOF DISEASE ndash specific microbes causespecific infectious diseases
ndash ex anthrax caused by Bacillus anthracis
ndash TB by Mycobacterium tuberculosis
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 42
LOUIS PASTEURrsquoS CONTRIBUTIONhellip
7 Championed changes in hospitalpractices to minimize the spread of disease by pathogens
8 Developed vaccines to preventcholeraanthrax and swineerysipelas (skin disease)
9 Developed RABIES vaccine in dogs
and successfully used to treathuman rabies
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 43
Germ Theory of Disease
bull Hard for people to believe that diseases werecaused by tiny invisible ldquowee animalculesrdquo
bull Diseases they thought were caused by
ndash demons
ndash witchcraft
ndash bad luck
ndash the wrath of God ndash curses
ndash evil spirits
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 44
Robert Koch - 1st to prove that
bacteria actually caused diseases
bull 1876
bull Microbial Etiology of Infectious Disease
ndash etiology - the cause of a disease
bull Developed methods of fixing staining andphotographing bacteria
bull Established ldquoscientific rulesrdquo to show a cause and
effect relationship between a microbe and a
disease
ndash Kochrsquos Postulates
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 45
Staining Koch Postulate
K hrsquo P t l t
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 46
Kochrsquos Postulates bull 1 The same organisms must be found in all
cases of a given diseasebull 2 The organism must be isolated and grown
in pure culture
bull 3 The isolated organism must reproducethe same disease when inoculated into a
healthy susceptible animal
bull 4 The original organism must again beisolated from the experimentally infected
animal
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 47
Exceptions to Kochrsquos Postulates
1 Some organisms have never been grown in
pure culture on artificial media
Treponema pallidum - Syphilis
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 48
Mycobacterium leprae
Leprosy
Never been grown in pure culture on artificial media
Seven Banded Armadillo
Exceptions to Kochrsquos Postulates
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 49
Exceptions to Kochrsquos Postulates
bull In exclusively human diseases it is not
morally acceptable to inoculate a deadly
pathogen into a ldquohuman guinea pigrdquo
bull HIV
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 50
Koch established the Microbial Etiology
of 3 important diseases of his day
bull 1 Cholera (fecal-oral disease)
ndash Vibrio cholerae
bull 2 Tuberculosis (pulmonary infection) ndash Mycobacterium tuberculosis
ndash Work on tuberculin (protein from M tuberculosis) that led to devrsquot of skin testing to diagnose TB
bull 3 Anthrax (sheep and cattle) ndash Bacillus anthracis ndash Discovered that B anthracis produce spores that is capable of resisting
adverse conditions
A h
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 51
Anthraxbull Bacillus anthracis
ndash Gram (+) non-motile aerobic spore forming rod ndash Streptobacilli with central spores
ndash Livestock
bull Sheep cattle goats
ndash Humans
bull Handle hides wool goat hair handicrafts from the Middle
East made from animal products
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 52
3 Forms of Human Anthrax
bull 1 Cutaneous Anthrax
ndash Enters thru cut or
abrasion
ndash Results in painless
ulcer (1-3 cm) with
black (necrotic) center
ndash About 20 mortality
rate in untreated cases
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 53
bull 2 Gastrointestinal Anthrax
ndash Contaminated meat
ndash Abdominal pain fevervomiting blood severe
diarrhea
ndash 25 to 60 mortality rate
3 I h l i A h
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 54
bull 3 Inhalation Anthrax
bull Initial symptomsresemble common
cold ndash Progress to severe
breathing problems andshock
ndash Usually results in death1-2 days after onset of acute symptoms
ndash Mortality rate 99 inuntreated cases
ndash Treatment usually noteffective aftersymptoms are present
A h Bi l i l W
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 55
Anthrax as a Biological Weapon
bull Deadly if not treated early
bull Spores can be produced in large quantities using basicknowledge of biology
bull Spores may remain viable for years (60 at least)
bull Spores can be spread
ndash Missiles rockets bombs mail crop dusters
bull No cloud or color
bull No smell
bull No taste
bull Antibiotics ndash only effective if administered early (within24 ndash 48 hours)
h 1 lidif
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 56
Koch - 1st to use Agar to solidify
culture media
Golden Age of Microbiology
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 57
Golden Age of Microbiology 1857 - 1914
bull Pasteur
ndash Pasteurization
ndash Fermentation
bull Joseph Lister
ndash Phenol to treat surgical wounds ndash 1st attempt to control infections
caused by microoganisms
bull Robert Koch ndash Kochrsquos Postulates
bull Edward Jenner
ndash vaccination
bull Paul Erlich ndash 1st synthetic drug used to treat infections
ndash Salvarsan - arsenic based chemical to treat Syphilis
bull ldquosalvationrdquo from Syphilis
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 58
Naming of Bacteria
bull Genus and species - Binomial System of
Taxonomic Classification
bull Information usually given
ndash 1 Describes an organism
ndash 2 Identifies a habitat ndash 3 Honors a scientist or researcher
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 59
Bacterial Morphology
bull Bacilli
bull Cocci
bull Spiral
Arrangements
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 60
ArrangementsStaphylo
Strepto
Diplo
Sarcinae
Tetrad
Vibrio (comma shaped)
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 61
bull Staphylococcus aureus
bull Staphylococcusepidermidis
bull Streptococcus
pneumoniae
bull Vibrio cholerae
bull Rhodospirillium
rubrumbull Bacillus subtilis
bull Micrococcus luteus
bull Escherichia coli
bull Bacillus anthracis
bull Salmonella enteridis
bull Streptococcus pyogenes
bull Steptococcus lactis
bull Streptococcus faecalis
bull Erlichia canis
bull Campylobacter jejuni
bull Helicobacter pylori
bull Enterobacter aerogenes
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 62
Microbiology A Human Perspective
bull Microorganisms cannot be seen without the aid of amicroscope
bull There are more than 200000 known microbesbull Exist in virtually any environment that has water
bull Exhibit tremendous biodiversity
bull Compose the largest biomass group of living
organismsbull Microbes exist for more than 35 billion years
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 63
bull Food production bread beer
bull Bioremediation decontamination
of hazardous wastesbull Useful products ethanol fuel
antibiotics amino acids
bull Genetic engineeringpharmaceuticals vaccines
bull Genomics genome sequencingpermits understanding of diseasemechanisms
Applications of Microbiology
Medical microbiology
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 64
bull Infectious diseases have killedmore people than all wars andnatural disasters combined
bull Outbreaks have changed thecourse of history
bull Vaccines have dramaticallydecreased the incidence of
infectious diseases especiallyin children
Medical microbiology
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 65
bull Re-emergence of ldquoOldrdquo Infectious
Diseases
ndash Cases of whooping cough have increased
in the last few years
ndash Many microbes have evolved antibiotic
resistance
Medical microbiology (cont)
Medical microbiology (cont )
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 66
bull Emerging infectious diseases
ndash As humans encroach upon wild habitat new infectious agents (microbes) arediscovered
ndash These agents are typically hosted by animals and are termed zoonotic agents
Medical microbiology (cont)
Agent Host Disease
Ebola virus Bats Ebola hemorrhagic fever
SARS virus Bats Severe acute respiratory syndrome
Sin Nombre virus Deer mouse Hantavirus cardiopulmonary syndrome
Nipah virus Bats Nipah encephalitis
Dengue virus Mosquitos Dengue fever Dengue hemorrhagic fever
Machupo virus Vesper mouse Bolivian hemorrhagic fever
Avian influenza viruses Various birds Influenza
Some recently discovered agents and their animal hosts
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 67
Terminologieshellip
bull Bacteriocins ndash Toxins produce by enterobacteria that are lethal to
related strains of bacteria
bull Resident flora ndash Collective vegetation in a given area in one part of the body yet produce infection in another
bull Infection
ndash Is an invasion of body tissue by microbes and theirgrowth
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 68
bull Infectious agent
ndash Microbes that cause infection
bull Asymptomaticsubclinical ndash Microbes do not produce clinical evidence of
disease
bull Disease ndash Detectable alteration in normal tissue function
bull Virulence
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 69
Virulence ndash Microbersquos ability to produce disease
bull Communicable disease ndash Infectious agents that can be transmitted to an individual by direct
or indirect contact or as airborne infection ndash ex common colds
bull Pathogenicity ndash Ability to produce disease
bull Pathogen ndash Disease causing microbes ndash 3 of known microbes are capable of causing disease
bull Non-pathogens ndash Do not cause disease
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 70
Terminologieshellip
bull Opportunistic pathogen ndash Causes disease only in a susceptible individual
bull Asepsis
ndash Freedom from disease-causing microbes
bull Medical asepsis ndash All practices intended to confine a specific
microbes to a specific area limiting the growth
amp transmission of microbes
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 71
bull Medical asepsis
ndash Objects are CLEAN (absence of almost all microbes)
bull Surgical asepsissterile technique
ndash Practices that keep an area or object free of allmicrobes
ndash Practices that destroys all microbes amp spores
bull Sepsis
ndash State of infection and can take many forms includingseptic shock
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GRADED RECITATION
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 73
Microorganisms are said to be
ubiquitous
Can you think of any locations thatwould be devoid of microorganisms
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 74
Of all the various areas of microbiology
mentioned in this chapter which
appeal to you the mostWhy
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 75
Assume that you are entering a health-related
professionOf what value will knowledge of
microbiology be to you
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 76
Many people consider Louis Pasteurrsquos
contributions to be the foundation of the
science of microbiology and a cornerstone
of modern medicine
What contributions did he make that would
cause people to believe that
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You have isolated a bacterium from the blood
of a patient with a newly described disease
What steps would you take to prove that the
organism that yoursquove isolated is the cause of
the patientrsquos disease
(Hint Remember Kochrsquos Postulates)
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 6
bull Microbes play important roleshellip
ndash They are living onin our body
ndash Some colonize our body
ndash Produce oxygen thru photosynthesis ndash Decomposition of dead organismswasteproducts of living organisms
bull Decomposerssaprophyte
ndash Decompose industrial waste (oil spills) ndash
bioremediation ndash Involved in Elemental cycle (carbonnitrogenoxygen sulfur and phosphorouscycles)
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 7
bull Algae and bacteria serve as food for tinyanimals
bull Aid in the digestion of food in human ( E coli)
bull Microbes process our food and beverages ndash biotechnology
bull Genetic engineering
bull Cause 2 categories of diseases
ndash Infectious diseases (colonizes the body)
ndash Microbial intoxications (ingest toxin)
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 8
Organisms included in the study
of Microbiologybull 1 Bacteria
bull 2 Protozoans
bull 3 Algaebull 4 Parasites
bull 5 Yeasts and Molds
ndash Fungi
bull 6 Viruses
bull Bacteriology
bull Protozoology
bull Phycologybull Parasitology
bull Mycology
bull Virology
Microorganisms - Microbes - Germs
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 9
5 Kingdoms of Living Organisms
bull 1 Animalia
bull 2 Plantae
bull 3 Fungi
bull 4 Protista
bull 5 Monera - Bacteria and Cyanobacteria
bull Eukaryotic vs Prokaryotic
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 10
5 Characteristics of Life
bull 1 Cells
bull 2 Maintain structure by taking up
chemicals and energy from the environmentbull 3 Respond to stimuli in the external
environment
bull 4 Reproduce and pass on their organizationto their offspring
bull 5 Evolve and adapt to the environment
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 11
Taxonomic Classification
bull Kingdom
bull DivisionPhylumbull Class
bull Order
bull Family
bull Genus
bull species
bull Man
bull Animalia
bull Chordatabull Mammalia
bull Primate
bull Hominidae
bull Homo
bull sapien
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 12
Taxonomic Classification
bull Kingdom
bull Phylumbull Class
bull Order
bull Family
bull Genus
bull species
bull Cat
bull Animalia
bull Chordatebull Mammalia
bull Carnivora
bull Felidae
bull Felis
bull domestica
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 13
Binomial System of Taxonomic
Classificationbull Use only the Genus and species
ndash Homo sapien
ndash Felis domestica ndash Escherichia coli
bull Genus and species are either underlined or
italicized bull Genus is always capitalized
bull species is never capitalized
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 14
Classification Systembull 3 Domains 1978 Carl Woese
ndash 1 Bacteriabull Unicellular prokaryotes with cell wall containing
peptidoglycan
ndash 2 Archaea
bull Unicellular prokaryotes with no peptodoglycan incell wall
ndash 3 Eukarya
bull Protista
bull Fungi
bull Plantae
bull Animalia
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 15
Bacteria - what comes to mind
bull Diseases
bull Infections
bull Epidemics
bull Food Spoilagebull Only 3 of all known bacteria cause human
diseases
bull About 4 of all known bacteria cause plantdiseases
bull 95 of known bacteria are non-pathogens
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 16
Microbes Benefit Humans
bull 1Bacteria are primary decomposers -
recycle nutrients back into the environment
(sewage treatment plants)bull 2 Microbes produce various food products
ndash cheese pickles green olives
ndash yogurt soy sauce vinegar bread ndash Beer Wine Alcohol
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 17
3 Microbes are used to produce Antibiotics
bull Penicillin
bull Mold ndash Penicillium notatum
bull 1928 Alexander Fleming
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 18
4 Bacteria synthesize chemicals that our
body needs but cannot synthesize
bull Example E coli
ndash B vitamins - for metabolism
ndash Vitamin K - blood clotting
bull Escherichia coli
ndash Dr Escherich ndash Colon (intestine)
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 19
5 Biochemistry and Metabolism
bull Very simple structure
bull rapid rate of reproduction
bull provides ldquoinstantrdquo data
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 20
6 Microbial Antagonism
bull Our normal microbial flora prevents
potential pathogens from gaining access to
our body
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 21
7 Insect Pest Control
bull Using bacteria to control the growth of
insects
bull Bacillus thuringiensis
ndash caterpillars
ndash bollworms ndash corn borers
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 22
8 Bioremediation
bull Using microbes to clean up pollutants and
toxic wastes
bull Exxon Valdez - 1989
bull 2 Genera
ndash Pseudomonas sp ndash Bacillus sp
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 23
9 Recombinant DNA Technology
Gene Therapy Genetic Engineering
bull Bacteria can be manipulated to produceenzymes and proteins they normally would
not produce
ndash Insulin
ndash Human Growth Hormone
ndash Interferon
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 24
10 Microbes form the basis of
the food chain
Marine and fresh water microorganisms
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 25
Microbes do benefit us but they are also
capable of causing many diseases
bull Pneumonia Whooping Cough
bull Botulism Typhoid Fever Measles
bull Cholera Scarlet Fever Mumps
bull Syphilis Gonorrhea Herpes 1
bull Chlamydia Tuberculosis Herpes 2
bull Meningitis Tetanus RMSV
bull Strep Throat Lyme Disease AIDS
bull Black Plague Diarrhea Gangrene
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 26
History of the Study of
Microorganisms
bull 1665 Robert Hooke
ndash ldquolittle boxesrdquo - ldquocellsrdquo
ndash Cell Theory - all living things are made up of cells
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 27
Spontaneous Generation
bull Theory that life just ldquospontaneouslyrdquo
developed from non-living matter
bull Example
ndash toads snakes and mice - moist soil
ndash flies and maggots - manure and decaying flesh
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 28
Experiments to disprove
Spontaneous Generationbull Francesco Redi 1668
ndash Showed that worms which appeared on rotting meatwere from fly eggs
bull Rudolph Virchow 1858 ndash Theory of Biogenesis
bull Cells can only arise from preexisting cells
bull Louis Pasteur 1861 ndash Showed that appearance of microbes in sterilized media
was from air-borne bacteria ndash Showed that sterilized materials remained sterile if kept
isolated from the external environment
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 29
Anton van Leeuwenhoek 1674
- 1st person to actually see living microorganisms
ldquowee animalculesrdquo
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 30
ANTON VAN LEEUWENHOEK
bull 1st to see live bacteria and protozoabull FATHER OF MICROBIOLOGY
bull FATHER OF BACTERIOLOGY amp PROTOZOOLOGY
bull Fabric merchant a surveyor wine assayer and a minor city
official
bull Hobby
ndash ground tiny glass lenses which he mounted in smallmetal frames (single-lens microscope)
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 31
ANTON VAN LEEUWENHOEK
bull He never speculated on the
origin of microbes nor associate
them with infectious disease
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 32
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 33
bull Scientist became convinced of the existence of tiny creature (notseen by naked eye)
bull SPONTANEOUS GENERATION THEORY ABIOGENESIS wasestablished
ndash Life could develop spontaneously from inanimatesubstancesnonliving organisms
ndash UNTIL the time of Louis Pasteur and John Tyndall whodisproved the theory and prove that
bull ldquoLIFE CAN ONLY ARISE FROMPREEXISTING LIFE ALONErdquo
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 34
LOUIS PASTEUR
bull Contributions makes the
foundation of
ndash science of microbiology
ndash modern medicinehellip
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 35
LOUIS PASTEURrsquoS CONTRIBUTIONhellip
bull 1 Wine contamination Discoveredwhat occurs during alcoholicfermentation ndash Demonstrated that different microbes
produce different fermentationproducts
ndash Ex yeast converts glucose in grapesto ethanol by fermentation
ndash Acetobacter a contaminatingbacteriaconverts glucose to aceticacid (vinegar)- ruining the taste of thewine
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 36
2 Thru experiment dealth the fatal blow tothe theory of spontaneous generation
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 37
Pasteur designed special ldquoswan-necked flasksrdquo
with a boiled meat infusion
Shape of flask allowed air in (vital force) but trapped
dust particles which may contain microbes
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 38
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 39
LOUIS PASTEURrsquoS CONTRIBUTIONhellip
bull 3 Discovered forms of life that are withno oxygen
ndash Aerobes ndash microbes needs Oxygen ndash Anaerobes ndash microbes can live without
oxygen
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 40
LOUIS PASTEURrsquoS CONTRIBUTIONhellip
4 Pasteurization ndash process that kills microbesthat cause wine to spoil
- Can be used to kill pathogens in liquids
- Process- Heating and maintaining to 63-65oC for 30 minutes or 73-75oCfor 15mins
- Note not ALL microbes are killed
ONLY the pathogens
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 41
LOUIS PASTEURrsquoS CONTRIBUTIONhellip
bull 5 Discovered the causative agent that
were causing silkworm diseases in silk industry in France and how to preventsuch disease
bull 6 Contributed on the GERM THEORYOF DISEASE ndash specific microbes causespecific infectious diseases
ndash ex anthrax caused by Bacillus anthracis
ndash TB by Mycobacterium tuberculosis
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 42
LOUIS PASTEURrsquoS CONTRIBUTIONhellip
7 Championed changes in hospitalpractices to minimize the spread of disease by pathogens
8 Developed vaccines to preventcholeraanthrax and swineerysipelas (skin disease)
9 Developed RABIES vaccine in dogs
and successfully used to treathuman rabies
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 43
Germ Theory of Disease
bull Hard for people to believe that diseases werecaused by tiny invisible ldquowee animalculesrdquo
bull Diseases they thought were caused by
ndash demons
ndash witchcraft
ndash bad luck
ndash the wrath of God ndash curses
ndash evil spirits
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 44
Robert Koch - 1st to prove that
bacteria actually caused diseases
bull 1876
bull Microbial Etiology of Infectious Disease
ndash etiology - the cause of a disease
bull Developed methods of fixing staining andphotographing bacteria
bull Established ldquoscientific rulesrdquo to show a cause and
effect relationship between a microbe and a
disease
ndash Kochrsquos Postulates
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 45
Staining Koch Postulate
K hrsquo P t l t
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 46
Kochrsquos Postulates bull 1 The same organisms must be found in all
cases of a given diseasebull 2 The organism must be isolated and grown
in pure culture
bull 3 The isolated organism must reproducethe same disease when inoculated into a
healthy susceptible animal
bull 4 The original organism must again beisolated from the experimentally infected
animal
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 47
Exceptions to Kochrsquos Postulates
1 Some organisms have never been grown in
pure culture on artificial media
Treponema pallidum - Syphilis
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 48
Mycobacterium leprae
Leprosy
Never been grown in pure culture on artificial media
Seven Banded Armadillo
Exceptions to Kochrsquos Postulates
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 49
Exceptions to Kochrsquos Postulates
bull In exclusively human diseases it is not
morally acceptable to inoculate a deadly
pathogen into a ldquohuman guinea pigrdquo
bull HIV
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 50
Koch established the Microbial Etiology
of 3 important diseases of his day
bull 1 Cholera (fecal-oral disease)
ndash Vibrio cholerae
bull 2 Tuberculosis (pulmonary infection) ndash Mycobacterium tuberculosis
ndash Work on tuberculin (protein from M tuberculosis) that led to devrsquot of skin testing to diagnose TB
bull 3 Anthrax (sheep and cattle) ndash Bacillus anthracis ndash Discovered that B anthracis produce spores that is capable of resisting
adverse conditions
A h
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 51
Anthraxbull Bacillus anthracis
ndash Gram (+) non-motile aerobic spore forming rod ndash Streptobacilli with central spores
ndash Livestock
bull Sheep cattle goats
ndash Humans
bull Handle hides wool goat hair handicrafts from the Middle
East made from animal products
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 52
3 Forms of Human Anthrax
bull 1 Cutaneous Anthrax
ndash Enters thru cut or
abrasion
ndash Results in painless
ulcer (1-3 cm) with
black (necrotic) center
ndash About 20 mortality
rate in untreated cases
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 53
bull 2 Gastrointestinal Anthrax
ndash Contaminated meat
ndash Abdominal pain fevervomiting blood severe
diarrhea
ndash 25 to 60 mortality rate
3 I h l i A h
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 54
bull 3 Inhalation Anthrax
bull Initial symptomsresemble common
cold ndash Progress to severe
breathing problems andshock
ndash Usually results in death1-2 days after onset of acute symptoms
ndash Mortality rate 99 inuntreated cases
ndash Treatment usually noteffective aftersymptoms are present
A h Bi l i l W
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 55
Anthrax as a Biological Weapon
bull Deadly if not treated early
bull Spores can be produced in large quantities using basicknowledge of biology
bull Spores may remain viable for years (60 at least)
bull Spores can be spread
ndash Missiles rockets bombs mail crop dusters
bull No cloud or color
bull No smell
bull No taste
bull Antibiotics ndash only effective if administered early (within24 ndash 48 hours)
h 1 lidif
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Koch - 1st to use Agar to solidify
culture media
Golden Age of Microbiology
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 57
Golden Age of Microbiology 1857 - 1914
bull Pasteur
ndash Pasteurization
ndash Fermentation
bull Joseph Lister
ndash Phenol to treat surgical wounds ndash 1st attempt to control infections
caused by microoganisms
bull Robert Koch ndash Kochrsquos Postulates
bull Edward Jenner
ndash vaccination
bull Paul Erlich ndash 1st synthetic drug used to treat infections
ndash Salvarsan - arsenic based chemical to treat Syphilis
bull ldquosalvationrdquo from Syphilis
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 58
Naming of Bacteria
bull Genus and species - Binomial System of
Taxonomic Classification
bull Information usually given
ndash 1 Describes an organism
ndash 2 Identifies a habitat ndash 3 Honors a scientist or researcher
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 59
Bacterial Morphology
bull Bacilli
bull Cocci
bull Spiral
Arrangements
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 60
ArrangementsStaphylo
Strepto
Diplo
Sarcinae
Tetrad
Vibrio (comma shaped)
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 61
bull Staphylococcus aureus
bull Staphylococcusepidermidis
bull Streptococcus
pneumoniae
bull Vibrio cholerae
bull Rhodospirillium
rubrumbull Bacillus subtilis
bull Micrococcus luteus
bull Escherichia coli
bull Bacillus anthracis
bull Salmonella enteridis
bull Streptococcus pyogenes
bull Steptococcus lactis
bull Streptococcus faecalis
bull Erlichia canis
bull Campylobacter jejuni
bull Helicobacter pylori
bull Enterobacter aerogenes
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 62
Microbiology A Human Perspective
bull Microorganisms cannot be seen without the aid of amicroscope
bull There are more than 200000 known microbesbull Exist in virtually any environment that has water
bull Exhibit tremendous biodiversity
bull Compose the largest biomass group of living
organismsbull Microbes exist for more than 35 billion years
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 63
bull Food production bread beer
bull Bioremediation decontamination
of hazardous wastesbull Useful products ethanol fuel
antibiotics amino acids
bull Genetic engineeringpharmaceuticals vaccines
bull Genomics genome sequencingpermits understanding of diseasemechanisms
Applications of Microbiology
Medical microbiology
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 64
bull Infectious diseases have killedmore people than all wars andnatural disasters combined
bull Outbreaks have changed thecourse of history
bull Vaccines have dramaticallydecreased the incidence of
infectious diseases especiallyin children
Medical microbiology
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 65
bull Re-emergence of ldquoOldrdquo Infectious
Diseases
ndash Cases of whooping cough have increased
in the last few years
ndash Many microbes have evolved antibiotic
resistance
Medical microbiology (cont)
Medical microbiology (cont )
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 66
bull Emerging infectious diseases
ndash As humans encroach upon wild habitat new infectious agents (microbes) arediscovered
ndash These agents are typically hosted by animals and are termed zoonotic agents
Medical microbiology (cont)
Agent Host Disease
Ebola virus Bats Ebola hemorrhagic fever
SARS virus Bats Severe acute respiratory syndrome
Sin Nombre virus Deer mouse Hantavirus cardiopulmonary syndrome
Nipah virus Bats Nipah encephalitis
Dengue virus Mosquitos Dengue fever Dengue hemorrhagic fever
Machupo virus Vesper mouse Bolivian hemorrhagic fever
Avian influenza viruses Various birds Influenza
Some recently discovered agents and their animal hosts
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 67
Terminologieshellip
bull Bacteriocins ndash Toxins produce by enterobacteria that are lethal to
related strains of bacteria
bull Resident flora ndash Collective vegetation in a given area in one part of the body yet produce infection in another
bull Infection
ndash Is an invasion of body tissue by microbes and theirgrowth
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 68
bull Infectious agent
ndash Microbes that cause infection
bull Asymptomaticsubclinical ndash Microbes do not produce clinical evidence of
disease
bull Disease ndash Detectable alteration in normal tissue function
bull Virulence
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 69
Virulence ndash Microbersquos ability to produce disease
bull Communicable disease ndash Infectious agents that can be transmitted to an individual by direct
or indirect contact or as airborne infection ndash ex common colds
bull Pathogenicity ndash Ability to produce disease
bull Pathogen ndash Disease causing microbes ndash 3 of known microbes are capable of causing disease
bull Non-pathogens ndash Do not cause disease
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 70
Terminologieshellip
bull Opportunistic pathogen ndash Causes disease only in a susceptible individual
bull Asepsis
ndash Freedom from disease-causing microbes
bull Medical asepsis ndash All practices intended to confine a specific
microbes to a specific area limiting the growth
amp transmission of microbes
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 71
bull Medical asepsis
ndash Objects are CLEAN (absence of almost all microbes)
bull Surgical asepsissterile technique
ndash Practices that keep an area or object free of allmicrobes
ndash Practices that destroys all microbes amp spores
bull Sepsis
ndash State of infection and can take many forms includingseptic shock
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GRADED RECITATION
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 73
Microorganisms are said to be
ubiquitous
Can you think of any locations thatwould be devoid of microorganisms
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 74
Of all the various areas of microbiology
mentioned in this chapter which
appeal to you the mostWhy
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 75
Assume that you are entering a health-related
professionOf what value will knowledge of
microbiology be to you
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 76
Many people consider Louis Pasteurrsquos
contributions to be the foundation of the
science of microbiology and a cornerstone
of modern medicine
What contributions did he make that would
cause people to believe that
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You have isolated a bacterium from the blood
of a patient with a newly described disease
What steps would you take to prove that the
organism that yoursquove isolated is the cause of
the patientrsquos disease
(Hint Remember Kochrsquos Postulates)
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 7
bull Algae and bacteria serve as food for tinyanimals
bull Aid in the digestion of food in human ( E coli)
bull Microbes process our food and beverages ndash biotechnology
bull Genetic engineering
bull Cause 2 categories of diseases
ndash Infectious diseases (colonizes the body)
ndash Microbial intoxications (ingest toxin)
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 8
Organisms included in the study
of Microbiologybull 1 Bacteria
bull 2 Protozoans
bull 3 Algaebull 4 Parasites
bull 5 Yeasts and Molds
ndash Fungi
bull 6 Viruses
bull Bacteriology
bull Protozoology
bull Phycologybull Parasitology
bull Mycology
bull Virology
Microorganisms - Microbes - Germs
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 9
5 Kingdoms of Living Organisms
bull 1 Animalia
bull 2 Plantae
bull 3 Fungi
bull 4 Protista
bull 5 Monera - Bacteria and Cyanobacteria
bull Eukaryotic vs Prokaryotic
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 10
5 Characteristics of Life
bull 1 Cells
bull 2 Maintain structure by taking up
chemicals and energy from the environmentbull 3 Respond to stimuli in the external
environment
bull 4 Reproduce and pass on their organizationto their offspring
bull 5 Evolve and adapt to the environment
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 11
Taxonomic Classification
bull Kingdom
bull DivisionPhylumbull Class
bull Order
bull Family
bull Genus
bull species
bull Man
bull Animalia
bull Chordatabull Mammalia
bull Primate
bull Hominidae
bull Homo
bull sapien
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 12
Taxonomic Classification
bull Kingdom
bull Phylumbull Class
bull Order
bull Family
bull Genus
bull species
bull Cat
bull Animalia
bull Chordatebull Mammalia
bull Carnivora
bull Felidae
bull Felis
bull domestica
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 13
Binomial System of Taxonomic
Classificationbull Use only the Genus and species
ndash Homo sapien
ndash Felis domestica ndash Escherichia coli
bull Genus and species are either underlined or
italicized bull Genus is always capitalized
bull species is never capitalized
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 14
Classification Systembull 3 Domains 1978 Carl Woese
ndash 1 Bacteriabull Unicellular prokaryotes with cell wall containing
peptidoglycan
ndash 2 Archaea
bull Unicellular prokaryotes with no peptodoglycan incell wall
ndash 3 Eukarya
bull Protista
bull Fungi
bull Plantae
bull Animalia
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 15
Bacteria - what comes to mind
bull Diseases
bull Infections
bull Epidemics
bull Food Spoilagebull Only 3 of all known bacteria cause human
diseases
bull About 4 of all known bacteria cause plantdiseases
bull 95 of known bacteria are non-pathogens
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 16
Microbes Benefit Humans
bull 1Bacteria are primary decomposers -
recycle nutrients back into the environment
(sewage treatment plants)bull 2 Microbes produce various food products
ndash cheese pickles green olives
ndash yogurt soy sauce vinegar bread ndash Beer Wine Alcohol
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 17
3 Microbes are used to produce Antibiotics
bull Penicillin
bull Mold ndash Penicillium notatum
bull 1928 Alexander Fleming
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 18
4 Bacteria synthesize chemicals that our
body needs but cannot synthesize
bull Example E coli
ndash B vitamins - for metabolism
ndash Vitamin K - blood clotting
bull Escherichia coli
ndash Dr Escherich ndash Colon (intestine)
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 19
5 Biochemistry and Metabolism
bull Very simple structure
bull rapid rate of reproduction
bull provides ldquoinstantrdquo data
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 20
6 Microbial Antagonism
bull Our normal microbial flora prevents
potential pathogens from gaining access to
our body
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 21
7 Insect Pest Control
bull Using bacteria to control the growth of
insects
bull Bacillus thuringiensis
ndash caterpillars
ndash bollworms ndash corn borers
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 22
8 Bioremediation
bull Using microbes to clean up pollutants and
toxic wastes
bull Exxon Valdez - 1989
bull 2 Genera
ndash Pseudomonas sp ndash Bacillus sp
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 23
9 Recombinant DNA Technology
Gene Therapy Genetic Engineering
bull Bacteria can be manipulated to produceenzymes and proteins they normally would
not produce
ndash Insulin
ndash Human Growth Hormone
ndash Interferon
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 24
10 Microbes form the basis of
the food chain
Marine and fresh water microorganisms
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 25
Microbes do benefit us but they are also
capable of causing many diseases
bull Pneumonia Whooping Cough
bull Botulism Typhoid Fever Measles
bull Cholera Scarlet Fever Mumps
bull Syphilis Gonorrhea Herpes 1
bull Chlamydia Tuberculosis Herpes 2
bull Meningitis Tetanus RMSV
bull Strep Throat Lyme Disease AIDS
bull Black Plague Diarrhea Gangrene
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 26
History of the Study of
Microorganisms
bull 1665 Robert Hooke
ndash ldquolittle boxesrdquo - ldquocellsrdquo
ndash Cell Theory - all living things are made up of cells
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 27
Spontaneous Generation
bull Theory that life just ldquospontaneouslyrdquo
developed from non-living matter
bull Example
ndash toads snakes and mice - moist soil
ndash flies and maggots - manure and decaying flesh
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 28
Experiments to disprove
Spontaneous Generationbull Francesco Redi 1668
ndash Showed that worms which appeared on rotting meatwere from fly eggs
bull Rudolph Virchow 1858 ndash Theory of Biogenesis
bull Cells can only arise from preexisting cells
bull Louis Pasteur 1861 ndash Showed that appearance of microbes in sterilized media
was from air-borne bacteria ndash Showed that sterilized materials remained sterile if kept
isolated from the external environment
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 29
Anton van Leeuwenhoek 1674
- 1st person to actually see living microorganisms
ldquowee animalculesrdquo
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 30
ANTON VAN LEEUWENHOEK
bull 1st to see live bacteria and protozoabull FATHER OF MICROBIOLOGY
bull FATHER OF BACTERIOLOGY amp PROTOZOOLOGY
bull Fabric merchant a surveyor wine assayer and a minor city
official
bull Hobby
ndash ground tiny glass lenses which he mounted in smallmetal frames (single-lens microscope)
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 31
ANTON VAN LEEUWENHOEK
bull He never speculated on the
origin of microbes nor associate
them with infectious disease
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 32
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 33
bull Scientist became convinced of the existence of tiny creature (notseen by naked eye)
bull SPONTANEOUS GENERATION THEORY ABIOGENESIS wasestablished
ndash Life could develop spontaneously from inanimatesubstancesnonliving organisms
ndash UNTIL the time of Louis Pasteur and John Tyndall whodisproved the theory and prove that
bull ldquoLIFE CAN ONLY ARISE FROMPREEXISTING LIFE ALONErdquo
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 34
LOUIS PASTEUR
bull Contributions makes the
foundation of
ndash science of microbiology
ndash modern medicinehellip
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 35
LOUIS PASTEURrsquoS CONTRIBUTIONhellip
bull 1 Wine contamination Discoveredwhat occurs during alcoholicfermentation ndash Demonstrated that different microbes
produce different fermentationproducts
ndash Ex yeast converts glucose in grapesto ethanol by fermentation
ndash Acetobacter a contaminatingbacteriaconverts glucose to aceticacid (vinegar)- ruining the taste of thewine
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 36
2 Thru experiment dealth the fatal blow tothe theory of spontaneous generation
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 37
Pasteur designed special ldquoswan-necked flasksrdquo
with a boiled meat infusion
Shape of flask allowed air in (vital force) but trapped
dust particles which may contain microbes
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 38
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 39
LOUIS PASTEURrsquoS CONTRIBUTIONhellip
bull 3 Discovered forms of life that are withno oxygen
ndash Aerobes ndash microbes needs Oxygen ndash Anaerobes ndash microbes can live without
oxygen
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 40
LOUIS PASTEURrsquoS CONTRIBUTIONhellip
4 Pasteurization ndash process that kills microbesthat cause wine to spoil
- Can be used to kill pathogens in liquids
- Process- Heating and maintaining to 63-65oC for 30 minutes or 73-75oCfor 15mins
- Note not ALL microbes are killed
ONLY the pathogens
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 41
LOUIS PASTEURrsquoS CONTRIBUTIONhellip
bull 5 Discovered the causative agent that
were causing silkworm diseases in silk industry in France and how to preventsuch disease
bull 6 Contributed on the GERM THEORYOF DISEASE ndash specific microbes causespecific infectious diseases
ndash ex anthrax caused by Bacillus anthracis
ndash TB by Mycobacterium tuberculosis
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 42
LOUIS PASTEURrsquoS CONTRIBUTIONhellip
7 Championed changes in hospitalpractices to minimize the spread of disease by pathogens
8 Developed vaccines to preventcholeraanthrax and swineerysipelas (skin disease)
9 Developed RABIES vaccine in dogs
and successfully used to treathuman rabies
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 43
Germ Theory of Disease
bull Hard for people to believe that diseases werecaused by tiny invisible ldquowee animalculesrdquo
bull Diseases they thought were caused by
ndash demons
ndash witchcraft
ndash bad luck
ndash the wrath of God ndash curses
ndash evil spirits
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 44
Robert Koch - 1st to prove that
bacteria actually caused diseases
bull 1876
bull Microbial Etiology of Infectious Disease
ndash etiology - the cause of a disease
bull Developed methods of fixing staining andphotographing bacteria
bull Established ldquoscientific rulesrdquo to show a cause and
effect relationship between a microbe and a
disease
ndash Kochrsquos Postulates
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 45
Staining Koch Postulate
K hrsquo P t l t
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 46
Kochrsquos Postulates bull 1 The same organisms must be found in all
cases of a given diseasebull 2 The organism must be isolated and grown
in pure culture
bull 3 The isolated organism must reproducethe same disease when inoculated into a
healthy susceptible animal
bull 4 The original organism must again beisolated from the experimentally infected
animal
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 47
Exceptions to Kochrsquos Postulates
1 Some organisms have never been grown in
pure culture on artificial media
Treponema pallidum - Syphilis
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 48
Mycobacterium leprae
Leprosy
Never been grown in pure culture on artificial media
Seven Banded Armadillo
Exceptions to Kochrsquos Postulates
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 49
Exceptions to Kochrsquos Postulates
bull In exclusively human diseases it is not
morally acceptable to inoculate a deadly
pathogen into a ldquohuman guinea pigrdquo
bull HIV
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 50
Koch established the Microbial Etiology
of 3 important diseases of his day
bull 1 Cholera (fecal-oral disease)
ndash Vibrio cholerae
bull 2 Tuberculosis (pulmonary infection) ndash Mycobacterium tuberculosis
ndash Work on tuberculin (protein from M tuberculosis) that led to devrsquot of skin testing to diagnose TB
bull 3 Anthrax (sheep and cattle) ndash Bacillus anthracis ndash Discovered that B anthracis produce spores that is capable of resisting
adverse conditions
A h
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 51
Anthraxbull Bacillus anthracis
ndash Gram (+) non-motile aerobic spore forming rod ndash Streptobacilli with central spores
ndash Livestock
bull Sheep cattle goats
ndash Humans
bull Handle hides wool goat hair handicrafts from the Middle
East made from animal products
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 52
3 Forms of Human Anthrax
bull 1 Cutaneous Anthrax
ndash Enters thru cut or
abrasion
ndash Results in painless
ulcer (1-3 cm) with
black (necrotic) center
ndash About 20 mortality
rate in untreated cases
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 53
bull 2 Gastrointestinal Anthrax
ndash Contaminated meat
ndash Abdominal pain fevervomiting blood severe
diarrhea
ndash 25 to 60 mortality rate
3 I h l i A h
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 54
bull 3 Inhalation Anthrax
bull Initial symptomsresemble common
cold ndash Progress to severe
breathing problems andshock
ndash Usually results in death1-2 days after onset of acute symptoms
ndash Mortality rate 99 inuntreated cases
ndash Treatment usually noteffective aftersymptoms are present
A h Bi l i l W
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 55
Anthrax as a Biological Weapon
bull Deadly if not treated early
bull Spores can be produced in large quantities using basicknowledge of biology
bull Spores may remain viable for years (60 at least)
bull Spores can be spread
ndash Missiles rockets bombs mail crop dusters
bull No cloud or color
bull No smell
bull No taste
bull Antibiotics ndash only effective if administered early (within24 ndash 48 hours)
h 1 lidif
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 56
Koch - 1st to use Agar to solidify
culture media
Golden Age of Microbiology
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 57
Golden Age of Microbiology 1857 - 1914
bull Pasteur
ndash Pasteurization
ndash Fermentation
bull Joseph Lister
ndash Phenol to treat surgical wounds ndash 1st attempt to control infections
caused by microoganisms
bull Robert Koch ndash Kochrsquos Postulates
bull Edward Jenner
ndash vaccination
bull Paul Erlich ndash 1st synthetic drug used to treat infections
ndash Salvarsan - arsenic based chemical to treat Syphilis
bull ldquosalvationrdquo from Syphilis
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 58
Naming of Bacteria
bull Genus and species - Binomial System of
Taxonomic Classification
bull Information usually given
ndash 1 Describes an organism
ndash 2 Identifies a habitat ndash 3 Honors a scientist or researcher
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 59
Bacterial Morphology
bull Bacilli
bull Cocci
bull Spiral
Arrangements
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 60
ArrangementsStaphylo
Strepto
Diplo
Sarcinae
Tetrad
Vibrio (comma shaped)
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 61
bull Staphylococcus aureus
bull Staphylococcusepidermidis
bull Streptococcus
pneumoniae
bull Vibrio cholerae
bull Rhodospirillium
rubrumbull Bacillus subtilis
bull Micrococcus luteus
bull Escherichia coli
bull Bacillus anthracis
bull Salmonella enteridis
bull Streptococcus pyogenes
bull Steptococcus lactis
bull Streptococcus faecalis
bull Erlichia canis
bull Campylobacter jejuni
bull Helicobacter pylori
bull Enterobacter aerogenes
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 62
Microbiology A Human Perspective
bull Microorganisms cannot be seen without the aid of amicroscope
bull There are more than 200000 known microbesbull Exist in virtually any environment that has water
bull Exhibit tremendous biodiversity
bull Compose the largest biomass group of living
organismsbull Microbes exist for more than 35 billion years
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 63
bull Food production bread beer
bull Bioremediation decontamination
of hazardous wastesbull Useful products ethanol fuel
antibiotics amino acids
bull Genetic engineeringpharmaceuticals vaccines
bull Genomics genome sequencingpermits understanding of diseasemechanisms
Applications of Microbiology
Medical microbiology
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 64
bull Infectious diseases have killedmore people than all wars andnatural disasters combined
bull Outbreaks have changed thecourse of history
bull Vaccines have dramaticallydecreased the incidence of
infectious diseases especiallyin children
Medical microbiology
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 65
bull Re-emergence of ldquoOldrdquo Infectious
Diseases
ndash Cases of whooping cough have increased
in the last few years
ndash Many microbes have evolved antibiotic
resistance
Medical microbiology (cont)
Medical microbiology (cont )
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 66
bull Emerging infectious diseases
ndash As humans encroach upon wild habitat new infectious agents (microbes) arediscovered
ndash These agents are typically hosted by animals and are termed zoonotic agents
Medical microbiology (cont)
Agent Host Disease
Ebola virus Bats Ebola hemorrhagic fever
SARS virus Bats Severe acute respiratory syndrome
Sin Nombre virus Deer mouse Hantavirus cardiopulmonary syndrome
Nipah virus Bats Nipah encephalitis
Dengue virus Mosquitos Dengue fever Dengue hemorrhagic fever
Machupo virus Vesper mouse Bolivian hemorrhagic fever
Avian influenza viruses Various birds Influenza
Some recently discovered agents and their animal hosts
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 67
Terminologieshellip
bull Bacteriocins ndash Toxins produce by enterobacteria that are lethal to
related strains of bacteria
bull Resident flora ndash Collective vegetation in a given area in one part of the body yet produce infection in another
bull Infection
ndash Is an invasion of body tissue by microbes and theirgrowth
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 68
bull Infectious agent
ndash Microbes that cause infection
bull Asymptomaticsubclinical ndash Microbes do not produce clinical evidence of
disease
bull Disease ndash Detectable alteration in normal tissue function
bull Virulence
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 69
Virulence ndash Microbersquos ability to produce disease
bull Communicable disease ndash Infectious agents that can be transmitted to an individual by direct
or indirect contact or as airborne infection ndash ex common colds
bull Pathogenicity ndash Ability to produce disease
bull Pathogen ndash Disease causing microbes ndash 3 of known microbes are capable of causing disease
bull Non-pathogens ndash Do not cause disease
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 70
Terminologieshellip
bull Opportunistic pathogen ndash Causes disease only in a susceptible individual
bull Asepsis
ndash Freedom from disease-causing microbes
bull Medical asepsis ndash All practices intended to confine a specific
microbes to a specific area limiting the growth
amp transmission of microbes
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 71
bull Medical asepsis
ndash Objects are CLEAN (absence of almost all microbes)
bull Surgical asepsissterile technique
ndash Practices that keep an area or object free of allmicrobes
ndash Practices that destroys all microbes amp spores
bull Sepsis
ndash State of infection and can take many forms includingseptic shock
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GRADED RECITATION
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 73
Microorganisms are said to be
ubiquitous
Can you think of any locations thatwould be devoid of microorganisms
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 74
Of all the various areas of microbiology
mentioned in this chapter which
appeal to you the mostWhy
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 75
Assume that you are entering a health-related
professionOf what value will knowledge of
microbiology be to you
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 76
Many people consider Louis Pasteurrsquos
contributions to be the foundation of the
science of microbiology and a cornerstone
of modern medicine
What contributions did he make that would
cause people to believe that
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You have isolated a bacterium from the blood
of a patient with a newly described disease
What steps would you take to prove that the
organism that yoursquove isolated is the cause of
the patientrsquos disease
(Hint Remember Kochrsquos Postulates)
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 8
Organisms included in the study
of Microbiologybull 1 Bacteria
bull 2 Protozoans
bull 3 Algaebull 4 Parasites
bull 5 Yeasts and Molds
ndash Fungi
bull 6 Viruses
bull Bacteriology
bull Protozoology
bull Phycologybull Parasitology
bull Mycology
bull Virology
Microorganisms - Microbes - Germs
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 9
5 Kingdoms of Living Organisms
bull 1 Animalia
bull 2 Plantae
bull 3 Fungi
bull 4 Protista
bull 5 Monera - Bacteria and Cyanobacteria
bull Eukaryotic vs Prokaryotic
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 10
5 Characteristics of Life
bull 1 Cells
bull 2 Maintain structure by taking up
chemicals and energy from the environmentbull 3 Respond to stimuli in the external
environment
bull 4 Reproduce and pass on their organizationto their offspring
bull 5 Evolve and adapt to the environment
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 11
Taxonomic Classification
bull Kingdom
bull DivisionPhylumbull Class
bull Order
bull Family
bull Genus
bull species
bull Man
bull Animalia
bull Chordatabull Mammalia
bull Primate
bull Hominidae
bull Homo
bull sapien
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 12
Taxonomic Classification
bull Kingdom
bull Phylumbull Class
bull Order
bull Family
bull Genus
bull species
bull Cat
bull Animalia
bull Chordatebull Mammalia
bull Carnivora
bull Felidae
bull Felis
bull domestica
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 13
Binomial System of Taxonomic
Classificationbull Use only the Genus and species
ndash Homo sapien
ndash Felis domestica ndash Escherichia coli
bull Genus and species are either underlined or
italicized bull Genus is always capitalized
bull species is never capitalized
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 14
Classification Systembull 3 Domains 1978 Carl Woese
ndash 1 Bacteriabull Unicellular prokaryotes with cell wall containing
peptidoglycan
ndash 2 Archaea
bull Unicellular prokaryotes with no peptodoglycan incell wall
ndash 3 Eukarya
bull Protista
bull Fungi
bull Plantae
bull Animalia
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 15
Bacteria - what comes to mind
bull Diseases
bull Infections
bull Epidemics
bull Food Spoilagebull Only 3 of all known bacteria cause human
diseases
bull About 4 of all known bacteria cause plantdiseases
bull 95 of known bacteria are non-pathogens
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 16
Microbes Benefit Humans
bull 1Bacteria are primary decomposers -
recycle nutrients back into the environment
(sewage treatment plants)bull 2 Microbes produce various food products
ndash cheese pickles green olives
ndash yogurt soy sauce vinegar bread ndash Beer Wine Alcohol
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 17
3 Microbes are used to produce Antibiotics
bull Penicillin
bull Mold ndash Penicillium notatum
bull 1928 Alexander Fleming
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 18
4 Bacteria synthesize chemicals that our
body needs but cannot synthesize
bull Example E coli
ndash B vitamins - for metabolism
ndash Vitamin K - blood clotting
bull Escherichia coli
ndash Dr Escherich ndash Colon (intestine)
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 19
5 Biochemistry and Metabolism
bull Very simple structure
bull rapid rate of reproduction
bull provides ldquoinstantrdquo data
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 20
6 Microbial Antagonism
bull Our normal microbial flora prevents
potential pathogens from gaining access to
our body
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 21
7 Insect Pest Control
bull Using bacteria to control the growth of
insects
bull Bacillus thuringiensis
ndash caterpillars
ndash bollworms ndash corn borers
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 22
8 Bioremediation
bull Using microbes to clean up pollutants and
toxic wastes
bull Exxon Valdez - 1989
bull 2 Genera
ndash Pseudomonas sp ndash Bacillus sp
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 23
9 Recombinant DNA Technology
Gene Therapy Genetic Engineering
bull Bacteria can be manipulated to produceenzymes and proteins they normally would
not produce
ndash Insulin
ndash Human Growth Hormone
ndash Interferon
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 24
10 Microbes form the basis of
the food chain
Marine and fresh water microorganisms
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 25
Microbes do benefit us but they are also
capable of causing many diseases
bull Pneumonia Whooping Cough
bull Botulism Typhoid Fever Measles
bull Cholera Scarlet Fever Mumps
bull Syphilis Gonorrhea Herpes 1
bull Chlamydia Tuberculosis Herpes 2
bull Meningitis Tetanus RMSV
bull Strep Throat Lyme Disease AIDS
bull Black Plague Diarrhea Gangrene
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 26
History of the Study of
Microorganisms
bull 1665 Robert Hooke
ndash ldquolittle boxesrdquo - ldquocellsrdquo
ndash Cell Theory - all living things are made up of cells
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 27
Spontaneous Generation
bull Theory that life just ldquospontaneouslyrdquo
developed from non-living matter
bull Example
ndash toads snakes and mice - moist soil
ndash flies and maggots - manure and decaying flesh
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 28
Experiments to disprove
Spontaneous Generationbull Francesco Redi 1668
ndash Showed that worms which appeared on rotting meatwere from fly eggs
bull Rudolph Virchow 1858 ndash Theory of Biogenesis
bull Cells can only arise from preexisting cells
bull Louis Pasteur 1861 ndash Showed that appearance of microbes in sterilized media
was from air-borne bacteria ndash Showed that sterilized materials remained sterile if kept
isolated from the external environment
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 29
Anton van Leeuwenhoek 1674
- 1st person to actually see living microorganisms
ldquowee animalculesrdquo
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 30
ANTON VAN LEEUWENHOEK
bull 1st to see live bacteria and protozoabull FATHER OF MICROBIOLOGY
bull FATHER OF BACTERIOLOGY amp PROTOZOOLOGY
bull Fabric merchant a surveyor wine assayer and a minor city
official
bull Hobby
ndash ground tiny glass lenses which he mounted in smallmetal frames (single-lens microscope)
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 31
ANTON VAN LEEUWENHOEK
bull He never speculated on the
origin of microbes nor associate
them with infectious disease
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 32
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 33
bull Scientist became convinced of the existence of tiny creature (notseen by naked eye)
bull SPONTANEOUS GENERATION THEORY ABIOGENESIS wasestablished
ndash Life could develop spontaneously from inanimatesubstancesnonliving organisms
ndash UNTIL the time of Louis Pasteur and John Tyndall whodisproved the theory and prove that
bull ldquoLIFE CAN ONLY ARISE FROMPREEXISTING LIFE ALONErdquo
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 34
LOUIS PASTEUR
bull Contributions makes the
foundation of
ndash science of microbiology
ndash modern medicinehellip
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 35
LOUIS PASTEURrsquoS CONTRIBUTIONhellip
bull 1 Wine contamination Discoveredwhat occurs during alcoholicfermentation ndash Demonstrated that different microbes
produce different fermentationproducts
ndash Ex yeast converts glucose in grapesto ethanol by fermentation
ndash Acetobacter a contaminatingbacteriaconverts glucose to aceticacid (vinegar)- ruining the taste of thewine
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 36
2 Thru experiment dealth the fatal blow tothe theory of spontaneous generation
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 37
Pasteur designed special ldquoswan-necked flasksrdquo
with a boiled meat infusion
Shape of flask allowed air in (vital force) but trapped
dust particles which may contain microbes
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 38
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 39
LOUIS PASTEURrsquoS CONTRIBUTIONhellip
bull 3 Discovered forms of life that are withno oxygen
ndash Aerobes ndash microbes needs Oxygen ndash Anaerobes ndash microbes can live without
oxygen
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 40
LOUIS PASTEURrsquoS CONTRIBUTIONhellip
4 Pasteurization ndash process that kills microbesthat cause wine to spoil
- Can be used to kill pathogens in liquids
- Process- Heating and maintaining to 63-65oC for 30 minutes or 73-75oCfor 15mins
- Note not ALL microbes are killed
ONLY the pathogens
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 41
LOUIS PASTEURrsquoS CONTRIBUTIONhellip
bull 5 Discovered the causative agent that
were causing silkworm diseases in silk industry in France and how to preventsuch disease
bull 6 Contributed on the GERM THEORYOF DISEASE ndash specific microbes causespecific infectious diseases
ndash ex anthrax caused by Bacillus anthracis
ndash TB by Mycobacterium tuberculosis
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 42
LOUIS PASTEURrsquoS CONTRIBUTIONhellip
7 Championed changes in hospitalpractices to minimize the spread of disease by pathogens
8 Developed vaccines to preventcholeraanthrax and swineerysipelas (skin disease)
9 Developed RABIES vaccine in dogs
and successfully used to treathuman rabies
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 43
Germ Theory of Disease
bull Hard for people to believe that diseases werecaused by tiny invisible ldquowee animalculesrdquo
bull Diseases they thought were caused by
ndash demons
ndash witchcraft
ndash bad luck
ndash the wrath of God ndash curses
ndash evil spirits
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 44
Robert Koch - 1st to prove that
bacteria actually caused diseases
bull 1876
bull Microbial Etiology of Infectious Disease
ndash etiology - the cause of a disease
bull Developed methods of fixing staining andphotographing bacteria
bull Established ldquoscientific rulesrdquo to show a cause and
effect relationship between a microbe and a
disease
ndash Kochrsquos Postulates
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 45
Staining Koch Postulate
K hrsquo P t l t
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 46
Kochrsquos Postulates bull 1 The same organisms must be found in all
cases of a given diseasebull 2 The organism must be isolated and grown
in pure culture
bull 3 The isolated organism must reproducethe same disease when inoculated into a
healthy susceptible animal
bull 4 The original organism must again beisolated from the experimentally infected
animal
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 47
Exceptions to Kochrsquos Postulates
1 Some organisms have never been grown in
pure culture on artificial media
Treponema pallidum - Syphilis
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 48
Mycobacterium leprae
Leprosy
Never been grown in pure culture on artificial media
Seven Banded Armadillo
Exceptions to Kochrsquos Postulates
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 49
Exceptions to Kochrsquos Postulates
bull In exclusively human diseases it is not
morally acceptable to inoculate a deadly
pathogen into a ldquohuman guinea pigrdquo
bull HIV
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 50
Koch established the Microbial Etiology
of 3 important diseases of his day
bull 1 Cholera (fecal-oral disease)
ndash Vibrio cholerae
bull 2 Tuberculosis (pulmonary infection) ndash Mycobacterium tuberculosis
ndash Work on tuberculin (protein from M tuberculosis) that led to devrsquot of skin testing to diagnose TB
bull 3 Anthrax (sheep and cattle) ndash Bacillus anthracis ndash Discovered that B anthracis produce spores that is capable of resisting
adverse conditions
A h
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 51
Anthraxbull Bacillus anthracis
ndash Gram (+) non-motile aerobic spore forming rod ndash Streptobacilli with central spores
ndash Livestock
bull Sheep cattle goats
ndash Humans
bull Handle hides wool goat hair handicrafts from the Middle
East made from animal products
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 52
3 Forms of Human Anthrax
bull 1 Cutaneous Anthrax
ndash Enters thru cut or
abrasion
ndash Results in painless
ulcer (1-3 cm) with
black (necrotic) center
ndash About 20 mortality
rate in untreated cases
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 53
bull 2 Gastrointestinal Anthrax
ndash Contaminated meat
ndash Abdominal pain fevervomiting blood severe
diarrhea
ndash 25 to 60 mortality rate
3 I h l i A h
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 54
bull 3 Inhalation Anthrax
bull Initial symptomsresemble common
cold ndash Progress to severe
breathing problems andshock
ndash Usually results in death1-2 days after onset of acute symptoms
ndash Mortality rate 99 inuntreated cases
ndash Treatment usually noteffective aftersymptoms are present
A h Bi l i l W
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 55
Anthrax as a Biological Weapon
bull Deadly if not treated early
bull Spores can be produced in large quantities using basicknowledge of biology
bull Spores may remain viable for years (60 at least)
bull Spores can be spread
ndash Missiles rockets bombs mail crop dusters
bull No cloud or color
bull No smell
bull No taste
bull Antibiotics ndash only effective if administered early (within24 ndash 48 hours)
h 1 lidif
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 56
Koch - 1st to use Agar to solidify
culture media
Golden Age of Microbiology
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 57
Golden Age of Microbiology 1857 - 1914
bull Pasteur
ndash Pasteurization
ndash Fermentation
bull Joseph Lister
ndash Phenol to treat surgical wounds ndash 1st attempt to control infections
caused by microoganisms
bull Robert Koch ndash Kochrsquos Postulates
bull Edward Jenner
ndash vaccination
bull Paul Erlich ndash 1st synthetic drug used to treat infections
ndash Salvarsan - arsenic based chemical to treat Syphilis
bull ldquosalvationrdquo from Syphilis
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 58
Naming of Bacteria
bull Genus and species - Binomial System of
Taxonomic Classification
bull Information usually given
ndash 1 Describes an organism
ndash 2 Identifies a habitat ndash 3 Honors a scientist or researcher
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 59
Bacterial Morphology
bull Bacilli
bull Cocci
bull Spiral
Arrangements
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 60
ArrangementsStaphylo
Strepto
Diplo
Sarcinae
Tetrad
Vibrio (comma shaped)
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 61
bull Staphylococcus aureus
bull Staphylococcusepidermidis
bull Streptococcus
pneumoniae
bull Vibrio cholerae
bull Rhodospirillium
rubrumbull Bacillus subtilis
bull Micrococcus luteus
bull Escherichia coli
bull Bacillus anthracis
bull Salmonella enteridis
bull Streptococcus pyogenes
bull Steptococcus lactis
bull Streptococcus faecalis
bull Erlichia canis
bull Campylobacter jejuni
bull Helicobacter pylori
bull Enterobacter aerogenes
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 62
Microbiology A Human Perspective
bull Microorganisms cannot be seen without the aid of amicroscope
bull There are more than 200000 known microbesbull Exist in virtually any environment that has water
bull Exhibit tremendous biodiversity
bull Compose the largest biomass group of living
organismsbull Microbes exist for more than 35 billion years
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 63
bull Food production bread beer
bull Bioremediation decontamination
of hazardous wastesbull Useful products ethanol fuel
antibiotics amino acids
bull Genetic engineeringpharmaceuticals vaccines
bull Genomics genome sequencingpermits understanding of diseasemechanisms
Applications of Microbiology
Medical microbiology
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 64
bull Infectious diseases have killedmore people than all wars andnatural disasters combined
bull Outbreaks have changed thecourse of history
bull Vaccines have dramaticallydecreased the incidence of
infectious diseases especiallyin children
Medical microbiology
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 65
bull Re-emergence of ldquoOldrdquo Infectious
Diseases
ndash Cases of whooping cough have increased
in the last few years
ndash Many microbes have evolved antibiotic
resistance
Medical microbiology (cont)
Medical microbiology (cont )
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 66
bull Emerging infectious diseases
ndash As humans encroach upon wild habitat new infectious agents (microbes) arediscovered
ndash These agents are typically hosted by animals and are termed zoonotic agents
Medical microbiology (cont)
Agent Host Disease
Ebola virus Bats Ebola hemorrhagic fever
SARS virus Bats Severe acute respiratory syndrome
Sin Nombre virus Deer mouse Hantavirus cardiopulmonary syndrome
Nipah virus Bats Nipah encephalitis
Dengue virus Mosquitos Dengue fever Dengue hemorrhagic fever
Machupo virus Vesper mouse Bolivian hemorrhagic fever
Avian influenza viruses Various birds Influenza
Some recently discovered agents and their animal hosts
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 67
Terminologieshellip
bull Bacteriocins ndash Toxins produce by enterobacteria that are lethal to
related strains of bacteria
bull Resident flora ndash Collective vegetation in a given area in one part of the body yet produce infection in another
bull Infection
ndash Is an invasion of body tissue by microbes and theirgrowth
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 68
bull Infectious agent
ndash Microbes that cause infection
bull Asymptomaticsubclinical ndash Microbes do not produce clinical evidence of
disease
bull Disease ndash Detectable alteration in normal tissue function
bull Virulence
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 69
Virulence ndash Microbersquos ability to produce disease
bull Communicable disease ndash Infectious agents that can be transmitted to an individual by direct
or indirect contact or as airborne infection ndash ex common colds
bull Pathogenicity ndash Ability to produce disease
bull Pathogen ndash Disease causing microbes ndash 3 of known microbes are capable of causing disease
bull Non-pathogens ndash Do not cause disease
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 70
Terminologieshellip
bull Opportunistic pathogen ndash Causes disease only in a susceptible individual
bull Asepsis
ndash Freedom from disease-causing microbes
bull Medical asepsis ndash All practices intended to confine a specific
microbes to a specific area limiting the growth
amp transmission of microbes
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 71
bull Medical asepsis
ndash Objects are CLEAN (absence of almost all microbes)
bull Surgical asepsissterile technique
ndash Practices that keep an area or object free of allmicrobes
ndash Practices that destroys all microbes amp spores
bull Sepsis
ndash State of infection and can take many forms includingseptic shock
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GRADED RECITATION
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 73
Microorganisms are said to be
ubiquitous
Can you think of any locations thatwould be devoid of microorganisms
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 74
Of all the various areas of microbiology
mentioned in this chapter which
appeal to you the mostWhy
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 75
Assume that you are entering a health-related
professionOf what value will knowledge of
microbiology be to you
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 76
Many people consider Louis Pasteurrsquos
contributions to be the foundation of the
science of microbiology and a cornerstone
of modern medicine
What contributions did he make that would
cause people to believe that
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You have isolated a bacterium from the blood
of a patient with a newly described disease
What steps would you take to prove that the
organism that yoursquove isolated is the cause of
the patientrsquos disease
(Hint Remember Kochrsquos Postulates)
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 9
5 Kingdoms of Living Organisms
bull 1 Animalia
bull 2 Plantae
bull 3 Fungi
bull 4 Protista
bull 5 Monera - Bacteria and Cyanobacteria
bull Eukaryotic vs Prokaryotic
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 10
5 Characteristics of Life
bull 1 Cells
bull 2 Maintain structure by taking up
chemicals and energy from the environmentbull 3 Respond to stimuli in the external
environment
bull 4 Reproduce and pass on their organizationto their offspring
bull 5 Evolve and adapt to the environment
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 11
Taxonomic Classification
bull Kingdom
bull DivisionPhylumbull Class
bull Order
bull Family
bull Genus
bull species
bull Man
bull Animalia
bull Chordatabull Mammalia
bull Primate
bull Hominidae
bull Homo
bull sapien
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 12
Taxonomic Classification
bull Kingdom
bull Phylumbull Class
bull Order
bull Family
bull Genus
bull species
bull Cat
bull Animalia
bull Chordatebull Mammalia
bull Carnivora
bull Felidae
bull Felis
bull domestica
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 13
Binomial System of Taxonomic
Classificationbull Use only the Genus and species
ndash Homo sapien
ndash Felis domestica ndash Escherichia coli
bull Genus and species are either underlined or
italicized bull Genus is always capitalized
bull species is never capitalized
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 14
Classification Systembull 3 Domains 1978 Carl Woese
ndash 1 Bacteriabull Unicellular prokaryotes with cell wall containing
peptidoglycan
ndash 2 Archaea
bull Unicellular prokaryotes with no peptodoglycan incell wall
ndash 3 Eukarya
bull Protista
bull Fungi
bull Plantae
bull Animalia
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 15
Bacteria - what comes to mind
bull Diseases
bull Infections
bull Epidemics
bull Food Spoilagebull Only 3 of all known bacteria cause human
diseases
bull About 4 of all known bacteria cause plantdiseases
bull 95 of known bacteria are non-pathogens
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 16
Microbes Benefit Humans
bull 1Bacteria are primary decomposers -
recycle nutrients back into the environment
(sewage treatment plants)bull 2 Microbes produce various food products
ndash cheese pickles green olives
ndash yogurt soy sauce vinegar bread ndash Beer Wine Alcohol
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 17
3 Microbes are used to produce Antibiotics
bull Penicillin
bull Mold ndash Penicillium notatum
bull 1928 Alexander Fleming
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 18
4 Bacteria synthesize chemicals that our
body needs but cannot synthesize
bull Example E coli
ndash B vitamins - for metabolism
ndash Vitamin K - blood clotting
bull Escherichia coli
ndash Dr Escherich ndash Colon (intestine)
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 19
5 Biochemistry and Metabolism
bull Very simple structure
bull rapid rate of reproduction
bull provides ldquoinstantrdquo data
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 20
6 Microbial Antagonism
bull Our normal microbial flora prevents
potential pathogens from gaining access to
our body
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 21
7 Insect Pest Control
bull Using bacteria to control the growth of
insects
bull Bacillus thuringiensis
ndash caterpillars
ndash bollworms ndash corn borers
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 22
8 Bioremediation
bull Using microbes to clean up pollutants and
toxic wastes
bull Exxon Valdez - 1989
bull 2 Genera
ndash Pseudomonas sp ndash Bacillus sp
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 23
9 Recombinant DNA Technology
Gene Therapy Genetic Engineering
bull Bacteria can be manipulated to produceenzymes and proteins they normally would
not produce
ndash Insulin
ndash Human Growth Hormone
ndash Interferon
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 24
10 Microbes form the basis of
the food chain
Marine and fresh water microorganisms
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 25
Microbes do benefit us but they are also
capable of causing many diseases
bull Pneumonia Whooping Cough
bull Botulism Typhoid Fever Measles
bull Cholera Scarlet Fever Mumps
bull Syphilis Gonorrhea Herpes 1
bull Chlamydia Tuberculosis Herpes 2
bull Meningitis Tetanus RMSV
bull Strep Throat Lyme Disease AIDS
bull Black Plague Diarrhea Gangrene
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 26
History of the Study of
Microorganisms
bull 1665 Robert Hooke
ndash ldquolittle boxesrdquo - ldquocellsrdquo
ndash Cell Theory - all living things are made up of cells
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 27
Spontaneous Generation
bull Theory that life just ldquospontaneouslyrdquo
developed from non-living matter
bull Example
ndash toads snakes and mice - moist soil
ndash flies and maggots - manure and decaying flesh
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 28
Experiments to disprove
Spontaneous Generationbull Francesco Redi 1668
ndash Showed that worms which appeared on rotting meatwere from fly eggs
bull Rudolph Virchow 1858 ndash Theory of Biogenesis
bull Cells can only arise from preexisting cells
bull Louis Pasteur 1861 ndash Showed that appearance of microbes in sterilized media
was from air-borne bacteria ndash Showed that sterilized materials remained sterile if kept
isolated from the external environment
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 29
Anton van Leeuwenhoek 1674
- 1st person to actually see living microorganisms
ldquowee animalculesrdquo
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 30
ANTON VAN LEEUWENHOEK
bull 1st to see live bacteria and protozoabull FATHER OF MICROBIOLOGY
bull FATHER OF BACTERIOLOGY amp PROTOZOOLOGY
bull Fabric merchant a surveyor wine assayer and a minor city
official
bull Hobby
ndash ground tiny glass lenses which he mounted in smallmetal frames (single-lens microscope)
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 31
ANTON VAN LEEUWENHOEK
bull He never speculated on the
origin of microbes nor associate
them with infectious disease
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 32
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 33
bull Scientist became convinced of the existence of tiny creature (notseen by naked eye)
bull SPONTANEOUS GENERATION THEORY ABIOGENESIS wasestablished
ndash Life could develop spontaneously from inanimatesubstancesnonliving organisms
ndash UNTIL the time of Louis Pasteur and John Tyndall whodisproved the theory and prove that
bull ldquoLIFE CAN ONLY ARISE FROMPREEXISTING LIFE ALONErdquo
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 34
LOUIS PASTEUR
bull Contributions makes the
foundation of
ndash science of microbiology
ndash modern medicinehellip
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 35
LOUIS PASTEURrsquoS CONTRIBUTIONhellip
bull 1 Wine contamination Discoveredwhat occurs during alcoholicfermentation ndash Demonstrated that different microbes
produce different fermentationproducts
ndash Ex yeast converts glucose in grapesto ethanol by fermentation
ndash Acetobacter a contaminatingbacteriaconverts glucose to aceticacid (vinegar)- ruining the taste of thewine
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 36
2 Thru experiment dealth the fatal blow tothe theory of spontaneous generation
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 37
Pasteur designed special ldquoswan-necked flasksrdquo
with a boiled meat infusion
Shape of flask allowed air in (vital force) but trapped
dust particles which may contain microbes
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 38
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 39
LOUIS PASTEURrsquoS CONTRIBUTIONhellip
bull 3 Discovered forms of life that are withno oxygen
ndash Aerobes ndash microbes needs Oxygen ndash Anaerobes ndash microbes can live without
oxygen
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 40
LOUIS PASTEURrsquoS CONTRIBUTIONhellip
4 Pasteurization ndash process that kills microbesthat cause wine to spoil
- Can be used to kill pathogens in liquids
- Process- Heating and maintaining to 63-65oC for 30 minutes or 73-75oCfor 15mins
- Note not ALL microbes are killed
ONLY the pathogens
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 41
LOUIS PASTEURrsquoS CONTRIBUTIONhellip
bull 5 Discovered the causative agent that
were causing silkworm diseases in silk industry in France and how to preventsuch disease
bull 6 Contributed on the GERM THEORYOF DISEASE ndash specific microbes causespecific infectious diseases
ndash ex anthrax caused by Bacillus anthracis
ndash TB by Mycobacterium tuberculosis
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 42
LOUIS PASTEURrsquoS CONTRIBUTIONhellip
7 Championed changes in hospitalpractices to minimize the spread of disease by pathogens
8 Developed vaccines to preventcholeraanthrax and swineerysipelas (skin disease)
9 Developed RABIES vaccine in dogs
and successfully used to treathuman rabies
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 43
Germ Theory of Disease
bull Hard for people to believe that diseases werecaused by tiny invisible ldquowee animalculesrdquo
bull Diseases they thought were caused by
ndash demons
ndash witchcraft
ndash bad luck
ndash the wrath of God ndash curses
ndash evil spirits
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 44
Robert Koch - 1st to prove that
bacteria actually caused diseases
bull 1876
bull Microbial Etiology of Infectious Disease
ndash etiology - the cause of a disease
bull Developed methods of fixing staining andphotographing bacteria
bull Established ldquoscientific rulesrdquo to show a cause and
effect relationship between a microbe and a
disease
ndash Kochrsquos Postulates
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 45
Staining Koch Postulate
K hrsquo P t l t
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 46
Kochrsquos Postulates bull 1 The same organisms must be found in all
cases of a given diseasebull 2 The organism must be isolated and grown
in pure culture
bull 3 The isolated organism must reproducethe same disease when inoculated into a
healthy susceptible animal
bull 4 The original organism must again beisolated from the experimentally infected
animal
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 47
Exceptions to Kochrsquos Postulates
1 Some organisms have never been grown in
pure culture on artificial media
Treponema pallidum - Syphilis
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 48
Mycobacterium leprae
Leprosy
Never been grown in pure culture on artificial media
Seven Banded Armadillo
Exceptions to Kochrsquos Postulates
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 49
Exceptions to Kochrsquos Postulates
bull In exclusively human diseases it is not
morally acceptable to inoculate a deadly
pathogen into a ldquohuman guinea pigrdquo
bull HIV
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 50
Koch established the Microbial Etiology
of 3 important diseases of his day
bull 1 Cholera (fecal-oral disease)
ndash Vibrio cholerae
bull 2 Tuberculosis (pulmonary infection) ndash Mycobacterium tuberculosis
ndash Work on tuberculin (protein from M tuberculosis) that led to devrsquot of skin testing to diagnose TB
bull 3 Anthrax (sheep and cattle) ndash Bacillus anthracis ndash Discovered that B anthracis produce spores that is capable of resisting
adverse conditions
A h
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 51
Anthraxbull Bacillus anthracis
ndash Gram (+) non-motile aerobic spore forming rod ndash Streptobacilli with central spores
ndash Livestock
bull Sheep cattle goats
ndash Humans
bull Handle hides wool goat hair handicrafts from the Middle
East made from animal products
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 52
3 Forms of Human Anthrax
bull 1 Cutaneous Anthrax
ndash Enters thru cut or
abrasion
ndash Results in painless
ulcer (1-3 cm) with
black (necrotic) center
ndash About 20 mortality
rate in untreated cases
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 53
bull 2 Gastrointestinal Anthrax
ndash Contaminated meat
ndash Abdominal pain fevervomiting blood severe
diarrhea
ndash 25 to 60 mortality rate
3 I h l i A h
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 54
bull 3 Inhalation Anthrax
bull Initial symptomsresemble common
cold ndash Progress to severe
breathing problems andshock
ndash Usually results in death1-2 days after onset of acute symptoms
ndash Mortality rate 99 inuntreated cases
ndash Treatment usually noteffective aftersymptoms are present
A h Bi l i l W
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 55
Anthrax as a Biological Weapon
bull Deadly if not treated early
bull Spores can be produced in large quantities using basicknowledge of biology
bull Spores may remain viable for years (60 at least)
bull Spores can be spread
ndash Missiles rockets bombs mail crop dusters
bull No cloud or color
bull No smell
bull No taste
bull Antibiotics ndash only effective if administered early (within24 ndash 48 hours)
h 1 lidif
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 56
Koch - 1st to use Agar to solidify
culture media
Golden Age of Microbiology
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 57
Golden Age of Microbiology 1857 - 1914
bull Pasteur
ndash Pasteurization
ndash Fermentation
bull Joseph Lister
ndash Phenol to treat surgical wounds ndash 1st attempt to control infections
caused by microoganisms
bull Robert Koch ndash Kochrsquos Postulates
bull Edward Jenner
ndash vaccination
bull Paul Erlich ndash 1st synthetic drug used to treat infections
ndash Salvarsan - arsenic based chemical to treat Syphilis
bull ldquosalvationrdquo from Syphilis
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 58
Naming of Bacteria
bull Genus and species - Binomial System of
Taxonomic Classification
bull Information usually given
ndash 1 Describes an organism
ndash 2 Identifies a habitat ndash 3 Honors a scientist or researcher
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 59
Bacterial Morphology
bull Bacilli
bull Cocci
bull Spiral
Arrangements
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 60
ArrangementsStaphylo
Strepto
Diplo
Sarcinae
Tetrad
Vibrio (comma shaped)
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 61
bull Staphylococcus aureus
bull Staphylococcusepidermidis
bull Streptococcus
pneumoniae
bull Vibrio cholerae
bull Rhodospirillium
rubrumbull Bacillus subtilis
bull Micrococcus luteus
bull Escherichia coli
bull Bacillus anthracis
bull Salmonella enteridis
bull Streptococcus pyogenes
bull Steptococcus lactis
bull Streptococcus faecalis
bull Erlichia canis
bull Campylobacter jejuni
bull Helicobacter pylori
bull Enterobacter aerogenes
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 62
Microbiology A Human Perspective
bull Microorganisms cannot be seen without the aid of amicroscope
bull There are more than 200000 known microbesbull Exist in virtually any environment that has water
bull Exhibit tremendous biodiversity
bull Compose the largest biomass group of living
organismsbull Microbes exist for more than 35 billion years
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 63
bull Food production bread beer
bull Bioremediation decontamination
of hazardous wastesbull Useful products ethanol fuel
antibiotics amino acids
bull Genetic engineeringpharmaceuticals vaccines
bull Genomics genome sequencingpermits understanding of diseasemechanisms
Applications of Microbiology
Medical microbiology
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 64
bull Infectious diseases have killedmore people than all wars andnatural disasters combined
bull Outbreaks have changed thecourse of history
bull Vaccines have dramaticallydecreased the incidence of
infectious diseases especiallyin children
Medical microbiology
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 65
bull Re-emergence of ldquoOldrdquo Infectious
Diseases
ndash Cases of whooping cough have increased
in the last few years
ndash Many microbes have evolved antibiotic
resistance
Medical microbiology (cont)
Medical microbiology (cont )
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 66
bull Emerging infectious diseases
ndash As humans encroach upon wild habitat new infectious agents (microbes) arediscovered
ndash These agents are typically hosted by animals and are termed zoonotic agents
Medical microbiology (cont)
Agent Host Disease
Ebola virus Bats Ebola hemorrhagic fever
SARS virus Bats Severe acute respiratory syndrome
Sin Nombre virus Deer mouse Hantavirus cardiopulmonary syndrome
Nipah virus Bats Nipah encephalitis
Dengue virus Mosquitos Dengue fever Dengue hemorrhagic fever
Machupo virus Vesper mouse Bolivian hemorrhagic fever
Avian influenza viruses Various birds Influenza
Some recently discovered agents and their animal hosts
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 67
Terminologieshellip
bull Bacteriocins ndash Toxins produce by enterobacteria that are lethal to
related strains of bacteria
bull Resident flora ndash Collective vegetation in a given area in one part of the body yet produce infection in another
bull Infection
ndash Is an invasion of body tissue by microbes and theirgrowth
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 68
bull Infectious agent
ndash Microbes that cause infection
bull Asymptomaticsubclinical ndash Microbes do not produce clinical evidence of
disease
bull Disease ndash Detectable alteration in normal tissue function
bull Virulence
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 69
Virulence ndash Microbersquos ability to produce disease
bull Communicable disease ndash Infectious agents that can be transmitted to an individual by direct
or indirect contact or as airborne infection ndash ex common colds
bull Pathogenicity ndash Ability to produce disease
bull Pathogen ndash Disease causing microbes ndash 3 of known microbes are capable of causing disease
bull Non-pathogens ndash Do not cause disease
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 70
Terminologieshellip
bull Opportunistic pathogen ndash Causes disease only in a susceptible individual
bull Asepsis
ndash Freedom from disease-causing microbes
bull Medical asepsis ndash All practices intended to confine a specific
microbes to a specific area limiting the growth
amp transmission of microbes
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 71
bull Medical asepsis
ndash Objects are CLEAN (absence of almost all microbes)
bull Surgical asepsissterile technique
ndash Practices that keep an area or object free of allmicrobes
ndash Practices that destroys all microbes amp spores
bull Sepsis
ndash State of infection and can take many forms includingseptic shock
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GRADED RECITATION
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 73
Microorganisms are said to be
ubiquitous
Can you think of any locations thatwould be devoid of microorganisms
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 74
Of all the various areas of microbiology
mentioned in this chapter which
appeal to you the mostWhy
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 75
Assume that you are entering a health-related
professionOf what value will knowledge of
microbiology be to you
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 76
Many people consider Louis Pasteurrsquos
contributions to be the foundation of the
science of microbiology and a cornerstone
of modern medicine
What contributions did he make that would
cause people to believe that
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You have isolated a bacterium from the blood
of a patient with a newly described disease
What steps would you take to prove that the
organism that yoursquove isolated is the cause of
the patientrsquos disease
(Hint Remember Kochrsquos Postulates)
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 10
5 Characteristics of Life
bull 1 Cells
bull 2 Maintain structure by taking up
chemicals and energy from the environmentbull 3 Respond to stimuli in the external
environment
bull 4 Reproduce and pass on their organizationto their offspring
bull 5 Evolve and adapt to the environment
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 11
Taxonomic Classification
bull Kingdom
bull DivisionPhylumbull Class
bull Order
bull Family
bull Genus
bull species
bull Man
bull Animalia
bull Chordatabull Mammalia
bull Primate
bull Hominidae
bull Homo
bull sapien
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 12
Taxonomic Classification
bull Kingdom
bull Phylumbull Class
bull Order
bull Family
bull Genus
bull species
bull Cat
bull Animalia
bull Chordatebull Mammalia
bull Carnivora
bull Felidae
bull Felis
bull domestica
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 13
Binomial System of Taxonomic
Classificationbull Use only the Genus and species
ndash Homo sapien
ndash Felis domestica ndash Escherichia coli
bull Genus and species are either underlined or
italicized bull Genus is always capitalized
bull species is never capitalized
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 14
Classification Systembull 3 Domains 1978 Carl Woese
ndash 1 Bacteriabull Unicellular prokaryotes with cell wall containing
peptidoglycan
ndash 2 Archaea
bull Unicellular prokaryotes with no peptodoglycan incell wall
ndash 3 Eukarya
bull Protista
bull Fungi
bull Plantae
bull Animalia
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 15
Bacteria - what comes to mind
bull Diseases
bull Infections
bull Epidemics
bull Food Spoilagebull Only 3 of all known bacteria cause human
diseases
bull About 4 of all known bacteria cause plantdiseases
bull 95 of known bacteria are non-pathogens
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 16
Microbes Benefit Humans
bull 1Bacteria are primary decomposers -
recycle nutrients back into the environment
(sewage treatment plants)bull 2 Microbes produce various food products
ndash cheese pickles green olives
ndash yogurt soy sauce vinegar bread ndash Beer Wine Alcohol
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 17
3 Microbes are used to produce Antibiotics
bull Penicillin
bull Mold ndash Penicillium notatum
bull 1928 Alexander Fleming
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 18
4 Bacteria synthesize chemicals that our
body needs but cannot synthesize
bull Example E coli
ndash B vitamins - for metabolism
ndash Vitamin K - blood clotting
bull Escherichia coli
ndash Dr Escherich ndash Colon (intestine)
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 19
5 Biochemistry and Metabolism
bull Very simple structure
bull rapid rate of reproduction
bull provides ldquoinstantrdquo data
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 20
6 Microbial Antagonism
bull Our normal microbial flora prevents
potential pathogens from gaining access to
our body
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 21
7 Insect Pest Control
bull Using bacteria to control the growth of
insects
bull Bacillus thuringiensis
ndash caterpillars
ndash bollworms ndash corn borers
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 22
8 Bioremediation
bull Using microbes to clean up pollutants and
toxic wastes
bull Exxon Valdez - 1989
bull 2 Genera
ndash Pseudomonas sp ndash Bacillus sp
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 23
9 Recombinant DNA Technology
Gene Therapy Genetic Engineering
bull Bacteria can be manipulated to produceenzymes and proteins they normally would
not produce
ndash Insulin
ndash Human Growth Hormone
ndash Interferon
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 24
10 Microbes form the basis of
the food chain
Marine and fresh water microorganisms
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 25
Microbes do benefit us but they are also
capable of causing many diseases
bull Pneumonia Whooping Cough
bull Botulism Typhoid Fever Measles
bull Cholera Scarlet Fever Mumps
bull Syphilis Gonorrhea Herpes 1
bull Chlamydia Tuberculosis Herpes 2
bull Meningitis Tetanus RMSV
bull Strep Throat Lyme Disease AIDS
bull Black Plague Diarrhea Gangrene
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 26
History of the Study of
Microorganisms
bull 1665 Robert Hooke
ndash ldquolittle boxesrdquo - ldquocellsrdquo
ndash Cell Theory - all living things are made up of cells
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 27
Spontaneous Generation
bull Theory that life just ldquospontaneouslyrdquo
developed from non-living matter
bull Example
ndash toads snakes and mice - moist soil
ndash flies and maggots - manure and decaying flesh
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 28
Experiments to disprove
Spontaneous Generationbull Francesco Redi 1668
ndash Showed that worms which appeared on rotting meatwere from fly eggs
bull Rudolph Virchow 1858 ndash Theory of Biogenesis
bull Cells can only arise from preexisting cells
bull Louis Pasteur 1861 ndash Showed that appearance of microbes in sterilized media
was from air-borne bacteria ndash Showed that sterilized materials remained sterile if kept
isolated from the external environment
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 29
Anton van Leeuwenhoek 1674
- 1st person to actually see living microorganisms
ldquowee animalculesrdquo
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 30
ANTON VAN LEEUWENHOEK
bull 1st to see live bacteria and protozoabull FATHER OF MICROBIOLOGY
bull FATHER OF BACTERIOLOGY amp PROTOZOOLOGY
bull Fabric merchant a surveyor wine assayer and a minor city
official
bull Hobby
ndash ground tiny glass lenses which he mounted in smallmetal frames (single-lens microscope)
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 31
ANTON VAN LEEUWENHOEK
bull He never speculated on the
origin of microbes nor associate
them with infectious disease
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 32
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 33
bull Scientist became convinced of the existence of tiny creature (notseen by naked eye)
bull SPONTANEOUS GENERATION THEORY ABIOGENESIS wasestablished
ndash Life could develop spontaneously from inanimatesubstancesnonliving organisms
ndash UNTIL the time of Louis Pasteur and John Tyndall whodisproved the theory and prove that
bull ldquoLIFE CAN ONLY ARISE FROMPREEXISTING LIFE ALONErdquo
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 34
LOUIS PASTEUR
bull Contributions makes the
foundation of
ndash science of microbiology
ndash modern medicinehellip
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 35
LOUIS PASTEURrsquoS CONTRIBUTIONhellip
bull 1 Wine contamination Discoveredwhat occurs during alcoholicfermentation ndash Demonstrated that different microbes
produce different fermentationproducts
ndash Ex yeast converts glucose in grapesto ethanol by fermentation
ndash Acetobacter a contaminatingbacteriaconverts glucose to aceticacid (vinegar)- ruining the taste of thewine
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 36
2 Thru experiment dealth the fatal blow tothe theory of spontaneous generation
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 37
Pasteur designed special ldquoswan-necked flasksrdquo
with a boiled meat infusion
Shape of flask allowed air in (vital force) but trapped
dust particles which may contain microbes
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 38
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 39
LOUIS PASTEURrsquoS CONTRIBUTIONhellip
bull 3 Discovered forms of life that are withno oxygen
ndash Aerobes ndash microbes needs Oxygen ndash Anaerobes ndash microbes can live without
oxygen
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 40
LOUIS PASTEURrsquoS CONTRIBUTIONhellip
4 Pasteurization ndash process that kills microbesthat cause wine to spoil
- Can be used to kill pathogens in liquids
- Process- Heating and maintaining to 63-65oC for 30 minutes or 73-75oCfor 15mins
- Note not ALL microbes are killed
ONLY the pathogens
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 41
LOUIS PASTEURrsquoS CONTRIBUTIONhellip
bull 5 Discovered the causative agent that
were causing silkworm diseases in silk industry in France and how to preventsuch disease
bull 6 Contributed on the GERM THEORYOF DISEASE ndash specific microbes causespecific infectious diseases
ndash ex anthrax caused by Bacillus anthracis
ndash TB by Mycobacterium tuberculosis
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 42
LOUIS PASTEURrsquoS CONTRIBUTIONhellip
7 Championed changes in hospitalpractices to minimize the spread of disease by pathogens
8 Developed vaccines to preventcholeraanthrax and swineerysipelas (skin disease)
9 Developed RABIES vaccine in dogs
and successfully used to treathuman rabies
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 43
Germ Theory of Disease
bull Hard for people to believe that diseases werecaused by tiny invisible ldquowee animalculesrdquo
bull Diseases they thought were caused by
ndash demons
ndash witchcraft
ndash bad luck
ndash the wrath of God ndash curses
ndash evil spirits
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 44
Robert Koch - 1st to prove that
bacteria actually caused diseases
bull 1876
bull Microbial Etiology of Infectious Disease
ndash etiology - the cause of a disease
bull Developed methods of fixing staining andphotographing bacteria
bull Established ldquoscientific rulesrdquo to show a cause and
effect relationship between a microbe and a
disease
ndash Kochrsquos Postulates
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 45
Staining Koch Postulate
K hrsquo P t l t
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 46
Kochrsquos Postulates bull 1 The same organisms must be found in all
cases of a given diseasebull 2 The organism must be isolated and grown
in pure culture
bull 3 The isolated organism must reproducethe same disease when inoculated into a
healthy susceptible animal
bull 4 The original organism must again beisolated from the experimentally infected
animal
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 47
Exceptions to Kochrsquos Postulates
1 Some organisms have never been grown in
pure culture on artificial media
Treponema pallidum - Syphilis
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 48
Mycobacterium leprae
Leprosy
Never been grown in pure culture on artificial media
Seven Banded Armadillo
Exceptions to Kochrsquos Postulates
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 49
Exceptions to Kochrsquos Postulates
bull In exclusively human diseases it is not
morally acceptable to inoculate a deadly
pathogen into a ldquohuman guinea pigrdquo
bull HIV
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 50
Koch established the Microbial Etiology
of 3 important diseases of his day
bull 1 Cholera (fecal-oral disease)
ndash Vibrio cholerae
bull 2 Tuberculosis (pulmonary infection) ndash Mycobacterium tuberculosis
ndash Work on tuberculin (protein from M tuberculosis) that led to devrsquot of skin testing to diagnose TB
bull 3 Anthrax (sheep and cattle) ndash Bacillus anthracis ndash Discovered that B anthracis produce spores that is capable of resisting
adverse conditions
A h
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 51
Anthraxbull Bacillus anthracis
ndash Gram (+) non-motile aerobic spore forming rod ndash Streptobacilli with central spores
ndash Livestock
bull Sheep cattle goats
ndash Humans
bull Handle hides wool goat hair handicrafts from the Middle
East made from animal products
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 52
3 Forms of Human Anthrax
bull 1 Cutaneous Anthrax
ndash Enters thru cut or
abrasion
ndash Results in painless
ulcer (1-3 cm) with
black (necrotic) center
ndash About 20 mortality
rate in untreated cases
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 53
bull 2 Gastrointestinal Anthrax
ndash Contaminated meat
ndash Abdominal pain fevervomiting blood severe
diarrhea
ndash 25 to 60 mortality rate
3 I h l i A h
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 54
bull 3 Inhalation Anthrax
bull Initial symptomsresemble common
cold ndash Progress to severe
breathing problems andshock
ndash Usually results in death1-2 days after onset of acute symptoms
ndash Mortality rate 99 inuntreated cases
ndash Treatment usually noteffective aftersymptoms are present
A h Bi l i l W
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 55
Anthrax as a Biological Weapon
bull Deadly if not treated early
bull Spores can be produced in large quantities using basicknowledge of biology
bull Spores may remain viable for years (60 at least)
bull Spores can be spread
ndash Missiles rockets bombs mail crop dusters
bull No cloud or color
bull No smell
bull No taste
bull Antibiotics ndash only effective if administered early (within24 ndash 48 hours)
h 1 lidif
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 56
Koch - 1st to use Agar to solidify
culture media
Golden Age of Microbiology
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 57
Golden Age of Microbiology 1857 - 1914
bull Pasteur
ndash Pasteurization
ndash Fermentation
bull Joseph Lister
ndash Phenol to treat surgical wounds ndash 1st attempt to control infections
caused by microoganisms
bull Robert Koch ndash Kochrsquos Postulates
bull Edward Jenner
ndash vaccination
bull Paul Erlich ndash 1st synthetic drug used to treat infections
ndash Salvarsan - arsenic based chemical to treat Syphilis
bull ldquosalvationrdquo from Syphilis
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 58
Naming of Bacteria
bull Genus and species - Binomial System of
Taxonomic Classification
bull Information usually given
ndash 1 Describes an organism
ndash 2 Identifies a habitat ndash 3 Honors a scientist or researcher
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 59
Bacterial Morphology
bull Bacilli
bull Cocci
bull Spiral
Arrangements
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 60
ArrangementsStaphylo
Strepto
Diplo
Sarcinae
Tetrad
Vibrio (comma shaped)
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 61
bull Staphylococcus aureus
bull Staphylococcusepidermidis
bull Streptococcus
pneumoniae
bull Vibrio cholerae
bull Rhodospirillium
rubrumbull Bacillus subtilis
bull Micrococcus luteus
bull Escherichia coli
bull Bacillus anthracis
bull Salmonella enteridis
bull Streptococcus pyogenes
bull Steptococcus lactis
bull Streptococcus faecalis
bull Erlichia canis
bull Campylobacter jejuni
bull Helicobacter pylori
bull Enterobacter aerogenes
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 62
Microbiology A Human Perspective
bull Microorganisms cannot be seen without the aid of amicroscope
bull There are more than 200000 known microbesbull Exist in virtually any environment that has water
bull Exhibit tremendous biodiversity
bull Compose the largest biomass group of living
organismsbull Microbes exist for more than 35 billion years
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 63
bull Food production bread beer
bull Bioremediation decontamination
of hazardous wastesbull Useful products ethanol fuel
antibiotics amino acids
bull Genetic engineeringpharmaceuticals vaccines
bull Genomics genome sequencingpermits understanding of diseasemechanisms
Applications of Microbiology
Medical microbiology
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 64
bull Infectious diseases have killedmore people than all wars andnatural disasters combined
bull Outbreaks have changed thecourse of history
bull Vaccines have dramaticallydecreased the incidence of
infectious diseases especiallyin children
Medical microbiology
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 65
bull Re-emergence of ldquoOldrdquo Infectious
Diseases
ndash Cases of whooping cough have increased
in the last few years
ndash Many microbes have evolved antibiotic
resistance
Medical microbiology (cont)
Medical microbiology (cont )
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 66
bull Emerging infectious diseases
ndash As humans encroach upon wild habitat new infectious agents (microbes) arediscovered
ndash These agents are typically hosted by animals and are termed zoonotic agents
Medical microbiology (cont)
Agent Host Disease
Ebola virus Bats Ebola hemorrhagic fever
SARS virus Bats Severe acute respiratory syndrome
Sin Nombre virus Deer mouse Hantavirus cardiopulmonary syndrome
Nipah virus Bats Nipah encephalitis
Dengue virus Mosquitos Dengue fever Dengue hemorrhagic fever
Machupo virus Vesper mouse Bolivian hemorrhagic fever
Avian influenza viruses Various birds Influenza
Some recently discovered agents and their animal hosts
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 67
Terminologieshellip
bull Bacteriocins ndash Toxins produce by enterobacteria that are lethal to
related strains of bacteria
bull Resident flora ndash Collective vegetation in a given area in one part of the body yet produce infection in another
bull Infection
ndash Is an invasion of body tissue by microbes and theirgrowth
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 68
bull Infectious agent
ndash Microbes that cause infection
bull Asymptomaticsubclinical ndash Microbes do not produce clinical evidence of
disease
bull Disease ndash Detectable alteration in normal tissue function
bull Virulence
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 69
Virulence ndash Microbersquos ability to produce disease
bull Communicable disease ndash Infectious agents that can be transmitted to an individual by direct
or indirect contact or as airborne infection ndash ex common colds
bull Pathogenicity ndash Ability to produce disease
bull Pathogen ndash Disease causing microbes ndash 3 of known microbes are capable of causing disease
bull Non-pathogens ndash Do not cause disease
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 70
Terminologieshellip
bull Opportunistic pathogen ndash Causes disease only in a susceptible individual
bull Asepsis
ndash Freedom from disease-causing microbes
bull Medical asepsis ndash All practices intended to confine a specific
microbes to a specific area limiting the growth
amp transmission of microbes
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 71
bull Medical asepsis
ndash Objects are CLEAN (absence of almost all microbes)
bull Surgical asepsissterile technique
ndash Practices that keep an area or object free of allmicrobes
ndash Practices that destroys all microbes amp spores
bull Sepsis
ndash State of infection and can take many forms includingseptic shock
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GRADED RECITATION
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 73
Microorganisms are said to be
ubiquitous
Can you think of any locations thatwould be devoid of microorganisms
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 74
Of all the various areas of microbiology
mentioned in this chapter which
appeal to you the mostWhy
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 75
Assume that you are entering a health-related
professionOf what value will knowledge of
microbiology be to you
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 76
Many people consider Louis Pasteurrsquos
contributions to be the foundation of the
science of microbiology and a cornerstone
of modern medicine
What contributions did he make that would
cause people to believe that
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You have isolated a bacterium from the blood
of a patient with a newly described disease
What steps would you take to prove that the
organism that yoursquove isolated is the cause of
the patientrsquos disease
(Hint Remember Kochrsquos Postulates)
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 11
Taxonomic Classification
bull Kingdom
bull DivisionPhylumbull Class
bull Order
bull Family
bull Genus
bull species
bull Man
bull Animalia
bull Chordatabull Mammalia
bull Primate
bull Hominidae
bull Homo
bull sapien
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 12
Taxonomic Classification
bull Kingdom
bull Phylumbull Class
bull Order
bull Family
bull Genus
bull species
bull Cat
bull Animalia
bull Chordatebull Mammalia
bull Carnivora
bull Felidae
bull Felis
bull domestica
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 13
Binomial System of Taxonomic
Classificationbull Use only the Genus and species
ndash Homo sapien
ndash Felis domestica ndash Escherichia coli
bull Genus and species are either underlined or
italicized bull Genus is always capitalized
bull species is never capitalized
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 14
Classification Systembull 3 Domains 1978 Carl Woese
ndash 1 Bacteriabull Unicellular prokaryotes with cell wall containing
peptidoglycan
ndash 2 Archaea
bull Unicellular prokaryotes with no peptodoglycan incell wall
ndash 3 Eukarya
bull Protista
bull Fungi
bull Plantae
bull Animalia
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 15
Bacteria - what comes to mind
bull Diseases
bull Infections
bull Epidemics
bull Food Spoilagebull Only 3 of all known bacteria cause human
diseases
bull About 4 of all known bacteria cause plantdiseases
bull 95 of known bacteria are non-pathogens
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 16
Microbes Benefit Humans
bull 1Bacteria are primary decomposers -
recycle nutrients back into the environment
(sewage treatment plants)bull 2 Microbes produce various food products
ndash cheese pickles green olives
ndash yogurt soy sauce vinegar bread ndash Beer Wine Alcohol
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 17
3 Microbes are used to produce Antibiotics
bull Penicillin
bull Mold ndash Penicillium notatum
bull 1928 Alexander Fleming
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 18
4 Bacteria synthesize chemicals that our
body needs but cannot synthesize
bull Example E coli
ndash B vitamins - for metabolism
ndash Vitamin K - blood clotting
bull Escherichia coli
ndash Dr Escherich ndash Colon (intestine)
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 19
5 Biochemistry and Metabolism
bull Very simple structure
bull rapid rate of reproduction
bull provides ldquoinstantrdquo data
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 20
6 Microbial Antagonism
bull Our normal microbial flora prevents
potential pathogens from gaining access to
our body
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 21
7 Insect Pest Control
bull Using bacteria to control the growth of
insects
bull Bacillus thuringiensis
ndash caterpillars
ndash bollworms ndash corn borers
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 22
8 Bioremediation
bull Using microbes to clean up pollutants and
toxic wastes
bull Exxon Valdez - 1989
bull 2 Genera
ndash Pseudomonas sp ndash Bacillus sp
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 23
9 Recombinant DNA Technology
Gene Therapy Genetic Engineering
bull Bacteria can be manipulated to produceenzymes and proteins they normally would
not produce
ndash Insulin
ndash Human Growth Hormone
ndash Interferon
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 24
10 Microbes form the basis of
the food chain
Marine and fresh water microorganisms
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 25
Microbes do benefit us but they are also
capable of causing many diseases
bull Pneumonia Whooping Cough
bull Botulism Typhoid Fever Measles
bull Cholera Scarlet Fever Mumps
bull Syphilis Gonorrhea Herpes 1
bull Chlamydia Tuberculosis Herpes 2
bull Meningitis Tetanus RMSV
bull Strep Throat Lyme Disease AIDS
bull Black Plague Diarrhea Gangrene
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 26
History of the Study of
Microorganisms
bull 1665 Robert Hooke
ndash ldquolittle boxesrdquo - ldquocellsrdquo
ndash Cell Theory - all living things are made up of cells
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 27
Spontaneous Generation
bull Theory that life just ldquospontaneouslyrdquo
developed from non-living matter
bull Example
ndash toads snakes and mice - moist soil
ndash flies and maggots - manure and decaying flesh
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 28
Experiments to disprove
Spontaneous Generationbull Francesco Redi 1668
ndash Showed that worms which appeared on rotting meatwere from fly eggs
bull Rudolph Virchow 1858 ndash Theory of Biogenesis
bull Cells can only arise from preexisting cells
bull Louis Pasteur 1861 ndash Showed that appearance of microbes in sterilized media
was from air-borne bacteria ndash Showed that sterilized materials remained sterile if kept
isolated from the external environment
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 29
Anton van Leeuwenhoek 1674
- 1st person to actually see living microorganisms
ldquowee animalculesrdquo
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 30
ANTON VAN LEEUWENHOEK
bull 1st to see live bacteria and protozoabull FATHER OF MICROBIOLOGY
bull FATHER OF BACTERIOLOGY amp PROTOZOOLOGY
bull Fabric merchant a surveyor wine assayer and a minor city
official
bull Hobby
ndash ground tiny glass lenses which he mounted in smallmetal frames (single-lens microscope)
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 31
ANTON VAN LEEUWENHOEK
bull He never speculated on the
origin of microbes nor associate
them with infectious disease
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 32
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 33
bull Scientist became convinced of the existence of tiny creature (notseen by naked eye)
bull SPONTANEOUS GENERATION THEORY ABIOGENESIS wasestablished
ndash Life could develop spontaneously from inanimatesubstancesnonliving organisms
ndash UNTIL the time of Louis Pasteur and John Tyndall whodisproved the theory and prove that
bull ldquoLIFE CAN ONLY ARISE FROMPREEXISTING LIFE ALONErdquo
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 34
LOUIS PASTEUR
bull Contributions makes the
foundation of
ndash science of microbiology
ndash modern medicinehellip
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 35
LOUIS PASTEURrsquoS CONTRIBUTIONhellip
bull 1 Wine contamination Discoveredwhat occurs during alcoholicfermentation ndash Demonstrated that different microbes
produce different fermentationproducts
ndash Ex yeast converts glucose in grapesto ethanol by fermentation
ndash Acetobacter a contaminatingbacteriaconverts glucose to aceticacid (vinegar)- ruining the taste of thewine
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 36
2 Thru experiment dealth the fatal blow tothe theory of spontaneous generation
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 37
Pasteur designed special ldquoswan-necked flasksrdquo
with a boiled meat infusion
Shape of flask allowed air in (vital force) but trapped
dust particles which may contain microbes
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 38
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 39
LOUIS PASTEURrsquoS CONTRIBUTIONhellip
bull 3 Discovered forms of life that are withno oxygen
ndash Aerobes ndash microbes needs Oxygen ndash Anaerobes ndash microbes can live without
oxygen
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 40
LOUIS PASTEURrsquoS CONTRIBUTIONhellip
4 Pasteurization ndash process that kills microbesthat cause wine to spoil
- Can be used to kill pathogens in liquids
- Process- Heating and maintaining to 63-65oC for 30 minutes or 73-75oCfor 15mins
- Note not ALL microbes are killed
ONLY the pathogens
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 41
LOUIS PASTEURrsquoS CONTRIBUTIONhellip
bull 5 Discovered the causative agent that
were causing silkworm diseases in silk industry in France and how to preventsuch disease
bull 6 Contributed on the GERM THEORYOF DISEASE ndash specific microbes causespecific infectious diseases
ndash ex anthrax caused by Bacillus anthracis
ndash TB by Mycobacterium tuberculosis
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 42
LOUIS PASTEURrsquoS CONTRIBUTIONhellip
7 Championed changes in hospitalpractices to minimize the spread of disease by pathogens
8 Developed vaccines to preventcholeraanthrax and swineerysipelas (skin disease)
9 Developed RABIES vaccine in dogs
and successfully used to treathuman rabies
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 43
Germ Theory of Disease
bull Hard for people to believe that diseases werecaused by tiny invisible ldquowee animalculesrdquo
bull Diseases they thought were caused by
ndash demons
ndash witchcraft
ndash bad luck
ndash the wrath of God ndash curses
ndash evil spirits
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 44
Robert Koch - 1st to prove that
bacteria actually caused diseases
bull 1876
bull Microbial Etiology of Infectious Disease
ndash etiology - the cause of a disease
bull Developed methods of fixing staining andphotographing bacteria
bull Established ldquoscientific rulesrdquo to show a cause and
effect relationship between a microbe and a
disease
ndash Kochrsquos Postulates
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 45
Staining Koch Postulate
K hrsquo P t l t
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 46
Kochrsquos Postulates bull 1 The same organisms must be found in all
cases of a given diseasebull 2 The organism must be isolated and grown
in pure culture
bull 3 The isolated organism must reproducethe same disease when inoculated into a
healthy susceptible animal
bull 4 The original organism must again beisolated from the experimentally infected
animal
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 47
Exceptions to Kochrsquos Postulates
1 Some organisms have never been grown in
pure culture on artificial media
Treponema pallidum - Syphilis
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 48
Mycobacterium leprae
Leprosy
Never been grown in pure culture on artificial media
Seven Banded Armadillo
Exceptions to Kochrsquos Postulates
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 49
Exceptions to Kochrsquos Postulates
bull In exclusively human diseases it is not
morally acceptable to inoculate a deadly
pathogen into a ldquohuman guinea pigrdquo
bull HIV
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 50
Koch established the Microbial Etiology
of 3 important diseases of his day
bull 1 Cholera (fecal-oral disease)
ndash Vibrio cholerae
bull 2 Tuberculosis (pulmonary infection) ndash Mycobacterium tuberculosis
ndash Work on tuberculin (protein from M tuberculosis) that led to devrsquot of skin testing to diagnose TB
bull 3 Anthrax (sheep and cattle) ndash Bacillus anthracis ndash Discovered that B anthracis produce spores that is capable of resisting
adverse conditions
A h
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 51
Anthraxbull Bacillus anthracis
ndash Gram (+) non-motile aerobic spore forming rod ndash Streptobacilli with central spores
ndash Livestock
bull Sheep cattle goats
ndash Humans
bull Handle hides wool goat hair handicrafts from the Middle
East made from animal products
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 52
3 Forms of Human Anthrax
bull 1 Cutaneous Anthrax
ndash Enters thru cut or
abrasion
ndash Results in painless
ulcer (1-3 cm) with
black (necrotic) center
ndash About 20 mortality
rate in untreated cases
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 53
bull 2 Gastrointestinal Anthrax
ndash Contaminated meat
ndash Abdominal pain fevervomiting blood severe
diarrhea
ndash 25 to 60 mortality rate
3 I h l i A h
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 54
bull 3 Inhalation Anthrax
bull Initial symptomsresemble common
cold ndash Progress to severe
breathing problems andshock
ndash Usually results in death1-2 days after onset of acute symptoms
ndash Mortality rate 99 inuntreated cases
ndash Treatment usually noteffective aftersymptoms are present
A h Bi l i l W
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 55
Anthrax as a Biological Weapon
bull Deadly if not treated early
bull Spores can be produced in large quantities using basicknowledge of biology
bull Spores may remain viable for years (60 at least)
bull Spores can be spread
ndash Missiles rockets bombs mail crop dusters
bull No cloud or color
bull No smell
bull No taste
bull Antibiotics ndash only effective if administered early (within24 ndash 48 hours)
h 1 lidif
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 56
Koch - 1st to use Agar to solidify
culture media
Golden Age of Microbiology
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 57
Golden Age of Microbiology 1857 - 1914
bull Pasteur
ndash Pasteurization
ndash Fermentation
bull Joseph Lister
ndash Phenol to treat surgical wounds ndash 1st attempt to control infections
caused by microoganisms
bull Robert Koch ndash Kochrsquos Postulates
bull Edward Jenner
ndash vaccination
bull Paul Erlich ndash 1st synthetic drug used to treat infections
ndash Salvarsan - arsenic based chemical to treat Syphilis
bull ldquosalvationrdquo from Syphilis
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 58
Naming of Bacteria
bull Genus and species - Binomial System of
Taxonomic Classification
bull Information usually given
ndash 1 Describes an organism
ndash 2 Identifies a habitat ndash 3 Honors a scientist or researcher
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 59
Bacterial Morphology
bull Bacilli
bull Cocci
bull Spiral
Arrangements
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 60
ArrangementsStaphylo
Strepto
Diplo
Sarcinae
Tetrad
Vibrio (comma shaped)
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 61
bull Staphylococcus aureus
bull Staphylococcusepidermidis
bull Streptococcus
pneumoniae
bull Vibrio cholerae
bull Rhodospirillium
rubrumbull Bacillus subtilis
bull Micrococcus luteus
bull Escherichia coli
bull Bacillus anthracis
bull Salmonella enteridis
bull Streptococcus pyogenes
bull Steptococcus lactis
bull Streptococcus faecalis
bull Erlichia canis
bull Campylobacter jejuni
bull Helicobacter pylori
bull Enterobacter aerogenes
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 62
Microbiology A Human Perspective
bull Microorganisms cannot be seen without the aid of amicroscope
bull There are more than 200000 known microbesbull Exist in virtually any environment that has water
bull Exhibit tremendous biodiversity
bull Compose the largest biomass group of living
organismsbull Microbes exist for more than 35 billion years
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 63
bull Food production bread beer
bull Bioremediation decontamination
of hazardous wastesbull Useful products ethanol fuel
antibiotics amino acids
bull Genetic engineeringpharmaceuticals vaccines
bull Genomics genome sequencingpermits understanding of diseasemechanisms
Applications of Microbiology
Medical microbiology
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 64
bull Infectious diseases have killedmore people than all wars andnatural disasters combined
bull Outbreaks have changed thecourse of history
bull Vaccines have dramaticallydecreased the incidence of
infectious diseases especiallyin children
Medical microbiology
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 65
bull Re-emergence of ldquoOldrdquo Infectious
Diseases
ndash Cases of whooping cough have increased
in the last few years
ndash Many microbes have evolved antibiotic
resistance
Medical microbiology (cont)
Medical microbiology (cont )
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 66
bull Emerging infectious diseases
ndash As humans encroach upon wild habitat new infectious agents (microbes) arediscovered
ndash These agents are typically hosted by animals and are termed zoonotic agents
Medical microbiology (cont)
Agent Host Disease
Ebola virus Bats Ebola hemorrhagic fever
SARS virus Bats Severe acute respiratory syndrome
Sin Nombre virus Deer mouse Hantavirus cardiopulmonary syndrome
Nipah virus Bats Nipah encephalitis
Dengue virus Mosquitos Dengue fever Dengue hemorrhagic fever
Machupo virus Vesper mouse Bolivian hemorrhagic fever
Avian influenza viruses Various birds Influenza
Some recently discovered agents and their animal hosts
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 67
Terminologieshellip
bull Bacteriocins ndash Toxins produce by enterobacteria that are lethal to
related strains of bacteria
bull Resident flora ndash Collective vegetation in a given area in one part of the body yet produce infection in another
bull Infection
ndash Is an invasion of body tissue by microbes and theirgrowth
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 68
bull Infectious agent
ndash Microbes that cause infection
bull Asymptomaticsubclinical ndash Microbes do not produce clinical evidence of
disease
bull Disease ndash Detectable alteration in normal tissue function
bull Virulence
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 69
Virulence ndash Microbersquos ability to produce disease
bull Communicable disease ndash Infectious agents that can be transmitted to an individual by direct
or indirect contact or as airborne infection ndash ex common colds
bull Pathogenicity ndash Ability to produce disease
bull Pathogen ndash Disease causing microbes ndash 3 of known microbes are capable of causing disease
bull Non-pathogens ndash Do not cause disease
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 70
Terminologieshellip
bull Opportunistic pathogen ndash Causes disease only in a susceptible individual
bull Asepsis
ndash Freedom from disease-causing microbes
bull Medical asepsis ndash All practices intended to confine a specific
microbes to a specific area limiting the growth
amp transmission of microbes
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 71
bull Medical asepsis
ndash Objects are CLEAN (absence of almost all microbes)
bull Surgical asepsissterile technique
ndash Practices that keep an area or object free of allmicrobes
ndash Practices that destroys all microbes amp spores
bull Sepsis
ndash State of infection and can take many forms includingseptic shock
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GRADED RECITATION
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 73
Microorganisms are said to be
ubiquitous
Can you think of any locations thatwould be devoid of microorganisms
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 74
Of all the various areas of microbiology
mentioned in this chapter which
appeal to you the mostWhy
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 75
Assume that you are entering a health-related
professionOf what value will knowledge of
microbiology be to you
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 76
Many people consider Louis Pasteurrsquos
contributions to be the foundation of the
science of microbiology and a cornerstone
of modern medicine
What contributions did he make that would
cause people to believe that
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You have isolated a bacterium from the blood
of a patient with a newly described disease
What steps would you take to prove that the
organism that yoursquove isolated is the cause of
the patientrsquos disease
(Hint Remember Kochrsquos Postulates)
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 12
Taxonomic Classification
bull Kingdom
bull Phylumbull Class
bull Order
bull Family
bull Genus
bull species
bull Cat
bull Animalia
bull Chordatebull Mammalia
bull Carnivora
bull Felidae
bull Felis
bull domestica
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 13
Binomial System of Taxonomic
Classificationbull Use only the Genus and species
ndash Homo sapien
ndash Felis domestica ndash Escherichia coli
bull Genus and species are either underlined or
italicized bull Genus is always capitalized
bull species is never capitalized
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 14
Classification Systembull 3 Domains 1978 Carl Woese
ndash 1 Bacteriabull Unicellular prokaryotes with cell wall containing
peptidoglycan
ndash 2 Archaea
bull Unicellular prokaryotes with no peptodoglycan incell wall
ndash 3 Eukarya
bull Protista
bull Fungi
bull Plantae
bull Animalia
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 15
Bacteria - what comes to mind
bull Diseases
bull Infections
bull Epidemics
bull Food Spoilagebull Only 3 of all known bacteria cause human
diseases
bull About 4 of all known bacteria cause plantdiseases
bull 95 of known bacteria are non-pathogens
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 16
Microbes Benefit Humans
bull 1Bacteria are primary decomposers -
recycle nutrients back into the environment
(sewage treatment plants)bull 2 Microbes produce various food products
ndash cheese pickles green olives
ndash yogurt soy sauce vinegar bread ndash Beer Wine Alcohol
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 17
3 Microbes are used to produce Antibiotics
bull Penicillin
bull Mold ndash Penicillium notatum
bull 1928 Alexander Fleming
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 18
4 Bacteria synthesize chemicals that our
body needs but cannot synthesize
bull Example E coli
ndash B vitamins - for metabolism
ndash Vitamin K - blood clotting
bull Escherichia coli
ndash Dr Escherich ndash Colon (intestine)
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 19
5 Biochemistry and Metabolism
bull Very simple structure
bull rapid rate of reproduction
bull provides ldquoinstantrdquo data
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 20
6 Microbial Antagonism
bull Our normal microbial flora prevents
potential pathogens from gaining access to
our body
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 21
7 Insect Pest Control
bull Using bacteria to control the growth of
insects
bull Bacillus thuringiensis
ndash caterpillars
ndash bollworms ndash corn borers
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 22
8 Bioremediation
bull Using microbes to clean up pollutants and
toxic wastes
bull Exxon Valdez - 1989
bull 2 Genera
ndash Pseudomonas sp ndash Bacillus sp
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 23
9 Recombinant DNA Technology
Gene Therapy Genetic Engineering
bull Bacteria can be manipulated to produceenzymes and proteins they normally would
not produce
ndash Insulin
ndash Human Growth Hormone
ndash Interferon
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 24
10 Microbes form the basis of
the food chain
Marine and fresh water microorganisms
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 25
Microbes do benefit us but they are also
capable of causing many diseases
bull Pneumonia Whooping Cough
bull Botulism Typhoid Fever Measles
bull Cholera Scarlet Fever Mumps
bull Syphilis Gonorrhea Herpes 1
bull Chlamydia Tuberculosis Herpes 2
bull Meningitis Tetanus RMSV
bull Strep Throat Lyme Disease AIDS
bull Black Plague Diarrhea Gangrene
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 26
History of the Study of
Microorganisms
bull 1665 Robert Hooke
ndash ldquolittle boxesrdquo - ldquocellsrdquo
ndash Cell Theory - all living things are made up of cells
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 27
Spontaneous Generation
bull Theory that life just ldquospontaneouslyrdquo
developed from non-living matter
bull Example
ndash toads snakes and mice - moist soil
ndash flies and maggots - manure and decaying flesh
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 28
Experiments to disprove
Spontaneous Generationbull Francesco Redi 1668
ndash Showed that worms which appeared on rotting meatwere from fly eggs
bull Rudolph Virchow 1858 ndash Theory of Biogenesis
bull Cells can only arise from preexisting cells
bull Louis Pasteur 1861 ndash Showed that appearance of microbes in sterilized media
was from air-borne bacteria ndash Showed that sterilized materials remained sterile if kept
isolated from the external environment
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 29
Anton van Leeuwenhoek 1674
- 1st person to actually see living microorganisms
ldquowee animalculesrdquo
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 30
ANTON VAN LEEUWENHOEK
bull 1st to see live bacteria and protozoabull FATHER OF MICROBIOLOGY
bull FATHER OF BACTERIOLOGY amp PROTOZOOLOGY
bull Fabric merchant a surveyor wine assayer and a minor city
official
bull Hobby
ndash ground tiny glass lenses which he mounted in smallmetal frames (single-lens microscope)
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 31
ANTON VAN LEEUWENHOEK
bull He never speculated on the
origin of microbes nor associate
them with infectious disease
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 32
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 33
bull Scientist became convinced of the existence of tiny creature (notseen by naked eye)
bull SPONTANEOUS GENERATION THEORY ABIOGENESIS wasestablished
ndash Life could develop spontaneously from inanimatesubstancesnonliving organisms
ndash UNTIL the time of Louis Pasteur and John Tyndall whodisproved the theory and prove that
bull ldquoLIFE CAN ONLY ARISE FROMPREEXISTING LIFE ALONErdquo
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 34
LOUIS PASTEUR
bull Contributions makes the
foundation of
ndash science of microbiology
ndash modern medicinehellip
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 35
LOUIS PASTEURrsquoS CONTRIBUTIONhellip
bull 1 Wine contamination Discoveredwhat occurs during alcoholicfermentation ndash Demonstrated that different microbes
produce different fermentationproducts
ndash Ex yeast converts glucose in grapesto ethanol by fermentation
ndash Acetobacter a contaminatingbacteriaconverts glucose to aceticacid (vinegar)- ruining the taste of thewine
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 36
2 Thru experiment dealth the fatal blow tothe theory of spontaneous generation
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 37
Pasteur designed special ldquoswan-necked flasksrdquo
with a boiled meat infusion
Shape of flask allowed air in (vital force) but trapped
dust particles which may contain microbes
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 38
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 39
LOUIS PASTEURrsquoS CONTRIBUTIONhellip
bull 3 Discovered forms of life that are withno oxygen
ndash Aerobes ndash microbes needs Oxygen ndash Anaerobes ndash microbes can live without
oxygen
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 40
LOUIS PASTEURrsquoS CONTRIBUTIONhellip
4 Pasteurization ndash process that kills microbesthat cause wine to spoil
- Can be used to kill pathogens in liquids
- Process- Heating and maintaining to 63-65oC for 30 minutes or 73-75oCfor 15mins
- Note not ALL microbes are killed
ONLY the pathogens
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 41
LOUIS PASTEURrsquoS CONTRIBUTIONhellip
bull 5 Discovered the causative agent that
were causing silkworm diseases in silk industry in France and how to preventsuch disease
bull 6 Contributed on the GERM THEORYOF DISEASE ndash specific microbes causespecific infectious diseases
ndash ex anthrax caused by Bacillus anthracis
ndash TB by Mycobacterium tuberculosis
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 42
LOUIS PASTEURrsquoS CONTRIBUTIONhellip
7 Championed changes in hospitalpractices to minimize the spread of disease by pathogens
8 Developed vaccines to preventcholeraanthrax and swineerysipelas (skin disease)
9 Developed RABIES vaccine in dogs
and successfully used to treathuman rabies
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 43
Germ Theory of Disease
bull Hard for people to believe that diseases werecaused by tiny invisible ldquowee animalculesrdquo
bull Diseases they thought were caused by
ndash demons
ndash witchcraft
ndash bad luck
ndash the wrath of God ndash curses
ndash evil spirits
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 44
Robert Koch - 1st to prove that
bacteria actually caused diseases
bull 1876
bull Microbial Etiology of Infectious Disease
ndash etiology - the cause of a disease
bull Developed methods of fixing staining andphotographing bacteria
bull Established ldquoscientific rulesrdquo to show a cause and
effect relationship between a microbe and a
disease
ndash Kochrsquos Postulates
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 45
Staining Koch Postulate
K hrsquo P t l t
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 46
Kochrsquos Postulates bull 1 The same organisms must be found in all
cases of a given diseasebull 2 The organism must be isolated and grown
in pure culture
bull 3 The isolated organism must reproducethe same disease when inoculated into a
healthy susceptible animal
bull 4 The original organism must again beisolated from the experimentally infected
animal
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 47
Exceptions to Kochrsquos Postulates
1 Some organisms have never been grown in
pure culture on artificial media
Treponema pallidum - Syphilis
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 48
Mycobacterium leprae
Leprosy
Never been grown in pure culture on artificial media
Seven Banded Armadillo
Exceptions to Kochrsquos Postulates
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 49
Exceptions to Kochrsquos Postulates
bull In exclusively human diseases it is not
morally acceptable to inoculate a deadly
pathogen into a ldquohuman guinea pigrdquo
bull HIV
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 50
Koch established the Microbial Etiology
of 3 important diseases of his day
bull 1 Cholera (fecal-oral disease)
ndash Vibrio cholerae
bull 2 Tuberculosis (pulmonary infection) ndash Mycobacterium tuberculosis
ndash Work on tuberculin (protein from M tuberculosis) that led to devrsquot of skin testing to diagnose TB
bull 3 Anthrax (sheep and cattle) ndash Bacillus anthracis ndash Discovered that B anthracis produce spores that is capable of resisting
adverse conditions
A h
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 51
Anthraxbull Bacillus anthracis
ndash Gram (+) non-motile aerobic spore forming rod ndash Streptobacilli with central spores
ndash Livestock
bull Sheep cattle goats
ndash Humans
bull Handle hides wool goat hair handicrafts from the Middle
East made from animal products
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 52
3 Forms of Human Anthrax
bull 1 Cutaneous Anthrax
ndash Enters thru cut or
abrasion
ndash Results in painless
ulcer (1-3 cm) with
black (necrotic) center
ndash About 20 mortality
rate in untreated cases
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 53
bull 2 Gastrointestinal Anthrax
ndash Contaminated meat
ndash Abdominal pain fevervomiting blood severe
diarrhea
ndash 25 to 60 mortality rate
3 I h l i A h
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 54
bull 3 Inhalation Anthrax
bull Initial symptomsresemble common
cold ndash Progress to severe
breathing problems andshock
ndash Usually results in death1-2 days after onset of acute symptoms
ndash Mortality rate 99 inuntreated cases
ndash Treatment usually noteffective aftersymptoms are present
A h Bi l i l W
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 55
Anthrax as a Biological Weapon
bull Deadly if not treated early
bull Spores can be produced in large quantities using basicknowledge of biology
bull Spores may remain viable for years (60 at least)
bull Spores can be spread
ndash Missiles rockets bombs mail crop dusters
bull No cloud or color
bull No smell
bull No taste
bull Antibiotics ndash only effective if administered early (within24 ndash 48 hours)
h 1 lidif
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 56
Koch - 1st to use Agar to solidify
culture media
Golden Age of Microbiology
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 57
Golden Age of Microbiology 1857 - 1914
bull Pasteur
ndash Pasteurization
ndash Fermentation
bull Joseph Lister
ndash Phenol to treat surgical wounds ndash 1st attempt to control infections
caused by microoganisms
bull Robert Koch ndash Kochrsquos Postulates
bull Edward Jenner
ndash vaccination
bull Paul Erlich ndash 1st synthetic drug used to treat infections
ndash Salvarsan - arsenic based chemical to treat Syphilis
bull ldquosalvationrdquo from Syphilis
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 58
Naming of Bacteria
bull Genus and species - Binomial System of
Taxonomic Classification
bull Information usually given
ndash 1 Describes an organism
ndash 2 Identifies a habitat ndash 3 Honors a scientist or researcher
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 59
Bacterial Morphology
bull Bacilli
bull Cocci
bull Spiral
Arrangements
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 60
ArrangementsStaphylo
Strepto
Diplo
Sarcinae
Tetrad
Vibrio (comma shaped)
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 61
bull Staphylococcus aureus
bull Staphylococcusepidermidis
bull Streptococcus
pneumoniae
bull Vibrio cholerae
bull Rhodospirillium
rubrumbull Bacillus subtilis
bull Micrococcus luteus
bull Escherichia coli
bull Bacillus anthracis
bull Salmonella enteridis
bull Streptococcus pyogenes
bull Steptococcus lactis
bull Streptococcus faecalis
bull Erlichia canis
bull Campylobacter jejuni
bull Helicobacter pylori
bull Enterobacter aerogenes
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 62
Microbiology A Human Perspective
bull Microorganisms cannot be seen without the aid of amicroscope
bull There are more than 200000 known microbesbull Exist in virtually any environment that has water
bull Exhibit tremendous biodiversity
bull Compose the largest biomass group of living
organismsbull Microbes exist for more than 35 billion years
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 63
bull Food production bread beer
bull Bioremediation decontamination
of hazardous wastesbull Useful products ethanol fuel
antibiotics amino acids
bull Genetic engineeringpharmaceuticals vaccines
bull Genomics genome sequencingpermits understanding of diseasemechanisms
Applications of Microbiology
Medical microbiology
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 64
bull Infectious diseases have killedmore people than all wars andnatural disasters combined
bull Outbreaks have changed thecourse of history
bull Vaccines have dramaticallydecreased the incidence of
infectious diseases especiallyin children
Medical microbiology
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 65
bull Re-emergence of ldquoOldrdquo Infectious
Diseases
ndash Cases of whooping cough have increased
in the last few years
ndash Many microbes have evolved antibiotic
resistance
Medical microbiology (cont)
Medical microbiology (cont )
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 66
bull Emerging infectious diseases
ndash As humans encroach upon wild habitat new infectious agents (microbes) arediscovered
ndash These agents are typically hosted by animals and are termed zoonotic agents
Medical microbiology (cont)
Agent Host Disease
Ebola virus Bats Ebola hemorrhagic fever
SARS virus Bats Severe acute respiratory syndrome
Sin Nombre virus Deer mouse Hantavirus cardiopulmonary syndrome
Nipah virus Bats Nipah encephalitis
Dengue virus Mosquitos Dengue fever Dengue hemorrhagic fever
Machupo virus Vesper mouse Bolivian hemorrhagic fever
Avian influenza viruses Various birds Influenza
Some recently discovered agents and their animal hosts
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 67
Terminologieshellip
bull Bacteriocins ndash Toxins produce by enterobacteria that are lethal to
related strains of bacteria
bull Resident flora ndash Collective vegetation in a given area in one part of the body yet produce infection in another
bull Infection
ndash Is an invasion of body tissue by microbes and theirgrowth
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 68
bull Infectious agent
ndash Microbes that cause infection
bull Asymptomaticsubclinical ndash Microbes do not produce clinical evidence of
disease
bull Disease ndash Detectable alteration in normal tissue function
bull Virulence
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 69
Virulence ndash Microbersquos ability to produce disease
bull Communicable disease ndash Infectious agents that can be transmitted to an individual by direct
or indirect contact or as airborne infection ndash ex common colds
bull Pathogenicity ndash Ability to produce disease
bull Pathogen ndash Disease causing microbes ndash 3 of known microbes are capable of causing disease
bull Non-pathogens ndash Do not cause disease
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 70
Terminologieshellip
bull Opportunistic pathogen ndash Causes disease only in a susceptible individual
bull Asepsis
ndash Freedom from disease-causing microbes
bull Medical asepsis ndash All practices intended to confine a specific
microbes to a specific area limiting the growth
amp transmission of microbes
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 71
bull Medical asepsis
ndash Objects are CLEAN (absence of almost all microbes)
bull Surgical asepsissterile technique
ndash Practices that keep an area or object free of allmicrobes
ndash Practices that destroys all microbes amp spores
bull Sepsis
ndash State of infection and can take many forms includingseptic shock
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GRADED RECITATION
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 73
Microorganisms are said to be
ubiquitous
Can you think of any locations thatwould be devoid of microorganisms
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 74
Of all the various areas of microbiology
mentioned in this chapter which
appeal to you the mostWhy
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 75
Assume that you are entering a health-related
professionOf what value will knowledge of
microbiology be to you
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 76
Many people consider Louis Pasteurrsquos
contributions to be the foundation of the
science of microbiology and a cornerstone
of modern medicine
What contributions did he make that would
cause people to believe that
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You have isolated a bacterium from the blood
of a patient with a newly described disease
What steps would you take to prove that the
organism that yoursquove isolated is the cause of
the patientrsquos disease
(Hint Remember Kochrsquos Postulates)
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 13
Binomial System of Taxonomic
Classificationbull Use only the Genus and species
ndash Homo sapien
ndash Felis domestica ndash Escherichia coli
bull Genus and species are either underlined or
italicized bull Genus is always capitalized
bull species is never capitalized
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 14
Classification Systembull 3 Domains 1978 Carl Woese
ndash 1 Bacteriabull Unicellular prokaryotes with cell wall containing
peptidoglycan
ndash 2 Archaea
bull Unicellular prokaryotes with no peptodoglycan incell wall
ndash 3 Eukarya
bull Protista
bull Fungi
bull Plantae
bull Animalia
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 15
Bacteria - what comes to mind
bull Diseases
bull Infections
bull Epidemics
bull Food Spoilagebull Only 3 of all known bacteria cause human
diseases
bull About 4 of all known bacteria cause plantdiseases
bull 95 of known bacteria are non-pathogens
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 16
Microbes Benefit Humans
bull 1Bacteria are primary decomposers -
recycle nutrients back into the environment
(sewage treatment plants)bull 2 Microbes produce various food products
ndash cheese pickles green olives
ndash yogurt soy sauce vinegar bread ndash Beer Wine Alcohol
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 17
3 Microbes are used to produce Antibiotics
bull Penicillin
bull Mold ndash Penicillium notatum
bull 1928 Alexander Fleming
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 18
4 Bacteria synthesize chemicals that our
body needs but cannot synthesize
bull Example E coli
ndash B vitamins - for metabolism
ndash Vitamin K - blood clotting
bull Escherichia coli
ndash Dr Escherich ndash Colon (intestine)
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 19
5 Biochemistry and Metabolism
bull Very simple structure
bull rapid rate of reproduction
bull provides ldquoinstantrdquo data
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 20
6 Microbial Antagonism
bull Our normal microbial flora prevents
potential pathogens from gaining access to
our body
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 21
7 Insect Pest Control
bull Using bacteria to control the growth of
insects
bull Bacillus thuringiensis
ndash caterpillars
ndash bollworms ndash corn borers
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 22
8 Bioremediation
bull Using microbes to clean up pollutants and
toxic wastes
bull Exxon Valdez - 1989
bull 2 Genera
ndash Pseudomonas sp ndash Bacillus sp
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 23
9 Recombinant DNA Technology
Gene Therapy Genetic Engineering
bull Bacteria can be manipulated to produceenzymes and proteins they normally would
not produce
ndash Insulin
ndash Human Growth Hormone
ndash Interferon
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 24
10 Microbes form the basis of
the food chain
Marine and fresh water microorganisms
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 25
Microbes do benefit us but they are also
capable of causing many diseases
bull Pneumonia Whooping Cough
bull Botulism Typhoid Fever Measles
bull Cholera Scarlet Fever Mumps
bull Syphilis Gonorrhea Herpes 1
bull Chlamydia Tuberculosis Herpes 2
bull Meningitis Tetanus RMSV
bull Strep Throat Lyme Disease AIDS
bull Black Plague Diarrhea Gangrene
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 26
History of the Study of
Microorganisms
bull 1665 Robert Hooke
ndash ldquolittle boxesrdquo - ldquocellsrdquo
ndash Cell Theory - all living things are made up of cells
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 27
Spontaneous Generation
bull Theory that life just ldquospontaneouslyrdquo
developed from non-living matter
bull Example
ndash toads snakes and mice - moist soil
ndash flies and maggots - manure and decaying flesh
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 28
Experiments to disprove
Spontaneous Generationbull Francesco Redi 1668
ndash Showed that worms which appeared on rotting meatwere from fly eggs
bull Rudolph Virchow 1858 ndash Theory of Biogenesis
bull Cells can only arise from preexisting cells
bull Louis Pasteur 1861 ndash Showed that appearance of microbes in sterilized media
was from air-borne bacteria ndash Showed that sterilized materials remained sterile if kept
isolated from the external environment
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 29
Anton van Leeuwenhoek 1674
- 1st person to actually see living microorganisms
ldquowee animalculesrdquo
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 30
ANTON VAN LEEUWENHOEK
bull 1st to see live bacteria and protozoabull FATHER OF MICROBIOLOGY
bull FATHER OF BACTERIOLOGY amp PROTOZOOLOGY
bull Fabric merchant a surveyor wine assayer and a minor city
official
bull Hobby
ndash ground tiny glass lenses which he mounted in smallmetal frames (single-lens microscope)
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 31
ANTON VAN LEEUWENHOEK
bull He never speculated on the
origin of microbes nor associate
them with infectious disease
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 32
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 33
bull Scientist became convinced of the existence of tiny creature (notseen by naked eye)
bull SPONTANEOUS GENERATION THEORY ABIOGENESIS wasestablished
ndash Life could develop spontaneously from inanimatesubstancesnonliving organisms
ndash UNTIL the time of Louis Pasteur and John Tyndall whodisproved the theory and prove that
bull ldquoLIFE CAN ONLY ARISE FROMPREEXISTING LIFE ALONErdquo
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 34
LOUIS PASTEUR
bull Contributions makes the
foundation of
ndash science of microbiology
ndash modern medicinehellip
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 35
LOUIS PASTEURrsquoS CONTRIBUTIONhellip
bull 1 Wine contamination Discoveredwhat occurs during alcoholicfermentation ndash Demonstrated that different microbes
produce different fermentationproducts
ndash Ex yeast converts glucose in grapesto ethanol by fermentation
ndash Acetobacter a contaminatingbacteriaconverts glucose to aceticacid (vinegar)- ruining the taste of thewine
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 36
2 Thru experiment dealth the fatal blow tothe theory of spontaneous generation
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 37
Pasteur designed special ldquoswan-necked flasksrdquo
with a boiled meat infusion
Shape of flask allowed air in (vital force) but trapped
dust particles which may contain microbes
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 38
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 39
LOUIS PASTEURrsquoS CONTRIBUTIONhellip
bull 3 Discovered forms of life that are withno oxygen
ndash Aerobes ndash microbes needs Oxygen ndash Anaerobes ndash microbes can live without
oxygen
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 40
LOUIS PASTEURrsquoS CONTRIBUTIONhellip
4 Pasteurization ndash process that kills microbesthat cause wine to spoil
- Can be used to kill pathogens in liquids
- Process- Heating and maintaining to 63-65oC for 30 minutes or 73-75oCfor 15mins
- Note not ALL microbes are killed
ONLY the pathogens
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 41
LOUIS PASTEURrsquoS CONTRIBUTIONhellip
bull 5 Discovered the causative agent that
were causing silkworm diseases in silk industry in France and how to preventsuch disease
bull 6 Contributed on the GERM THEORYOF DISEASE ndash specific microbes causespecific infectious diseases
ndash ex anthrax caused by Bacillus anthracis
ndash TB by Mycobacterium tuberculosis
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 42
LOUIS PASTEURrsquoS CONTRIBUTIONhellip
7 Championed changes in hospitalpractices to minimize the spread of disease by pathogens
8 Developed vaccines to preventcholeraanthrax and swineerysipelas (skin disease)
9 Developed RABIES vaccine in dogs
and successfully used to treathuman rabies
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 43
Germ Theory of Disease
bull Hard for people to believe that diseases werecaused by tiny invisible ldquowee animalculesrdquo
bull Diseases they thought were caused by
ndash demons
ndash witchcraft
ndash bad luck
ndash the wrath of God ndash curses
ndash evil spirits
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 44
Robert Koch - 1st to prove that
bacteria actually caused diseases
bull 1876
bull Microbial Etiology of Infectious Disease
ndash etiology - the cause of a disease
bull Developed methods of fixing staining andphotographing bacteria
bull Established ldquoscientific rulesrdquo to show a cause and
effect relationship between a microbe and a
disease
ndash Kochrsquos Postulates
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 45
Staining Koch Postulate
K hrsquo P t l t
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 46
Kochrsquos Postulates bull 1 The same organisms must be found in all
cases of a given diseasebull 2 The organism must be isolated and grown
in pure culture
bull 3 The isolated organism must reproducethe same disease when inoculated into a
healthy susceptible animal
bull 4 The original organism must again beisolated from the experimentally infected
animal
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 47
Exceptions to Kochrsquos Postulates
1 Some organisms have never been grown in
pure culture on artificial media
Treponema pallidum - Syphilis
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 48
Mycobacterium leprae
Leprosy
Never been grown in pure culture on artificial media
Seven Banded Armadillo
Exceptions to Kochrsquos Postulates
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 49
Exceptions to Kochrsquos Postulates
bull In exclusively human diseases it is not
morally acceptable to inoculate a deadly
pathogen into a ldquohuman guinea pigrdquo
bull HIV
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 50
Koch established the Microbial Etiology
of 3 important diseases of his day
bull 1 Cholera (fecal-oral disease)
ndash Vibrio cholerae
bull 2 Tuberculosis (pulmonary infection) ndash Mycobacterium tuberculosis
ndash Work on tuberculin (protein from M tuberculosis) that led to devrsquot of skin testing to diagnose TB
bull 3 Anthrax (sheep and cattle) ndash Bacillus anthracis ndash Discovered that B anthracis produce spores that is capable of resisting
adverse conditions
A h
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 51
Anthraxbull Bacillus anthracis
ndash Gram (+) non-motile aerobic spore forming rod ndash Streptobacilli with central spores
ndash Livestock
bull Sheep cattle goats
ndash Humans
bull Handle hides wool goat hair handicrafts from the Middle
East made from animal products
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 52
3 Forms of Human Anthrax
bull 1 Cutaneous Anthrax
ndash Enters thru cut or
abrasion
ndash Results in painless
ulcer (1-3 cm) with
black (necrotic) center
ndash About 20 mortality
rate in untreated cases
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 53
bull 2 Gastrointestinal Anthrax
ndash Contaminated meat
ndash Abdominal pain fevervomiting blood severe
diarrhea
ndash 25 to 60 mortality rate
3 I h l i A h
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 54
bull 3 Inhalation Anthrax
bull Initial symptomsresemble common
cold ndash Progress to severe
breathing problems andshock
ndash Usually results in death1-2 days after onset of acute symptoms
ndash Mortality rate 99 inuntreated cases
ndash Treatment usually noteffective aftersymptoms are present
A h Bi l i l W
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 55
Anthrax as a Biological Weapon
bull Deadly if not treated early
bull Spores can be produced in large quantities using basicknowledge of biology
bull Spores may remain viable for years (60 at least)
bull Spores can be spread
ndash Missiles rockets bombs mail crop dusters
bull No cloud or color
bull No smell
bull No taste
bull Antibiotics ndash only effective if administered early (within24 ndash 48 hours)
h 1 lidif
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 56
Koch - 1st to use Agar to solidify
culture media
Golden Age of Microbiology
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 57
Golden Age of Microbiology 1857 - 1914
bull Pasteur
ndash Pasteurization
ndash Fermentation
bull Joseph Lister
ndash Phenol to treat surgical wounds ndash 1st attempt to control infections
caused by microoganisms
bull Robert Koch ndash Kochrsquos Postulates
bull Edward Jenner
ndash vaccination
bull Paul Erlich ndash 1st synthetic drug used to treat infections
ndash Salvarsan - arsenic based chemical to treat Syphilis
bull ldquosalvationrdquo from Syphilis
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 58
Naming of Bacteria
bull Genus and species - Binomial System of
Taxonomic Classification
bull Information usually given
ndash 1 Describes an organism
ndash 2 Identifies a habitat ndash 3 Honors a scientist or researcher
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 59
Bacterial Morphology
bull Bacilli
bull Cocci
bull Spiral
Arrangements
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 60
ArrangementsStaphylo
Strepto
Diplo
Sarcinae
Tetrad
Vibrio (comma shaped)
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 61
bull Staphylococcus aureus
bull Staphylococcusepidermidis
bull Streptococcus
pneumoniae
bull Vibrio cholerae
bull Rhodospirillium
rubrumbull Bacillus subtilis
bull Micrococcus luteus
bull Escherichia coli
bull Bacillus anthracis
bull Salmonella enteridis
bull Streptococcus pyogenes
bull Steptococcus lactis
bull Streptococcus faecalis
bull Erlichia canis
bull Campylobacter jejuni
bull Helicobacter pylori
bull Enterobacter aerogenes
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 62
Microbiology A Human Perspective
bull Microorganisms cannot be seen without the aid of amicroscope
bull There are more than 200000 known microbesbull Exist in virtually any environment that has water
bull Exhibit tremendous biodiversity
bull Compose the largest biomass group of living
organismsbull Microbes exist for more than 35 billion years
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 63
bull Food production bread beer
bull Bioremediation decontamination
of hazardous wastesbull Useful products ethanol fuel
antibiotics amino acids
bull Genetic engineeringpharmaceuticals vaccines
bull Genomics genome sequencingpermits understanding of diseasemechanisms
Applications of Microbiology
Medical microbiology
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 64
bull Infectious diseases have killedmore people than all wars andnatural disasters combined
bull Outbreaks have changed thecourse of history
bull Vaccines have dramaticallydecreased the incidence of
infectious diseases especiallyin children
Medical microbiology
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 65
bull Re-emergence of ldquoOldrdquo Infectious
Diseases
ndash Cases of whooping cough have increased
in the last few years
ndash Many microbes have evolved antibiotic
resistance
Medical microbiology (cont)
Medical microbiology (cont )
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 66
bull Emerging infectious diseases
ndash As humans encroach upon wild habitat new infectious agents (microbes) arediscovered
ndash These agents are typically hosted by animals and are termed zoonotic agents
Medical microbiology (cont)
Agent Host Disease
Ebola virus Bats Ebola hemorrhagic fever
SARS virus Bats Severe acute respiratory syndrome
Sin Nombre virus Deer mouse Hantavirus cardiopulmonary syndrome
Nipah virus Bats Nipah encephalitis
Dengue virus Mosquitos Dengue fever Dengue hemorrhagic fever
Machupo virus Vesper mouse Bolivian hemorrhagic fever
Avian influenza viruses Various birds Influenza
Some recently discovered agents and their animal hosts
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 67
Terminologieshellip
bull Bacteriocins ndash Toxins produce by enterobacteria that are lethal to
related strains of bacteria
bull Resident flora ndash Collective vegetation in a given area in one part of the body yet produce infection in another
bull Infection
ndash Is an invasion of body tissue by microbes and theirgrowth
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 68
bull Infectious agent
ndash Microbes that cause infection
bull Asymptomaticsubclinical ndash Microbes do not produce clinical evidence of
disease
bull Disease ndash Detectable alteration in normal tissue function
bull Virulence
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 69
Virulence ndash Microbersquos ability to produce disease
bull Communicable disease ndash Infectious agents that can be transmitted to an individual by direct
or indirect contact or as airborne infection ndash ex common colds
bull Pathogenicity ndash Ability to produce disease
bull Pathogen ndash Disease causing microbes ndash 3 of known microbes are capable of causing disease
bull Non-pathogens ndash Do not cause disease
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 70
Terminologieshellip
bull Opportunistic pathogen ndash Causes disease only in a susceptible individual
bull Asepsis
ndash Freedom from disease-causing microbes
bull Medical asepsis ndash All practices intended to confine a specific
microbes to a specific area limiting the growth
amp transmission of microbes
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 71
bull Medical asepsis
ndash Objects are CLEAN (absence of almost all microbes)
bull Surgical asepsissterile technique
ndash Practices that keep an area or object free of allmicrobes
ndash Practices that destroys all microbes amp spores
bull Sepsis
ndash State of infection and can take many forms includingseptic shock
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GRADED RECITATION
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 73
Microorganisms are said to be
ubiquitous
Can you think of any locations thatwould be devoid of microorganisms
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 74
Of all the various areas of microbiology
mentioned in this chapter which
appeal to you the mostWhy
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 75
Assume that you are entering a health-related
professionOf what value will knowledge of
microbiology be to you
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 76
Many people consider Louis Pasteurrsquos
contributions to be the foundation of the
science of microbiology and a cornerstone
of modern medicine
What contributions did he make that would
cause people to believe that
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You have isolated a bacterium from the blood
of a patient with a newly described disease
What steps would you take to prove that the
organism that yoursquove isolated is the cause of
the patientrsquos disease
(Hint Remember Kochrsquos Postulates)
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 14
Classification Systembull 3 Domains 1978 Carl Woese
ndash 1 Bacteriabull Unicellular prokaryotes with cell wall containing
peptidoglycan
ndash 2 Archaea
bull Unicellular prokaryotes with no peptodoglycan incell wall
ndash 3 Eukarya
bull Protista
bull Fungi
bull Plantae
bull Animalia
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 15
Bacteria - what comes to mind
bull Diseases
bull Infections
bull Epidemics
bull Food Spoilagebull Only 3 of all known bacteria cause human
diseases
bull About 4 of all known bacteria cause plantdiseases
bull 95 of known bacteria are non-pathogens
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 16
Microbes Benefit Humans
bull 1Bacteria are primary decomposers -
recycle nutrients back into the environment
(sewage treatment plants)bull 2 Microbes produce various food products
ndash cheese pickles green olives
ndash yogurt soy sauce vinegar bread ndash Beer Wine Alcohol
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 17
3 Microbes are used to produce Antibiotics
bull Penicillin
bull Mold ndash Penicillium notatum
bull 1928 Alexander Fleming
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 18
4 Bacteria synthesize chemicals that our
body needs but cannot synthesize
bull Example E coli
ndash B vitamins - for metabolism
ndash Vitamin K - blood clotting
bull Escherichia coli
ndash Dr Escherich ndash Colon (intestine)
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 19
5 Biochemistry and Metabolism
bull Very simple structure
bull rapid rate of reproduction
bull provides ldquoinstantrdquo data
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 20
6 Microbial Antagonism
bull Our normal microbial flora prevents
potential pathogens from gaining access to
our body
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 21
7 Insect Pest Control
bull Using bacteria to control the growth of
insects
bull Bacillus thuringiensis
ndash caterpillars
ndash bollworms ndash corn borers
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 22
8 Bioremediation
bull Using microbes to clean up pollutants and
toxic wastes
bull Exxon Valdez - 1989
bull 2 Genera
ndash Pseudomonas sp ndash Bacillus sp
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 23
9 Recombinant DNA Technology
Gene Therapy Genetic Engineering
bull Bacteria can be manipulated to produceenzymes and proteins they normally would
not produce
ndash Insulin
ndash Human Growth Hormone
ndash Interferon
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 24
10 Microbes form the basis of
the food chain
Marine and fresh water microorganisms
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 25
Microbes do benefit us but they are also
capable of causing many diseases
bull Pneumonia Whooping Cough
bull Botulism Typhoid Fever Measles
bull Cholera Scarlet Fever Mumps
bull Syphilis Gonorrhea Herpes 1
bull Chlamydia Tuberculosis Herpes 2
bull Meningitis Tetanus RMSV
bull Strep Throat Lyme Disease AIDS
bull Black Plague Diarrhea Gangrene
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 26
History of the Study of
Microorganisms
bull 1665 Robert Hooke
ndash ldquolittle boxesrdquo - ldquocellsrdquo
ndash Cell Theory - all living things are made up of cells
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 27
Spontaneous Generation
bull Theory that life just ldquospontaneouslyrdquo
developed from non-living matter
bull Example
ndash toads snakes and mice - moist soil
ndash flies and maggots - manure and decaying flesh
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 28
Experiments to disprove
Spontaneous Generationbull Francesco Redi 1668
ndash Showed that worms which appeared on rotting meatwere from fly eggs
bull Rudolph Virchow 1858 ndash Theory of Biogenesis
bull Cells can only arise from preexisting cells
bull Louis Pasteur 1861 ndash Showed that appearance of microbes in sterilized media
was from air-borne bacteria ndash Showed that sterilized materials remained sterile if kept
isolated from the external environment
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 29
Anton van Leeuwenhoek 1674
- 1st person to actually see living microorganisms
ldquowee animalculesrdquo
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 30
ANTON VAN LEEUWENHOEK
bull 1st to see live bacteria and protozoabull FATHER OF MICROBIOLOGY
bull FATHER OF BACTERIOLOGY amp PROTOZOOLOGY
bull Fabric merchant a surveyor wine assayer and a minor city
official
bull Hobby
ndash ground tiny glass lenses which he mounted in smallmetal frames (single-lens microscope)
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 31
ANTON VAN LEEUWENHOEK
bull He never speculated on the
origin of microbes nor associate
them with infectious disease
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 32
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 33
bull Scientist became convinced of the existence of tiny creature (notseen by naked eye)
bull SPONTANEOUS GENERATION THEORY ABIOGENESIS wasestablished
ndash Life could develop spontaneously from inanimatesubstancesnonliving organisms
ndash UNTIL the time of Louis Pasteur and John Tyndall whodisproved the theory and prove that
bull ldquoLIFE CAN ONLY ARISE FROMPREEXISTING LIFE ALONErdquo
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 34
LOUIS PASTEUR
bull Contributions makes the
foundation of
ndash science of microbiology
ndash modern medicinehellip
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 35
LOUIS PASTEURrsquoS CONTRIBUTIONhellip
bull 1 Wine contamination Discoveredwhat occurs during alcoholicfermentation ndash Demonstrated that different microbes
produce different fermentationproducts
ndash Ex yeast converts glucose in grapesto ethanol by fermentation
ndash Acetobacter a contaminatingbacteriaconverts glucose to aceticacid (vinegar)- ruining the taste of thewine
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 36
2 Thru experiment dealth the fatal blow tothe theory of spontaneous generation
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 37
Pasteur designed special ldquoswan-necked flasksrdquo
with a boiled meat infusion
Shape of flask allowed air in (vital force) but trapped
dust particles which may contain microbes
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 38
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 39
LOUIS PASTEURrsquoS CONTRIBUTIONhellip
bull 3 Discovered forms of life that are withno oxygen
ndash Aerobes ndash microbes needs Oxygen ndash Anaerobes ndash microbes can live without
oxygen
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 40
LOUIS PASTEURrsquoS CONTRIBUTIONhellip
4 Pasteurization ndash process that kills microbesthat cause wine to spoil
- Can be used to kill pathogens in liquids
- Process- Heating and maintaining to 63-65oC for 30 minutes or 73-75oCfor 15mins
- Note not ALL microbes are killed
ONLY the pathogens
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 41
LOUIS PASTEURrsquoS CONTRIBUTIONhellip
bull 5 Discovered the causative agent that
were causing silkworm diseases in silk industry in France and how to preventsuch disease
bull 6 Contributed on the GERM THEORYOF DISEASE ndash specific microbes causespecific infectious diseases
ndash ex anthrax caused by Bacillus anthracis
ndash TB by Mycobacterium tuberculosis
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 42
LOUIS PASTEURrsquoS CONTRIBUTIONhellip
7 Championed changes in hospitalpractices to minimize the spread of disease by pathogens
8 Developed vaccines to preventcholeraanthrax and swineerysipelas (skin disease)
9 Developed RABIES vaccine in dogs
and successfully used to treathuman rabies
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 43
Germ Theory of Disease
bull Hard for people to believe that diseases werecaused by tiny invisible ldquowee animalculesrdquo
bull Diseases they thought were caused by
ndash demons
ndash witchcraft
ndash bad luck
ndash the wrath of God ndash curses
ndash evil spirits
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 44
Robert Koch - 1st to prove that
bacteria actually caused diseases
bull 1876
bull Microbial Etiology of Infectious Disease
ndash etiology - the cause of a disease
bull Developed methods of fixing staining andphotographing bacteria
bull Established ldquoscientific rulesrdquo to show a cause and
effect relationship between a microbe and a
disease
ndash Kochrsquos Postulates
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 45
Staining Koch Postulate
K hrsquo P t l t
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 46
Kochrsquos Postulates bull 1 The same organisms must be found in all
cases of a given diseasebull 2 The organism must be isolated and grown
in pure culture
bull 3 The isolated organism must reproducethe same disease when inoculated into a
healthy susceptible animal
bull 4 The original organism must again beisolated from the experimentally infected
animal
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 47
Exceptions to Kochrsquos Postulates
1 Some organisms have never been grown in
pure culture on artificial media
Treponema pallidum - Syphilis
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 48
Mycobacterium leprae
Leprosy
Never been grown in pure culture on artificial media
Seven Banded Armadillo
Exceptions to Kochrsquos Postulates
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 49
Exceptions to Kochrsquos Postulates
bull In exclusively human diseases it is not
morally acceptable to inoculate a deadly
pathogen into a ldquohuman guinea pigrdquo
bull HIV
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 50
Koch established the Microbial Etiology
of 3 important diseases of his day
bull 1 Cholera (fecal-oral disease)
ndash Vibrio cholerae
bull 2 Tuberculosis (pulmonary infection) ndash Mycobacterium tuberculosis
ndash Work on tuberculin (protein from M tuberculosis) that led to devrsquot of skin testing to diagnose TB
bull 3 Anthrax (sheep and cattle) ndash Bacillus anthracis ndash Discovered that B anthracis produce spores that is capable of resisting
adverse conditions
A h
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 51
Anthraxbull Bacillus anthracis
ndash Gram (+) non-motile aerobic spore forming rod ndash Streptobacilli with central spores
ndash Livestock
bull Sheep cattle goats
ndash Humans
bull Handle hides wool goat hair handicrafts from the Middle
East made from animal products
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 52
3 Forms of Human Anthrax
bull 1 Cutaneous Anthrax
ndash Enters thru cut or
abrasion
ndash Results in painless
ulcer (1-3 cm) with
black (necrotic) center
ndash About 20 mortality
rate in untreated cases
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 53
bull 2 Gastrointestinal Anthrax
ndash Contaminated meat
ndash Abdominal pain fevervomiting blood severe
diarrhea
ndash 25 to 60 mortality rate
3 I h l i A h
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 54
bull 3 Inhalation Anthrax
bull Initial symptomsresemble common
cold ndash Progress to severe
breathing problems andshock
ndash Usually results in death1-2 days after onset of acute symptoms
ndash Mortality rate 99 inuntreated cases
ndash Treatment usually noteffective aftersymptoms are present
A h Bi l i l W
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 55
Anthrax as a Biological Weapon
bull Deadly if not treated early
bull Spores can be produced in large quantities using basicknowledge of biology
bull Spores may remain viable for years (60 at least)
bull Spores can be spread
ndash Missiles rockets bombs mail crop dusters
bull No cloud or color
bull No smell
bull No taste
bull Antibiotics ndash only effective if administered early (within24 ndash 48 hours)
h 1 lidif
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Koch - 1st to use Agar to solidify
culture media
Golden Age of Microbiology
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 57
Golden Age of Microbiology 1857 - 1914
bull Pasteur
ndash Pasteurization
ndash Fermentation
bull Joseph Lister
ndash Phenol to treat surgical wounds ndash 1st attempt to control infections
caused by microoganisms
bull Robert Koch ndash Kochrsquos Postulates
bull Edward Jenner
ndash vaccination
bull Paul Erlich ndash 1st synthetic drug used to treat infections
ndash Salvarsan - arsenic based chemical to treat Syphilis
bull ldquosalvationrdquo from Syphilis
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 58
Naming of Bacteria
bull Genus and species - Binomial System of
Taxonomic Classification
bull Information usually given
ndash 1 Describes an organism
ndash 2 Identifies a habitat ndash 3 Honors a scientist or researcher
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 59
Bacterial Morphology
bull Bacilli
bull Cocci
bull Spiral
Arrangements
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 60
ArrangementsStaphylo
Strepto
Diplo
Sarcinae
Tetrad
Vibrio (comma shaped)
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 61
bull Staphylococcus aureus
bull Staphylococcusepidermidis
bull Streptococcus
pneumoniae
bull Vibrio cholerae
bull Rhodospirillium
rubrumbull Bacillus subtilis
bull Micrococcus luteus
bull Escherichia coli
bull Bacillus anthracis
bull Salmonella enteridis
bull Streptococcus pyogenes
bull Steptococcus lactis
bull Streptococcus faecalis
bull Erlichia canis
bull Campylobacter jejuni
bull Helicobacter pylori
bull Enterobacter aerogenes
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 62
Microbiology A Human Perspective
bull Microorganisms cannot be seen without the aid of amicroscope
bull There are more than 200000 known microbesbull Exist in virtually any environment that has water
bull Exhibit tremendous biodiversity
bull Compose the largest biomass group of living
organismsbull Microbes exist for more than 35 billion years
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 63
bull Food production bread beer
bull Bioremediation decontamination
of hazardous wastesbull Useful products ethanol fuel
antibiotics amino acids
bull Genetic engineeringpharmaceuticals vaccines
bull Genomics genome sequencingpermits understanding of diseasemechanisms
Applications of Microbiology
Medical microbiology
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 64
bull Infectious diseases have killedmore people than all wars andnatural disasters combined
bull Outbreaks have changed thecourse of history
bull Vaccines have dramaticallydecreased the incidence of
infectious diseases especiallyin children
Medical microbiology
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 65
bull Re-emergence of ldquoOldrdquo Infectious
Diseases
ndash Cases of whooping cough have increased
in the last few years
ndash Many microbes have evolved antibiotic
resistance
Medical microbiology (cont)
Medical microbiology (cont )
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 66
bull Emerging infectious diseases
ndash As humans encroach upon wild habitat new infectious agents (microbes) arediscovered
ndash These agents are typically hosted by animals and are termed zoonotic agents
Medical microbiology (cont)
Agent Host Disease
Ebola virus Bats Ebola hemorrhagic fever
SARS virus Bats Severe acute respiratory syndrome
Sin Nombre virus Deer mouse Hantavirus cardiopulmonary syndrome
Nipah virus Bats Nipah encephalitis
Dengue virus Mosquitos Dengue fever Dengue hemorrhagic fever
Machupo virus Vesper mouse Bolivian hemorrhagic fever
Avian influenza viruses Various birds Influenza
Some recently discovered agents and their animal hosts
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 67
Terminologieshellip
bull Bacteriocins ndash Toxins produce by enterobacteria that are lethal to
related strains of bacteria
bull Resident flora ndash Collective vegetation in a given area in one part of the body yet produce infection in another
bull Infection
ndash Is an invasion of body tissue by microbes and theirgrowth
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 68
bull Infectious agent
ndash Microbes that cause infection
bull Asymptomaticsubclinical ndash Microbes do not produce clinical evidence of
disease
bull Disease ndash Detectable alteration in normal tissue function
bull Virulence
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 69
Virulence ndash Microbersquos ability to produce disease
bull Communicable disease ndash Infectious agents that can be transmitted to an individual by direct
or indirect contact or as airborne infection ndash ex common colds
bull Pathogenicity ndash Ability to produce disease
bull Pathogen ndash Disease causing microbes ndash 3 of known microbes are capable of causing disease
bull Non-pathogens ndash Do not cause disease
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 70
Terminologieshellip
bull Opportunistic pathogen ndash Causes disease only in a susceptible individual
bull Asepsis
ndash Freedom from disease-causing microbes
bull Medical asepsis ndash All practices intended to confine a specific
microbes to a specific area limiting the growth
amp transmission of microbes
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 71
bull Medical asepsis
ndash Objects are CLEAN (absence of almost all microbes)
bull Surgical asepsissterile technique
ndash Practices that keep an area or object free of allmicrobes
ndash Practices that destroys all microbes amp spores
bull Sepsis
ndash State of infection and can take many forms includingseptic shock
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GRADED RECITATION
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 73
Microorganisms are said to be
ubiquitous
Can you think of any locations thatwould be devoid of microorganisms
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 74
Of all the various areas of microbiology
mentioned in this chapter which
appeal to you the mostWhy
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 75
Assume that you are entering a health-related
professionOf what value will knowledge of
microbiology be to you
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 76
Many people consider Louis Pasteurrsquos
contributions to be the foundation of the
science of microbiology and a cornerstone
of modern medicine
What contributions did he make that would
cause people to believe that
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You have isolated a bacterium from the blood
of a patient with a newly described disease
What steps would you take to prove that the
organism that yoursquove isolated is the cause of
the patientrsquos disease
(Hint Remember Kochrsquos Postulates)
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 15
Bacteria - what comes to mind
bull Diseases
bull Infections
bull Epidemics
bull Food Spoilagebull Only 3 of all known bacteria cause human
diseases
bull About 4 of all known bacteria cause plantdiseases
bull 95 of known bacteria are non-pathogens
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 16
Microbes Benefit Humans
bull 1Bacteria are primary decomposers -
recycle nutrients back into the environment
(sewage treatment plants)bull 2 Microbes produce various food products
ndash cheese pickles green olives
ndash yogurt soy sauce vinegar bread ndash Beer Wine Alcohol
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 17
3 Microbes are used to produce Antibiotics
bull Penicillin
bull Mold ndash Penicillium notatum
bull 1928 Alexander Fleming
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 18
4 Bacteria synthesize chemicals that our
body needs but cannot synthesize
bull Example E coli
ndash B vitamins - for metabolism
ndash Vitamin K - blood clotting
bull Escherichia coli
ndash Dr Escherich ndash Colon (intestine)
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 19
5 Biochemistry and Metabolism
bull Very simple structure
bull rapid rate of reproduction
bull provides ldquoinstantrdquo data
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 20
6 Microbial Antagonism
bull Our normal microbial flora prevents
potential pathogens from gaining access to
our body
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 21
7 Insect Pest Control
bull Using bacteria to control the growth of
insects
bull Bacillus thuringiensis
ndash caterpillars
ndash bollworms ndash corn borers
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 22
8 Bioremediation
bull Using microbes to clean up pollutants and
toxic wastes
bull Exxon Valdez - 1989
bull 2 Genera
ndash Pseudomonas sp ndash Bacillus sp
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 23
9 Recombinant DNA Technology
Gene Therapy Genetic Engineering
bull Bacteria can be manipulated to produceenzymes and proteins they normally would
not produce
ndash Insulin
ndash Human Growth Hormone
ndash Interferon
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 24
10 Microbes form the basis of
the food chain
Marine and fresh water microorganisms
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 25
Microbes do benefit us but they are also
capable of causing many diseases
bull Pneumonia Whooping Cough
bull Botulism Typhoid Fever Measles
bull Cholera Scarlet Fever Mumps
bull Syphilis Gonorrhea Herpes 1
bull Chlamydia Tuberculosis Herpes 2
bull Meningitis Tetanus RMSV
bull Strep Throat Lyme Disease AIDS
bull Black Plague Diarrhea Gangrene
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 26
History of the Study of
Microorganisms
bull 1665 Robert Hooke
ndash ldquolittle boxesrdquo - ldquocellsrdquo
ndash Cell Theory - all living things are made up of cells
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 27
Spontaneous Generation
bull Theory that life just ldquospontaneouslyrdquo
developed from non-living matter
bull Example
ndash toads snakes and mice - moist soil
ndash flies and maggots - manure and decaying flesh
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 28
Experiments to disprove
Spontaneous Generationbull Francesco Redi 1668
ndash Showed that worms which appeared on rotting meatwere from fly eggs
bull Rudolph Virchow 1858 ndash Theory of Biogenesis
bull Cells can only arise from preexisting cells
bull Louis Pasteur 1861 ndash Showed that appearance of microbes in sterilized media
was from air-borne bacteria ndash Showed that sterilized materials remained sterile if kept
isolated from the external environment
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 29
Anton van Leeuwenhoek 1674
- 1st person to actually see living microorganisms
ldquowee animalculesrdquo
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 30
ANTON VAN LEEUWENHOEK
bull 1st to see live bacteria and protozoabull FATHER OF MICROBIOLOGY
bull FATHER OF BACTERIOLOGY amp PROTOZOOLOGY
bull Fabric merchant a surveyor wine assayer and a minor city
official
bull Hobby
ndash ground tiny glass lenses which he mounted in smallmetal frames (single-lens microscope)
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 31
ANTON VAN LEEUWENHOEK
bull He never speculated on the
origin of microbes nor associate
them with infectious disease
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 32
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 33
bull Scientist became convinced of the existence of tiny creature (notseen by naked eye)
bull SPONTANEOUS GENERATION THEORY ABIOGENESIS wasestablished
ndash Life could develop spontaneously from inanimatesubstancesnonliving organisms
ndash UNTIL the time of Louis Pasteur and John Tyndall whodisproved the theory and prove that
bull ldquoLIFE CAN ONLY ARISE FROMPREEXISTING LIFE ALONErdquo
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 34
LOUIS PASTEUR
bull Contributions makes the
foundation of
ndash science of microbiology
ndash modern medicinehellip
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 35
LOUIS PASTEURrsquoS CONTRIBUTIONhellip
bull 1 Wine contamination Discoveredwhat occurs during alcoholicfermentation ndash Demonstrated that different microbes
produce different fermentationproducts
ndash Ex yeast converts glucose in grapesto ethanol by fermentation
ndash Acetobacter a contaminatingbacteriaconverts glucose to aceticacid (vinegar)- ruining the taste of thewine
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 36
2 Thru experiment dealth the fatal blow tothe theory of spontaneous generation
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 37
Pasteur designed special ldquoswan-necked flasksrdquo
with a boiled meat infusion
Shape of flask allowed air in (vital force) but trapped
dust particles which may contain microbes
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 38
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 39
LOUIS PASTEURrsquoS CONTRIBUTIONhellip
bull 3 Discovered forms of life that are withno oxygen
ndash Aerobes ndash microbes needs Oxygen ndash Anaerobes ndash microbes can live without
oxygen
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 40
LOUIS PASTEURrsquoS CONTRIBUTIONhellip
4 Pasteurization ndash process that kills microbesthat cause wine to spoil
- Can be used to kill pathogens in liquids
- Process- Heating and maintaining to 63-65oC for 30 minutes or 73-75oCfor 15mins
- Note not ALL microbes are killed
ONLY the pathogens
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 41
LOUIS PASTEURrsquoS CONTRIBUTIONhellip
bull 5 Discovered the causative agent that
were causing silkworm diseases in silk industry in France and how to preventsuch disease
bull 6 Contributed on the GERM THEORYOF DISEASE ndash specific microbes causespecific infectious diseases
ndash ex anthrax caused by Bacillus anthracis
ndash TB by Mycobacterium tuberculosis
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 42
LOUIS PASTEURrsquoS CONTRIBUTIONhellip
7 Championed changes in hospitalpractices to minimize the spread of disease by pathogens
8 Developed vaccines to preventcholeraanthrax and swineerysipelas (skin disease)
9 Developed RABIES vaccine in dogs
and successfully used to treathuman rabies
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 43
Germ Theory of Disease
bull Hard for people to believe that diseases werecaused by tiny invisible ldquowee animalculesrdquo
bull Diseases they thought were caused by
ndash demons
ndash witchcraft
ndash bad luck
ndash the wrath of God ndash curses
ndash evil spirits
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 44
Robert Koch - 1st to prove that
bacteria actually caused diseases
bull 1876
bull Microbial Etiology of Infectious Disease
ndash etiology - the cause of a disease
bull Developed methods of fixing staining andphotographing bacteria
bull Established ldquoscientific rulesrdquo to show a cause and
effect relationship between a microbe and a
disease
ndash Kochrsquos Postulates
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 45
Staining Koch Postulate
K hrsquo P t l t
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 46
Kochrsquos Postulates bull 1 The same organisms must be found in all
cases of a given diseasebull 2 The organism must be isolated and grown
in pure culture
bull 3 The isolated organism must reproducethe same disease when inoculated into a
healthy susceptible animal
bull 4 The original organism must again beisolated from the experimentally infected
animal
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 47
Exceptions to Kochrsquos Postulates
1 Some organisms have never been grown in
pure culture on artificial media
Treponema pallidum - Syphilis
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 48
Mycobacterium leprae
Leprosy
Never been grown in pure culture on artificial media
Seven Banded Armadillo
Exceptions to Kochrsquos Postulates
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 49
Exceptions to Kochrsquos Postulates
bull In exclusively human diseases it is not
morally acceptable to inoculate a deadly
pathogen into a ldquohuman guinea pigrdquo
bull HIV
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 50
Koch established the Microbial Etiology
of 3 important diseases of his day
bull 1 Cholera (fecal-oral disease)
ndash Vibrio cholerae
bull 2 Tuberculosis (pulmonary infection) ndash Mycobacterium tuberculosis
ndash Work on tuberculin (protein from M tuberculosis) that led to devrsquot of skin testing to diagnose TB
bull 3 Anthrax (sheep and cattle) ndash Bacillus anthracis ndash Discovered that B anthracis produce spores that is capable of resisting
adverse conditions
A h
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 51
Anthraxbull Bacillus anthracis
ndash Gram (+) non-motile aerobic spore forming rod ndash Streptobacilli with central spores
ndash Livestock
bull Sheep cattle goats
ndash Humans
bull Handle hides wool goat hair handicrafts from the Middle
East made from animal products
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 52
3 Forms of Human Anthrax
bull 1 Cutaneous Anthrax
ndash Enters thru cut or
abrasion
ndash Results in painless
ulcer (1-3 cm) with
black (necrotic) center
ndash About 20 mortality
rate in untreated cases
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 53
bull 2 Gastrointestinal Anthrax
ndash Contaminated meat
ndash Abdominal pain fevervomiting blood severe
diarrhea
ndash 25 to 60 mortality rate
3 I h l i A h
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 54
bull 3 Inhalation Anthrax
bull Initial symptomsresemble common
cold ndash Progress to severe
breathing problems andshock
ndash Usually results in death1-2 days after onset of acute symptoms
ndash Mortality rate 99 inuntreated cases
ndash Treatment usually noteffective aftersymptoms are present
A h Bi l i l W
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 55
Anthrax as a Biological Weapon
bull Deadly if not treated early
bull Spores can be produced in large quantities using basicknowledge of biology
bull Spores may remain viable for years (60 at least)
bull Spores can be spread
ndash Missiles rockets bombs mail crop dusters
bull No cloud or color
bull No smell
bull No taste
bull Antibiotics ndash only effective if administered early (within24 ndash 48 hours)
h 1 lidif
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Koch - 1st to use Agar to solidify
culture media
Golden Age of Microbiology
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 57
Golden Age of Microbiology 1857 - 1914
bull Pasteur
ndash Pasteurization
ndash Fermentation
bull Joseph Lister
ndash Phenol to treat surgical wounds ndash 1st attempt to control infections
caused by microoganisms
bull Robert Koch ndash Kochrsquos Postulates
bull Edward Jenner
ndash vaccination
bull Paul Erlich ndash 1st synthetic drug used to treat infections
ndash Salvarsan - arsenic based chemical to treat Syphilis
bull ldquosalvationrdquo from Syphilis
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 58
Naming of Bacteria
bull Genus and species - Binomial System of
Taxonomic Classification
bull Information usually given
ndash 1 Describes an organism
ndash 2 Identifies a habitat ndash 3 Honors a scientist or researcher
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 59
Bacterial Morphology
bull Bacilli
bull Cocci
bull Spiral
Arrangements
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 60
ArrangementsStaphylo
Strepto
Diplo
Sarcinae
Tetrad
Vibrio (comma shaped)
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 61
bull Staphylococcus aureus
bull Staphylococcusepidermidis
bull Streptococcus
pneumoniae
bull Vibrio cholerae
bull Rhodospirillium
rubrumbull Bacillus subtilis
bull Micrococcus luteus
bull Escherichia coli
bull Bacillus anthracis
bull Salmonella enteridis
bull Streptococcus pyogenes
bull Steptococcus lactis
bull Streptococcus faecalis
bull Erlichia canis
bull Campylobacter jejuni
bull Helicobacter pylori
bull Enterobacter aerogenes
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 62
Microbiology A Human Perspective
bull Microorganisms cannot be seen without the aid of amicroscope
bull There are more than 200000 known microbesbull Exist in virtually any environment that has water
bull Exhibit tremendous biodiversity
bull Compose the largest biomass group of living
organismsbull Microbes exist for more than 35 billion years
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 63
bull Food production bread beer
bull Bioremediation decontamination
of hazardous wastesbull Useful products ethanol fuel
antibiotics amino acids
bull Genetic engineeringpharmaceuticals vaccines
bull Genomics genome sequencingpermits understanding of diseasemechanisms
Applications of Microbiology
Medical microbiology
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 64
bull Infectious diseases have killedmore people than all wars andnatural disasters combined
bull Outbreaks have changed thecourse of history
bull Vaccines have dramaticallydecreased the incidence of
infectious diseases especiallyin children
Medical microbiology
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 65
bull Re-emergence of ldquoOldrdquo Infectious
Diseases
ndash Cases of whooping cough have increased
in the last few years
ndash Many microbes have evolved antibiotic
resistance
Medical microbiology (cont)
Medical microbiology (cont )
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 66
bull Emerging infectious diseases
ndash As humans encroach upon wild habitat new infectious agents (microbes) arediscovered
ndash These agents are typically hosted by animals and are termed zoonotic agents
Medical microbiology (cont)
Agent Host Disease
Ebola virus Bats Ebola hemorrhagic fever
SARS virus Bats Severe acute respiratory syndrome
Sin Nombre virus Deer mouse Hantavirus cardiopulmonary syndrome
Nipah virus Bats Nipah encephalitis
Dengue virus Mosquitos Dengue fever Dengue hemorrhagic fever
Machupo virus Vesper mouse Bolivian hemorrhagic fever
Avian influenza viruses Various birds Influenza
Some recently discovered agents and their animal hosts
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 67
Terminologieshellip
bull Bacteriocins ndash Toxins produce by enterobacteria that are lethal to
related strains of bacteria
bull Resident flora ndash Collective vegetation in a given area in one part of the body yet produce infection in another
bull Infection
ndash Is an invasion of body tissue by microbes and theirgrowth
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 68
bull Infectious agent
ndash Microbes that cause infection
bull Asymptomaticsubclinical ndash Microbes do not produce clinical evidence of
disease
bull Disease ndash Detectable alteration in normal tissue function
bull Virulence
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 69
Virulence ndash Microbersquos ability to produce disease
bull Communicable disease ndash Infectious agents that can be transmitted to an individual by direct
or indirect contact or as airborne infection ndash ex common colds
bull Pathogenicity ndash Ability to produce disease
bull Pathogen ndash Disease causing microbes ndash 3 of known microbes are capable of causing disease
bull Non-pathogens ndash Do not cause disease
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 70
Terminologieshellip
bull Opportunistic pathogen ndash Causes disease only in a susceptible individual
bull Asepsis
ndash Freedom from disease-causing microbes
bull Medical asepsis ndash All practices intended to confine a specific
microbes to a specific area limiting the growth
amp transmission of microbes
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 71
bull Medical asepsis
ndash Objects are CLEAN (absence of almost all microbes)
bull Surgical asepsissterile technique
ndash Practices that keep an area or object free of allmicrobes
ndash Practices that destroys all microbes amp spores
bull Sepsis
ndash State of infection and can take many forms includingseptic shock
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GRADED RECITATION
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 73
Microorganisms are said to be
ubiquitous
Can you think of any locations thatwould be devoid of microorganisms
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 74
Of all the various areas of microbiology
mentioned in this chapter which
appeal to you the mostWhy
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 75
Assume that you are entering a health-related
professionOf what value will knowledge of
microbiology be to you
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 76
Many people consider Louis Pasteurrsquos
contributions to be the foundation of the
science of microbiology and a cornerstone
of modern medicine
What contributions did he make that would
cause people to believe that
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You have isolated a bacterium from the blood
of a patient with a newly described disease
What steps would you take to prove that the
organism that yoursquove isolated is the cause of
the patientrsquos disease
(Hint Remember Kochrsquos Postulates)
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 16
Microbes Benefit Humans
bull 1Bacteria are primary decomposers -
recycle nutrients back into the environment
(sewage treatment plants)bull 2 Microbes produce various food products
ndash cheese pickles green olives
ndash yogurt soy sauce vinegar bread ndash Beer Wine Alcohol
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 17
3 Microbes are used to produce Antibiotics
bull Penicillin
bull Mold ndash Penicillium notatum
bull 1928 Alexander Fleming
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 18
4 Bacteria synthesize chemicals that our
body needs but cannot synthesize
bull Example E coli
ndash B vitamins - for metabolism
ndash Vitamin K - blood clotting
bull Escherichia coli
ndash Dr Escherich ndash Colon (intestine)
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 19
5 Biochemistry and Metabolism
bull Very simple structure
bull rapid rate of reproduction
bull provides ldquoinstantrdquo data
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 20
6 Microbial Antagonism
bull Our normal microbial flora prevents
potential pathogens from gaining access to
our body
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 21
7 Insect Pest Control
bull Using bacteria to control the growth of
insects
bull Bacillus thuringiensis
ndash caterpillars
ndash bollworms ndash corn borers
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 22
8 Bioremediation
bull Using microbes to clean up pollutants and
toxic wastes
bull Exxon Valdez - 1989
bull 2 Genera
ndash Pseudomonas sp ndash Bacillus sp
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 23
9 Recombinant DNA Technology
Gene Therapy Genetic Engineering
bull Bacteria can be manipulated to produceenzymes and proteins they normally would
not produce
ndash Insulin
ndash Human Growth Hormone
ndash Interferon
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 24
10 Microbes form the basis of
the food chain
Marine and fresh water microorganisms
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 25
Microbes do benefit us but they are also
capable of causing many diseases
bull Pneumonia Whooping Cough
bull Botulism Typhoid Fever Measles
bull Cholera Scarlet Fever Mumps
bull Syphilis Gonorrhea Herpes 1
bull Chlamydia Tuberculosis Herpes 2
bull Meningitis Tetanus RMSV
bull Strep Throat Lyme Disease AIDS
bull Black Plague Diarrhea Gangrene
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 26
History of the Study of
Microorganisms
bull 1665 Robert Hooke
ndash ldquolittle boxesrdquo - ldquocellsrdquo
ndash Cell Theory - all living things are made up of cells
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 27
Spontaneous Generation
bull Theory that life just ldquospontaneouslyrdquo
developed from non-living matter
bull Example
ndash toads snakes and mice - moist soil
ndash flies and maggots - manure and decaying flesh
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 28
Experiments to disprove
Spontaneous Generationbull Francesco Redi 1668
ndash Showed that worms which appeared on rotting meatwere from fly eggs
bull Rudolph Virchow 1858 ndash Theory of Biogenesis
bull Cells can only arise from preexisting cells
bull Louis Pasteur 1861 ndash Showed that appearance of microbes in sterilized media
was from air-borne bacteria ndash Showed that sterilized materials remained sterile if kept
isolated from the external environment
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 29
Anton van Leeuwenhoek 1674
- 1st person to actually see living microorganisms
ldquowee animalculesrdquo
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 30
ANTON VAN LEEUWENHOEK
bull 1st to see live bacteria and protozoabull FATHER OF MICROBIOLOGY
bull FATHER OF BACTERIOLOGY amp PROTOZOOLOGY
bull Fabric merchant a surveyor wine assayer and a minor city
official
bull Hobby
ndash ground tiny glass lenses which he mounted in smallmetal frames (single-lens microscope)
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 31
ANTON VAN LEEUWENHOEK
bull He never speculated on the
origin of microbes nor associate
them with infectious disease
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 32
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 33
bull Scientist became convinced of the existence of tiny creature (notseen by naked eye)
bull SPONTANEOUS GENERATION THEORY ABIOGENESIS wasestablished
ndash Life could develop spontaneously from inanimatesubstancesnonliving organisms
ndash UNTIL the time of Louis Pasteur and John Tyndall whodisproved the theory and prove that
bull ldquoLIFE CAN ONLY ARISE FROMPREEXISTING LIFE ALONErdquo
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 34
LOUIS PASTEUR
bull Contributions makes the
foundation of
ndash science of microbiology
ndash modern medicinehellip
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 35
LOUIS PASTEURrsquoS CONTRIBUTIONhellip
bull 1 Wine contamination Discoveredwhat occurs during alcoholicfermentation ndash Demonstrated that different microbes
produce different fermentationproducts
ndash Ex yeast converts glucose in grapesto ethanol by fermentation
ndash Acetobacter a contaminatingbacteriaconverts glucose to aceticacid (vinegar)- ruining the taste of thewine
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 36
2 Thru experiment dealth the fatal blow tothe theory of spontaneous generation
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 37
Pasteur designed special ldquoswan-necked flasksrdquo
with a boiled meat infusion
Shape of flask allowed air in (vital force) but trapped
dust particles which may contain microbes
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 38
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 39
LOUIS PASTEURrsquoS CONTRIBUTIONhellip
bull 3 Discovered forms of life that are withno oxygen
ndash Aerobes ndash microbes needs Oxygen ndash Anaerobes ndash microbes can live without
oxygen
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 40
LOUIS PASTEURrsquoS CONTRIBUTIONhellip
4 Pasteurization ndash process that kills microbesthat cause wine to spoil
- Can be used to kill pathogens in liquids
- Process- Heating and maintaining to 63-65oC for 30 minutes or 73-75oCfor 15mins
- Note not ALL microbes are killed
ONLY the pathogens
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 41
LOUIS PASTEURrsquoS CONTRIBUTIONhellip
bull 5 Discovered the causative agent that
were causing silkworm diseases in silk industry in France and how to preventsuch disease
bull 6 Contributed on the GERM THEORYOF DISEASE ndash specific microbes causespecific infectious diseases
ndash ex anthrax caused by Bacillus anthracis
ndash TB by Mycobacterium tuberculosis
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 42
LOUIS PASTEURrsquoS CONTRIBUTIONhellip
7 Championed changes in hospitalpractices to minimize the spread of disease by pathogens
8 Developed vaccines to preventcholeraanthrax and swineerysipelas (skin disease)
9 Developed RABIES vaccine in dogs
and successfully used to treathuman rabies
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 43
Germ Theory of Disease
bull Hard for people to believe that diseases werecaused by tiny invisible ldquowee animalculesrdquo
bull Diseases they thought were caused by
ndash demons
ndash witchcraft
ndash bad luck
ndash the wrath of God ndash curses
ndash evil spirits
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 44
Robert Koch - 1st to prove that
bacteria actually caused diseases
bull 1876
bull Microbial Etiology of Infectious Disease
ndash etiology - the cause of a disease
bull Developed methods of fixing staining andphotographing bacteria
bull Established ldquoscientific rulesrdquo to show a cause and
effect relationship between a microbe and a
disease
ndash Kochrsquos Postulates
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 45
Staining Koch Postulate
K hrsquo P t l t
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 46
Kochrsquos Postulates bull 1 The same organisms must be found in all
cases of a given diseasebull 2 The organism must be isolated and grown
in pure culture
bull 3 The isolated organism must reproducethe same disease when inoculated into a
healthy susceptible animal
bull 4 The original organism must again beisolated from the experimentally infected
animal
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 47
Exceptions to Kochrsquos Postulates
1 Some organisms have never been grown in
pure culture on artificial media
Treponema pallidum - Syphilis
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 48
Mycobacterium leprae
Leprosy
Never been grown in pure culture on artificial media
Seven Banded Armadillo
Exceptions to Kochrsquos Postulates
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 49
Exceptions to Kochrsquos Postulates
bull In exclusively human diseases it is not
morally acceptable to inoculate a deadly
pathogen into a ldquohuman guinea pigrdquo
bull HIV
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 50
Koch established the Microbial Etiology
of 3 important diseases of his day
bull 1 Cholera (fecal-oral disease)
ndash Vibrio cholerae
bull 2 Tuberculosis (pulmonary infection) ndash Mycobacterium tuberculosis
ndash Work on tuberculin (protein from M tuberculosis) that led to devrsquot of skin testing to diagnose TB
bull 3 Anthrax (sheep and cattle) ndash Bacillus anthracis ndash Discovered that B anthracis produce spores that is capable of resisting
adverse conditions
A h
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 51
Anthraxbull Bacillus anthracis
ndash Gram (+) non-motile aerobic spore forming rod ndash Streptobacilli with central spores
ndash Livestock
bull Sheep cattle goats
ndash Humans
bull Handle hides wool goat hair handicrafts from the Middle
East made from animal products
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 52
3 Forms of Human Anthrax
bull 1 Cutaneous Anthrax
ndash Enters thru cut or
abrasion
ndash Results in painless
ulcer (1-3 cm) with
black (necrotic) center
ndash About 20 mortality
rate in untreated cases
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 53
bull 2 Gastrointestinal Anthrax
ndash Contaminated meat
ndash Abdominal pain fevervomiting blood severe
diarrhea
ndash 25 to 60 mortality rate
3 I h l i A h
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 54
bull 3 Inhalation Anthrax
bull Initial symptomsresemble common
cold ndash Progress to severe
breathing problems andshock
ndash Usually results in death1-2 days after onset of acute symptoms
ndash Mortality rate 99 inuntreated cases
ndash Treatment usually noteffective aftersymptoms are present
A h Bi l i l W
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 55
Anthrax as a Biological Weapon
bull Deadly if not treated early
bull Spores can be produced in large quantities using basicknowledge of biology
bull Spores may remain viable for years (60 at least)
bull Spores can be spread
ndash Missiles rockets bombs mail crop dusters
bull No cloud or color
bull No smell
bull No taste
bull Antibiotics ndash only effective if administered early (within24 ndash 48 hours)
h 1 lidif
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Koch - 1st to use Agar to solidify
culture media
Golden Age of Microbiology
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 57
Golden Age of Microbiology 1857 - 1914
bull Pasteur
ndash Pasteurization
ndash Fermentation
bull Joseph Lister
ndash Phenol to treat surgical wounds ndash 1st attempt to control infections
caused by microoganisms
bull Robert Koch ndash Kochrsquos Postulates
bull Edward Jenner
ndash vaccination
bull Paul Erlich ndash 1st synthetic drug used to treat infections
ndash Salvarsan - arsenic based chemical to treat Syphilis
bull ldquosalvationrdquo from Syphilis
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 58
Naming of Bacteria
bull Genus and species - Binomial System of
Taxonomic Classification
bull Information usually given
ndash 1 Describes an organism
ndash 2 Identifies a habitat ndash 3 Honors a scientist or researcher
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 59
Bacterial Morphology
bull Bacilli
bull Cocci
bull Spiral
Arrangements
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 60
ArrangementsStaphylo
Strepto
Diplo
Sarcinae
Tetrad
Vibrio (comma shaped)
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 61
bull Staphylococcus aureus
bull Staphylococcusepidermidis
bull Streptococcus
pneumoniae
bull Vibrio cholerae
bull Rhodospirillium
rubrumbull Bacillus subtilis
bull Micrococcus luteus
bull Escherichia coli
bull Bacillus anthracis
bull Salmonella enteridis
bull Streptococcus pyogenes
bull Steptococcus lactis
bull Streptococcus faecalis
bull Erlichia canis
bull Campylobacter jejuni
bull Helicobacter pylori
bull Enterobacter aerogenes
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 62
Microbiology A Human Perspective
bull Microorganisms cannot be seen without the aid of amicroscope
bull There are more than 200000 known microbesbull Exist in virtually any environment that has water
bull Exhibit tremendous biodiversity
bull Compose the largest biomass group of living
organismsbull Microbes exist for more than 35 billion years
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 63
bull Food production bread beer
bull Bioremediation decontamination
of hazardous wastesbull Useful products ethanol fuel
antibiotics amino acids
bull Genetic engineeringpharmaceuticals vaccines
bull Genomics genome sequencingpermits understanding of diseasemechanisms
Applications of Microbiology
Medical microbiology
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 64
bull Infectious diseases have killedmore people than all wars andnatural disasters combined
bull Outbreaks have changed thecourse of history
bull Vaccines have dramaticallydecreased the incidence of
infectious diseases especiallyin children
Medical microbiology
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 65
bull Re-emergence of ldquoOldrdquo Infectious
Diseases
ndash Cases of whooping cough have increased
in the last few years
ndash Many microbes have evolved antibiotic
resistance
Medical microbiology (cont)
Medical microbiology (cont )
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 66
bull Emerging infectious diseases
ndash As humans encroach upon wild habitat new infectious agents (microbes) arediscovered
ndash These agents are typically hosted by animals and are termed zoonotic agents
Medical microbiology (cont)
Agent Host Disease
Ebola virus Bats Ebola hemorrhagic fever
SARS virus Bats Severe acute respiratory syndrome
Sin Nombre virus Deer mouse Hantavirus cardiopulmonary syndrome
Nipah virus Bats Nipah encephalitis
Dengue virus Mosquitos Dengue fever Dengue hemorrhagic fever
Machupo virus Vesper mouse Bolivian hemorrhagic fever
Avian influenza viruses Various birds Influenza
Some recently discovered agents and their animal hosts
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 67
Terminologieshellip
bull Bacteriocins ndash Toxins produce by enterobacteria that are lethal to
related strains of bacteria
bull Resident flora ndash Collective vegetation in a given area in one part of the body yet produce infection in another
bull Infection
ndash Is an invasion of body tissue by microbes and theirgrowth
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 68
bull Infectious agent
ndash Microbes that cause infection
bull Asymptomaticsubclinical ndash Microbes do not produce clinical evidence of
disease
bull Disease ndash Detectable alteration in normal tissue function
bull Virulence
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 69
Virulence ndash Microbersquos ability to produce disease
bull Communicable disease ndash Infectious agents that can be transmitted to an individual by direct
or indirect contact or as airborne infection ndash ex common colds
bull Pathogenicity ndash Ability to produce disease
bull Pathogen ndash Disease causing microbes ndash 3 of known microbes are capable of causing disease
bull Non-pathogens ndash Do not cause disease
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 70
Terminologieshellip
bull Opportunistic pathogen ndash Causes disease only in a susceptible individual
bull Asepsis
ndash Freedom from disease-causing microbes
bull Medical asepsis ndash All practices intended to confine a specific
microbes to a specific area limiting the growth
amp transmission of microbes
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 71
bull Medical asepsis
ndash Objects are CLEAN (absence of almost all microbes)
bull Surgical asepsissterile technique
ndash Practices that keep an area or object free of allmicrobes
ndash Practices that destroys all microbes amp spores
bull Sepsis
ndash State of infection and can take many forms includingseptic shock
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GRADED RECITATION
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 73
Microorganisms are said to be
ubiquitous
Can you think of any locations thatwould be devoid of microorganisms
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 74
Of all the various areas of microbiology
mentioned in this chapter which
appeal to you the mostWhy
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 75
Assume that you are entering a health-related
professionOf what value will knowledge of
microbiology be to you
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 76
Many people consider Louis Pasteurrsquos
contributions to be the foundation of the
science of microbiology and a cornerstone
of modern medicine
What contributions did he make that would
cause people to believe that
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You have isolated a bacterium from the blood
of a patient with a newly described disease
What steps would you take to prove that the
organism that yoursquove isolated is the cause of
the patientrsquos disease
(Hint Remember Kochrsquos Postulates)
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 17
3 Microbes are used to produce Antibiotics
bull Penicillin
bull Mold ndash Penicillium notatum
bull 1928 Alexander Fleming
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 18
4 Bacteria synthesize chemicals that our
body needs but cannot synthesize
bull Example E coli
ndash B vitamins - for metabolism
ndash Vitamin K - blood clotting
bull Escherichia coli
ndash Dr Escherich ndash Colon (intestine)
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 19
5 Biochemistry and Metabolism
bull Very simple structure
bull rapid rate of reproduction
bull provides ldquoinstantrdquo data
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 20
6 Microbial Antagonism
bull Our normal microbial flora prevents
potential pathogens from gaining access to
our body
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 21
7 Insect Pest Control
bull Using bacteria to control the growth of
insects
bull Bacillus thuringiensis
ndash caterpillars
ndash bollworms ndash corn borers
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 22
8 Bioremediation
bull Using microbes to clean up pollutants and
toxic wastes
bull Exxon Valdez - 1989
bull 2 Genera
ndash Pseudomonas sp ndash Bacillus sp
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 23
9 Recombinant DNA Technology
Gene Therapy Genetic Engineering
bull Bacteria can be manipulated to produceenzymes and proteins they normally would
not produce
ndash Insulin
ndash Human Growth Hormone
ndash Interferon
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 24
10 Microbes form the basis of
the food chain
Marine and fresh water microorganisms
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 25
Microbes do benefit us but they are also
capable of causing many diseases
bull Pneumonia Whooping Cough
bull Botulism Typhoid Fever Measles
bull Cholera Scarlet Fever Mumps
bull Syphilis Gonorrhea Herpes 1
bull Chlamydia Tuberculosis Herpes 2
bull Meningitis Tetanus RMSV
bull Strep Throat Lyme Disease AIDS
bull Black Plague Diarrhea Gangrene
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 26
History of the Study of
Microorganisms
bull 1665 Robert Hooke
ndash ldquolittle boxesrdquo - ldquocellsrdquo
ndash Cell Theory - all living things are made up of cells
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 27
Spontaneous Generation
bull Theory that life just ldquospontaneouslyrdquo
developed from non-living matter
bull Example
ndash toads snakes and mice - moist soil
ndash flies and maggots - manure and decaying flesh
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 28
Experiments to disprove
Spontaneous Generationbull Francesco Redi 1668
ndash Showed that worms which appeared on rotting meatwere from fly eggs
bull Rudolph Virchow 1858 ndash Theory of Biogenesis
bull Cells can only arise from preexisting cells
bull Louis Pasteur 1861 ndash Showed that appearance of microbes in sterilized media
was from air-borne bacteria ndash Showed that sterilized materials remained sterile if kept
isolated from the external environment
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 29
Anton van Leeuwenhoek 1674
- 1st person to actually see living microorganisms
ldquowee animalculesrdquo
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 30
ANTON VAN LEEUWENHOEK
bull 1st to see live bacteria and protozoabull FATHER OF MICROBIOLOGY
bull FATHER OF BACTERIOLOGY amp PROTOZOOLOGY
bull Fabric merchant a surveyor wine assayer and a minor city
official
bull Hobby
ndash ground tiny glass lenses which he mounted in smallmetal frames (single-lens microscope)
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 31
ANTON VAN LEEUWENHOEK
bull He never speculated on the
origin of microbes nor associate
them with infectious disease
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 32
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 33
bull Scientist became convinced of the existence of tiny creature (notseen by naked eye)
bull SPONTANEOUS GENERATION THEORY ABIOGENESIS wasestablished
ndash Life could develop spontaneously from inanimatesubstancesnonliving organisms
ndash UNTIL the time of Louis Pasteur and John Tyndall whodisproved the theory and prove that
bull ldquoLIFE CAN ONLY ARISE FROMPREEXISTING LIFE ALONErdquo
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 34
LOUIS PASTEUR
bull Contributions makes the
foundation of
ndash science of microbiology
ndash modern medicinehellip
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 35
LOUIS PASTEURrsquoS CONTRIBUTIONhellip
bull 1 Wine contamination Discoveredwhat occurs during alcoholicfermentation ndash Demonstrated that different microbes
produce different fermentationproducts
ndash Ex yeast converts glucose in grapesto ethanol by fermentation
ndash Acetobacter a contaminatingbacteriaconverts glucose to aceticacid (vinegar)- ruining the taste of thewine
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 36
2 Thru experiment dealth the fatal blow tothe theory of spontaneous generation
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 37
Pasteur designed special ldquoswan-necked flasksrdquo
with a boiled meat infusion
Shape of flask allowed air in (vital force) but trapped
dust particles which may contain microbes
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 38
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 39
LOUIS PASTEURrsquoS CONTRIBUTIONhellip
bull 3 Discovered forms of life that are withno oxygen
ndash Aerobes ndash microbes needs Oxygen ndash Anaerobes ndash microbes can live without
oxygen
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 40
LOUIS PASTEURrsquoS CONTRIBUTIONhellip
4 Pasteurization ndash process that kills microbesthat cause wine to spoil
- Can be used to kill pathogens in liquids
- Process- Heating and maintaining to 63-65oC for 30 minutes or 73-75oCfor 15mins
- Note not ALL microbes are killed
ONLY the pathogens
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 41
LOUIS PASTEURrsquoS CONTRIBUTIONhellip
bull 5 Discovered the causative agent that
were causing silkworm diseases in silk industry in France and how to preventsuch disease
bull 6 Contributed on the GERM THEORYOF DISEASE ndash specific microbes causespecific infectious diseases
ndash ex anthrax caused by Bacillus anthracis
ndash TB by Mycobacterium tuberculosis
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 42
LOUIS PASTEURrsquoS CONTRIBUTIONhellip
7 Championed changes in hospitalpractices to minimize the spread of disease by pathogens
8 Developed vaccines to preventcholeraanthrax and swineerysipelas (skin disease)
9 Developed RABIES vaccine in dogs
and successfully used to treathuman rabies
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 43
Germ Theory of Disease
bull Hard for people to believe that diseases werecaused by tiny invisible ldquowee animalculesrdquo
bull Diseases they thought were caused by
ndash demons
ndash witchcraft
ndash bad luck
ndash the wrath of God ndash curses
ndash evil spirits
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 44
Robert Koch - 1st to prove that
bacteria actually caused diseases
bull 1876
bull Microbial Etiology of Infectious Disease
ndash etiology - the cause of a disease
bull Developed methods of fixing staining andphotographing bacteria
bull Established ldquoscientific rulesrdquo to show a cause and
effect relationship between a microbe and a
disease
ndash Kochrsquos Postulates
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 45
Staining Koch Postulate
K hrsquo P t l t
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 46
Kochrsquos Postulates bull 1 The same organisms must be found in all
cases of a given diseasebull 2 The organism must be isolated and grown
in pure culture
bull 3 The isolated organism must reproducethe same disease when inoculated into a
healthy susceptible animal
bull 4 The original organism must again beisolated from the experimentally infected
animal
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 47
Exceptions to Kochrsquos Postulates
1 Some organisms have never been grown in
pure culture on artificial media
Treponema pallidum - Syphilis
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 48
Mycobacterium leprae
Leprosy
Never been grown in pure culture on artificial media
Seven Banded Armadillo
Exceptions to Kochrsquos Postulates
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 49
Exceptions to Kochrsquos Postulates
bull In exclusively human diseases it is not
morally acceptable to inoculate a deadly
pathogen into a ldquohuman guinea pigrdquo
bull HIV
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 50
Koch established the Microbial Etiology
of 3 important diseases of his day
bull 1 Cholera (fecal-oral disease)
ndash Vibrio cholerae
bull 2 Tuberculosis (pulmonary infection) ndash Mycobacterium tuberculosis
ndash Work on tuberculin (protein from M tuberculosis) that led to devrsquot of skin testing to diagnose TB
bull 3 Anthrax (sheep and cattle) ndash Bacillus anthracis ndash Discovered that B anthracis produce spores that is capable of resisting
adverse conditions
A h
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 51
Anthraxbull Bacillus anthracis
ndash Gram (+) non-motile aerobic spore forming rod ndash Streptobacilli with central spores
ndash Livestock
bull Sheep cattle goats
ndash Humans
bull Handle hides wool goat hair handicrafts from the Middle
East made from animal products
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 52
3 Forms of Human Anthrax
bull 1 Cutaneous Anthrax
ndash Enters thru cut or
abrasion
ndash Results in painless
ulcer (1-3 cm) with
black (necrotic) center
ndash About 20 mortality
rate in untreated cases
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 53
bull 2 Gastrointestinal Anthrax
ndash Contaminated meat
ndash Abdominal pain fevervomiting blood severe
diarrhea
ndash 25 to 60 mortality rate
3 I h l i A h
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 54
bull 3 Inhalation Anthrax
bull Initial symptomsresemble common
cold ndash Progress to severe
breathing problems andshock
ndash Usually results in death1-2 days after onset of acute symptoms
ndash Mortality rate 99 inuntreated cases
ndash Treatment usually noteffective aftersymptoms are present
A h Bi l i l W
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 55
Anthrax as a Biological Weapon
bull Deadly if not treated early
bull Spores can be produced in large quantities using basicknowledge of biology
bull Spores may remain viable for years (60 at least)
bull Spores can be spread
ndash Missiles rockets bombs mail crop dusters
bull No cloud or color
bull No smell
bull No taste
bull Antibiotics ndash only effective if administered early (within24 ndash 48 hours)
h 1 lidif
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Koch - 1st to use Agar to solidify
culture media
Golden Age of Microbiology
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 57
Golden Age of Microbiology 1857 - 1914
bull Pasteur
ndash Pasteurization
ndash Fermentation
bull Joseph Lister
ndash Phenol to treat surgical wounds ndash 1st attempt to control infections
caused by microoganisms
bull Robert Koch ndash Kochrsquos Postulates
bull Edward Jenner
ndash vaccination
bull Paul Erlich ndash 1st synthetic drug used to treat infections
ndash Salvarsan - arsenic based chemical to treat Syphilis
bull ldquosalvationrdquo from Syphilis
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 58
Naming of Bacteria
bull Genus and species - Binomial System of
Taxonomic Classification
bull Information usually given
ndash 1 Describes an organism
ndash 2 Identifies a habitat ndash 3 Honors a scientist or researcher
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 59
Bacterial Morphology
bull Bacilli
bull Cocci
bull Spiral
Arrangements
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 60
ArrangementsStaphylo
Strepto
Diplo
Sarcinae
Tetrad
Vibrio (comma shaped)
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 61
bull Staphylococcus aureus
bull Staphylococcusepidermidis
bull Streptococcus
pneumoniae
bull Vibrio cholerae
bull Rhodospirillium
rubrumbull Bacillus subtilis
bull Micrococcus luteus
bull Escherichia coli
bull Bacillus anthracis
bull Salmonella enteridis
bull Streptococcus pyogenes
bull Steptococcus lactis
bull Streptococcus faecalis
bull Erlichia canis
bull Campylobacter jejuni
bull Helicobacter pylori
bull Enterobacter aerogenes
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 62
Microbiology A Human Perspective
bull Microorganisms cannot be seen without the aid of amicroscope
bull There are more than 200000 known microbesbull Exist in virtually any environment that has water
bull Exhibit tremendous biodiversity
bull Compose the largest biomass group of living
organismsbull Microbes exist for more than 35 billion years
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 63
bull Food production bread beer
bull Bioremediation decontamination
of hazardous wastesbull Useful products ethanol fuel
antibiotics amino acids
bull Genetic engineeringpharmaceuticals vaccines
bull Genomics genome sequencingpermits understanding of diseasemechanisms
Applications of Microbiology
Medical microbiology
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 64
bull Infectious diseases have killedmore people than all wars andnatural disasters combined
bull Outbreaks have changed thecourse of history
bull Vaccines have dramaticallydecreased the incidence of
infectious diseases especiallyin children
Medical microbiology
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 65
bull Re-emergence of ldquoOldrdquo Infectious
Diseases
ndash Cases of whooping cough have increased
in the last few years
ndash Many microbes have evolved antibiotic
resistance
Medical microbiology (cont)
Medical microbiology (cont )
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 66
bull Emerging infectious diseases
ndash As humans encroach upon wild habitat new infectious agents (microbes) arediscovered
ndash These agents are typically hosted by animals and are termed zoonotic agents
Medical microbiology (cont)
Agent Host Disease
Ebola virus Bats Ebola hemorrhagic fever
SARS virus Bats Severe acute respiratory syndrome
Sin Nombre virus Deer mouse Hantavirus cardiopulmonary syndrome
Nipah virus Bats Nipah encephalitis
Dengue virus Mosquitos Dengue fever Dengue hemorrhagic fever
Machupo virus Vesper mouse Bolivian hemorrhagic fever
Avian influenza viruses Various birds Influenza
Some recently discovered agents and their animal hosts
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 67
Terminologieshellip
bull Bacteriocins ndash Toxins produce by enterobacteria that are lethal to
related strains of bacteria
bull Resident flora ndash Collective vegetation in a given area in one part of the body yet produce infection in another
bull Infection
ndash Is an invasion of body tissue by microbes and theirgrowth
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 68
bull Infectious agent
ndash Microbes that cause infection
bull Asymptomaticsubclinical ndash Microbes do not produce clinical evidence of
disease
bull Disease ndash Detectable alteration in normal tissue function
bull Virulence
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 69
Virulence ndash Microbersquos ability to produce disease
bull Communicable disease ndash Infectious agents that can be transmitted to an individual by direct
or indirect contact or as airborne infection ndash ex common colds
bull Pathogenicity ndash Ability to produce disease
bull Pathogen ndash Disease causing microbes ndash 3 of known microbes are capable of causing disease
bull Non-pathogens ndash Do not cause disease
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 70
Terminologieshellip
bull Opportunistic pathogen ndash Causes disease only in a susceptible individual
bull Asepsis
ndash Freedom from disease-causing microbes
bull Medical asepsis ndash All practices intended to confine a specific
microbes to a specific area limiting the growth
amp transmission of microbes
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 71
bull Medical asepsis
ndash Objects are CLEAN (absence of almost all microbes)
bull Surgical asepsissterile technique
ndash Practices that keep an area or object free of allmicrobes
ndash Practices that destroys all microbes amp spores
bull Sepsis
ndash State of infection and can take many forms includingseptic shock
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GRADED RECITATION
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 73
Microorganisms are said to be
ubiquitous
Can you think of any locations thatwould be devoid of microorganisms
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 74
Of all the various areas of microbiology
mentioned in this chapter which
appeal to you the mostWhy
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 75
Assume that you are entering a health-related
professionOf what value will knowledge of
microbiology be to you
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 76
Many people consider Louis Pasteurrsquos
contributions to be the foundation of the
science of microbiology and a cornerstone
of modern medicine
What contributions did he make that would
cause people to believe that
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You have isolated a bacterium from the blood
of a patient with a newly described disease
What steps would you take to prove that the
organism that yoursquove isolated is the cause of
the patientrsquos disease
(Hint Remember Kochrsquos Postulates)
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 18
4 Bacteria synthesize chemicals that our
body needs but cannot synthesize
bull Example E coli
ndash B vitamins - for metabolism
ndash Vitamin K - blood clotting
bull Escherichia coli
ndash Dr Escherich ndash Colon (intestine)
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 19
5 Biochemistry and Metabolism
bull Very simple structure
bull rapid rate of reproduction
bull provides ldquoinstantrdquo data
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 20
6 Microbial Antagonism
bull Our normal microbial flora prevents
potential pathogens from gaining access to
our body
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 21
7 Insect Pest Control
bull Using bacteria to control the growth of
insects
bull Bacillus thuringiensis
ndash caterpillars
ndash bollworms ndash corn borers
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 22
8 Bioremediation
bull Using microbes to clean up pollutants and
toxic wastes
bull Exxon Valdez - 1989
bull 2 Genera
ndash Pseudomonas sp ndash Bacillus sp
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 23
9 Recombinant DNA Technology
Gene Therapy Genetic Engineering
bull Bacteria can be manipulated to produceenzymes and proteins they normally would
not produce
ndash Insulin
ndash Human Growth Hormone
ndash Interferon
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 24
10 Microbes form the basis of
the food chain
Marine and fresh water microorganisms
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 25
Microbes do benefit us but they are also
capable of causing many diseases
bull Pneumonia Whooping Cough
bull Botulism Typhoid Fever Measles
bull Cholera Scarlet Fever Mumps
bull Syphilis Gonorrhea Herpes 1
bull Chlamydia Tuberculosis Herpes 2
bull Meningitis Tetanus RMSV
bull Strep Throat Lyme Disease AIDS
bull Black Plague Diarrhea Gangrene
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 26
History of the Study of
Microorganisms
bull 1665 Robert Hooke
ndash ldquolittle boxesrdquo - ldquocellsrdquo
ndash Cell Theory - all living things are made up of cells
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 27
Spontaneous Generation
bull Theory that life just ldquospontaneouslyrdquo
developed from non-living matter
bull Example
ndash toads snakes and mice - moist soil
ndash flies and maggots - manure and decaying flesh
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 28
Experiments to disprove
Spontaneous Generationbull Francesco Redi 1668
ndash Showed that worms which appeared on rotting meatwere from fly eggs
bull Rudolph Virchow 1858 ndash Theory of Biogenesis
bull Cells can only arise from preexisting cells
bull Louis Pasteur 1861 ndash Showed that appearance of microbes in sterilized media
was from air-borne bacteria ndash Showed that sterilized materials remained sterile if kept
isolated from the external environment
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 29
Anton van Leeuwenhoek 1674
- 1st person to actually see living microorganisms
ldquowee animalculesrdquo
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 30
ANTON VAN LEEUWENHOEK
bull 1st to see live bacteria and protozoabull FATHER OF MICROBIOLOGY
bull FATHER OF BACTERIOLOGY amp PROTOZOOLOGY
bull Fabric merchant a surveyor wine assayer and a minor city
official
bull Hobby
ndash ground tiny glass lenses which he mounted in smallmetal frames (single-lens microscope)
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 31
ANTON VAN LEEUWENHOEK
bull He never speculated on the
origin of microbes nor associate
them with infectious disease
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 32
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 33
bull Scientist became convinced of the existence of tiny creature (notseen by naked eye)
bull SPONTANEOUS GENERATION THEORY ABIOGENESIS wasestablished
ndash Life could develop spontaneously from inanimatesubstancesnonliving organisms
ndash UNTIL the time of Louis Pasteur and John Tyndall whodisproved the theory and prove that
bull ldquoLIFE CAN ONLY ARISE FROMPREEXISTING LIFE ALONErdquo
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 34
LOUIS PASTEUR
bull Contributions makes the
foundation of
ndash science of microbiology
ndash modern medicinehellip
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 35
LOUIS PASTEURrsquoS CONTRIBUTIONhellip
bull 1 Wine contamination Discoveredwhat occurs during alcoholicfermentation ndash Demonstrated that different microbes
produce different fermentationproducts
ndash Ex yeast converts glucose in grapesto ethanol by fermentation
ndash Acetobacter a contaminatingbacteriaconverts glucose to aceticacid (vinegar)- ruining the taste of thewine
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 36
2 Thru experiment dealth the fatal blow tothe theory of spontaneous generation
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 37
Pasteur designed special ldquoswan-necked flasksrdquo
with a boiled meat infusion
Shape of flask allowed air in (vital force) but trapped
dust particles which may contain microbes
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 38
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 39
LOUIS PASTEURrsquoS CONTRIBUTIONhellip
bull 3 Discovered forms of life that are withno oxygen
ndash Aerobes ndash microbes needs Oxygen ndash Anaerobes ndash microbes can live without
oxygen
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 40
LOUIS PASTEURrsquoS CONTRIBUTIONhellip
4 Pasteurization ndash process that kills microbesthat cause wine to spoil
- Can be used to kill pathogens in liquids
- Process- Heating and maintaining to 63-65oC for 30 minutes or 73-75oCfor 15mins
- Note not ALL microbes are killed
ONLY the pathogens
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 41
LOUIS PASTEURrsquoS CONTRIBUTIONhellip
bull 5 Discovered the causative agent that
were causing silkworm diseases in silk industry in France and how to preventsuch disease
bull 6 Contributed on the GERM THEORYOF DISEASE ndash specific microbes causespecific infectious diseases
ndash ex anthrax caused by Bacillus anthracis
ndash TB by Mycobacterium tuberculosis
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 42
LOUIS PASTEURrsquoS CONTRIBUTIONhellip
7 Championed changes in hospitalpractices to minimize the spread of disease by pathogens
8 Developed vaccines to preventcholeraanthrax and swineerysipelas (skin disease)
9 Developed RABIES vaccine in dogs
and successfully used to treathuman rabies
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 43
Germ Theory of Disease
bull Hard for people to believe that diseases werecaused by tiny invisible ldquowee animalculesrdquo
bull Diseases they thought were caused by
ndash demons
ndash witchcraft
ndash bad luck
ndash the wrath of God ndash curses
ndash evil spirits
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 44
Robert Koch - 1st to prove that
bacteria actually caused diseases
bull 1876
bull Microbial Etiology of Infectious Disease
ndash etiology - the cause of a disease
bull Developed methods of fixing staining andphotographing bacteria
bull Established ldquoscientific rulesrdquo to show a cause and
effect relationship between a microbe and a
disease
ndash Kochrsquos Postulates
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 45
Staining Koch Postulate
K hrsquo P t l t
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 46
Kochrsquos Postulates bull 1 The same organisms must be found in all
cases of a given diseasebull 2 The organism must be isolated and grown
in pure culture
bull 3 The isolated organism must reproducethe same disease when inoculated into a
healthy susceptible animal
bull 4 The original organism must again beisolated from the experimentally infected
animal
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 47
Exceptions to Kochrsquos Postulates
1 Some organisms have never been grown in
pure culture on artificial media
Treponema pallidum - Syphilis
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 48
Mycobacterium leprae
Leprosy
Never been grown in pure culture on artificial media
Seven Banded Armadillo
Exceptions to Kochrsquos Postulates
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 49
Exceptions to Kochrsquos Postulates
bull In exclusively human diseases it is not
morally acceptable to inoculate a deadly
pathogen into a ldquohuman guinea pigrdquo
bull HIV
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 50
Koch established the Microbial Etiology
of 3 important diseases of his day
bull 1 Cholera (fecal-oral disease)
ndash Vibrio cholerae
bull 2 Tuberculosis (pulmonary infection) ndash Mycobacterium tuberculosis
ndash Work on tuberculin (protein from M tuberculosis) that led to devrsquot of skin testing to diagnose TB
bull 3 Anthrax (sheep and cattle) ndash Bacillus anthracis ndash Discovered that B anthracis produce spores that is capable of resisting
adverse conditions
A h
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 51
Anthraxbull Bacillus anthracis
ndash Gram (+) non-motile aerobic spore forming rod ndash Streptobacilli with central spores
ndash Livestock
bull Sheep cattle goats
ndash Humans
bull Handle hides wool goat hair handicrafts from the Middle
East made from animal products
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 52
3 Forms of Human Anthrax
bull 1 Cutaneous Anthrax
ndash Enters thru cut or
abrasion
ndash Results in painless
ulcer (1-3 cm) with
black (necrotic) center
ndash About 20 mortality
rate in untreated cases
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 53
bull 2 Gastrointestinal Anthrax
ndash Contaminated meat
ndash Abdominal pain fevervomiting blood severe
diarrhea
ndash 25 to 60 mortality rate
3 I h l i A h
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 54
bull 3 Inhalation Anthrax
bull Initial symptomsresemble common
cold ndash Progress to severe
breathing problems andshock
ndash Usually results in death1-2 days after onset of acute symptoms
ndash Mortality rate 99 inuntreated cases
ndash Treatment usually noteffective aftersymptoms are present
A h Bi l i l W
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 55
Anthrax as a Biological Weapon
bull Deadly if not treated early
bull Spores can be produced in large quantities using basicknowledge of biology
bull Spores may remain viable for years (60 at least)
bull Spores can be spread
ndash Missiles rockets bombs mail crop dusters
bull No cloud or color
bull No smell
bull No taste
bull Antibiotics ndash only effective if administered early (within24 ndash 48 hours)
h 1 lidif
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Koch - 1st to use Agar to solidify
culture media
Golden Age of Microbiology
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 57
Golden Age of Microbiology 1857 - 1914
bull Pasteur
ndash Pasteurization
ndash Fermentation
bull Joseph Lister
ndash Phenol to treat surgical wounds ndash 1st attempt to control infections
caused by microoganisms
bull Robert Koch ndash Kochrsquos Postulates
bull Edward Jenner
ndash vaccination
bull Paul Erlich ndash 1st synthetic drug used to treat infections
ndash Salvarsan - arsenic based chemical to treat Syphilis
bull ldquosalvationrdquo from Syphilis
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 58
Naming of Bacteria
bull Genus and species - Binomial System of
Taxonomic Classification
bull Information usually given
ndash 1 Describes an organism
ndash 2 Identifies a habitat ndash 3 Honors a scientist or researcher
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 59
Bacterial Morphology
bull Bacilli
bull Cocci
bull Spiral
Arrangements
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 60
ArrangementsStaphylo
Strepto
Diplo
Sarcinae
Tetrad
Vibrio (comma shaped)
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 61
bull Staphylococcus aureus
bull Staphylococcusepidermidis
bull Streptococcus
pneumoniae
bull Vibrio cholerae
bull Rhodospirillium
rubrumbull Bacillus subtilis
bull Micrococcus luteus
bull Escherichia coli
bull Bacillus anthracis
bull Salmonella enteridis
bull Streptococcus pyogenes
bull Steptococcus lactis
bull Streptococcus faecalis
bull Erlichia canis
bull Campylobacter jejuni
bull Helicobacter pylori
bull Enterobacter aerogenes
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 62
Microbiology A Human Perspective
bull Microorganisms cannot be seen without the aid of amicroscope
bull There are more than 200000 known microbesbull Exist in virtually any environment that has water
bull Exhibit tremendous biodiversity
bull Compose the largest biomass group of living
organismsbull Microbes exist for more than 35 billion years
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 63
bull Food production bread beer
bull Bioremediation decontamination
of hazardous wastesbull Useful products ethanol fuel
antibiotics amino acids
bull Genetic engineeringpharmaceuticals vaccines
bull Genomics genome sequencingpermits understanding of diseasemechanisms
Applications of Microbiology
Medical microbiology
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 64
bull Infectious diseases have killedmore people than all wars andnatural disasters combined
bull Outbreaks have changed thecourse of history
bull Vaccines have dramaticallydecreased the incidence of
infectious diseases especiallyin children
Medical microbiology
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 65
bull Re-emergence of ldquoOldrdquo Infectious
Diseases
ndash Cases of whooping cough have increased
in the last few years
ndash Many microbes have evolved antibiotic
resistance
Medical microbiology (cont)
Medical microbiology (cont )
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 66
bull Emerging infectious diseases
ndash As humans encroach upon wild habitat new infectious agents (microbes) arediscovered
ndash These agents are typically hosted by animals and are termed zoonotic agents
Medical microbiology (cont)
Agent Host Disease
Ebola virus Bats Ebola hemorrhagic fever
SARS virus Bats Severe acute respiratory syndrome
Sin Nombre virus Deer mouse Hantavirus cardiopulmonary syndrome
Nipah virus Bats Nipah encephalitis
Dengue virus Mosquitos Dengue fever Dengue hemorrhagic fever
Machupo virus Vesper mouse Bolivian hemorrhagic fever
Avian influenza viruses Various birds Influenza
Some recently discovered agents and their animal hosts
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 67
Terminologieshellip
bull Bacteriocins ndash Toxins produce by enterobacteria that are lethal to
related strains of bacteria
bull Resident flora ndash Collective vegetation in a given area in one part of the body yet produce infection in another
bull Infection
ndash Is an invasion of body tissue by microbes and theirgrowth
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 68
bull Infectious agent
ndash Microbes that cause infection
bull Asymptomaticsubclinical ndash Microbes do not produce clinical evidence of
disease
bull Disease ndash Detectable alteration in normal tissue function
bull Virulence
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 69
Virulence ndash Microbersquos ability to produce disease
bull Communicable disease ndash Infectious agents that can be transmitted to an individual by direct
or indirect contact or as airborne infection ndash ex common colds
bull Pathogenicity ndash Ability to produce disease
bull Pathogen ndash Disease causing microbes ndash 3 of known microbes are capable of causing disease
bull Non-pathogens ndash Do not cause disease
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 70
Terminologieshellip
bull Opportunistic pathogen ndash Causes disease only in a susceptible individual
bull Asepsis
ndash Freedom from disease-causing microbes
bull Medical asepsis ndash All practices intended to confine a specific
microbes to a specific area limiting the growth
amp transmission of microbes
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 71
bull Medical asepsis
ndash Objects are CLEAN (absence of almost all microbes)
bull Surgical asepsissterile technique
ndash Practices that keep an area or object free of allmicrobes
ndash Practices that destroys all microbes amp spores
bull Sepsis
ndash State of infection and can take many forms includingseptic shock
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GRADED RECITATION
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 73
Microorganisms are said to be
ubiquitous
Can you think of any locations thatwould be devoid of microorganisms
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 74
Of all the various areas of microbiology
mentioned in this chapter which
appeal to you the mostWhy
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 75
Assume that you are entering a health-related
professionOf what value will knowledge of
microbiology be to you
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 76
Many people consider Louis Pasteurrsquos
contributions to be the foundation of the
science of microbiology and a cornerstone
of modern medicine
What contributions did he make that would
cause people to believe that
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You have isolated a bacterium from the blood
of a patient with a newly described disease
What steps would you take to prove that the
organism that yoursquove isolated is the cause of
the patientrsquos disease
(Hint Remember Kochrsquos Postulates)
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 19
5 Biochemistry and Metabolism
bull Very simple structure
bull rapid rate of reproduction
bull provides ldquoinstantrdquo data
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 20
6 Microbial Antagonism
bull Our normal microbial flora prevents
potential pathogens from gaining access to
our body
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 21
7 Insect Pest Control
bull Using bacteria to control the growth of
insects
bull Bacillus thuringiensis
ndash caterpillars
ndash bollworms ndash corn borers
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 22
8 Bioremediation
bull Using microbes to clean up pollutants and
toxic wastes
bull Exxon Valdez - 1989
bull 2 Genera
ndash Pseudomonas sp ndash Bacillus sp
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 23
9 Recombinant DNA Technology
Gene Therapy Genetic Engineering
bull Bacteria can be manipulated to produceenzymes and proteins they normally would
not produce
ndash Insulin
ndash Human Growth Hormone
ndash Interferon
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 24
10 Microbes form the basis of
the food chain
Marine and fresh water microorganisms
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 25
Microbes do benefit us but they are also
capable of causing many diseases
bull Pneumonia Whooping Cough
bull Botulism Typhoid Fever Measles
bull Cholera Scarlet Fever Mumps
bull Syphilis Gonorrhea Herpes 1
bull Chlamydia Tuberculosis Herpes 2
bull Meningitis Tetanus RMSV
bull Strep Throat Lyme Disease AIDS
bull Black Plague Diarrhea Gangrene
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 26
History of the Study of
Microorganisms
bull 1665 Robert Hooke
ndash ldquolittle boxesrdquo - ldquocellsrdquo
ndash Cell Theory - all living things are made up of cells
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 27
Spontaneous Generation
bull Theory that life just ldquospontaneouslyrdquo
developed from non-living matter
bull Example
ndash toads snakes and mice - moist soil
ndash flies and maggots - manure and decaying flesh
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 28
Experiments to disprove
Spontaneous Generationbull Francesco Redi 1668
ndash Showed that worms which appeared on rotting meatwere from fly eggs
bull Rudolph Virchow 1858 ndash Theory of Biogenesis
bull Cells can only arise from preexisting cells
bull Louis Pasteur 1861 ndash Showed that appearance of microbes in sterilized media
was from air-borne bacteria ndash Showed that sterilized materials remained sterile if kept
isolated from the external environment
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 29
Anton van Leeuwenhoek 1674
- 1st person to actually see living microorganisms
ldquowee animalculesrdquo
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 30
ANTON VAN LEEUWENHOEK
bull 1st to see live bacteria and protozoabull FATHER OF MICROBIOLOGY
bull FATHER OF BACTERIOLOGY amp PROTOZOOLOGY
bull Fabric merchant a surveyor wine assayer and a minor city
official
bull Hobby
ndash ground tiny glass lenses which he mounted in smallmetal frames (single-lens microscope)
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 31
ANTON VAN LEEUWENHOEK
bull He never speculated on the
origin of microbes nor associate
them with infectious disease
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 32
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 33
bull Scientist became convinced of the existence of tiny creature (notseen by naked eye)
bull SPONTANEOUS GENERATION THEORY ABIOGENESIS wasestablished
ndash Life could develop spontaneously from inanimatesubstancesnonliving organisms
ndash UNTIL the time of Louis Pasteur and John Tyndall whodisproved the theory and prove that
bull ldquoLIFE CAN ONLY ARISE FROMPREEXISTING LIFE ALONErdquo
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 34
LOUIS PASTEUR
bull Contributions makes the
foundation of
ndash science of microbiology
ndash modern medicinehellip
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 35
LOUIS PASTEURrsquoS CONTRIBUTIONhellip
bull 1 Wine contamination Discoveredwhat occurs during alcoholicfermentation ndash Demonstrated that different microbes
produce different fermentationproducts
ndash Ex yeast converts glucose in grapesto ethanol by fermentation
ndash Acetobacter a contaminatingbacteriaconverts glucose to aceticacid (vinegar)- ruining the taste of thewine
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 36
2 Thru experiment dealth the fatal blow tothe theory of spontaneous generation
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 37
Pasteur designed special ldquoswan-necked flasksrdquo
with a boiled meat infusion
Shape of flask allowed air in (vital force) but trapped
dust particles which may contain microbes
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 38
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 39
LOUIS PASTEURrsquoS CONTRIBUTIONhellip
bull 3 Discovered forms of life that are withno oxygen
ndash Aerobes ndash microbes needs Oxygen ndash Anaerobes ndash microbes can live without
oxygen
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 40
LOUIS PASTEURrsquoS CONTRIBUTIONhellip
4 Pasteurization ndash process that kills microbesthat cause wine to spoil
- Can be used to kill pathogens in liquids
- Process- Heating and maintaining to 63-65oC for 30 minutes or 73-75oCfor 15mins
- Note not ALL microbes are killed
ONLY the pathogens
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 41
LOUIS PASTEURrsquoS CONTRIBUTIONhellip
bull 5 Discovered the causative agent that
were causing silkworm diseases in silk industry in France and how to preventsuch disease
bull 6 Contributed on the GERM THEORYOF DISEASE ndash specific microbes causespecific infectious diseases
ndash ex anthrax caused by Bacillus anthracis
ndash TB by Mycobacterium tuberculosis
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 42
LOUIS PASTEURrsquoS CONTRIBUTIONhellip
7 Championed changes in hospitalpractices to minimize the spread of disease by pathogens
8 Developed vaccines to preventcholeraanthrax and swineerysipelas (skin disease)
9 Developed RABIES vaccine in dogs
and successfully used to treathuman rabies
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 43
Germ Theory of Disease
bull Hard for people to believe that diseases werecaused by tiny invisible ldquowee animalculesrdquo
bull Diseases they thought were caused by
ndash demons
ndash witchcraft
ndash bad luck
ndash the wrath of God ndash curses
ndash evil spirits
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 44
Robert Koch - 1st to prove that
bacteria actually caused diseases
bull 1876
bull Microbial Etiology of Infectious Disease
ndash etiology - the cause of a disease
bull Developed methods of fixing staining andphotographing bacteria
bull Established ldquoscientific rulesrdquo to show a cause and
effect relationship between a microbe and a
disease
ndash Kochrsquos Postulates
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 45
Staining Koch Postulate
K hrsquo P t l t
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 46
Kochrsquos Postulates bull 1 The same organisms must be found in all
cases of a given diseasebull 2 The organism must be isolated and grown
in pure culture
bull 3 The isolated organism must reproducethe same disease when inoculated into a
healthy susceptible animal
bull 4 The original organism must again beisolated from the experimentally infected
animal
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 47
Exceptions to Kochrsquos Postulates
1 Some organisms have never been grown in
pure culture on artificial media
Treponema pallidum - Syphilis
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 48
Mycobacterium leprae
Leprosy
Never been grown in pure culture on artificial media
Seven Banded Armadillo
Exceptions to Kochrsquos Postulates
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 49
Exceptions to Kochrsquos Postulates
bull In exclusively human diseases it is not
morally acceptable to inoculate a deadly
pathogen into a ldquohuman guinea pigrdquo
bull HIV
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 50
Koch established the Microbial Etiology
of 3 important diseases of his day
bull 1 Cholera (fecal-oral disease)
ndash Vibrio cholerae
bull 2 Tuberculosis (pulmonary infection) ndash Mycobacterium tuberculosis
ndash Work on tuberculin (protein from M tuberculosis) that led to devrsquot of skin testing to diagnose TB
bull 3 Anthrax (sheep and cattle) ndash Bacillus anthracis ndash Discovered that B anthracis produce spores that is capable of resisting
adverse conditions
A h
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 51
Anthraxbull Bacillus anthracis
ndash Gram (+) non-motile aerobic spore forming rod ndash Streptobacilli with central spores
ndash Livestock
bull Sheep cattle goats
ndash Humans
bull Handle hides wool goat hair handicrafts from the Middle
East made from animal products
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 52
3 Forms of Human Anthrax
bull 1 Cutaneous Anthrax
ndash Enters thru cut or
abrasion
ndash Results in painless
ulcer (1-3 cm) with
black (necrotic) center
ndash About 20 mortality
rate in untreated cases
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 53
bull 2 Gastrointestinal Anthrax
ndash Contaminated meat
ndash Abdominal pain fevervomiting blood severe
diarrhea
ndash 25 to 60 mortality rate
3 I h l i A h
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 54
bull 3 Inhalation Anthrax
bull Initial symptomsresemble common
cold ndash Progress to severe
breathing problems andshock
ndash Usually results in death1-2 days after onset of acute symptoms
ndash Mortality rate 99 inuntreated cases
ndash Treatment usually noteffective aftersymptoms are present
A h Bi l i l W
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 55
Anthrax as a Biological Weapon
bull Deadly if not treated early
bull Spores can be produced in large quantities using basicknowledge of biology
bull Spores may remain viable for years (60 at least)
bull Spores can be spread
ndash Missiles rockets bombs mail crop dusters
bull No cloud or color
bull No smell
bull No taste
bull Antibiotics ndash only effective if administered early (within24 ndash 48 hours)
h 1 lidif
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 56
Koch - 1st to use Agar to solidify
culture media
Golden Age of Microbiology
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 57
Golden Age of Microbiology 1857 - 1914
bull Pasteur
ndash Pasteurization
ndash Fermentation
bull Joseph Lister
ndash Phenol to treat surgical wounds ndash 1st attempt to control infections
caused by microoganisms
bull Robert Koch ndash Kochrsquos Postulates
bull Edward Jenner
ndash vaccination
bull Paul Erlich ndash 1st synthetic drug used to treat infections
ndash Salvarsan - arsenic based chemical to treat Syphilis
bull ldquosalvationrdquo from Syphilis
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 58
Naming of Bacteria
bull Genus and species - Binomial System of
Taxonomic Classification
bull Information usually given
ndash 1 Describes an organism
ndash 2 Identifies a habitat ndash 3 Honors a scientist or researcher
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 59
Bacterial Morphology
bull Bacilli
bull Cocci
bull Spiral
Arrangements
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 60
ArrangementsStaphylo
Strepto
Diplo
Sarcinae
Tetrad
Vibrio (comma shaped)
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 61
bull Staphylococcus aureus
bull Staphylococcusepidermidis
bull Streptococcus
pneumoniae
bull Vibrio cholerae
bull Rhodospirillium
rubrumbull Bacillus subtilis
bull Micrococcus luteus
bull Escherichia coli
bull Bacillus anthracis
bull Salmonella enteridis
bull Streptococcus pyogenes
bull Steptococcus lactis
bull Streptococcus faecalis
bull Erlichia canis
bull Campylobacter jejuni
bull Helicobacter pylori
bull Enterobacter aerogenes
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 62
Microbiology A Human Perspective
bull Microorganisms cannot be seen without the aid of amicroscope
bull There are more than 200000 known microbesbull Exist in virtually any environment that has water
bull Exhibit tremendous biodiversity
bull Compose the largest biomass group of living
organismsbull Microbes exist for more than 35 billion years
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 63
bull Food production bread beer
bull Bioremediation decontamination
of hazardous wastesbull Useful products ethanol fuel
antibiotics amino acids
bull Genetic engineeringpharmaceuticals vaccines
bull Genomics genome sequencingpermits understanding of diseasemechanisms
Applications of Microbiology
Medical microbiology
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 64
bull Infectious diseases have killedmore people than all wars andnatural disasters combined
bull Outbreaks have changed thecourse of history
bull Vaccines have dramaticallydecreased the incidence of
infectious diseases especiallyin children
Medical microbiology
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 65
bull Re-emergence of ldquoOldrdquo Infectious
Diseases
ndash Cases of whooping cough have increased
in the last few years
ndash Many microbes have evolved antibiotic
resistance
Medical microbiology (cont)
Medical microbiology (cont )
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 66
bull Emerging infectious diseases
ndash As humans encroach upon wild habitat new infectious agents (microbes) arediscovered
ndash These agents are typically hosted by animals and are termed zoonotic agents
Medical microbiology (cont)
Agent Host Disease
Ebola virus Bats Ebola hemorrhagic fever
SARS virus Bats Severe acute respiratory syndrome
Sin Nombre virus Deer mouse Hantavirus cardiopulmonary syndrome
Nipah virus Bats Nipah encephalitis
Dengue virus Mosquitos Dengue fever Dengue hemorrhagic fever
Machupo virus Vesper mouse Bolivian hemorrhagic fever
Avian influenza viruses Various birds Influenza
Some recently discovered agents and their animal hosts
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 67
Terminologieshellip
bull Bacteriocins ndash Toxins produce by enterobacteria that are lethal to
related strains of bacteria
bull Resident flora ndash Collective vegetation in a given area in one part of the body yet produce infection in another
bull Infection
ndash Is an invasion of body tissue by microbes and theirgrowth
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 68
bull Infectious agent
ndash Microbes that cause infection
bull Asymptomaticsubclinical ndash Microbes do not produce clinical evidence of
disease
bull Disease ndash Detectable alteration in normal tissue function
bull Virulence
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 69
Virulence ndash Microbersquos ability to produce disease
bull Communicable disease ndash Infectious agents that can be transmitted to an individual by direct
or indirect contact or as airborne infection ndash ex common colds
bull Pathogenicity ndash Ability to produce disease
bull Pathogen ndash Disease causing microbes ndash 3 of known microbes are capable of causing disease
bull Non-pathogens ndash Do not cause disease
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 70
Terminologieshellip
bull Opportunistic pathogen ndash Causes disease only in a susceptible individual
bull Asepsis
ndash Freedom from disease-causing microbes
bull Medical asepsis ndash All practices intended to confine a specific
microbes to a specific area limiting the growth
amp transmission of microbes
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 71
bull Medical asepsis
ndash Objects are CLEAN (absence of almost all microbes)
bull Surgical asepsissterile technique
ndash Practices that keep an area or object free of allmicrobes
ndash Practices that destroys all microbes amp spores
bull Sepsis
ndash State of infection and can take many forms includingseptic shock
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GRADED RECITATION
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 73
Microorganisms are said to be
ubiquitous
Can you think of any locations thatwould be devoid of microorganisms
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 74
Of all the various areas of microbiology
mentioned in this chapter which
appeal to you the mostWhy
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 75
Assume that you are entering a health-related
professionOf what value will knowledge of
microbiology be to you
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 76
Many people consider Louis Pasteurrsquos
contributions to be the foundation of the
science of microbiology and a cornerstone
of modern medicine
What contributions did he make that would
cause people to believe that
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You have isolated a bacterium from the blood
of a patient with a newly described disease
What steps would you take to prove that the
organism that yoursquove isolated is the cause of
the patientrsquos disease
(Hint Remember Kochrsquos Postulates)
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 20
6 Microbial Antagonism
bull Our normal microbial flora prevents
potential pathogens from gaining access to
our body
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 21
7 Insect Pest Control
bull Using bacteria to control the growth of
insects
bull Bacillus thuringiensis
ndash caterpillars
ndash bollworms ndash corn borers
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 22
8 Bioremediation
bull Using microbes to clean up pollutants and
toxic wastes
bull Exxon Valdez - 1989
bull 2 Genera
ndash Pseudomonas sp ndash Bacillus sp
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 23
9 Recombinant DNA Technology
Gene Therapy Genetic Engineering
bull Bacteria can be manipulated to produceenzymes and proteins they normally would
not produce
ndash Insulin
ndash Human Growth Hormone
ndash Interferon
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 24
10 Microbes form the basis of
the food chain
Marine and fresh water microorganisms
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 25
Microbes do benefit us but they are also
capable of causing many diseases
bull Pneumonia Whooping Cough
bull Botulism Typhoid Fever Measles
bull Cholera Scarlet Fever Mumps
bull Syphilis Gonorrhea Herpes 1
bull Chlamydia Tuberculosis Herpes 2
bull Meningitis Tetanus RMSV
bull Strep Throat Lyme Disease AIDS
bull Black Plague Diarrhea Gangrene
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 26
History of the Study of
Microorganisms
bull 1665 Robert Hooke
ndash ldquolittle boxesrdquo - ldquocellsrdquo
ndash Cell Theory - all living things are made up of cells
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 27
Spontaneous Generation
bull Theory that life just ldquospontaneouslyrdquo
developed from non-living matter
bull Example
ndash toads snakes and mice - moist soil
ndash flies and maggots - manure and decaying flesh
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 28
Experiments to disprove
Spontaneous Generationbull Francesco Redi 1668
ndash Showed that worms which appeared on rotting meatwere from fly eggs
bull Rudolph Virchow 1858 ndash Theory of Biogenesis
bull Cells can only arise from preexisting cells
bull Louis Pasteur 1861 ndash Showed that appearance of microbes in sterilized media
was from air-borne bacteria ndash Showed that sterilized materials remained sterile if kept
isolated from the external environment
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 29
Anton van Leeuwenhoek 1674
- 1st person to actually see living microorganisms
ldquowee animalculesrdquo
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 30
ANTON VAN LEEUWENHOEK
bull 1st to see live bacteria and protozoabull FATHER OF MICROBIOLOGY
bull FATHER OF BACTERIOLOGY amp PROTOZOOLOGY
bull Fabric merchant a surveyor wine assayer and a minor city
official
bull Hobby
ndash ground tiny glass lenses which he mounted in smallmetal frames (single-lens microscope)
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 31
ANTON VAN LEEUWENHOEK
bull He never speculated on the
origin of microbes nor associate
them with infectious disease
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 32
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 33
bull Scientist became convinced of the existence of tiny creature (notseen by naked eye)
bull SPONTANEOUS GENERATION THEORY ABIOGENESIS wasestablished
ndash Life could develop spontaneously from inanimatesubstancesnonliving organisms
ndash UNTIL the time of Louis Pasteur and John Tyndall whodisproved the theory and prove that
bull ldquoLIFE CAN ONLY ARISE FROMPREEXISTING LIFE ALONErdquo
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 34
LOUIS PASTEUR
bull Contributions makes the
foundation of
ndash science of microbiology
ndash modern medicinehellip
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 35
LOUIS PASTEURrsquoS CONTRIBUTIONhellip
bull 1 Wine contamination Discoveredwhat occurs during alcoholicfermentation ndash Demonstrated that different microbes
produce different fermentationproducts
ndash Ex yeast converts glucose in grapesto ethanol by fermentation
ndash Acetobacter a contaminatingbacteriaconverts glucose to aceticacid (vinegar)- ruining the taste of thewine
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 36
2 Thru experiment dealth the fatal blow tothe theory of spontaneous generation
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 37
Pasteur designed special ldquoswan-necked flasksrdquo
with a boiled meat infusion
Shape of flask allowed air in (vital force) but trapped
dust particles which may contain microbes
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 38
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 39
LOUIS PASTEURrsquoS CONTRIBUTIONhellip
bull 3 Discovered forms of life that are withno oxygen
ndash Aerobes ndash microbes needs Oxygen ndash Anaerobes ndash microbes can live without
oxygen
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 40
LOUIS PASTEURrsquoS CONTRIBUTIONhellip
4 Pasteurization ndash process that kills microbesthat cause wine to spoil
- Can be used to kill pathogens in liquids
- Process- Heating and maintaining to 63-65oC for 30 minutes or 73-75oCfor 15mins
- Note not ALL microbes are killed
ONLY the pathogens
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 41
LOUIS PASTEURrsquoS CONTRIBUTIONhellip
bull 5 Discovered the causative agent that
were causing silkworm diseases in silk industry in France and how to preventsuch disease
bull 6 Contributed on the GERM THEORYOF DISEASE ndash specific microbes causespecific infectious diseases
ndash ex anthrax caused by Bacillus anthracis
ndash TB by Mycobacterium tuberculosis
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 42
LOUIS PASTEURrsquoS CONTRIBUTIONhellip
7 Championed changes in hospitalpractices to minimize the spread of disease by pathogens
8 Developed vaccines to preventcholeraanthrax and swineerysipelas (skin disease)
9 Developed RABIES vaccine in dogs
and successfully used to treathuman rabies
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 43
Germ Theory of Disease
bull Hard for people to believe that diseases werecaused by tiny invisible ldquowee animalculesrdquo
bull Diseases they thought were caused by
ndash demons
ndash witchcraft
ndash bad luck
ndash the wrath of God ndash curses
ndash evil spirits
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 44
Robert Koch - 1st to prove that
bacteria actually caused diseases
bull 1876
bull Microbial Etiology of Infectious Disease
ndash etiology - the cause of a disease
bull Developed methods of fixing staining andphotographing bacteria
bull Established ldquoscientific rulesrdquo to show a cause and
effect relationship between a microbe and a
disease
ndash Kochrsquos Postulates
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 45
Staining Koch Postulate
K hrsquo P t l t
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 46
Kochrsquos Postulates bull 1 The same organisms must be found in all
cases of a given diseasebull 2 The organism must be isolated and grown
in pure culture
bull 3 The isolated organism must reproducethe same disease when inoculated into a
healthy susceptible animal
bull 4 The original organism must again beisolated from the experimentally infected
animal
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 47
Exceptions to Kochrsquos Postulates
1 Some organisms have never been grown in
pure culture on artificial media
Treponema pallidum - Syphilis
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 48
Mycobacterium leprae
Leprosy
Never been grown in pure culture on artificial media
Seven Banded Armadillo
Exceptions to Kochrsquos Postulates
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 49
Exceptions to Kochrsquos Postulates
bull In exclusively human diseases it is not
morally acceptable to inoculate a deadly
pathogen into a ldquohuman guinea pigrdquo
bull HIV
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 50
Koch established the Microbial Etiology
of 3 important diseases of his day
bull 1 Cholera (fecal-oral disease)
ndash Vibrio cholerae
bull 2 Tuberculosis (pulmonary infection) ndash Mycobacterium tuberculosis
ndash Work on tuberculin (protein from M tuberculosis) that led to devrsquot of skin testing to diagnose TB
bull 3 Anthrax (sheep and cattle) ndash Bacillus anthracis ndash Discovered that B anthracis produce spores that is capable of resisting
adverse conditions
A h
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 51
Anthraxbull Bacillus anthracis
ndash Gram (+) non-motile aerobic spore forming rod ndash Streptobacilli with central spores
ndash Livestock
bull Sheep cattle goats
ndash Humans
bull Handle hides wool goat hair handicrafts from the Middle
East made from animal products
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 52
3 Forms of Human Anthrax
bull 1 Cutaneous Anthrax
ndash Enters thru cut or
abrasion
ndash Results in painless
ulcer (1-3 cm) with
black (necrotic) center
ndash About 20 mortality
rate in untreated cases
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 53
bull 2 Gastrointestinal Anthrax
ndash Contaminated meat
ndash Abdominal pain fevervomiting blood severe
diarrhea
ndash 25 to 60 mortality rate
3 I h l i A h
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 54
bull 3 Inhalation Anthrax
bull Initial symptomsresemble common
cold ndash Progress to severe
breathing problems andshock
ndash Usually results in death1-2 days after onset of acute symptoms
ndash Mortality rate 99 inuntreated cases
ndash Treatment usually noteffective aftersymptoms are present
A h Bi l i l W
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 55
Anthrax as a Biological Weapon
bull Deadly if not treated early
bull Spores can be produced in large quantities using basicknowledge of biology
bull Spores may remain viable for years (60 at least)
bull Spores can be spread
ndash Missiles rockets bombs mail crop dusters
bull No cloud or color
bull No smell
bull No taste
bull Antibiotics ndash only effective if administered early (within24 ndash 48 hours)
h 1 lidif
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 56
Koch - 1st to use Agar to solidify
culture media
Golden Age of Microbiology
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 57
Golden Age of Microbiology 1857 - 1914
bull Pasteur
ndash Pasteurization
ndash Fermentation
bull Joseph Lister
ndash Phenol to treat surgical wounds ndash 1st attempt to control infections
caused by microoganisms
bull Robert Koch ndash Kochrsquos Postulates
bull Edward Jenner
ndash vaccination
bull Paul Erlich ndash 1st synthetic drug used to treat infections
ndash Salvarsan - arsenic based chemical to treat Syphilis
bull ldquosalvationrdquo from Syphilis
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 58
Naming of Bacteria
bull Genus and species - Binomial System of
Taxonomic Classification
bull Information usually given
ndash 1 Describes an organism
ndash 2 Identifies a habitat ndash 3 Honors a scientist or researcher
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 59
Bacterial Morphology
bull Bacilli
bull Cocci
bull Spiral
Arrangements
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 60
ArrangementsStaphylo
Strepto
Diplo
Sarcinae
Tetrad
Vibrio (comma shaped)
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 61
bull Staphylococcus aureus
bull Staphylococcusepidermidis
bull Streptococcus
pneumoniae
bull Vibrio cholerae
bull Rhodospirillium
rubrumbull Bacillus subtilis
bull Micrococcus luteus
bull Escherichia coli
bull Bacillus anthracis
bull Salmonella enteridis
bull Streptococcus pyogenes
bull Steptococcus lactis
bull Streptococcus faecalis
bull Erlichia canis
bull Campylobacter jejuni
bull Helicobacter pylori
bull Enterobacter aerogenes
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 62
Microbiology A Human Perspective
bull Microorganisms cannot be seen without the aid of amicroscope
bull There are more than 200000 known microbesbull Exist in virtually any environment that has water
bull Exhibit tremendous biodiversity
bull Compose the largest biomass group of living
organismsbull Microbes exist for more than 35 billion years
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 63
bull Food production bread beer
bull Bioremediation decontamination
of hazardous wastesbull Useful products ethanol fuel
antibiotics amino acids
bull Genetic engineeringpharmaceuticals vaccines
bull Genomics genome sequencingpermits understanding of diseasemechanisms
Applications of Microbiology
Medical microbiology
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 64
bull Infectious diseases have killedmore people than all wars andnatural disasters combined
bull Outbreaks have changed thecourse of history
bull Vaccines have dramaticallydecreased the incidence of
infectious diseases especiallyin children
Medical microbiology
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 65
bull Re-emergence of ldquoOldrdquo Infectious
Diseases
ndash Cases of whooping cough have increased
in the last few years
ndash Many microbes have evolved antibiotic
resistance
Medical microbiology (cont)
Medical microbiology (cont )
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 66
bull Emerging infectious diseases
ndash As humans encroach upon wild habitat new infectious agents (microbes) arediscovered
ndash These agents are typically hosted by animals and are termed zoonotic agents
Medical microbiology (cont)
Agent Host Disease
Ebola virus Bats Ebola hemorrhagic fever
SARS virus Bats Severe acute respiratory syndrome
Sin Nombre virus Deer mouse Hantavirus cardiopulmonary syndrome
Nipah virus Bats Nipah encephalitis
Dengue virus Mosquitos Dengue fever Dengue hemorrhagic fever
Machupo virus Vesper mouse Bolivian hemorrhagic fever
Avian influenza viruses Various birds Influenza
Some recently discovered agents and their animal hosts
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 67
Terminologieshellip
bull Bacteriocins ndash Toxins produce by enterobacteria that are lethal to
related strains of bacteria
bull Resident flora ndash Collective vegetation in a given area in one part of the body yet produce infection in another
bull Infection
ndash Is an invasion of body tissue by microbes and theirgrowth
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 68
bull Infectious agent
ndash Microbes that cause infection
bull Asymptomaticsubclinical ndash Microbes do not produce clinical evidence of
disease
bull Disease ndash Detectable alteration in normal tissue function
bull Virulence
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 69
Virulence ndash Microbersquos ability to produce disease
bull Communicable disease ndash Infectious agents that can be transmitted to an individual by direct
or indirect contact or as airborne infection ndash ex common colds
bull Pathogenicity ndash Ability to produce disease
bull Pathogen ndash Disease causing microbes ndash 3 of known microbes are capable of causing disease
bull Non-pathogens ndash Do not cause disease
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 70
Terminologieshellip
bull Opportunistic pathogen ndash Causes disease only in a susceptible individual
bull Asepsis
ndash Freedom from disease-causing microbes
bull Medical asepsis ndash All practices intended to confine a specific
microbes to a specific area limiting the growth
amp transmission of microbes
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 71
bull Medical asepsis
ndash Objects are CLEAN (absence of almost all microbes)
bull Surgical asepsissterile technique
ndash Practices that keep an area or object free of allmicrobes
ndash Practices that destroys all microbes amp spores
bull Sepsis
ndash State of infection and can take many forms includingseptic shock
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GRADED RECITATION
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 73
Microorganisms are said to be
ubiquitous
Can you think of any locations thatwould be devoid of microorganisms
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 74
Of all the various areas of microbiology
mentioned in this chapter which
appeal to you the mostWhy
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 75
Assume that you are entering a health-related
professionOf what value will knowledge of
microbiology be to you
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 76
Many people consider Louis Pasteurrsquos
contributions to be the foundation of the
science of microbiology and a cornerstone
of modern medicine
What contributions did he make that would
cause people to believe that
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You have isolated a bacterium from the blood
of a patient with a newly described disease
What steps would you take to prove that the
organism that yoursquove isolated is the cause of
the patientrsquos disease
(Hint Remember Kochrsquos Postulates)
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 21
7 Insect Pest Control
bull Using bacteria to control the growth of
insects
bull Bacillus thuringiensis
ndash caterpillars
ndash bollworms ndash corn borers
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 22
8 Bioremediation
bull Using microbes to clean up pollutants and
toxic wastes
bull Exxon Valdez - 1989
bull 2 Genera
ndash Pseudomonas sp ndash Bacillus sp
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 23
9 Recombinant DNA Technology
Gene Therapy Genetic Engineering
bull Bacteria can be manipulated to produceenzymes and proteins they normally would
not produce
ndash Insulin
ndash Human Growth Hormone
ndash Interferon
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 24
10 Microbes form the basis of
the food chain
Marine and fresh water microorganisms
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 25
Microbes do benefit us but they are also
capable of causing many diseases
bull Pneumonia Whooping Cough
bull Botulism Typhoid Fever Measles
bull Cholera Scarlet Fever Mumps
bull Syphilis Gonorrhea Herpes 1
bull Chlamydia Tuberculosis Herpes 2
bull Meningitis Tetanus RMSV
bull Strep Throat Lyme Disease AIDS
bull Black Plague Diarrhea Gangrene
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 26
History of the Study of
Microorganisms
bull 1665 Robert Hooke
ndash ldquolittle boxesrdquo - ldquocellsrdquo
ndash Cell Theory - all living things are made up of cells
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 27
Spontaneous Generation
bull Theory that life just ldquospontaneouslyrdquo
developed from non-living matter
bull Example
ndash toads snakes and mice - moist soil
ndash flies and maggots - manure and decaying flesh
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 28
Experiments to disprove
Spontaneous Generationbull Francesco Redi 1668
ndash Showed that worms which appeared on rotting meatwere from fly eggs
bull Rudolph Virchow 1858 ndash Theory of Biogenesis
bull Cells can only arise from preexisting cells
bull Louis Pasteur 1861 ndash Showed that appearance of microbes in sterilized media
was from air-borne bacteria ndash Showed that sterilized materials remained sterile if kept
isolated from the external environment
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 29
Anton van Leeuwenhoek 1674
- 1st person to actually see living microorganisms
ldquowee animalculesrdquo
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 30
ANTON VAN LEEUWENHOEK
bull 1st to see live bacteria and protozoabull FATHER OF MICROBIOLOGY
bull FATHER OF BACTERIOLOGY amp PROTOZOOLOGY
bull Fabric merchant a surveyor wine assayer and a minor city
official
bull Hobby
ndash ground tiny glass lenses which he mounted in smallmetal frames (single-lens microscope)
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 31
ANTON VAN LEEUWENHOEK
bull He never speculated on the
origin of microbes nor associate
them with infectious disease
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 32
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 33
bull Scientist became convinced of the existence of tiny creature (notseen by naked eye)
bull SPONTANEOUS GENERATION THEORY ABIOGENESIS wasestablished
ndash Life could develop spontaneously from inanimatesubstancesnonliving organisms
ndash UNTIL the time of Louis Pasteur and John Tyndall whodisproved the theory and prove that
bull ldquoLIFE CAN ONLY ARISE FROMPREEXISTING LIFE ALONErdquo
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 34
LOUIS PASTEUR
bull Contributions makes the
foundation of
ndash science of microbiology
ndash modern medicinehellip
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 35
LOUIS PASTEURrsquoS CONTRIBUTIONhellip
bull 1 Wine contamination Discoveredwhat occurs during alcoholicfermentation ndash Demonstrated that different microbes
produce different fermentationproducts
ndash Ex yeast converts glucose in grapesto ethanol by fermentation
ndash Acetobacter a contaminatingbacteriaconverts glucose to aceticacid (vinegar)- ruining the taste of thewine
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 36
2 Thru experiment dealth the fatal blow tothe theory of spontaneous generation
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 37
Pasteur designed special ldquoswan-necked flasksrdquo
with a boiled meat infusion
Shape of flask allowed air in (vital force) but trapped
dust particles which may contain microbes
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 38
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 39
LOUIS PASTEURrsquoS CONTRIBUTIONhellip
bull 3 Discovered forms of life that are withno oxygen
ndash Aerobes ndash microbes needs Oxygen ndash Anaerobes ndash microbes can live without
oxygen
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 40
LOUIS PASTEURrsquoS CONTRIBUTIONhellip
4 Pasteurization ndash process that kills microbesthat cause wine to spoil
- Can be used to kill pathogens in liquids
- Process- Heating and maintaining to 63-65oC for 30 minutes or 73-75oCfor 15mins
- Note not ALL microbes are killed
ONLY the pathogens
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 41
LOUIS PASTEURrsquoS CONTRIBUTIONhellip
bull 5 Discovered the causative agent that
were causing silkworm diseases in silk industry in France and how to preventsuch disease
bull 6 Contributed on the GERM THEORYOF DISEASE ndash specific microbes causespecific infectious diseases
ndash ex anthrax caused by Bacillus anthracis
ndash TB by Mycobacterium tuberculosis
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 42
LOUIS PASTEURrsquoS CONTRIBUTIONhellip
7 Championed changes in hospitalpractices to minimize the spread of disease by pathogens
8 Developed vaccines to preventcholeraanthrax and swineerysipelas (skin disease)
9 Developed RABIES vaccine in dogs
and successfully used to treathuman rabies
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 43
Germ Theory of Disease
bull Hard for people to believe that diseases werecaused by tiny invisible ldquowee animalculesrdquo
bull Diseases they thought were caused by
ndash demons
ndash witchcraft
ndash bad luck
ndash the wrath of God ndash curses
ndash evil spirits
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 44
Robert Koch - 1st to prove that
bacteria actually caused diseases
bull 1876
bull Microbial Etiology of Infectious Disease
ndash etiology - the cause of a disease
bull Developed methods of fixing staining andphotographing bacteria
bull Established ldquoscientific rulesrdquo to show a cause and
effect relationship between a microbe and a
disease
ndash Kochrsquos Postulates
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 45
Staining Koch Postulate
K hrsquo P t l t
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 46
Kochrsquos Postulates bull 1 The same organisms must be found in all
cases of a given diseasebull 2 The organism must be isolated and grown
in pure culture
bull 3 The isolated organism must reproducethe same disease when inoculated into a
healthy susceptible animal
bull 4 The original organism must again beisolated from the experimentally infected
animal
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 47
Exceptions to Kochrsquos Postulates
1 Some organisms have never been grown in
pure culture on artificial media
Treponema pallidum - Syphilis
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 48
Mycobacterium leprae
Leprosy
Never been grown in pure culture on artificial media
Seven Banded Armadillo
Exceptions to Kochrsquos Postulates
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 49
Exceptions to Kochrsquos Postulates
bull In exclusively human diseases it is not
morally acceptable to inoculate a deadly
pathogen into a ldquohuman guinea pigrdquo
bull HIV
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 50
Koch established the Microbial Etiology
of 3 important diseases of his day
bull 1 Cholera (fecal-oral disease)
ndash Vibrio cholerae
bull 2 Tuberculosis (pulmonary infection) ndash Mycobacterium tuberculosis
ndash Work on tuberculin (protein from M tuberculosis) that led to devrsquot of skin testing to diagnose TB
bull 3 Anthrax (sheep and cattle) ndash Bacillus anthracis ndash Discovered that B anthracis produce spores that is capable of resisting
adverse conditions
A h
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 51
Anthraxbull Bacillus anthracis
ndash Gram (+) non-motile aerobic spore forming rod ndash Streptobacilli with central spores
ndash Livestock
bull Sheep cattle goats
ndash Humans
bull Handle hides wool goat hair handicrafts from the Middle
East made from animal products
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 52
3 Forms of Human Anthrax
bull 1 Cutaneous Anthrax
ndash Enters thru cut or
abrasion
ndash Results in painless
ulcer (1-3 cm) with
black (necrotic) center
ndash About 20 mortality
rate in untreated cases
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 53
bull 2 Gastrointestinal Anthrax
ndash Contaminated meat
ndash Abdominal pain fevervomiting blood severe
diarrhea
ndash 25 to 60 mortality rate
3 I h l i A h
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 54
bull 3 Inhalation Anthrax
bull Initial symptomsresemble common
cold ndash Progress to severe
breathing problems andshock
ndash Usually results in death1-2 days after onset of acute symptoms
ndash Mortality rate 99 inuntreated cases
ndash Treatment usually noteffective aftersymptoms are present
A h Bi l i l W
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 55
Anthrax as a Biological Weapon
bull Deadly if not treated early
bull Spores can be produced in large quantities using basicknowledge of biology
bull Spores may remain viable for years (60 at least)
bull Spores can be spread
ndash Missiles rockets bombs mail crop dusters
bull No cloud or color
bull No smell
bull No taste
bull Antibiotics ndash only effective if administered early (within24 ndash 48 hours)
h 1 lidif
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 56
Koch - 1st to use Agar to solidify
culture media
Golden Age of Microbiology
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 57
Golden Age of Microbiology 1857 - 1914
bull Pasteur
ndash Pasteurization
ndash Fermentation
bull Joseph Lister
ndash Phenol to treat surgical wounds ndash 1st attempt to control infections
caused by microoganisms
bull Robert Koch ndash Kochrsquos Postulates
bull Edward Jenner
ndash vaccination
bull Paul Erlich ndash 1st synthetic drug used to treat infections
ndash Salvarsan - arsenic based chemical to treat Syphilis
bull ldquosalvationrdquo from Syphilis
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 5877
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 58
Naming of Bacteria
bull Genus and species - Binomial System of
Taxonomic Classification
bull Information usually given
ndash 1 Describes an organism
ndash 2 Identifies a habitat ndash 3 Honors a scientist or researcher
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 59
Bacterial Morphology
bull Bacilli
bull Cocci
bull Spiral
Arrangements
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 60
ArrangementsStaphylo
Strepto
Diplo
Sarcinae
Tetrad
Vibrio (comma shaped)
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 61
bull Staphylococcus aureus
bull Staphylococcusepidermidis
bull Streptococcus
pneumoniae
bull Vibrio cholerae
bull Rhodospirillium
rubrumbull Bacillus subtilis
bull Micrococcus luteus
bull Escherichia coli
bull Bacillus anthracis
bull Salmonella enteridis
bull Streptococcus pyogenes
bull Steptococcus lactis
bull Streptococcus faecalis
bull Erlichia canis
bull Campylobacter jejuni
bull Helicobacter pylori
bull Enterobacter aerogenes
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 62
Microbiology A Human Perspective
bull Microorganisms cannot be seen without the aid of amicroscope
bull There are more than 200000 known microbesbull Exist in virtually any environment that has water
bull Exhibit tremendous biodiversity
bull Compose the largest biomass group of living
organismsbull Microbes exist for more than 35 billion years
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 63
bull Food production bread beer
bull Bioremediation decontamination
of hazardous wastesbull Useful products ethanol fuel
antibiotics amino acids
bull Genetic engineeringpharmaceuticals vaccines
bull Genomics genome sequencingpermits understanding of diseasemechanisms
Applications of Microbiology
Medical microbiology
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 64
bull Infectious diseases have killedmore people than all wars andnatural disasters combined
bull Outbreaks have changed thecourse of history
bull Vaccines have dramaticallydecreased the incidence of
infectious diseases especiallyin children
Medical microbiology
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 65
bull Re-emergence of ldquoOldrdquo Infectious
Diseases
ndash Cases of whooping cough have increased
in the last few years
ndash Many microbes have evolved antibiotic
resistance
Medical microbiology (cont)
Medical microbiology (cont )
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 66
bull Emerging infectious diseases
ndash As humans encroach upon wild habitat new infectious agents (microbes) arediscovered
ndash These agents are typically hosted by animals and are termed zoonotic agents
Medical microbiology (cont)
Agent Host Disease
Ebola virus Bats Ebola hemorrhagic fever
SARS virus Bats Severe acute respiratory syndrome
Sin Nombre virus Deer mouse Hantavirus cardiopulmonary syndrome
Nipah virus Bats Nipah encephalitis
Dengue virus Mosquitos Dengue fever Dengue hemorrhagic fever
Machupo virus Vesper mouse Bolivian hemorrhagic fever
Avian influenza viruses Various birds Influenza
Some recently discovered agents and their animal hosts
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 67
Terminologieshellip
bull Bacteriocins ndash Toxins produce by enterobacteria that are lethal to
related strains of bacteria
bull Resident flora ndash Collective vegetation in a given area in one part of the body yet produce infection in another
bull Infection
ndash Is an invasion of body tissue by microbes and theirgrowth
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 68
bull Infectious agent
ndash Microbes that cause infection
bull Asymptomaticsubclinical ndash Microbes do not produce clinical evidence of
disease
bull Disease ndash Detectable alteration in normal tissue function
bull Virulence
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 69
Virulence ndash Microbersquos ability to produce disease
bull Communicable disease ndash Infectious agents that can be transmitted to an individual by direct
or indirect contact or as airborne infection ndash ex common colds
bull Pathogenicity ndash Ability to produce disease
bull Pathogen ndash Disease causing microbes ndash 3 of known microbes are capable of causing disease
bull Non-pathogens ndash Do not cause disease
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 70
Terminologieshellip
bull Opportunistic pathogen ndash Causes disease only in a susceptible individual
bull Asepsis
ndash Freedom from disease-causing microbes
bull Medical asepsis ndash All practices intended to confine a specific
microbes to a specific area limiting the growth
amp transmission of microbes
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 71
bull Medical asepsis
ndash Objects are CLEAN (absence of almost all microbes)
bull Surgical asepsissterile technique
ndash Practices that keep an area or object free of allmicrobes
ndash Practices that destroys all microbes amp spores
bull Sepsis
ndash State of infection and can take many forms includingseptic shock
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GRADED RECITATION
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 73
Microorganisms are said to be
ubiquitous
Can you think of any locations thatwould be devoid of microorganisms
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 74
Of all the various areas of microbiology
mentioned in this chapter which
appeal to you the mostWhy
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 75
Assume that you are entering a health-related
professionOf what value will knowledge of
microbiology be to you
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 76
Many people consider Louis Pasteurrsquos
contributions to be the foundation of the
science of microbiology and a cornerstone
of modern medicine
What contributions did he make that would
cause people to believe that
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You have isolated a bacterium from the blood
of a patient with a newly described disease
What steps would you take to prove that the
organism that yoursquove isolated is the cause of
the patientrsquos disease
(Hint Remember Kochrsquos Postulates)
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 22
8 Bioremediation
bull Using microbes to clean up pollutants and
toxic wastes
bull Exxon Valdez - 1989
bull 2 Genera
ndash Pseudomonas sp ndash Bacillus sp
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 23
9 Recombinant DNA Technology
Gene Therapy Genetic Engineering
bull Bacteria can be manipulated to produceenzymes and proteins they normally would
not produce
ndash Insulin
ndash Human Growth Hormone
ndash Interferon
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 24
10 Microbes form the basis of
the food chain
Marine and fresh water microorganisms
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 25
Microbes do benefit us but they are also
capable of causing many diseases
bull Pneumonia Whooping Cough
bull Botulism Typhoid Fever Measles
bull Cholera Scarlet Fever Mumps
bull Syphilis Gonorrhea Herpes 1
bull Chlamydia Tuberculosis Herpes 2
bull Meningitis Tetanus RMSV
bull Strep Throat Lyme Disease AIDS
bull Black Plague Diarrhea Gangrene
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 26
History of the Study of
Microorganisms
bull 1665 Robert Hooke
ndash ldquolittle boxesrdquo - ldquocellsrdquo
ndash Cell Theory - all living things are made up of cells
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 27
Spontaneous Generation
bull Theory that life just ldquospontaneouslyrdquo
developed from non-living matter
bull Example
ndash toads snakes and mice - moist soil
ndash flies and maggots - manure and decaying flesh
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 28
Experiments to disprove
Spontaneous Generationbull Francesco Redi 1668
ndash Showed that worms which appeared on rotting meatwere from fly eggs
bull Rudolph Virchow 1858 ndash Theory of Biogenesis
bull Cells can only arise from preexisting cells
bull Louis Pasteur 1861 ndash Showed that appearance of microbes in sterilized media
was from air-borne bacteria ndash Showed that sterilized materials remained sterile if kept
isolated from the external environment
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 29
Anton van Leeuwenhoek 1674
- 1st person to actually see living microorganisms
ldquowee animalculesrdquo
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 30
ANTON VAN LEEUWENHOEK
bull 1st to see live bacteria and protozoabull FATHER OF MICROBIOLOGY
bull FATHER OF BACTERIOLOGY amp PROTOZOOLOGY
bull Fabric merchant a surveyor wine assayer and a minor city
official
bull Hobby
ndash ground tiny glass lenses which he mounted in smallmetal frames (single-lens microscope)
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 31
ANTON VAN LEEUWENHOEK
bull He never speculated on the
origin of microbes nor associate
them with infectious disease
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 32
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 33
bull Scientist became convinced of the existence of tiny creature (notseen by naked eye)
bull SPONTANEOUS GENERATION THEORY ABIOGENESIS wasestablished
ndash Life could develop spontaneously from inanimatesubstancesnonliving organisms
ndash UNTIL the time of Louis Pasteur and John Tyndall whodisproved the theory and prove that
bull ldquoLIFE CAN ONLY ARISE FROMPREEXISTING LIFE ALONErdquo
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 34
LOUIS PASTEUR
bull Contributions makes the
foundation of
ndash science of microbiology
ndash modern medicinehellip
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 35
LOUIS PASTEURrsquoS CONTRIBUTIONhellip
bull 1 Wine contamination Discoveredwhat occurs during alcoholicfermentation ndash Demonstrated that different microbes
produce different fermentationproducts
ndash Ex yeast converts glucose in grapesto ethanol by fermentation
ndash Acetobacter a contaminatingbacteriaconverts glucose to aceticacid (vinegar)- ruining the taste of thewine
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 36
2 Thru experiment dealth the fatal blow tothe theory of spontaneous generation
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 37
Pasteur designed special ldquoswan-necked flasksrdquo
with a boiled meat infusion
Shape of flask allowed air in (vital force) but trapped
dust particles which may contain microbes
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 38
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 39
LOUIS PASTEURrsquoS CONTRIBUTIONhellip
bull 3 Discovered forms of life that are withno oxygen
ndash Aerobes ndash microbes needs Oxygen ndash Anaerobes ndash microbes can live without
oxygen
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 40
LOUIS PASTEURrsquoS CONTRIBUTIONhellip
4 Pasteurization ndash process that kills microbesthat cause wine to spoil
- Can be used to kill pathogens in liquids
- Process- Heating and maintaining to 63-65oC for 30 minutes or 73-75oCfor 15mins
- Note not ALL microbes are killed
ONLY the pathogens
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 41
LOUIS PASTEURrsquoS CONTRIBUTIONhellip
bull 5 Discovered the causative agent that
were causing silkworm diseases in silk industry in France and how to preventsuch disease
bull 6 Contributed on the GERM THEORYOF DISEASE ndash specific microbes causespecific infectious diseases
ndash ex anthrax caused by Bacillus anthracis
ndash TB by Mycobacterium tuberculosis
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 42
LOUIS PASTEURrsquoS CONTRIBUTIONhellip
7 Championed changes in hospitalpractices to minimize the spread of disease by pathogens
8 Developed vaccines to preventcholeraanthrax and swineerysipelas (skin disease)
9 Developed RABIES vaccine in dogs
and successfully used to treathuman rabies
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 43
Germ Theory of Disease
bull Hard for people to believe that diseases werecaused by tiny invisible ldquowee animalculesrdquo
bull Diseases they thought were caused by
ndash demons
ndash witchcraft
ndash bad luck
ndash the wrath of God ndash curses
ndash evil spirits
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 44
Robert Koch - 1st to prove that
bacteria actually caused diseases
bull 1876
bull Microbial Etiology of Infectious Disease
ndash etiology - the cause of a disease
bull Developed methods of fixing staining andphotographing bacteria
bull Established ldquoscientific rulesrdquo to show a cause and
effect relationship between a microbe and a
disease
ndash Kochrsquos Postulates
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 45
Staining Koch Postulate
K hrsquo P t l t
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 46
Kochrsquos Postulates bull 1 The same organisms must be found in all
cases of a given diseasebull 2 The organism must be isolated and grown
in pure culture
bull 3 The isolated organism must reproducethe same disease when inoculated into a
healthy susceptible animal
bull 4 The original organism must again beisolated from the experimentally infected
animal
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 47
Exceptions to Kochrsquos Postulates
1 Some organisms have never been grown in
pure culture on artificial media
Treponema pallidum - Syphilis
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 48
Mycobacterium leprae
Leprosy
Never been grown in pure culture on artificial media
Seven Banded Armadillo
Exceptions to Kochrsquos Postulates
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 49
Exceptions to Kochrsquos Postulates
bull In exclusively human diseases it is not
morally acceptable to inoculate a deadly
pathogen into a ldquohuman guinea pigrdquo
bull HIV
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 50
Koch established the Microbial Etiology
of 3 important diseases of his day
bull 1 Cholera (fecal-oral disease)
ndash Vibrio cholerae
bull 2 Tuberculosis (pulmonary infection) ndash Mycobacterium tuberculosis
ndash Work on tuberculin (protein from M tuberculosis) that led to devrsquot of skin testing to diagnose TB
bull 3 Anthrax (sheep and cattle) ndash Bacillus anthracis ndash Discovered that B anthracis produce spores that is capable of resisting
adverse conditions
A h
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 51
Anthraxbull Bacillus anthracis
ndash Gram (+) non-motile aerobic spore forming rod ndash Streptobacilli with central spores
ndash Livestock
bull Sheep cattle goats
ndash Humans
bull Handle hides wool goat hair handicrafts from the Middle
East made from animal products
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 52
3 Forms of Human Anthrax
bull 1 Cutaneous Anthrax
ndash Enters thru cut or
abrasion
ndash Results in painless
ulcer (1-3 cm) with
black (necrotic) center
ndash About 20 mortality
rate in untreated cases
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 53
bull 2 Gastrointestinal Anthrax
ndash Contaminated meat
ndash Abdominal pain fevervomiting blood severe
diarrhea
ndash 25 to 60 mortality rate
3 I h l i A h
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 54
bull 3 Inhalation Anthrax
bull Initial symptomsresemble common
cold ndash Progress to severe
breathing problems andshock
ndash Usually results in death1-2 days after onset of acute symptoms
ndash Mortality rate 99 inuntreated cases
ndash Treatment usually noteffective aftersymptoms are present
A h Bi l i l W
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 55
Anthrax as a Biological Weapon
bull Deadly if not treated early
bull Spores can be produced in large quantities using basicknowledge of biology
bull Spores may remain viable for years (60 at least)
bull Spores can be spread
ndash Missiles rockets bombs mail crop dusters
bull No cloud or color
bull No smell
bull No taste
bull Antibiotics ndash only effective if administered early (within24 ndash 48 hours)
h 1 lidif
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 56
Koch - 1st to use Agar to solidify
culture media
Golden Age of Microbiology
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 57
Golden Age of Microbiology 1857 - 1914
bull Pasteur
ndash Pasteurization
ndash Fermentation
bull Joseph Lister
ndash Phenol to treat surgical wounds ndash 1st attempt to control infections
caused by microoganisms
bull Robert Koch ndash Kochrsquos Postulates
bull Edward Jenner
ndash vaccination
bull Paul Erlich ndash 1st synthetic drug used to treat infections
ndash Salvarsan - arsenic based chemical to treat Syphilis
bull ldquosalvationrdquo from Syphilis
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 58
Naming of Bacteria
bull Genus and species - Binomial System of
Taxonomic Classification
bull Information usually given
ndash 1 Describes an organism
ndash 2 Identifies a habitat ndash 3 Honors a scientist or researcher
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 59
Bacterial Morphology
bull Bacilli
bull Cocci
bull Spiral
Arrangements
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 60
ArrangementsStaphylo
Strepto
Diplo
Sarcinae
Tetrad
Vibrio (comma shaped)
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 61
bull Staphylococcus aureus
bull Staphylococcusepidermidis
bull Streptococcus
pneumoniae
bull Vibrio cholerae
bull Rhodospirillium
rubrumbull Bacillus subtilis
bull Micrococcus luteus
bull Escherichia coli
bull Bacillus anthracis
bull Salmonella enteridis
bull Streptococcus pyogenes
bull Steptococcus lactis
bull Streptococcus faecalis
bull Erlichia canis
bull Campylobacter jejuni
bull Helicobacter pylori
bull Enterobacter aerogenes
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 62
Microbiology A Human Perspective
bull Microorganisms cannot be seen without the aid of amicroscope
bull There are more than 200000 known microbesbull Exist in virtually any environment that has water
bull Exhibit tremendous biodiversity
bull Compose the largest biomass group of living
organismsbull Microbes exist for more than 35 billion years
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 63
bull Food production bread beer
bull Bioremediation decontamination
of hazardous wastesbull Useful products ethanol fuel
antibiotics amino acids
bull Genetic engineeringpharmaceuticals vaccines
bull Genomics genome sequencingpermits understanding of diseasemechanisms
Applications of Microbiology
Medical microbiology
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 6477
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 64
bull Infectious diseases have killedmore people than all wars andnatural disasters combined
bull Outbreaks have changed thecourse of history
bull Vaccines have dramaticallydecreased the incidence of
infectious diseases especiallyin children
Medical microbiology
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 65
bull Re-emergence of ldquoOldrdquo Infectious
Diseases
ndash Cases of whooping cough have increased
in the last few years
ndash Many microbes have evolved antibiotic
resistance
Medical microbiology (cont)
Medical microbiology (cont )
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 66
bull Emerging infectious diseases
ndash As humans encroach upon wild habitat new infectious agents (microbes) arediscovered
ndash These agents are typically hosted by animals and are termed zoonotic agents
Medical microbiology (cont)
Agent Host Disease
Ebola virus Bats Ebola hemorrhagic fever
SARS virus Bats Severe acute respiratory syndrome
Sin Nombre virus Deer mouse Hantavirus cardiopulmonary syndrome
Nipah virus Bats Nipah encephalitis
Dengue virus Mosquitos Dengue fever Dengue hemorrhagic fever
Machupo virus Vesper mouse Bolivian hemorrhagic fever
Avian influenza viruses Various birds Influenza
Some recently discovered agents and their animal hosts
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 67
Terminologieshellip
bull Bacteriocins ndash Toxins produce by enterobacteria that are lethal to
related strains of bacteria
bull Resident flora ndash Collective vegetation in a given area in one part of the body yet produce infection in another
bull Infection
ndash Is an invasion of body tissue by microbes and theirgrowth
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 68
bull Infectious agent
ndash Microbes that cause infection
bull Asymptomaticsubclinical ndash Microbes do not produce clinical evidence of
disease
bull Disease ndash Detectable alteration in normal tissue function
bull Virulence
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 69
Virulence ndash Microbersquos ability to produce disease
bull Communicable disease ndash Infectious agents that can be transmitted to an individual by direct
or indirect contact or as airborne infection ndash ex common colds
bull Pathogenicity ndash Ability to produce disease
bull Pathogen ndash Disease causing microbes ndash 3 of known microbes are capable of causing disease
bull Non-pathogens ndash Do not cause disease
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 70
Terminologieshellip
bull Opportunistic pathogen ndash Causes disease only in a susceptible individual
bull Asepsis
ndash Freedom from disease-causing microbes
bull Medical asepsis ndash All practices intended to confine a specific
microbes to a specific area limiting the growth
amp transmission of microbes
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 71
bull Medical asepsis
ndash Objects are CLEAN (absence of almost all microbes)
bull Surgical asepsissterile technique
ndash Practices that keep an area or object free of allmicrobes
ndash Practices that destroys all microbes amp spores
bull Sepsis
ndash State of infection and can take many forms includingseptic shock
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
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GRADED RECITATION
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 73
Microorganisms are said to be
ubiquitous
Can you think of any locations thatwould be devoid of microorganisms
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 74
Of all the various areas of microbiology
mentioned in this chapter which
appeal to you the mostWhy
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 75
Assume that you are entering a health-related
professionOf what value will knowledge of
microbiology be to you
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 76
Many people consider Louis Pasteurrsquos
contributions to be the foundation of the
science of microbiology and a cornerstone
of modern medicine
What contributions did he make that would
cause people to believe that
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
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You have isolated a bacterium from the blood
of a patient with a newly described disease
What steps would you take to prove that the
organism that yoursquove isolated is the cause of
the patientrsquos disease
(Hint Remember Kochrsquos Postulates)
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 23
9 Recombinant DNA Technology
Gene Therapy Genetic Engineering
bull Bacteria can be manipulated to produceenzymes and proteins they normally would
not produce
ndash Insulin
ndash Human Growth Hormone
ndash Interferon
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 24
10 Microbes form the basis of
the food chain
Marine and fresh water microorganisms
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 25
Microbes do benefit us but they are also
capable of causing many diseases
bull Pneumonia Whooping Cough
bull Botulism Typhoid Fever Measles
bull Cholera Scarlet Fever Mumps
bull Syphilis Gonorrhea Herpes 1
bull Chlamydia Tuberculosis Herpes 2
bull Meningitis Tetanus RMSV
bull Strep Throat Lyme Disease AIDS
bull Black Plague Diarrhea Gangrene
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 26
History of the Study of
Microorganisms
bull 1665 Robert Hooke
ndash ldquolittle boxesrdquo - ldquocellsrdquo
ndash Cell Theory - all living things are made up of cells
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 27
Spontaneous Generation
bull Theory that life just ldquospontaneouslyrdquo
developed from non-living matter
bull Example
ndash toads snakes and mice - moist soil
ndash flies and maggots - manure and decaying flesh
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 28
Experiments to disprove
Spontaneous Generationbull Francesco Redi 1668
ndash Showed that worms which appeared on rotting meatwere from fly eggs
bull Rudolph Virchow 1858 ndash Theory of Biogenesis
bull Cells can only arise from preexisting cells
bull Louis Pasteur 1861 ndash Showed that appearance of microbes in sterilized media
was from air-borne bacteria ndash Showed that sterilized materials remained sterile if kept
isolated from the external environment
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 29
Anton van Leeuwenhoek 1674
- 1st person to actually see living microorganisms
ldquowee animalculesrdquo
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 30
ANTON VAN LEEUWENHOEK
bull 1st to see live bacteria and protozoabull FATHER OF MICROBIOLOGY
bull FATHER OF BACTERIOLOGY amp PROTOZOOLOGY
bull Fabric merchant a surveyor wine assayer and a minor city
official
bull Hobby
ndash ground tiny glass lenses which he mounted in smallmetal frames (single-lens microscope)
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 31
ANTON VAN LEEUWENHOEK
bull He never speculated on the
origin of microbes nor associate
them with infectious disease
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 32
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 33
bull Scientist became convinced of the existence of tiny creature (notseen by naked eye)
bull SPONTANEOUS GENERATION THEORY ABIOGENESIS wasestablished
ndash Life could develop spontaneously from inanimatesubstancesnonliving organisms
ndash UNTIL the time of Louis Pasteur and John Tyndall whodisproved the theory and prove that
bull ldquoLIFE CAN ONLY ARISE FROMPREEXISTING LIFE ALONErdquo
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 34
LOUIS PASTEUR
bull Contributions makes the
foundation of
ndash science of microbiology
ndash modern medicinehellip
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 35
LOUIS PASTEURrsquoS CONTRIBUTIONhellip
bull 1 Wine contamination Discoveredwhat occurs during alcoholicfermentation ndash Demonstrated that different microbes
produce different fermentationproducts
ndash Ex yeast converts glucose in grapesto ethanol by fermentation
ndash Acetobacter a contaminatingbacteriaconverts glucose to aceticacid (vinegar)- ruining the taste of thewine
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 36
2 Thru experiment dealth the fatal blow tothe theory of spontaneous generation
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 37
Pasteur designed special ldquoswan-necked flasksrdquo
with a boiled meat infusion
Shape of flask allowed air in (vital force) but trapped
dust particles which may contain microbes
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 38
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 39
LOUIS PASTEURrsquoS CONTRIBUTIONhellip
bull 3 Discovered forms of life that are withno oxygen
ndash Aerobes ndash microbes needs Oxygen ndash Anaerobes ndash microbes can live without
oxygen
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 40
LOUIS PASTEURrsquoS CONTRIBUTIONhellip
4 Pasteurization ndash process that kills microbesthat cause wine to spoil
- Can be used to kill pathogens in liquids
- Process- Heating and maintaining to 63-65oC for 30 minutes or 73-75oCfor 15mins
- Note not ALL microbes are killed
ONLY the pathogens
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 41
LOUIS PASTEURrsquoS CONTRIBUTIONhellip
bull 5 Discovered the causative agent that
were causing silkworm diseases in silk industry in France and how to preventsuch disease
bull 6 Contributed on the GERM THEORYOF DISEASE ndash specific microbes causespecific infectious diseases
ndash ex anthrax caused by Bacillus anthracis
ndash TB by Mycobacterium tuberculosis
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 42
LOUIS PASTEURrsquoS CONTRIBUTIONhellip
7 Championed changes in hospitalpractices to minimize the spread of disease by pathogens
8 Developed vaccines to preventcholeraanthrax and swineerysipelas (skin disease)
9 Developed RABIES vaccine in dogs
and successfully used to treathuman rabies
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 43
Germ Theory of Disease
bull Hard for people to believe that diseases werecaused by tiny invisible ldquowee animalculesrdquo
bull Diseases they thought were caused by
ndash demons
ndash witchcraft
ndash bad luck
ndash the wrath of God ndash curses
ndash evil spirits
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 44
Robert Koch - 1st to prove that
bacteria actually caused diseases
bull 1876
bull Microbial Etiology of Infectious Disease
ndash etiology - the cause of a disease
bull Developed methods of fixing staining andphotographing bacteria
bull Established ldquoscientific rulesrdquo to show a cause and
effect relationship between a microbe and a
disease
ndash Kochrsquos Postulates
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 45
Staining Koch Postulate
K hrsquo P t l t
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 46
Kochrsquos Postulates bull 1 The same organisms must be found in all
cases of a given diseasebull 2 The organism must be isolated and grown
in pure culture
bull 3 The isolated organism must reproducethe same disease when inoculated into a
healthy susceptible animal
bull 4 The original organism must again beisolated from the experimentally infected
animal
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 47
Exceptions to Kochrsquos Postulates
1 Some organisms have never been grown in
pure culture on artificial media
Treponema pallidum - Syphilis
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 48
Mycobacterium leprae
Leprosy
Never been grown in pure culture on artificial media
Seven Banded Armadillo
Exceptions to Kochrsquos Postulates
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 49
Exceptions to Kochrsquos Postulates
bull In exclusively human diseases it is not
morally acceptable to inoculate a deadly
pathogen into a ldquohuman guinea pigrdquo
bull HIV
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 50
Koch established the Microbial Etiology
of 3 important diseases of his day
bull 1 Cholera (fecal-oral disease)
ndash Vibrio cholerae
bull 2 Tuberculosis (pulmonary infection) ndash Mycobacterium tuberculosis
ndash Work on tuberculin (protein from M tuberculosis) that led to devrsquot of skin testing to diagnose TB
bull 3 Anthrax (sheep and cattle) ndash Bacillus anthracis ndash Discovered that B anthracis produce spores that is capable of resisting
adverse conditions
A h
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 51
Anthraxbull Bacillus anthracis
ndash Gram (+) non-motile aerobic spore forming rod ndash Streptobacilli with central spores
ndash Livestock
bull Sheep cattle goats
ndash Humans
bull Handle hides wool goat hair handicrafts from the Middle
East made from animal products
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 52
3 Forms of Human Anthrax
bull 1 Cutaneous Anthrax
ndash Enters thru cut or
abrasion
ndash Results in painless
ulcer (1-3 cm) with
black (necrotic) center
ndash About 20 mortality
rate in untreated cases
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 53
bull 2 Gastrointestinal Anthrax
ndash Contaminated meat
ndash Abdominal pain fevervomiting blood severe
diarrhea
ndash 25 to 60 mortality rate
3 I h l i A h
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 54
bull 3 Inhalation Anthrax
bull Initial symptomsresemble common
cold ndash Progress to severe
breathing problems andshock
ndash Usually results in death1-2 days after onset of acute symptoms
ndash Mortality rate 99 inuntreated cases
ndash Treatment usually noteffective aftersymptoms are present
A h Bi l i l W
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 55
Anthrax as a Biological Weapon
bull Deadly if not treated early
bull Spores can be produced in large quantities using basicknowledge of biology
bull Spores may remain viable for years (60 at least)
bull Spores can be spread
ndash Missiles rockets bombs mail crop dusters
bull No cloud or color
bull No smell
bull No taste
bull Antibiotics ndash only effective if administered early (within24 ndash 48 hours)
h 1 lidif
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 56
Koch - 1st to use Agar to solidify
culture media
Golden Age of Microbiology
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 57
Golden Age of Microbiology 1857 - 1914
bull Pasteur
ndash Pasteurization
ndash Fermentation
bull Joseph Lister
ndash Phenol to treat surgical wounds ndash 1st attempt to control infections
caused by microoganisms
bull Robert Koch ndash Kochrsquos Postulates
bull Edward Jenner
ndash vaccination
bull Paul Erlich ndash 1st synthetic drug used to treat infections
ndash Salvarsan - arsenic based chemical to treat Syphilis
bull ldquosalvationrdquo from Syphilis
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 58
Naming of Bacteria
bull Genus and species - Binomial System of
Taxonomic Classification
bull Information usually given
ndash 1 Describes an organism
ndash 2 Identifies a habitat ndash 3 Honors a scientist or researcher
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 59
Bacterial Morphology
bull Bacilli
bull Cocci
bull Spiral
Arrangements
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 60
ArrangementsStaphylo
Strepto
Diplo
Sarcinae
Tetrad
Vibrio (comma shaped)
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 61
bull Staphylococcus aureus
bull Staphylococcusepidermidis
bull Streptococcus
pneumoniae
bull Vibrio cholerae
bull Rhodospirillium
rubrumbull Bacillus subtilis
bull Micrococcus luteus
bull Escherichia coli
bull Bacillus anthracis
bull Salmonella enteridis
bull Streptococcus pyogenes
bull Steptococcus lactis
bull Streptococcus faecalis
bull Erlichia canis
bull Campylobacter jejuni
bull Helicobacter pylori
bull Enterobacter aerogenes
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 62
Microbiology A Human Perspective
bull Microorganisms cannot be seen without the aid of amicroscope
bull There are more than 200000 known microbesbull Exist in virtually any environment that has water
bull Exhibit tremendous biodiversity
bull Compose the largest biomass group of living
organismsbull Microbes exist for more than 35 billion years
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 63
bull Food production bread beer
bull Bioremediation decontamination
of hazardous wastesbull Useful products ethanol fuel
antibiotics amino acids
bull Genetic engineeringpharmaceuticals vaccines
bull Genomics genome sequencingpermits understanding of diseasemechanisms
Applications of Microbiology
Medical microbiology
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 64
bull Infectious diseases have killedmore people than all wars andnatural disasters combined
bull Outbreaks have changed thecourse of history
bull Vaccines have dramaticallydecreased the incidence of
infectious diseases especiallyin children
Medical microbiology
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 65
bull Re-emergence of ldquoOldrdquo Infectious
Diseases
ndash Cases of whooping cough have increased
in the last few years
ndash Many microbes have evolved antibiotic
resistance
Medical microbiology (cont)
Medical microbiology (cont )
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 66
bull Emerging infectious diseases
ndash As humans encroach upon wild habitat new infectious agents (microbes) arediscovered
ndash These agents are typically hosted by animals and are termed zoonotic agents
Medical microbiology (cont)
Agent Host Disease
Ebola virus Bats Ebola hemorrhagic fever
SARS virus Bats Severe acute respiratory syndrome
Sin Nombre virus Deer mouse Hantavirus cardiopulmonary syndrome
Nipah virus Bats Nipah encephalitis
Dengue virus Mosquitos Dengue fever Dengue hemorrhagic fever
Machupo virus Vesper mouse Bolivian hemorrhagic fever
Avian influenza viruses Various birds Influenza
Some recently discovered agents and their animal hosts
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 67
Terminologieshellip
bull Bacteriocins ndash Toxins produce by enterobacteria that are lethal to
related strains of bacteria
bull Resident flora ndash Collective vegetation in a given area in one part of the body yet produce infection in another
bull Infection
ndash Is an invasion of body tissue by microbes and theirgrowth
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 68
bull Infectious agent
ndash Microbes that cause infection
bull Asymptomaticsubclinical ndash Microbes do not produce clinical evidence of
disease
bull Disease ndash Detectable alteration in normal tissue function
bull Virulence
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 69
Virulence ndash Microbersquos ability to produce disease
bull Communicable disease ndash Infectious agents that can be transmitted to an individual by direct
or indirect contact or as airborne infection ndash ex common colds
bull Pathogenicity ndash Ability to produce disease
bull Pathogen ndash Disease causing microbes ndash 3 of known microbes are capable of causing disease
bull Non-pathogens ndash Do not cause disease
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 70
Terminologieshellip
bull Opportunistic pathogen ndash Causes disease only in a susceptible individual
bull Asepsis
ndash Freedom from disease-causing microbes
bull Medical asepsis ndash All practices intended to confine a specific
microbes to a specific area limiting the growth
amp transmission of microbes
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 71
bull Medical asepsis
ndash Objects are CLEAN (absence of almost all microbes)
bull Surgical asepsissterile technique
ndash Practices that keep an area or object free of allmicrobes
ndash Practices that destroys all microbes amp spores
bull Sepsis
ndash State of infection and can take many forms includingseptic shock
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
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GRADED RECITATION
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 73
Microorganisms are said to be
ubiquitous
Can you think of any locations thatwould be devoid of microorganisms
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 74
Of all the various areas of microbiology
mentioned in this chapter which
appeal to you the mostWhy
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 75
Assume that you are entering a health-related
professionOf what value will knowledge of
microbiology be to you
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 76
Many people consider Louis Pasteurrsquos
contributions to be the foundation of the
science of microbiology and a cornerstone
of modern medicine
What contributions did he make that would
cause people to believe that
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 7777
You have isolated a bacterium from the blood
of a patient with a newly described disease
What steps would you take to prove that the
organism that yoursquove isolated is the cause of
the patientrsquos disease
(Hint Remember Kochrsquos Postulates)
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 24
10 Microbes form the basis of
the food chain
Marine and fresh water microorganisms
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 25
Microbes do benefit us but they are also
capable of causing many diseases
bull Pneumonia Whooping Cough
bull Botulism Typhoid Fever Measles
bull Cholera Scarlet Fever Mumps
bull Syphilis Gonorrhea Herpes 1
bull Chlamydia Tuberculosis Herpes 2
bull Meningitis Tetanus RMSV
bull Strep Throat Lyme Disease AIDS
bull Black Plague Diarrhea Gangrene
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 2677
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 26
History of the Study of
Microorganisms
bull 1665 Robert Hooke
ndash ldquolittle boxesrdquo - ldquocellsrdquo
ndash Cell Theory - all living things are made up of cells
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 27
Spontaneous Generation
bull Theory that life just ldquospontaneouslyrdquo
developed from non-living matter
bull Example
ndash toads snakes and mice - moist soil
ndash flies and maggots - manure and decaying flesh
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 28
Experiments to disprove
Spontaneous Generationbull Francesco Redi 1668
ndash Showed that worms which appeared on rotting meatwere from fly eggs
bull Rudolph Virchow 1858 ndash Theory of Biogenesis
bull Cells can only arise from preexisting cells
bull Louis Pasteur 1861 ndash Showed that appearance of microbes in sterilized media
was from air-borne bacteria ndash Showed that sterilized materials remained sterile if kept
isolated from the external environment
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 2977
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 29
Anton van Leeuwenhoek 1674
- 1st person to actually see living microorganisms
ldquowee animalculesrdquo
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 30
ANTON VAN LEEUWENHOEK
bull 1st to see live bacteria and protozoabull FATHER OF MICROBIOLOGY
bull FATHER OF BACTERIOLOGY amp PROTOZOOLOGY
bull Fabric merchant a surveyor wine assayer and a minor city
official
bull Hobby
ndash ground tiny glass lenses which he mounted in smallmetal frames (single-lens microscope)
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 31
ANTON VAN LEEUWENHOEK
bull He never speculated on the
origin of microbes nor associate
them with infectious disease
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 32
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 33
bull Scientist became convinced of the existence of tiny creature (notseen by naked eye)
bull SPONTANEOUS GENERATION THEORY ABIOGENESIS wasestablished
ndash Life could develop spontaneously from inanimatesubstancesnonliving organisms
ndash UNTIL the time of Louis Pasteur and John Tyndall whodisproved the theory and prove that
bull ldquoLIFE CAN ONLY ARISE FROMPREEXISTING LIFE ALONErdquo
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 34
LOUIS PASTEUR
bull Contributions makes the
foundation of
ndash science of microbiology
ndash modern medicinehellip
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 35
LOUIS PASTEURrsquoS CONTRIBUTIONhellip
bull 1 Wine contamination Discoveredwhat occurs during alcoholicfermentation ndash Demonstrated that different microbes
produce different fermentationproducts
ndash Ex yeast converts glucose in grapesto ethanol by fermentation
ndash Acetobacter a contaminatingbacteriaconverts glucose to aceticacid (vinegar)- ruining the taste of thewine
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 36
2 Thru experiment dealth the fatal blow tothe theory of spontaneous generation
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 37
Pasteur designed special ldquoswan-necked flasksrdquo
with a boiled meat infusion
Shape of flask allowed air in (vital force) but trapped
dust particles which may contain microbes
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 3877
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 38
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 39
LOUIS PASTEURrsquoS CONTRIBUTIONhellip
bull 3 Discovered forms of life that are withno oxygen
ndash Aerobes ndash microbes needs Oxygen ndash Anaerobes ndash microbes can live without
oxygen
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 40
LOUIS PASTEURrsquoS CONTRIBUTIONhellip
4 Pasteurization ndash process that kills microbesthat cause wine to spoil
- Can be used to kill pathogens in liquids
- Process- Heating and maintaining to 63-65oC for 30 minutes or 73-75oCfor 15mins
- Note not ALL microbes are killed
ONLY the pathogens
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 4177
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 41
LOUIS PASTEURrsquoS CONTRIBUTIONhellip
bull 5 Discovered the causative agent that
were causing silkworm diseases in silk industry in France and how to preventsuch disease
bull 6 Contributed on the GERM THEORYOF DISEASE ndash specific microbes causespecific infectious diseases
ndash ex anthrax caused by Bacillus anthracis
ndash TB by Mycobacterium tuberculosis
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 4277
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 42
LOUIS PASTEURrsquoS CONTRIBUTIONhellip
7 Championed changes in hospitalpractices to minimize the spread of disease by pathogens
8 Developed vaccines to preventcholeraanthrax and swineerysipelas (skin disease)
9 Developed RABIES vaccine in dogs
and successfully used to treathuman rabies
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 43
Germ Theory of Disease
bull Hard for people to believe that diseases werecaused by tiny invisible ldquowee animalculesrdquo
bull Diseases they thought were caused by
ndash demons
ndash witchcraft
ndash bad luck
ndash the wrath of God ndash curses
ndash evil spirits
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 44
Robert Koch - 1st to prove that
bacteria actually caused diseases
bull 1876
bull Microbial Etiology of Infectious Disease
ndash etiology - the cause of a disease
bull Developed methods of fixing staining andphotographing bacteria
bull Established ldquoscientific rulesrdquo to show a cause and
effect relationship between a microbe and a
disease
ndash Kochrsquos Postulates
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 45
Staining Koch Postulate
K hrsquo P t l t
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 46
Kochrsquos Postulates bull 1 The same organisms must be found in all
cases of a given diseasebull 2 The organism must be isolated and grown
in pure culture
bull 3 The isolated organism must reproducethe same disease when inoculated into a
healthy susceptible animal
bull 4 The original organism must again beisolated from the experimentally infected
animal
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 47
Exceptions to Kochrsquos Postulates
1 Some organisms have never been grown in
pure culture on artificial media
Treponema pallidum - Syphilis
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 48
Mycobacterium leprae
Leprosy
Never been grown in pure culture on artificial media
Seven Banded Armadillo
Exceptions to Kochrsquos Postulates
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 49
Exceptions to Kochrsquos Postulates
bull In exclusively human diseases it is not
morally acceptable to inoculate a deadly
pathogen into a ldquohuman guinea pigrdquo
bull HIV
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 50
Koch established the Microbial Etiology
of 3 important diseases of his day
bull 1 Cholera (fecal-oral disease)
ndash Vibrio cholerae
bull 2 Tuberculosis (pulmonary infection) ndash Mycobacterium tuberculosis
ndash Work on tuberculin (protein from M tuberculosis) that led to devrsquot of skin testing to diagnose TB
bull 3 Anthrax (sheep and cattle) ndash Bacillus anthracis ndash Discovered that B anthracis produce spores that is capable of resisting
adverse conditions
A h
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 51
Anthraxbull Bacillus anthracis
ndash Gram (+) non-motile aerobic spore forming rod ndash Streptobacilli with central spores
ndash Livestock
bull Sheep cattle goats
ndash Humans
bull Handle hides wool goat hair handicrafts from the Middle
East made from animal products
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 52
3 Forms of Human Anthrax
bull 1 Cutaneous Anthrax
ndash Enters thru cut or
abrasion
ndash Results in painless
ulcer (1-3 cm) with
black (necrotic) center
ndash About 20 mortality
rate in untreated cases
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 53
bull 2 Gastrointestinal Anthrax
ndash Contaminated meat
ndash Abdominal pain fevervomiting blood severe
diarrhea
ndash 25 to 60 mortality rate
3 I h l i A h
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 54
bull 3 Inhalation Anthrax
bull Initial symptomsresemble common
cold ndash Progress to severe
breathing problems andshock
ndash Usually results in death1-2 days after onset of acute symptoms
ndash Mortality rate 99 inuntreated cases
ndash Treatment usually noteffective aftersymptoms are present
A h Bi l i l W
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 55
Anthrax as a Biological Weapon
bull Deadly if not treated early
bull Spores can be produced in large quantities using basicknowledge of biology
bull Spores may remain viable for years (60 at least)
bull Spores can be spread
ndash Missiles rockets bombs mail crop dusters
bull No cloud or color
bull No smell
bull No taste
bull Antibiotics ndash only effective if administered early (within24 ndash 48 hours)
h 1 lidif
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 56
Koch - 1st to use Agar to solidify
culture media
Golden Age of Microbiology
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 57
Golden Age of Microbiology 1857 - 1914
bull Pasteur
ndash Pasteurization
ndash Fermentation
bull Joseph Lister
ndash Phenol to treat surgical wounds ndash 1st attempt to control infections
caused by microoganisms
bull Robert Koch ndash Kochrsquos Postulates
bull Edward Jenner
ndash vaccination
bull Paul Erlich ndash 1st synthetic drug used to treat infections
ndash Salvarsan - arsenic based chemical to treat Syphilis
bull ldquosalvationrdquo from Syphilis
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 58
Naming of Bacteria
bull Genus and species - Binomial System of
Taxonomic Classification
bull Information usually given
ndash 1 Describes an organism
ndash 2 Identifies a habitat ndash 3 Honors a scientist or researcher
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 59
Bacterial Morphology
bull Bacilli
bull Cocci
bull Spiral
Arrangements
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 60
ArrangementsStaphylo
Strepto
Diplo
Sarcinae
Tetrad
Vibrio (comma shaped)
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 61
bull Staphylococcus aureus
bull Staphylococcusepidermidis
bull Streptococcus
pneumoniae
bull Vibrio cholerae
bull Rhodospirillium
rubrumbull Bacillus subtilis
bull Micrococcus luteus
bull Escherichia coli
bull Bacillus anthracis
bull Salmonella enteridis
bull Streptococcus pyogenes
bull Steptococcus lactis
bull Streptococcus faecalis
bull Erlichia canis
bull Campylobacter jejuni
bull Helicobacter pylori
bull Enterobacter aerogenes
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 62
Microbiology A Human Perspective
bull Microorganisms cannot be seen without the aid of amicroscope
bull There are more than 200000 known microbesbull Exist in virtually any environment that has water
bull Exhibit tremendous biodiversity
bull Compose the largest biomass group of living
organismsbull Microbes exist for more than 35 billion years
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 63
bull Food production bread beer
bull Bioremediation decontamination
of hazardous wastesbull Useful products ethanol fuel
antibiotics amino acids
bull Genetic engineeringpharmaceuticals vaccines
bull Genomics genome sequencingpermits understanding of diseasemechanisms
Applications of Microbiology
Medical microbiology
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 64
bull Infectious diseases have killedmore people than all wars andnatural disasters combined
bull Outbreaks have changed thecourse of history
bull Vaccines have dramaticallydecreased the incidence of
infectious diseases especiallyin children
Medical microbiology
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 65
bull Re-emergence of ldquoOldrdquo Infectious
Diseases
ndash Cases of whooping cough have increased
in the last few years
ndash Many microbes have evolved antibiotic
resistance
Medical microbiology (cont)
Medical microbiology (cont )
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 66
bull Emerging infectious diseases
ndash As humans encroach upon wild habitat new infectious agents (microbes) arediscovered
ndash These agents are typically hosted by animals and are termed zoonotic agents
Medical microbiology (cont)
Agent Host Disease
Ebola virus Bats Ebola hemorrhagic fever
SARS virus Bats Severe acute respiratory syndrome
Sin Nombre virus Deer mouse Hantavirus cardiopulmonary syndrome
Nipah virus Bats Nipah encephalitis
Dengue virus Mosquitos Dengue fever Dengue hemorrhagic fever
Machupo virus Vesper mouse Bolivian hemorrhagic fever
Avian influenza viruses Various birds Influenza
Some recently discovered agents and their animal hosts
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 67
Terminologieshellip
bull Bacteriocins ndash Toxins produce by enterobacteria that are lethal to
related strains of bacteria
bull Resident flora ndash Collective vegetation in a given area in one part of the body yet produce infection in another
bull Infection
ndash Is an invasion of body tissue by microbes and theirgrowth
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 68
bull Infectious agent
ndash Microbes that cause infection
bull Asymptomaticsubclinical ndash Microbes do not produce clinical evidence of
disease
bull Disease ndash Detectable alteration in normal tissue function
bull Virulence
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 69
Virulence ndash Microbersquos ability to produce disease
bull Communicable disease ndash Infectious agents that can be transmitted to an individual by direct
or indirect contact or as airborne infection ndash ex common colds
bull Pathogenicity ndash Ability to produce disease
bull Pathogen ndash Disease causing microbes ndash 3 of known microbes are capable of causing disease
bull Non-pathogens ndash Do not cause disease
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 70
Terminologieshellip
bull Opportunistic pathogen ndash Causes disease only in a susceptible individual
bull Asepsis
ndash Freedom from disease-causing microbes
bull Medical asepsis ndash All practices intended to confine a specific
microbes to a specific area limiting the growth
amp transmission of microbes
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 71
bull Medical asepsis
ndash Objects are CLEAN (absence of almost all microbes)
bull Surgical asepsissterile technique
ndash Practices that keep an area or object free of allmicrobes
ndash Practices that destroys all microbes amp spores
bull Sepsis
ndash State of infection and can take many forms includingseptic shock
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GRADED RECITATION
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 73
Microorganisms are said to be
ubiquitous
Can you think of any locations thatwould be devoid of microorganisms
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 74
Of all the various areas of microbiology
mentioned in this chapter which
appeal to you the mostWhy
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 75
Assume that you are entering a health-related
professionOf what value will knowledge of
microbiology be to you
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 76
Many people consider Louis Pasteurrsquos
contributions to be the foundation of the
science of microbiology and a cornerstone
of modern medicine
What contributions did he make that would
cause people to believe that
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You have isolated a bacterium from the blood
of a patient with a newly described disease
What steps would you take to prove that the
organism that yoursquove isolated is the cause of
the patientrsquos disease
(Hint Remember Kochrsquos Postulates)
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 25
Microbes do benefit us but they are also
capable of causing many diseases
bull Pneumonia Whooping Cough
bull Botulism Typhoid Fever Measles
bull Cholera Scarlet Fever Mumps
bull Syphilis Gonorrhea Herpes 1
bull Chlamydia Tuberculosis Herpes 2
bull Meningitis Tetanus RMSV
bull Strep Throat Lyme Disease AIDS
bull Black Plague Diarrhea Gangrene
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 26
History of the Study of
Microorganisms
bull 1665 Robert Hooke
ndash ldquolittle boxesrdquo - ldquocellsrdquo
ndash Cell Theory - all living things are made up of cells
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 27
Spontaneous Generation
bull Theory that life just ldquospontaneouslyrdquo
developed from non-living matter
bull Example
ndash toads snakes and mice - moist soil
ndash flies and maggots - manure and decaying flesh
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 28
Experiments to disprove
Spontaneous Generationbull Francesco Redi 1668
ndash Showed that worms which appeared on rotting meatwere from fly eggs
bull Rudolph Virchow 1858 ndash Theory of Biogenesis
bull Cells can only arise from preexisting cells
bull Louis Pasteur 1861 ndash Showed that appearance of microbes in sterilized media
was from air-borne bacteria ndash Showed that sterilized materials remained sterile if kept
isolated from the external environment
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 29
Anton van Leeuwenhoek 1674
- 1st person to actually see living microorganisms
ldquowee animalculesrdquo
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 30
ANTON VAN LEEUWENHOEK
bull 1st to see live bacteria and protozoabull FATHER OF MICROBIOLOGY
bull FATHER OF BACTERIOLOGY amp PROTOZOOLOGY
bull Fabric merchant a surveyor wine assayer and a minor city
official
bull Hobby
ndash ground tiny glass lenses which he mounted in smallmetal frames (single-lens microscope)
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 3177
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 31
ANTON VAN LEEUWENHOEK
bull He never speculated on the
origin of microbes nor associate
them with infectious disease
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 32
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 33
bull Scientist became convinced of the existence of tiny creature (notseen by naked eye)
bull SPONTANEOUS GENERATION THEORY ABIOGENESIS wasestablished
ndash Life could develop spontaneously from inanimatesubstancesnonliving organisms
ndash UNTIL the time of Louis Pasteur and John Tyndall whodisproved the theory and prove that
bull ldquoLIFE CAN ONLY ARISE FROMPREEXISTING LIFE ALONErdquo
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 34
LOUIS PASTEUR
bull Contributions makes the
foundation of
ndash science of microbiology
ndash modern medicinehellip
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 35
LOUIS PASTEURrsquoS CONTRIBUTIONhellip
bull 1 Wine contamination Discoveredwhat occurs during alcoholicfermentation ndash Demonstrated that different microbes
produce different fermentationproducts
ndash Ex yeast converts glucose in grapesto ethanol by fermentation
ndash Acetobacter a contaminatingbacteriaconverts glucose to aceticacid (vinegar)- ruining the taste of thewine
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 3677
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 36
2 Thru experiment dealth the fatal blow tothe theory of spontaneous generation
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 37
Pasteur designed special ldquoswan-necked flasksrdquo
with a boiled meat infusion
Shape of flask allowed air in (vital force) but trapped
dust particles which may contain microbes
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 3877
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 38
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 39
LOUIS PASTEURrsquoS CONTRIBUTIONhellip
bull 3 Discovered forms of life that are withno oxygen
ndash Aerobes ndash microbes needs Oxygen ndash Anaerobes ndash microbes can live without
oxygen
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 4077
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 40
LOUIS PASTEURrsquoS CONTRIBUTIONhellip
4 Pasteurization ndash process that kills microbesthat cause wine to spoil
- Can be used to kill pathogens in liquids
- Process- Heating and maintaining to 63-65oC for 30 minutes or 73-75oCfor 15mins
- Note not ALL microbes are killed
ONLY the pathogens
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 41
LOUIS PASTEURrsquoS CONTRIBUTIONhellip
bull 5 Discovered the causative agent that
were causing silkworm diseases in silk industry in France and how to preventsuch disease
bull 6 Contributed on the GERM THEORYOF DISEASE ndash specific microbes causespecific infectious diseases
ndash ex anthrax caused by Bacillus anthracis
ndash TB by Mycobacterium tuberculosis
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 4277
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 42
LOUIS PASTEURrsquoS CONTRIBUTIONhellip
7 Championed changes in hospitalpractices to minimize the spread of disease by pathogens
8 Developed vaccines to preventcholeraanthrax and swineerysipelas (skin disease)
9 Developed RABIES vaccine in dogs
and successfully used to treathuman rabies
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 4377
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 43
Germ Theory of Disease
bull Hard for people to believe that diseases werecaused by tiny invisible ldquowee animalculesrdquo
bull Diseases they thought were caused by
ndash demons
ndash witchcraft
ndash bad luck
ndash the wrath of God ndash curses
ndash evil spirits
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 4477
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 44
Robert Koch - 1st to prove that
bacteria actually caused diseases
bull 1876
bull Microbial Etiology of Infectious Disease
ndash etiology - the cause of a disease
bull Developed methods of fixing staining andphotographing bacteria
bull Established ldquoscientific rulesrdquo to show a cause and
effect relationship between a microbe and a
disease
ndash Kochrsquos Postulates
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 4577
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 45
Staining Koch Postulate
K hrsquo P t l t
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 46
Kochrsquos Postulates bull 1 The same organisms must be found in all
cases of a given diseasebull 2 The organism must be isolated and grown
in pure culture
bull 3 The isolated organism must reproducethe same disease when inoculated into a
healthy susceptible animal
bull 4 The original organism must again beisolated from the experimentally infected
animal
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 47
Exceptions to Kochrsquos Postulates
1 Some organisms have never been grown in
pure culture on artificial media
Treponema pallidum - Syphilis
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 4877
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 48
Mycobacterium leprae
Leprosy
Never been grown in pure culture on artificial media
Seven Banded Armadillo
Exceptions to Kochrsquos Postulates
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 4977
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 49
Exceptions to Kochrsquos Postulates
bull In exclusively human diseases it is not
morally acceptable to inoculate a deadly
pathogen into a ldquohuman guinea pigrdquo
bull HIV
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 5077
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 50
Koch established the Microbial Etiology
of 3 important diseases of his day
bull 1 Cholera (fecal-oral disease)
ndash Vibrio cholerae
bull 2 Tuberculosis (pulmonary infection) ndash Mycobacterium tuberculosis
ndash Work on tuberculin (protein from M tuberculosis) that led to devrsquot of skin testing to diagnose TB
bull 3 Anthrax (sheep and cattle) ndash Bacillus anthracis ndash Discovered that B anthracis produce spores that is capable of resisting
adverse conditions
A h
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 51
Anthraxbull Bacillus anthracis
ndash Gram (+) non-motile aerobic spore forming rod ndash Streptobacilli with central spores
ndash Livestock
bull Sheep cattle goats
ndash Humans
bull Handle hides wool goat hair handicrafts from the Middle
East made from animal products
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 5277
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 52
3 Forms of Human Anthrax
bull 1 Cutaneous Anthrax
ndash Enters thru cut or
abrasion
ndash Results in painless
ulcer (1-3 cm) with
black (necrotic) center
ndash About 20 mortality
rate in untreated cases
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 5377
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 53
bull 2 Gastrointestinal Anthrax
ndash Contaminated meat
ndash Abdominal pain fevervomiting blood severe
diarrhea
ndash 25 to 60 mortality rate
3 I h l i A h
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 54
bull 3 Inhalation Anthrax
bull Initial symptomsresemble common
cold ndash Progress to severe
breathing problems andshock
ndash Usually results in death1-2 days after onset of acute symptoms
ndash Mortality rate 99 inuntreated cases
ndash Treatment usually noteffective aftersymptoms are present
A h Bi l i l W
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 55
Anthrax as a Biological Weapon
bull Deadly if not treated early
bull Spores can be produced in large quantities using basicknowledge of biology
bull Spores may remain viable for years (60 at least)
bull Spores can be spread
ndash Missiles rockets bombs mail crop dusters
bull No cloud or color
bull No smell
bull No taste
bull Antibiotics ndash only effective if administered early (within24 ndash 48 hours)
h 1 lidif
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 56
Koch - 1st to use Agar to solidify
culture media
Golden Age of Microbiology
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 57
Golden Age of Microbiology 1857 - 1914
bull Pasteur
ndash Pasteurization
ndash Fermentation
bull Joseph Lister
ndash Phenol to treat surgical wounds ndash 1st attempt to control infections
caused by microoganisms
bull Robert Koch ndash Kochrsquos Postulates
bull Edward Jenner
ndash vaccination
bull Paul Erlich ndash 1st synthetic drug used to treat infections
ndash Salvarsan - arsenic based chemical to treat Syphilis
bull ldquosalvationrdquo from Syphilis
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 58
Naming of Bacteria
bull Genus and species - Binomial System of
Taxonomic Classification
bull Information usually given
ndash 1 Describes an organism
ndash 2 Identifies a habitat ndash 3 Honors a scientist or researcher
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 59
Bacterial Morphology
bull Bacilli
bull Cocci
bull Spiral
Arrangements
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 60
ArrangementsStaphylo
Strepto
Diplo
Sarcinae
Tetrad
Vibrio (comma shaped)
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 61
bull Staphylococcus aureus
bull Staphylococcusepidermidis
bull Streptococcus
pneumoniae
bull Vibrio cholerae
bull Rhodospirillium
rubrumbull Bacillus subtilis
bull Micrococcus luteus
bull Escherichia coli
bull Bacillus anthracis
bull Salmonella enteridis
bull Streptococcus pyogenes
bull Steptococcus lactis
bull Streptococcus faecalis
bull Erlichia canis
bull Campylobacter jejuni
bull Helicobacter pylori
bull Enterobacter aerogenes
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 62
Microbiology A Human Perspective
bull Microorganisms cannot be seen without the aid of amicroscope
bull There are more than 200000 known microbesbull Exist in virtually any environment that has water
bull Exhibit tremendous biodiversity
bull Compose the largest biomass group of living
organismsbull Microbes exist for more than 35 billion years
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 63
bull Food production bread beer
bull Bioremediation decontamination
of hazardous wastesbull Useful products ethanol fuel
antibiotics amino acids
bull Genetic engineeringpharmaceuticals vaccines
bull Genomics genome sequencingpermits understanding of diseasemechanisms
Applications of Microbiology
Medical microbiology
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 64
bull Infectious diseases have killedmore people than all wars andnatural disasters combined
bull Outbreaks have changed thecourse of history
bull Vaccines have dramaticallydecreased the incidence of
infectious diseases especiallyin children
Medical microbiology
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 65
bull Re-emergence of ldquoOldrdquo Infectious
Diseases
ndash Cases of whooping cough have increased
in the last few years
ndash Many microbes have evolved antibiotic
resistance
Medical microbiology (cont)
Medical microbiology (cont )
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 66
bull Emerging infectious diseases
ndash As humans encroach upon wild habitat new infectious agents (microbes) arediscovered
ndash These agents are typically hosted by animals and are termed zoonotic agents
Medical microbiology (cont)
Agent Host Disease
Ebola virus Bats Ebola hemorrhagic fever
SARS virus Bats Severe acute respiratory syndrome
Sin Nombre virus Deer mouse Hantavirus cardiopulmonary syndrome
Nipah virus Bats Nipah encephalitis
Dengue virus Mosquitos Dengue fever Dengue hemorrhagic fever
Machupo virus Vesper mouse Bolivian hemorrhagic fever
Avian influenza viruses Various birds Influenza
Some recently discovered agents and their animal hosts
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 67
Terminologieshellip
bull Bacteriocins ndash Toxins produce by enterobacteria that are lethal to
related strains of bacteria
bull Resident flora ndash Collective vegetation in a given area in one part of the body yet produce infection in another
bull Infection
ndash Is an invasion of body tissue by microbes and theirgrowth
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 68
bull Infectious agent
ndash Microbes that cause infection
bull Asymptomaticsubclinical ndash Microbes do not produce clinical evidence of
disease
bull Disease ndash Detectable alteration in normal tissue function
bull Virulence
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 69
Virulence ndash Microbersquos ability to produce disease
bull Communicable disease ndash Infectious agents that can be transmitted to an individual by direct
or indirect contact or as airborne infection ndash ex common colds
bull Pathogenicity ndash Ability to produce disease
bull Pathogen ndash Disease causing microbes ndash 3 of known microbes are capable of causing disease
bull Non-pathogens ndash Do not cause disease
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 70
Terminologieshellip
bull Opportunistic pathogen ndash Causes disease only in a susceptible individual
bull Asepsis
ndash Freedom from disease-causing microbes
bull Medical asepsis ndash All practices intended to confine a specific
microbes to a specific area limiting the growth
amp transmission of microbes
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 71
bull Medical asepsis
ndash Objects are CLEAN (absence of almost all microbes)
bull Surgical asepsissterile technique
ndash Practices that keep an area or object free of allmicrobes
ndash Practices that destroys all microbes amp spores
bull Sepsis
ndash State of infection and can take many forms includingseptic shock
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GRADED RECITATION
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 73
Microorganisms are said to be
ubiquitous
Can you think of any locations thatwould be devoid of microorganisms
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 74
Of all the various areas of microbiology
mentioned in this chapter which
appeal to you the mostWhy
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 75
Assume that you are entering a health-related
professionOf what value will knowledge of
microbiology be to you
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 76
Many people consider Louis Pasteurrsquos
contributions to be the foundation of the
science of microbiology and a cornerstone
of modern medicine
What contributions did he make that would
cause people to believe that
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
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You have isolated a bacterium from the blood
of a patient with a newly described disease
What steps would you take to prove that the
organism that yoursquove isolated is the cause of
the patientrsquos disease
(Hint Remember Kochrsquos Postulates)
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 26
History of the Study of
Microorganisms
bull 1665 Robert Hooke
ndash ldquolittle boxesrdquo - ldquocellsrdquo
ndash Cell Theory - all living things are made up of cells
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 27
Spontaneous Generation
bull Theory that life just ldquospontaneouslyrdquo
developed from non-living matter
bull Example
ndash toads snakes and mice - moist soil
ndash flies and maggots - manure and decaying flesh
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 28
Experiments to disprove
Spontaneous Generationbull Francesco Redi 1668
ndash Showed that worms which appeared on rotting meatwere from fly eggs
bull Rudolph Virchow 1858 ndash Theory of Biogenesis
bull Cells can only arise from preexisting cells
bull Louis Pasteur 1861 ndash Showed that appearance of microbes in sterilized media
was from air-borne bacteria ndash Showed that sterilized materials remained sterile if kept
isolated from the external environment
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 29
Anton van Leeuwenhoek 1674
- 1st person to actually see living microorganisms
ldquowee animalculesrdquo
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 30
ANTON VAN LEEUWENHOEK
bull 1st to see live bacteria and protozoabull FATHER OF MICROBIOLOGY
bull FATHER OF BACTERIOLOGY amp PROTOZOOLOGY
bull Fabric merchant a surveyor wine assayer and a minor city
official
bull Hobby
ndash ground tiny glass lenses which he mounted in smallmetal frames (single-lens microscope)
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 31
ANTON VAN LEEUWENHOEK
bull He never speculated on the
origin of microbes nor associate
them with infectious disease
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 32
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 33
bull Scientist became convinced of the existence of tiny creature (notseen by naked eye)
bull SPONTANEOUS GENERATION THEORY ABIOGENESIS wasestablished
ndash Life could develop spontaneously from inanimatesubstancesnonliving organisms
ndash UNTIL the time of Louis Pasteur and John Tyndall whodisproved the theory and prove that
bull ldquoLIFE CAN ONLY ARISE FROMPREEXISTING LIFE ALONErdquo
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 34
LOUIS PASTEUR
bull Contributions makes the
foundation of
ndash science of microbiology
ndash modern medicinehellip
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 35
LOUIS PASTEURrsquoS CONTRIBUTIONhellip
bull 1 Wine contamination Discoveredwhat occurs during alcoholicfermentation ndash Demonstrated that different microbes
produce different fermentationproducts
ndash Ex yeast converts glucose in grapesto ethanol by fermentation
ndash Acetobacter a contaminatingbacteriaconverts glucose to aceticacid (vinegar)- ruining the taste of thewine
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 36
2 Thru experiment dealth the fatal blow tothe theory of spontaneous generation
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 37
Pasteur designed special ldquoswan-necked flasksrdquo
with a boiled meat infusion
Shape of flask allowed air in (vital force) but trapped
dust particles which may contain microbes
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 38
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 39
LOUIS PASTEURrsquoS CONTRIBUTIONhellip
bull 3 Discovered forms of life that are withno oxygen
ndash Aerobes ndash microbes needs Oxygen ndash Anaerobes ndash microbes can live without
oxygen
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 40
LOUIS PASTEURrsquoS CONTRIBUTIONhellip
4 Pasteurization ndash process that kills microbesthat cause wine to spoil
- Can be used to kill pathogens in liquids
- Process- Heating and maintaining to 63-65oC for 30 minutes or 73-75oCfor 15mins
- Note not ALL microbes are killed
ONLY the pathogens
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 41
LOUIS PASTEURrsquoS CONTRIBUTIONhellip
bull 5 Discovered the causative agent that
were causing silkworm diseases in silk industry in France and how to preventsuch disease
bull 6 Contributed on the GERM THEORYOF DISEASE ndash specific microbes causespecific infectious diseases
ndash ex anthrax caused by Bacillus anthracis
ndash TB by Mycobacterium tuberculosis
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 42
LOUIS PASTEURrsquoS CONTRIBUTIONhellip
7 Championed changes in hospitalpractices to minimize the spread of disease by pathogens
8 Developed vaccines to preventcholeraanthrax and swineerysipelas (skin disease)
9 Developed RABIES vaccine in dogs
and successfully used to treathuman rabies
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 43
Germ Theory of Disease
bull Hard for people to believe that diseases werecaused by tiny invisible ldquowee animalculesrdquo
bull Diseases they thought were caused by
ndash demons
ndash witchcraft
ndash bad luck
ndash the wrath of God ndash curses
ndash evil spirits
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 4477
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 44
Robert Koch - 1st to prove that
bacteria actually caused diseases
bull 1876
bull Microbial Etiology of Infectious Disease
ndash etiology - the cause of a disease
bull Developed methods of fixing staining andphotographing bacteria
bull Established ldquoscientific rulesrdquo to show a cause and
effect relationship between a microbe and a
disease
ndash Kochrsquos Postulates
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 4577
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 45
Staining Koch Postulate
K hrsquo P t l t
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 46
Kochrsquos Postulates bull 1 The same organisms must be found in all
cases of a given diseasebull 2 The organism must be isolated and grown
in pure culture
bull 3 The isolated organism must reproducethe same disease when inoculated into a
healthy susceptible animal
bull 4 The original organism must again beisolated from the experimentally infected
animal
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 4777
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 47
Exceptions to Kochrsquos Postulates
1 Some organisms have never been grown in
pure culture on artificial media
Treponema pallidum - Syphilis
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 4877
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 48
Mycobacterium leprae
Leprosy
Never been grown in pure culture on artificial media
Seven Banded Armadillo
Exceptions to Kochrsquos Postulates
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 4977
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 49
Exceptions to Kochrsquos Postulates
bull In exclusively human diseases it is not
morally acceptable to inoculate a deadly
pathogen into a ldquohuman guinea pigrdquo
bull HIV
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 5077
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 50
Koch established the Microbial Etiology
of 3 important diseases of his day
bull 1 Cholera (fecal-oral disease)
ndash Vibrio cholerae
bull 2 Tuberculosis (pulmonary infection) ndash Mycobacterium tuberculosis
ndash Work on tuberculin (protein from M tuberculosis) that led to devrsquot of skin testing to diagnose TB
bull 3 Anthrax (sheep and cattle) ndash Bacillus anthracis ndash Discovered that B anthracis produce spores that is capable of resisting
adverse conditions
A h
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 5177
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 51
Anthraxbull Bacillus anthracis
ndash Gram (+) non-motile aerobic spore forming rod ndash Streptobacilli with central spores
ndash Livestock
bull Sheep cattle goats
ndash Humans
bull Handle hides wool goat hair handicrafts from the Middle
East made from animal products
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 5277
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 52
3 Forms of Human Anthrax
bull 1 Cutaneous Anthrax
ndash Enters thru cut or
abrasion
ndash Results in painless
ulcer (1-3 cm) with
black (necrotic) center
ndash About 20 mortality
rate in untreated cases
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 53
bull 2 Gastrointestinal Anthrax
ndash Contaminated meat
ndash Abdominal pain fevervomiting blood severe
diarrhea
ndash 25 to 60 mortality rate
3 I h l i A h
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 54
bull 3 Inhalation Anthrax
bull Initial symptomsresemble common
cold ndash Progress to severe
breathing problems andshock
ndash Usually results in death1-2 days after onset of acute symptoms
ndash Mortality rate 99 inuntreated cases
ndash Treatment usually noteffective aftersymptoms are present
A h Bi l i l W
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 5577
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 55
Anthrax as a Biological Weapon
bull Deadly if not treated early
bull Spores can be produced in large quantities using basicknowledge of biology
bull Spores may remain viable for years (60 at least)
bull Spores can be spread
ndash Missiles rockets bombs mail crop dusters
bull No cloud or color
bull No smell
bull No taste
bull Antibiotics ndash only effective if administered early (within24 ndash 48 hours)
h 1 lidif
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 56
Koch - 1st to use Agar to solidify
culture media
Golden Age of Microbiology
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 5777
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 57
Golden Age of Microbiology 1857 - 1914
bull Pasteur
ndash Pasteurization
ndash Fermentation
bull Joseph Lister
ndash Phenol to treat surgical wounds ndash 1st attempt to control infections
caused by microoganisms
bull Robert Koch ndash Kochrsquos Postulates
bull Edward Jenner
ndash vaccination
bull Paul Erlich ndash 1st synthetic drug used to treat infections
ndash Salvarsan - arsenic based chemical to treat Syphilis
bull ldquosalvationrdquo from Syphilis
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 5877
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 58
Naming of Bacteria
bull Genus and species - Binomial System of
Taxonomic Classification
bull Information usually given
ndash 1 Describes an organism
ndash 2 Identifies a habitat ndash 3 Honors a scientist or researcher
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 5977
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 59
Bacterial Morphology
bull Bacilli
bull Cocci
bull Spiral
Arrangements
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 6077
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 60
ArrangementsStaphylo
Strepto
Diplo
Sarcinae
Tetrad
Vibrio (comma shaped)
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 61
bull Staphylococcus aureus
bull Staphylococcusepidermidis
bull Streptococcus
pneumoniae
bull Vibrio cholerae
bull Rhodospirillium
rubrumbull Bacillus subtilis
bull Micrococcus luteus
bull Escherichia coli
bull Bacillus anthracis
bull Salmonella enteridis
bull Streptococcus pyogenes
bull Steptococcus lactis
bull Streptococcus faecalis
bull Erlichia canis
bull Campylobacter jejuni
bull Helicobacter pylori
bull Enterobacter aerogenes
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 6277
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 62
Microbiology A Human Perspective
bull Microorganisms cannot be seen without the aid of amicroscope
bull There are more than 200000 known microbesbull Exist in virtually any environment that has water
bull Exhibit tremendous biodiversity
bull Compose the largest biomass group of living
organismsbull Microbes exist for more than 35 billion years
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 6377
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 63
bull Food production bread beer
bull Bioremediation decontamination
of hazardous wastesbull Useful products ethanol fuel
antibiotics amino acids
bull Genetic engineeringpharmaceuticals vaccines
bull Genomics genome sequencingpermits understanding of diseasemechanisms
Applications of Microbiology
Medical microbiology
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 6477
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 64
bull Infectious diseases have killedmore people than all wars andnatural disasters combined
bull Outbreaks have changed thecourse of history
bull Vaccines have dramaticallydecreased the incidence of
infectious diseases especiallyin children
Medical microbiology
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 6577
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 65
bull Re-emergence of ldquoOldrdquo Infectious
Diseases
ndash Cases of whooping cough have increased
in the last few years
ndash Many microbes have evolved antibiotic
resistance
Medical microbiology (cont)
Medical microbiology (cont )
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 6677
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 66
bull Emerging infectious diseases
ndash As humans encroach upon wild habitat new infectious agents (microbes) arediscovered
ndash These agents are typically hosted by animals and are termed zoonotic agents
Medical microbiology (cont)
Agent Host Disease
Ebola virus Bats Ebola hemorrhagic fever
SARS virus Bats Severe acute respiratory syndrome
Sin Nombre virus Deer mouse Hantavirus cardiopulmonary syndrome
Nipah virus Bats Nipah encephalitis
Dengue virus Mosquitos Dengue fever Dengue hemorrhagic fever
Machupo virus Vesper mouse Bolivian hemorrhagic fever
Avian influenza viruses Various birds Influenza
Some recently discovered agents and their animal hosts
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 6777
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 67
Terminologieshellip
bull Bacteriocins ndash Toxins produce by enterobacteria that are lethal to
related strains of bacteria
bull Resident flora ndash Collective vegetation in a given area in one part of the body yet produce infection in another
bull Infection
ndash Is an invasion of body tissue by microbes and theirgrowth
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 6877
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 68
bull Infectious agent
ndash Microbes that cause infection
bull Asymptomaticsubclinical ndash Microbes do not produce clinical evidence of
disease
bull Disease ndash Detectable alteration in normal tissue function
bull Virulence
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 6977
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 69
Virulence ndash Microbersquos ability to produce disease
bull Communicable disease ndash Infectious agents that can be transmitted to an individual by direct
or indirect contact or as airborne infection ndash ex common colds
bull Pathogenicity ndash Ability to produce disease
bull Pathogen ndash Disease causing microbes ndash 3 of known microbes are capable of causing disease
bull Non-pathogens ndash Do not cause disease
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 70
Terminologieshellip
bull Opportunistic pathogen ndash Causes disease only in a susceptible individual
bull Asepsis
ndash Freedom from disease-causing microbes
bull Medical asepsis ndash All practices intended to confine a specific
microbes to a specific area limiting the growth
amp transmission of microbes
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 71
bull Medical asepsis
ndash Objects are CLEAN (absence of almost all microbes)
bull Surgical asepsissterile technique
ndash Practices that keep an area or object free of allmicrobes
ndash Practices that destroys all microbes amp spores
bull Sepsis
ndash State of infection and can take many forms includingseptic shock
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
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GRADED RECITATION
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 73
Microorganisms are said to be
ubiquitous
Can you think of any locations thatwould be devoid of microorganisms
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 74
Of all the various areas of microbiology
mentioned in this chapter which
appeal to you the mostWhy
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 75
Assume that you are entering a health-related
professionOf what value will knowledge of
microbiology be to you
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 76
Many people consider Louis Pasteurrsquos
contributions to be the foundation of the
science of microbiology and a cornerstone
of modern medicine
What contributions did he make that would
cause people to believe that
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
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You have isolated a bacterium from the blood
of a patient with a newly described disease
What steps would you take to prove that the
organism that yoursquove isolated is the cause of
the patientrsquos disease
(Hint Remember Kochrsquos Postulates)
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 27
Spontaneous Generation
bull Theory that life just ldquospontaneouslyrdquo
developed from non-living matter
bull Example
ndash toads snakes and mice - moist soil
ndash flies and maggots - manure and decaying flesh
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 28
Experiments to disprove
Spontaneous Generationbull Francesco Redi 1668
ndash Showed that worms which appeared on rotting meatwere from fly eggs
bull Rudolph Virchow 1858 ndash Theory of Biogenesis
bull Cells can only arise from preexisting cells
bull Louis Pasteur 1861 ndash Showed that appearance of microbes in sterilized media
was from air-borne bacteria ndash Showed that sterilized materials remained sterile if kept
isolated from the external environment
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 29
Anton van Leeuwenhoek 1674
- 1st person to actually see living microorganisms
ldquowee animalculesrdquo
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 30
ANTON VAN LEEUWENHOEK
bull 1st to see live bacteria and protozoabull FATHER OF MICROBIOLOGY
bull FATHER OF BACTERIOLOGY amp PROTOZOOLOGY
bull Fabric merchant a surveyor wine assayer and a minor city
official
bull Hobby
ndash ground tiny glass lenses which he mounted in smallmetal frames (single-lens microscope)
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 31
ANTON VAN LEEUWENHOEK
bull He never speculated on the
origin of microbes nor associate
them with infectious disease
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 32
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 33
bull Scientist became convinced of the existence of tiny creature (notseen by naked eye)
bull SPONTANEOUS GENERATION THEORY ABIOGENESIS wasestablished
ndash Life could develop spontaneously from inanimatesubstancesnonliving organisms
ndash UNTIL the time of Louis Pasteur and John Tyndall whodisproved the theory and prove that
bull ldquoLIFE CAN ONLY ARISE FROMPREEXISTING LIFE ALONErdquo
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 34
LOUIS PASTEUR
bull Contributions makes the
foundation of
ndash science of microbiology
ndash modern medicinehellip
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 35
LOUIS PASTEURrsquoS CONTRIBUTIONhellip
bull 1 Wine contamination Discoveredwhat occurs during alcoholicfermentation ndash Demonstrated that different microbes
produce different fermentationproducts
ndash Ex yeast converts glucose in grapesto ethanol by fermentation
ndash Acetobacter a contaminatingbacteriaconverts glucose to aceticacid (vinegar)- ruining the taste of thewine
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 36
2 Thru experiment dealth the fatal blow tothe theory of spontaneous generation
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 37
Pasteur designed special ldquoswan-necked flasksrdquo
with a boiled meat infusion
Shape of flask allowed air in (vital force) but trapped
dust particles which may contain microbes
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 38
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 39
LOUIS PASTEURrsquoS CONTRIBUTIONhellip
bull 3 Discovered forms of life that are withno oxygen
ndash Aerobes ndash microbes needs Oxygen ndash Anaerobes ndash microbes can live without
oxygen
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 40
LOUIS PASTEURrsquoS CONTRIBUTIONhellip
4 Pasteurization ndash process that kills microbesthat cause wine to spoil
- Can be used to kill pathogens in liquids
- Process- Heating and maintaining to 63-65oC for 30 minutes or 73-75oCfor 15mins
- Note not ALL microbes are killed
ONLY the pathogens
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 41
LOUIS PASTEURrsquoS CONTRIBUTIONhellip
bull 5 Discovered the causative agent that
were causing silkworm diseases in silk industry in France and how to preventsuch disease
bull 6 Contributed on the GERM THEORYOF DISEASE ndash specific microbes causespecific infectious diseases
ndash ex anthrax caused by Bacillus anthracis
ndash TB by Mycobacterium tuberculosis
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 42
LOUIS PASTEURrsquoS CONTRIBUTIONhellip
7 Championed changes in hospitalpractices to minimize the spread of disease by pathogens
8 Developed vaccines to preventcholeraanthrax and swineerysipelas (skin disease)
9 Developed RABIES vaccine in dogs
and successfully used to treathuman rabies
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 43
Germ Theory of Disease
bull Hard for people to believe that diseases werecaused by tiny invisible ldquowee animalculesrdquo
bull Diseases they thought were caused by
ndash demons
ndash witchcraft
ndash bad luck
ndash the wrath of God ndash curses
ndash evil spirits
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 44
Robert Koch - 1st to prove that
bacteria actually caused diseases
bull 1876
bull Microbial Etiology of Infectious Disease
ndash etiology - the cause of a disease
bull Developed methods of fixing staining andphotographing bacteria
bull Established ldquoscientific rulesrdquo to show a cause and
effect relationship between a microbe and a
disease
ndash Kochrsquos Postulates
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 45
Staining Koch Postulate
K hrsquo P t l t
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 46
Kochrsquos Postulates bull 1 The same organisms must be found in all
cases of a given diseasebull 2 The organism must be isolated and grown
in pure culture
bull 3 The isolated organism must reproducethe same disease when inoculated into a
healthy susceptible animal
bull 4 The original organism must again beisolated from the experimentally infected
animal
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 47
Exceptions to Kochrsquos Postulates
1 Some organisms have never been grown in
pure culture on artificial media
Treponema pallidum - Syphilis
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 48
Mycobacterium leprae
Leprosy
Never been grown in pure culture on artificial media
Seven Banded Armadillo
Exceptions to Kochrsquos Postulates
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 49
Exceptions to Kochrsquos Postulates
bull In exclusively human diseases it is not
morally acceptable to inoculate a deadly
pathogen into a ldquohuman guinea pigrdquo
bull HIV
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 50
Koch established the Microbial Etiology
of 3 important diseases of his day
bull 1 Cholera (fecal-oral disease)
ndash Vibrio cholerae
bull 2 Tuberculosis (pulmonary infection) ndash Mycobacterium tuberculosis
ndash Work on tuberculin (protein from M tuberculosis) that led to devrsquot of skin testing to diagnose TB
bull 3 Anthrax (sheep and cattle) ndash Bacillus anthracis ndash Discovered that B anthracis produce spores that is capable of resisting
adverse conditions
A h
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 51
Anthraxbull Bacillus anthracis
ndash Gram (+) non-motile aerobic spore forming rod ndash Streptobacilli with central spores
ndash Livestock
bull Sheep cattle goats
ndash Humans
bull Handle hides wool goat hair handicrafts from the Middle
East made from animal products
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 52
3 Forms of Human Anthrax
bull 1 Cutaneous Anthrax
ndash Enters thru cut or
abrasion
ndash Results in painless
ulcer (1-3 cm) with
black (necrotic) center
ndash About 20 mortality
rate in untreated cases
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 53
bull 2 Gastrointestinal Anthrax
ndash Contaminated meat
ndash Abdominal pain fevervomiting blood severe
diarrhea
ndash 25 to 60 mortality rate
3 I h l i A h
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 54
bull 3 Inhalation Anthrax
bull Initial symptomsresemble common
cold ndash Progress to severe
breathing problems andshock
ndash Usually results in death1-2 days after onset of acute symptoms
ndash Mortality rate 99 inuntreated cases
ndash Treatment usually noteffective aftersymptoms are present
A h Bi l i l W
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 55
Anthrax as a Biological Weapon
bull Deadly if not treated early
bull Spores can be produced in large quantities using basicknowledge of biology
bull Spores may remain viable for years (60 at least)
bull Spores can be spread
ndash Missiles rockets bombs mail crop dusters
bull No cloud or color
bull No smell
bull No taste
bull Antibiotics ndash only effective if administered early (within24 ndash 48 hours)
h 1 lidif
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 56
Koch - 1st to use Agar to solidify
culture media
Golden Age of Microbiology
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 5777
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 57
Golden Age of Microbiology 1857 - 1914
bull Pasteur
ndash Pasteurization
ndash Fermentation
bull Joseph Lister
ndash Phenol to treat surgical wounds ndash 1st attempt to control infections
caused by microoganisms
bull Robert Koch ndash Kochrsquos Postulates
bull Edward Jenner
ndash vaccination
bull Paul Erlich ndash 1st synthetic drug used to treat infections
ndash Salvarsan - arsenic based chemical to treat Syphilis
bull ldquosalvationrdquo from Syphilis
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 5877
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 58
Naming of Bacteria
bull Genus and species - Binomial System of
Taxonomic Classification
bull Information usually given
ndash 1 Describes an organism
ndash 2 Identifies a habitat ndash 3 Honors a scientist or researcher
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 5977
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 59
Bacterial Morphology
bull Bacilli
bull Cocci
bull Spiral
Arrangements
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 6077
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 60
ArrangementsStaphylo
Strepto
Diplo
Sarcinae
Tetrad
Vibrio (comma shaped)
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 61
bull Staphylococcus aureus
bull Staphylococcusepidermidis
bull Streptococcus
pneumoniae
bull Vibrio cholerae
bull Rhodospirillium
rubrumbull Bacillus subtilis
bull Micrococcus luteus
bull Escherichia coli
bull Bacillus anthracis
bull Salmonella enteridis
bull Streptococcus pyogenes
bull Steptococcus lactis
bull Streptococcus faecalis
bull Erlichia canis
bull Campylobacter jejuni
bull Helicobacter pylori
bull Enterobacter aerogenes
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 6277
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 62
Microbiology A Human Perspective
bull Microorganisms cannot be seen without the aid of amicroscope
bull There are more than 200000 known microbesbull Exist in virtually any environment that has water
bull Exhibit tremendous biodiversity
bull Compose the largest biomass group of living
organismsbull Microbes exist for more than 35 billion years
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 6377
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 63
bull Food production bread beer
bull Bioremediation decontamination
of hazardous wastesbull Useful products ethanol fuel
antibiotics amino acids
bull Genetic engineeringpharmaceuticals vaccines
bull Genomics genome sequencingpermits understanding of diseasemechanisms
Applications of Microbiology
Medical microbiology
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 6477
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 64
bull Infectious diseases have killedmore people than all wars andnatural disasters combined
bull Outbreaks have changed thecourse of history
bull Vaccines have dramaticallydecreased the incidence of
infectious diseases especiallyin children
Medical microbiology
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 6577
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 65
bull Re-emergence of ldquoOldrdquo Infectious
Diseases
ndash Cases of whooping cough have increased
in the last few years
ndash Many microbes have evolved antibiotic
resistance
Medical microbiology (cont)
Medical microbiology (cont )
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 6677
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 66
bull Emerging infectious diseases
ndash As humans encroach upon wild habitat new infectious agents (microbes) arediscovered
ndash These agents are typically hosted by animals and are termed zoonotic agents
Medical microbiology (cont)
Agent Host Disease
Ebola virus Bats Ebola hemorrhagic fever
SARS virus Bats Severe acute respiratory syndrome
Sin Nombre virus Deer mouse Hantavirus cardiopulmonary syndrome
Nipah virus Bats Nipah encephalitis
Dengue virus Mosquitos Dengue fever Dengue hemorrhagic fever
Machupo virus Vesper mouse Bolivian hemorrhagic fever
Avian influenza viruses Various birds Influenza
Some recently discovered agents and their animal hosts
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 6777
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 67
Terminologieshellip
bull Bacteriocins ndash Toxins produce by enterobacteria that are lethal to
related strains of bacteria
bull Resident flora ndash Collective vegetation in a given area in one part of the body yet produce infection in another
bull Infection
ndash Is an invasion of body tissue by microbes and theirgrowth
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 6877
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 68
bull Infectious agent
ndash Microbes that cause infection
bull Asymptomaticsubclinical ndash Microbes do not produce clinical evidence of
disease
bull Disease ndash Detectable alteration in normal tissue function
bull Virulence
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 6977
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 69
Virulence ndash Microbersquos ability to produce disease
bull Communicable disease ndash Infectious agents that can be transmitted to an individual by direct
or indirect contact or as airborne infection ndash ex common colds
bull Pathogenicity ndash Ability to produce disease
bull Pathogen ndash Disease causing microbes ndash 3 of known microbes are capable of causing disease
bull Non-pathogens ndash Do not cause disease
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 70
Terminologieshellip
bull Opportunistic pathogen ndash Causes disease only in a susceptible individual
bull Asepsis
ndash Freedom from disease-causing microbes
bull Medical asepsis ndash All practices intended to confine a specific
microbes to a specific area limiting the growth
amp transmission of microbes
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 71
bull Medical asepsis
ndash Objects are CLEAN (absence of almost all microbes)
bull Surgical asepsissterile technique
ndash Practices that keep an area or object free of allmicrobes
ndash Practices that destroys all microbes amp spores
bull Sepsis
ndash State of infection and can take many forms includingseptic shock
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 7277
GRADED RECITATION
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 73
Microorganisms are said to be
ubiquitous
Can you think of any locations thatwould be devoid of microorganisms
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 7477
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 74
Of all the various areas of microbiology
mentioned in this chapter which
appeal to you the mostWhy
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 7577
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 75
Assume that you are entering a health-related
professionOf what value will knowledge of
microbiology be to you
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 7677
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 76
Many people consider Louis Pasteurrsquos
contributions to be the foundation of the
science of microbiology and a cornerstone
of modern medicine
What contributions did he make that would
cause people to believe that
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 7777
You have isolated a bacterium from the blood
of a patient with a newly described disease
What steps would you take to prove that the
organism that yoursquove isolated is the cause of
the patientrsquos disease
(Hint Remember Kochrsquos Postulates)
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 2877
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 28
Experiments to disprove
Spontaneous Generationbull Francesco Redi 1668
ndash Showed that worms which appeared on rotting meatwere from fly eggs
bull Rudolph Virchow 1858 ndash Theory of Biogenesis
bull Cells can only arise from preexisting cells
bull Louis Pasteur 1861 ndash Showed that appearance of microbes in sterilized media
was from air-borne bacteria ndash Showed that sterilized materials remained sterile if kept
isolated from the external environment
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 29
Anton van Leeuwenhoek 1674
- 1st person to actually see living microorganisms
ldquowee animalculesrdquo
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 30
ANTON VAN LEEUWENHOEK
bull 1st to see live bacteria and protozoabull FATHER OF MICROBIOLOGY
bull FATHER OF BACTERIOLOGY amp PROTOZOOLOGY
bull Fabric merchant a surveyor wine assayer and a minor city
official
bull Hobby
ndash ground tiny glass lenses which he mounted in smallmetal frames (single-lens microscope)
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 31
ANTON VAN LEEUWENHOEK
bull He never speculated on the
origin of microbes nor associate
them with infectious disease
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 32
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 33
bull Scientist became convinced of the existence of tiny creature (notseen by naked eye)
bull SPONTANEOUS GENERATION THEORY ABIOGENESIS wasestablished
ndash Life could develop spontaneously from inanimatesubstancesnonliving organisms
ndash UNTIL the time of Louis Pasteur and John Tyndall whodisproved the theory and prove that
bull ldquoLIFE CAN ONLY ARISE FROMPREEXISTING LIFE ALONErdquo
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 34
LOUIS PASTEUR
bull Contributions makes the
foundation of
ndash science of microbiology
ndash modern medicinehellip
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 3577
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 35
LOUIS PASTEURrsquoS CONTRIBUTIONhellip
bull 1 Wine contamination Discoveredwhat occurs during alcoholicfermentation ndash Demonstrated that different microbes
produce different fermentationproducts
ndash Ex yeast converts glucose in grapesto ethanol by fermentation
ndash Acetobacter a contaminatingbacteriaconverts glucose to aceticacid (vinegar)- ruining the taste of thewine
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 3677
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 36
2 Thru experiment dealth the fatal blow tothe theory of spontaneous generation
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 3777
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 37
Pasteur designed special ldquoswan-necked flasksrdquo
with a boiled meat infusion
Shape of flask allowed air in (vital force) but trapped
dust particles which may contain microbes
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 3877
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 38
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 39
LOUIS PASTEURrsquoS CONTRIBUTIONhellip
bull 3 Discovered forms of life that are withno oxygen
ndash Aerobes ndash microbes needs Oxygen ndash Anaerobes ndash microbes can live without
oxygen
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 40
LOUIS PASTEURrsquoS CONTRIBUTIONhellip
4 Pasteurization ndash process that kills microbesthat cause wine to spoil
- Can be used to kill pathogens in liquids
- Process- Heating and maintaining to 63-65oC for 30 minutes or 73-75oCfor 15mins
- Note not ALL microbes are killed
ONLY the pathogens
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 41
LOUIS PASTEURrsquoS CONTRIBUTIONhellip
bull 5 Discovered the causative agent that
were causing silkworm diseases in silk industry in France and how to preventsuch disease
bull 6 Contributed on the GERM THEORYOF DISEASE ndash specific microbes causespecific infectious diseases
ndash ex anthrax caused by Bacillus anthracis
ndash TB by Mycobacterium tuberculosis
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 42
LOUIS PASTEURrsquoS CONTRIBUTIONhellip
7 Championed changes in hospitalpractices to minimize the spread of disease by pathogens
8 Developed vaccines to preventcholeraanthrax and swineerysipelas (skin disease)
9 Developed RABIES vaccine in dogs
and successfully used to treathuman rabies
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 43
Germ Theory of Disease
bull Hard for people to believe that diseases werecaused by tiny invisible ldquowee animalculesrdquo
bull Diseases they thought were caused by
ndash demons
ndash witchcraft
ndash bad luck
ndash the wrath of God ndash curses
ndash evil spirits
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 44
Robert Koch - 1st to prove that
bacteria actually caused diseases
bull 1876
bull Microbial Etiology of Infectious Disease
ndash etiology - the cause of a disease
bull Developed methods of fixing staining andphotographing bacteria
bull Established ldquoscientific rulesrdquo to show a cause and
effect relationship between a microbe and a
disease
ndash Kochrsquos Postulates
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 45
Staining Koch Postulate
K hrsquo P t l t
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 46
Kochrsquos Postulates bull 1 The same organisms must be found in all
cases of a given diseasebull 2 The organism must be isolated and grown
in pure culture
bull 3 The isolated organism must reproducethe same disease when inoculated into a
healthy susceptible animal
bull 4 The original organism must again beisolated from the experimentally infected
animal
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 47
Exceptions to Kochrsquos Postulates
1 Some organisms have never been grown in
pure culture on artificial media
Treponema pallidum - Syphilis
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 48
Mycobacterium leprae
Leprosy
Never been grown in pure culture on artificial media
Seven Banded Armadillo
Exceptions to Kochrsquos Postulates
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 49
Exceptions to Kochrsquos Postulates
bull In exclusively human diseases it is not
morally acceptable to inoculate a deadly
pathogen into a ldquohuman guinea pigrdquo
bull HIV
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 50
Koch established the Microbial Etiology
of 3 important diseases of his day
bull 1 Cholera (fecal-oral disease)
ndash Vibrio cholerae
bull 2 Tuberculosis (pulmonary infection) ndash Mycobacterium tuberculosis
ndash Work on tuberculin (protein from M tuberculosis) that led to devrsquot of skin testing to diagnose TB
bull 3 Anthrax (sheep and cattle) ndash Bacillus anthracis ndash Discovered that B anthracis produce spores that is capable of resisting
adverse conditions
A h
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 51
Anthraxbull Bacillus anthracis
ndash Gram (+) non-motile aerobic spore forming rod ndash Streptobacilli with central spores
ndash Livestock
bull Sheep cattle goats
ndash Humans
bull Handle hides wool goat hair handicrafts from the Middle
East made from animal products
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 52
3 Forms of Human Anthrax
bull 1 Cutaneous Anthrax
ndash Enters thru cut or
abrasion
ndash Results in painless
ulcer (1-3 cm) with
black (necrotic) center
ndash About 20 mortality
rate in untreated cases
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 53
bull 2 Gastrointestinal Anthrax
ndash Contaminated meat
ndash Abdominal pain fevervomiting blood severe
diarrhea
ndash 25 to 60 mortality rate
3 I h l i A h
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 54
bull 3 Inhalation Anthrax
bull Initial symptomsresemble common
cold ndash Progress to severe
breathing problems andshock
ndash Usually results in death1-2 days after onset of acute symptoms
ndash Mortality rate 99 inuntreated cases
ndash Treatment usually noteffective aftersymptoms are present
A h Bi l i l W
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 55
Anthrax as a Biological Weapon
bull Deadly if not treated early
bull Spores can be produced in large quantities using basicknowledge of biology
bull Spores may remain viable for years (60 at least)
bull Spores can be spread
ndash Missiles rockets bombs mail crop dusters
bull No cloud or color
bull No smell
bull No taste
bull Antibiotics ndash only effective if administered early (within24 ndash 48 hours)
h 1 lidif
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 56
Koch - 1st to use Agar to solidify
culture media
Golden Age of Microbiology
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 57
Golden Age of Microbiology 1857 - 1914
bull Pasteur
ndash Pasteurization
ndash Fermentation
bull Joseph Lister
ndash Phenol to treat surgical wounds ndash 1st attempt to control infections
caused by microoganisms
bull Robert Koch ndash Kochrsquos Postulates
bull Edward Jenner
ndash vaccination
bull Paul Erlich ndash 1st synthetic drug used to treat infections
ndash Salvarsan - arsenic based chemical to treat Syphilis
bull ldquosalvationrdquo from Syphilis
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 58
Naming of Bacteria
bull Genus and species - Binomial System of
Taxonomic Classification
bull Information usually given
ndash 1 Describes an organism
ndash 2 Identifies a habitat ndash 3 Honors a scientist or researcher
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 59
Bacterial Morphology
bull Bacilli
bull Cocci
bull Spiral
Arrangements
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 60
ArrangementsStaphylo
Strepto
Diplo
Sarcinae
Tetrad
Vibrio (comma shaped)
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 61
bull Staphylococcus aureus
bull Staphylococcusepidermidis
bull Streptococcus
pneumoniae
bull Vibrio cholerae
bull Rhodospirillium
rubrumbull Bacillus subtilis
bull Micrococcus luteus
bull Escherichia coli
bull Bacillus anthracis
bull Salmonella enteridis
bull Streptococcus pyogenes
bull Steptococcus lactis
bull Streptococcus faecalis
bull Erlichia canis
bull Campylobacter jejuni
bull Helicobacter pylori
bull Enterobacter aerogenes
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 62
Microbiology A Human Perspective
bull Microorganisms cannot be seen without the aid of amicroscope
bull There are more than 200000 known microbesbull Exist in virtually any environment that has water
bull Exhibit tremendous biodiversity
bull Compose the largest biomass group of living
organismsbull Microbes exist for more than 35 billion years
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 63
bull Food production bread beer
bull Bioremediation decontamination
of hazardous wastesbull Useful products ethanol fuel
antibiotics amino acids
bull Genetic engineeringpharmaceuticals vaccines
bull Genomics genome sequencingpermits understanding of diseasemechanisms
Applications of Microbiology
Medical microbiology
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 64
bull Infectious diseases have killedmore people than all wars andnatural disasters combined
bull Outbreaks have changed thecourse of history
bull Vaccines have dramaticallydecreased the incidence of
infectious diseases especiallyin children
Medical microbiology
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 65
bull Re-emergence of ldquoOldrdquo Infectious
Diseases
ndash Cases of whooping cough have increased
in the last few years
ndash Many microbes have evolved antibiotic
resistance
Medical microbiology (cont)
Medical microbiology (cont )
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 66
bull Emerging infectious diseases
ndash As humans encroach upon wild habitat new infectious agents (microbes) arediscovered
ndash These agents are typically hosted by animals and are termed zoonotic agents
Medical microbiology (cont)
Agent Host Disease
Ebola virus Bats Ebola hemorrhagic fever
SARS virus Bats Severe acute respiratory syndrome
Sin Nombre virus Deer mouse Hantavirus cardiopulmonary syndrome
Nipah virus Bats Nipah encephalitis
Dengue virus Mosquitos Dengue fever Dengue hemorrhagic fever
Machupo virus Vesper mouse Bolivian hemorrhagic fever
Avian influenza viruses Various birds Influenza
Some recently discovered agents and their animal hosts
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 67
Terminologieshellip
bull Bacteriocins ndash Toxins produce by enterobacteria that are lethal to
related strains of bacteria
bull Resident flora ndash Collective vegetation in a given area in one part of the body yet produce infection in another
bull Infection
ndash Is an invasion of body tissue by microbes and theirgrowth
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 68
bull Infectious agent
ndash Microbes that cause infection
bull Asymptomaticsubclinical ndash Microbes do not produce clinical evidence of
disease
bull Disease ndash Detectable alteration in normal tissue function
bull Virulence
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 6977
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 69
Virulence ndash Microbersquos ability to produce disease
bull Communicable disease ndash Infectious agents that can be transmitted to an individual by direct
or indirect contact or as airborne infection ndash ex common colds
bull Pathogenicity ndash Ability to produce disease
bull Pathogen ndash Disease causing microbes ndash 3 of known microbes are capable of causing disease
bull Non-pathogens ndash Do not cause disease
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 7077
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 70
Terminologieshellip
bull Opportunistic pathogen ndash Causes disease only in a susceptible individual
bull Asepsis
ndash Freedom from disease-causing microbes
bull Medical asepsis ndash All practices intended to confine a specific
microbes to a specific area limiting the growth
amp transmission of microbes
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 7177
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 71
bull Medical asepsis
ndash Objects are CLEAN (absence of almost all microbes)
bull Surgical asepsissterile technique
ndash Practices that keep an area or object free of allmicrobes
ndash Practices that destroys all microbes amp spores
bull Sepsis
ndash State of infection and can take many forms includingseptic shock
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 7277
GRADED RECITATION
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 7377
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 73
Microorganisms are said to be
ubiquitous
Can you think of any locations thatwould be devoid of microorganisms
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 7477
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 74
Of all the various areas of microbiology
mentioned in this chapter which
appeal to you the mostWhy
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 7577
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 75
Assume that you are entering a health-related
professionOf what value will knowledge of
microbiology be to you
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 7677
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 76
Many people consider Louis Pasteurrsquos
contributions to be the foundation of the
science of microbiology and a cornerstone
of modern medicine
What contributions did he make that would
cause people to believe that
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 7777
You have isolated a bacterium from the blood
of a patient with a newly described disease
What steps would you take to prove that the
organism that yoursquove isolated is the cause of
the patientrsquos disease
(Hint Remember Kochrsquos Postulates)
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 2977
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 29
Anton van Leeuwenhoek 1674
- 1st person to actually see living microorganisms
ldquowee animalculesrdquo
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 3077
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 30
ANTON VAN LEEUWENHOEK
bull 1st to see live bacteria and protozoabull FATHER OF MICROBIOLOGY
bull FATHER OF BACTERIOLOGY amp PROTOZOOLOGY
bull Fabric merchant a surveyor wine assayer and a minor city
official
bull Hobby
ndash ground tiny glass lenses which he mounted in smallmetal frames (single-lens microscope)
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 3177
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 31
ANTON VAN LEEUWENHOEK
bull He never speculated on the
origin of microbes nor associate
them with infectious disease
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 3277
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 32
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 3377
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 33
bull Scientist became convinced of the existence of tiny creature (notseen by naked eye)
bull SPONTANEOUS GENERATION THEORY ABIOGENESIS wasestablished
ndash Life could develop spontaneously from inanimatesubstancesnonliving organisms
ndash UNTIL the time of Louis Pasteur and John Tyndall whodisproved the theory and prove that
bull ldquoLIFE CAN ONLY ARISE FROMPREEXISTING LIFE ALONErdquo
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 3477
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 34
LOUIS PASTEUR
bull Contributions makes the
foundation of
ndash science of microbiology
ndash modern medicinehellip
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 3577
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 35
LOUIS PASTEURrsquoS CONTRIBUTIONhellip
bull 1 Wine contamination Discoveredwhat occurs during alcoholicfermentation ndash Demonstrated that different microbes
produce different fermentationproducts
ndash Ex yeast converts glucose in grapesto ethanol by fermentation
ndash Acetobacter a contaminatingbacteriaconverts glucose to aceticacid (vinegar)- ruining the taste of thewine
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 3677
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 36
2 Thru experiment dealth the fatal blow tothe theory of spontaneous generation
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 3777
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 37
Pasteur designed special ldquoswan-necked flasksrdquo
with a boiled meat infusion
Shape of flask allowed air in (vital force) but trapped
dust particles which may contain microbes
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 3877
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 38
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 39
LOUIS PASTEURrsquoS CONTRIBUTIONhellip
bull 3 Discovered forms of life that are withno oxygen
ndash Aerobes ndash microbes needs Oxygen ndash Anaerobes ndash microbes can live without
oxygen
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 4077
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 40
LOUIS PASTEURrsquoS CONTRIBUTIONhellip
4 Pasteurization ndash process that kills microbesthat cause wine to spoil
- Can be used to kill pathogens in liquids
- Process- Heating and maintaining to 63-65oC for 30 minutes or 73-75oCfor 15mins
- Note not ALL microbes are killed
ONLY the pathogens
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 4177
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 41
LOUIS PASTEURrsquoS CONTRIBUTIONhellip
bull 5 Discovered the causative agent that
were causing silkworm diseases in silk industry in France and how to preventsuch disease
bull 6 Contributed on the GERM THEORYOF DISEASE ndash specific microbes causespecific infectious diseases
ndash ex anthrax caused by Bacillus anthracis
ndash TB by Mycobacterium tuberculosis
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 4277
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 42
LOUIS PASTEURrsquoS CONTRIBUTIONhellip
7 Championed changes in hospitalpractices to minimize the spread of disease by pathogens
8 Developed vaccines to preventcholeraanthrax and swineerysipelas (skin disease)
9 Developed RABIES vaccine in dogs
and successfully used to treathuman rabies
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 4377
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 43
Germ Theory of Disease
bull Hard for people to believe that diseases werecaused by tiny invisible ldquowee animalculesrdquo
bull Diseases they thought were caused by
ndash demons
ndash witchcraft
ndash bad luck
ndash the wrath of God ndash curses
ndash evil spirits
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 4477
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 44
Robert Koch - 1st to prove that
bacteria actually caused diseases
bull 1876
bull Microbial Etiology of Infectious Disease
ndash etiology - the cause of a disease
bull Developed methods of fixing staining andphotographing bacteria
bull Established ldquoscientific rulesrdquo to show a cause and
effect relationship between a microbe and a
disease
ndash Kochrsquos Postulates
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 4577
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 45
Staining Koch Postulate
K hrsquo P t l t
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 46
Kochrsquos Postulates bull 1 The same organisms must be found in all
cases of a given diseasebull 2 The organism must be isolated and grown
in pure culture
bull 3 The isolated organism must reproducethe same disease when inoculated into a
healthy susceptible animal
bull 4 The original organism must again beisolated from the experimentally infected
animal
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 4777
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 47
Exceptions to Kochrsquos Postulates
1 Some organisms have never been grown in
pure culture on artificial media
Treponema pallidum - Syphilis
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 4877
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 48
Mycobacterium leprae
Leprosy
Never been grown in pure culture on artificial media
Seven Banded Armadillo
Exceptions to Kochrsquos Postulates
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 4977
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 49
Exceptions to Kochrsquos Postulates
bull In exclusively human diseases it is not
morally acceptable to inoculate a deadly
pathogen into a ldquohuman guinea pigrdquo
bull HIV
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 5077
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 50
Koch established the Microbial Etiology
of 3 important diseases of his day
bull 1 Cholera (fecal-oral disease)
ndash Vibrio cholerae
bull 2 Tuberculosis (pulmonary infection) ndash Mycobacterium tuberculosis
ndash Work on tuberculin (protein from M tuberculosis) that led to devrsquot of skin testing to diagnose TB
bull 3 Anthrax (sheep and cattle) ndash Bacillus anthracis ndash Discovered that B anthracis produce spores that is capable of resisting
adverse conditions
A h
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 5177
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 51
Anthraxbull Bacillus anthracis
ndash Gram (+) non-motile aerobic spore forming rod ndash Streptobacilli with central spores
ndash Livestock
bull Sheep cattle goats
ndash Humans
bull Handle hides wool goat hair handicrafts from the Middle
East made from animal products
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 5277
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 52
3 Forms of Human Anthrax
bull 1 Cutaneous Anthrax
ndash Enters thru cut or
abrasion
ndash Results in painless
ulcer (1-3 cm) with
black (necrotic) center
ndash About 20 mortality
rate in untreated cases
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 5377
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 53
bull 2 Gastrointestinal Anthrax
ndash Contaminated meat
ndash Abdominal pain fevervomiting blood severe
diarrhea
ndash 25 to 60 mortality rate
3 I h l i A h
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 5477
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 54
bull 3 Inhalation Anthrax
bull Initial symptomsresemble common
cold ndash Progress to severe
breathing problems andshock
ndash Usually results in death1-2 days after onset of acute symptoms
ndash Mortality rate 99 inuntreated cases
ndash Treatment usually noteffective aftersymptoms are present
A h Bi l i l W
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 5577
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 55
Anthrax as a Biological Weapon
bull Deadly if not treated early
bull Spores can be produced in large quantities using basicknowledge of biology
bull Spores may remain viable for years (60 at least)
bull Spores can be spread
ndash Missiles rockets bombs mail crop dusters
bull No cloud or color
bull No smell
bull No taste
bull Antibiotics ndash only effective if administered early (within24 ndash 48 hours)
h 1 lidif
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 56
Koch - 1st to use Agar to solidify
culture media
Golden Age of Microbiology
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 5777
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 57
Golden Age of Microbiology 1857 - 1914
bull Pasteur
ndash Pasteurization
ndash Fermentation
bull Joseph Lister
ndash Phenol to treat surgical wounds ndash 1st attempt to control infections
caused by microoganisms
bull Robert Koch ndash Kochrsquos Postulates
bull Edward Jenner
ndash vaccination
bull Paul Erlich ndash 1st synthetic drug used to treat infections
ndash Salvarsan - arsenic based chemical to treat Syphilis
bull ldquosalvationrdquo from Syphilis
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 5877
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 58
Naming of Bacteria
bull Genus and species - Binomial System of
Taxonomic Classification
bull Information usually given
ndash 1 Describes an organism
ndash 2 Identifies a habitat ndash 3 Honors a scientist or researcher
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 5977
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 59
Bacterial Morphology
bull Bacilli
bull Cocci
bull Spiral
Arrangements
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 60
ArrangementsStaphylo
Strepto
Diplo
Sarcinae
Tetrad
Vibrio (comma shaped)
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 61
bull Staphylococcus aureus
bull Staphylococcusepidermidis
bull Streptococcus
pneumoniae
bull Vibrio cholerae
bull Rhodospirillium
rubrumbull Bacillus subtilis
bull Micrococcus luteus
bull Escherichia coli
bull Bacillus anthracis
bull Salmonella enteridis
bull Streptococcus pyogenes
bull Steptococcus lactis
bull Streptococcus faecalis
bull Erlichia canis
bull Campylobacter jejuni
bull Helicobacter pylori
bull Enterobacter aerogenes
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 6277
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 62
Microbiology A Human Perspective
bull Microorganisms cannot be seen without the aid of amicroscope
bull There are more than 200000 known microbesbull Exist in virtually any environment that has water
bull Exhibit tremendous biodiversity
bull Compose the largest biomass group of living
organismsbull Microbes exist for more than 35 billion years
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 63
bull Food production bread beer
bull Bioremediation decontamination
of hazardous wastesbull Useful products ethanol fuel
antibiotics amino acids
bull Genetic engineeringpharmaceuticals vaccines
bull Genomics genome sequencingpermits understanding of diseasemechanisms
Applications of Microbiology
Medical microbiology
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 64
bull Infectious diseases have killedmore people than all wars andnatural disasters combined
bull Outbreaks have changed thecourse of history
bull Vaccines have dramaticallydecreased the incidence of
infectious diseases especiallyin children
Medical microbiology
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 6577
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 65
bull Re-emergence of ldquoOldrdquo Infectious
Diseases
ndash Cases of whooping cough have increased
in the last few years
ndash Many microbes have evolved antibiotic
resistance
Medical microbiology (cont)
Medical microbiology (cont )
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 66
bull Emerging infectious diseases
ndash As humans encroach upon wild habitat new infectious agents (microbes) arediscovered
ndash These agents are typically hosted by animals and are termed zoonotic agents
Medical microbiology (cont)
Agent Host Disease
Ebola virus Bats Ebola hemorrhagic fever
SARS virus Bats Severe acute respiratory syndrome
Sin Nombre virus Deer mouse Hantavirus cardiopulmonary syndrome
Nipah virus Bats Nipah encephalitis
Dengue virus Mosquitos Dengue fever Dengue hemorrhagic fever
Machupo virus Vesper mouse Bolivian hemorrhagic fever
Avian influenza viruses Various birds Influenza
Some recently discovered agents and their animal hosts
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 67
Terminologieshellip
bull Bacteriocins ndash Toxins produce by enterobacteria that are lethal to
related strains of bacteria
bull Resident flora ndash Collective vegetation in a given area in one part of the body yet produce infection in another
bull Infection
ndash Is an invasion of body tissue by microbes and theirgrowth
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 68
bull Infectious agent
ndash Microbes that cause infection
bull Asymptomaticsubclinical ndash Microbes do not produce clinical evidence of
disease
bull Disease ndash Detectable alteration in normal tissue function
bull Virulence
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 6977
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 69
Virulence ndash Microbersquos ability to produce disease
bull Communicable disease ndash Infectious agents that can be transmitted to an individual by direct
or indirect contact or as airborne infection ndash ex common colds
bull Pathogenicity ndash Ability to produce disease
bull Pathogen ndash Disease causing microbes ndash 3 of known microbes are capable of causing disease
bull Non-pathogens ndash Do not cause disease
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 70
Terminologieshellip
bull Opportunistic pathogen ndash Causes disease only in a susceptible individual
bull Asepsis
ndash Freedom from disease-causing microbes
bull Medical asepsis ndash All practices intended to confine a specific
microbes to a specific area limiting the growth
amp transmission of microbes
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 7177
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 71
bull Medical asepsis
ndash Objects are CLEAN (absence of almost all microbes)
bull Surgical asepsissterile technique
ndash Practices that keep an area or object free of allmicrobes
ndash Practices that destroys all microbes amp spores
bull Sepsis
ndash State of infection and can take many forms includingseptic shock
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GRADED RECITATION
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 73
Microorganisms are said to be
ubiquitous
Can you think of any locations thatwould be devoid of microorganisms
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 74
Of all the various areas of microbiology
mentioned in this chapter which
appeal to you the mostWhy
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 75
Assume that you are entering a health-related
professionOf what value will knowledge of
microbiology be to you
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 76
Many people consider Louis Pasteurrsquos
contributions to be the foundation of the
science of microbiology and a cornerstone
of modern medicine
What contributions did he make that would
cause people to believe that
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
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You have isolated a bacterium from the blood
of a patient with a newly described disease
What steps would you take to prove that the
organism that yoursquove isolated is the cause of
the patientrsquos disease
(Hint Remember Kochrsquos Postulates)
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 3077
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 30
ANTON VAN LEEUWENHOEK
bull 1st to see live bacteria and protozoabull FATHER OF MICROBIOLOGY
bull FATHER OF BACTERIOLOGY amp PROTOZOOLOGY
bull Fabric merchant a surveyor wine assayer and a minor city
official
bull Hobby
ndash ground tiny glass lenses which he mounted in smallmetal frames (single-lens microscope)
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 31
ANTON VAN LEEUWENHOEK
bull He never speculated on the
origin of microbes nor associate
them with infectious disease
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 32
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 3377
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 33
bull Scientist became convinced of the existence of tiny creature (notseen by naked eye)
bull SPONTANEOUS GENERATION THEORY ABIOGENESIS wasestablished
ndash Life could develop spontaneously from inanimatesubstancesnonliving organisms
ndash UNTIL the time of Louis Pasteur and John Tyndall whodisproved the theory and prove that
bull ldquoLIFE CAN ONLY ARISE FROMPREEXISTING LIFE ALONErdquo
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 3477
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 34
LOUIS PASTEUR
bull Contributions makes the
foundation of
ndash science of microbiology
ndash modern medicinehellip
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 3577
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 35
LOUIS PASTEURrsquoS CONTRIBUTIONhellip
bull 1 Wine contamination Discoveredwhat occurs during alcoholicfermentation ndash Demonstrated that different microbes
produce different fermentationproducts
ndash Ex yeast converts glucose in grapesto ethanol by fermentation
ndash Acetobacter a contaminatingbacteriaconverts glucose to aceticacid (vinegar)- ruining the taste of thewine
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 3677
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 36
2 Thru experiment dealth the fatal blow tothe theory of spontaneous generation
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 3777
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 37
Pasteur designed special ldquoswan-necked flasksrdquo
with a boiled meat infusion
Shape of flask allowed air in (vital force) but trapped
dust particles which may contain microbes
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 3877
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 38
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 3977
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 39
LOUIS PASTEURrsquoS CONTRIBUTIONhellip
bull 3 Discovered forms of life that are withno oxygen
ndash Aerobes ndash microbes needs Oxygen ndash Anaerobes ndash microbes can live without
oxygen
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 4077
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 40
LOUIS PASTEURrsquoS CONTRIBUTIONhellip
4 Pasteurization ndash process that kills microbesthat cause wine to spoil
- Can be used to kill pathogens in liquids
- Process- Heating and maintaining to 63-65oC for 30 minutes or 73-75oCfor 15mins
- Note not ALL microbes are killed
ONLY the pathogens
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 4177
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 41
LOUIS PASTEURrsquoS CONTRIBUTIONhellip
bull 5 Discovered the causative agent that
were causing silkworm diseases in silk industry in France and how to preventsuch disease
bull 6 Contributed on the GERM THEORYOF DISEASE ndash specific microbes causespecific infectious diseases
ndash ex anthrax caused by Bacillus anthracis
ndash TB by Mycobacterium tuberculosis
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 4277
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 42
LOUIS PASTEURrsquoS CONTRIBUTIONhellip
7 Championed changes in hospitalpractices to minimize the spread of disease by pathogens
8 Developed vaccines to preventcholeraanthrax and swineerysipelas (skin disease)
9 Developed RABIES vaccine in dogs
and successfully used to treathuman rabies
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 4377
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 43
Germ Theory of Disease
bull Hard for people to believe that diseases werecaused by tiny invisible ldquowee animalculesrdquo
bull Diseases they thought were caused by
ndash demons
ndash witchcraft
ndash bad luck
ndash the wrath of God ndash curses
ndash evil spirits
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 4477
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 44
Robert Koch - 1st to prove that
bacteria actually caused diseases
bull 1876
bull Microbial Etiology of Infectious Disease
ndash etiology - the cause of a disease
bull Developed methods of fixing staining andphotographing bacteria
bull Established ldquoscientific rulesrdquo to show a cause and
effect relationship between a microbe and a
disease
ndash Kochrsquos Postulates
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 4577
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 45
Staining Koch Postulate
K hrsquo P t l t
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 4677
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 46
Kochrsquos Postulates bull 1 The same organisms must be found in all
cases of a given diseasebull 2 The organism must be isolated and grown
in pure culture
bull 3 The isolated organism must reproducethe same disease when inoculated into a
healthy susceptible animal
bull 4 The original organism must again beisolated from the experimentally infected
animal
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 4777
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 47
Exceptions to Kochrsquos Postulates
1 Some organisms have never been grown in
pure culture on artificial media
Treponema pallidum - Syphilis
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 4877
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 48
Mycobacterium leprae
Leprosy
Never been grown in pure culture on artificial media
Seven Banded Armadillo
Exceptions to Kochrsquos Postulates
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 4977
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 49
Exceptions to Kochrsquos Postulates
bull In exclusively human diseases it is not
morally acceptable to inoculate a deadly
pathogen into a ldquohuman guinea pigrdquo
bull HIV
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 5077
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 50
Koch established the Microbial Etiology
of 3 important diseases of his day
bull 1 Cholera (fecal-oral disease)
ndash Vibrio cholerae
bull 2 Tuberculosis (pulmonary infection) ndash Mycobacterium tuberculosis
ndash Work on tuberculin (protein from M tuberculosis) that led to devrsquot of skin testing to diagnose TB
bull 3 Anthrax (sheep and cattle) ndash Bacillus anthracis ndash Discovered that B anthracis produce spores that is capable of resisting
adverse conditions
A h
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 5177
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 51
Anthraxbull Bacillus anthracis
ndash Gram (+) non-motile aerobic spore forming rod ndash Streptobacilli with central spores
ndash Livestock
bull Sheep cattle goats
ndash Humans
bull Handle hides wool goat hair handicrafts from the Middle
East made from animal products
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 5277
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 52
3 Forms of Human Anthrax
bull 1 Cutaneous Anthrax
ndash Enters thru cut or
abrasion
ndash Results in painless
ulcer (1-3 cm) with
black (necrotic) center
ndash About 20 mortality
rate in untreated cases
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 5377
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 53
bull 2 Gastrointestinal Anthrax
ndash Contaminated meat
ndash Abdominal pain fevervomiting blood severe
diarrhea
ndash 25 to 60 mortality rate
3 I h l i A h
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 5477
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 54
bull 3 Inhalation Anthrax
bull Initial symptomsresemble common
cold ndash Progress to severe
breathing problems andshock
ndash Usually results in death1-2 days after onset of acute symptoms
ndash Mortality rate 99 inuntreated cases
ndash Treatment usually noteffective aftersymptoms are present
A h Bi l i l W
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 5577
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 55
Anthrax as a Biological Weapon
bull Deadly if not treated early
bull Spores can be produced in large quantities using basicknowledge of biology
bull Spores may remain viable for years (60 at least)
bull Spores can be spread
ndash Missiles rockets bombs mail crop dusters
bull No cloud or color
bull No smell
bull No taste
bull Antibiotics ndash only effective if administered early (within24 ndash 48 hours)
h 1 lidif
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 5677
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 56
Koch - 1st to use Agar to solidify
culture media
Golden Age of Microbiology
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 5777
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 57
Golden Age of Microbiology 1857 - 1914
bull Pasteur
ndash Pasteurization
ndash Fermentation
bull Joseph Lister
ndash Phenol to treat surgical wounds ndash 1st attempt to control infections
caused by microoganisms
bull Robert Koch ndash Kochrsquos Postulates
bull Edward Jenner
ndash vaccination
bull Paul Erlich ndash 1st synthetic drug used to treat infections
ndash Salvarsan - arsenic based chemical to treat Syphilis
bull ldquosalvationrdquo from Syphilis
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 5877
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 58
Naming of Bacteria
bull Genus and species - Binomial System of
Taxonomic Classification
bull Information usually given
ndash 1 Describes an organism
ndash 2 Identifies a habitat ndash 3 Honors a scientist or researcher
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 5977
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 59
Bacterial Morphology
bull Bacilli
bull Cocci
bull Spiral
Arrangements
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 6077
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 60
ArrangementsStaphylo
Strepto
Diplo
Sarcinae
Tetrad
Vibrio (comma shaped)
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 6177
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 61
bull Staphylococcus aureus
bull Staphylococcusepidermidis
bull Streptococcus
pneumoniae
bull Vibrio cholerae
bull Rhodospirillium
rubrumbull Bacillus subtilis
bull Micrococcus luteus
bull Escherichia coli
bull Bacillus anthracis
bull Salmonella enteridis
bull Streptococcus pyogenes
bull Steptococcus lactis
bull Streptococcus faecalis
bull Erlichia canis
bull Campylobacter jejuni
bull Helicobacter pylori
bull Enterobacter aerogenes
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 6277
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 62
Microbiology A Human Perspective
bull Microorganisms cannot be seen without the aid of amicroscope
bull There are more than 200000 known microbesbull Exist in virtually any environment that has water
bull Exhibit tremendous biodiversity
bull Compose the largest biomass group of living
organismsbull Microbes exist for more than 35 billion years
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 6377
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 63
bull Food production bread beer
bull Bioremediation decontamination
of hazardous wastesbull Useful products ethanol fuel
antibiotics amino acids
bull Genetic engineeringpharmaceuticals vaccines
bull Genomics genome sequencingpermits understanding of diseasemechanisms
Applications of Microbiology
Medical microbiology
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 6477
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 64
bull Infectious diseases have killedmore people than all wars andnatural disasters combined
bull Outbreaks have changed thecourse of history
bull Vaccines have dramaticallydecreased the incidence of
infectious diseases especiallyin children
Medical microbiology
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 6577
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 65
bull Re-emergence of ldquoOldrdquo Infectious
Diseases
ndash Cases of whooping cough have increased
in the last few years
ndash Many microbes have evolved antibiotic
resistance
Medical microbiology (cont)
Medical microbiology (cont )
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 6677
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 66
bull Emerging infectious diseases
ndash As humans encroach upon wild habitat new infectious agents (microbes) arediscovered
ndash These agents are typically hosted by animals and are termed zoonotic agents
Medical microbiology (cont)
Agent Host Disease
Ebola virus Bats Ebola hemorrhagic fever
SARS virus Bats Severe acute respiratory syndrome
Sin Nombre virus Deer mouse Hantavirus cardiopulmonary syndrome
Nipah virus Bats Nipah encephalitis
Dengue virus Mosquitos Dengue fever Dengue hemorrhagic fever
Machupo virus Vesper mouse Bolivian hemorrhagic fever
Avian influenza viruses Various birds Influenza
Some recently discovered agents and their animal hosts
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 6777
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 67
Terminologieshellip
bull Bacteriocins ndash Toxins produce by enterobacteria that are lethal to
related strains of bacteria
bull Resident flora ndash Collective vegetation in a given area in one part of the body yet produce infection in another
bull Infection
ndash Is an invasion of body tissue by microbes and theirgrowth
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 6877
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 68
bull Infectious agent
ndash Microbes that cause infection
bull Asymptomaticsubclinical ndash Microbes do not produce clinical evidence of
disease
bull Disease ndash Detectable alteration in normal tissue function
bull Virulence
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 6977
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 69
Virulence ndash Microbersquos ability to produce disease
bull Communicable disease ndash Infectious agents that can be transmitted to an individual by direct
or indirect contact or as airborne infection ndash ex common colds
bull Pathogenicity ndash Ability to produce disease
bull Pathogen ndash Disease causing microbes ndash 3 of known microbes are capable of causing disease
bull Non-pathogens ndash Do not cause disease
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 7077
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 70
Terminologieshellip
bull Opportunistic pathogen ndash Causes disease only in a susceptible individual
bull Asepsis
ndash Freedom from disease-causing microbes
bull Medical asepsis ndash All practices intended to confine a specific
microbes to a specific area limiting the growth
amp transmission of microbes
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 7177
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 71
bull Medical asepsis
ndash Objects are CLEAN (absence of almost all microbes)
bull Surgical asepsissterile technique
ndash Practices that keep an area or object free of allmicrobes
ndash Practices that destroys all microbes amp spores
bull Sepsis
ndash State of infection and can take many forms includingseptic shock
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 7277
GRADED RECITATION
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 7377
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 73
Microorganisms are said to be
ubiquitous
Can you think of any locations thatwould be devoid of microorganisms
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 7477
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 74
Of all the various areas of microbiology
mentioned in this chapter which
appeal to you the mostWhy
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 75
Assume that you are entering a health-related
professionOf what value will knowledge of
microbiology be to you
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 7677
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 76
Many people consider Louis Pasteurrsquos
contributions to be the foundation of the
science of microbiology and a cornerstone
of modern medicine
What contributions did he make that would
cause people to believe that
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 7777
You have isolated a bacterium from the blood
of a patient with a newly described disease
What steps would you take to prove that the
organism that yoursquove isolated is the cause of
the patientrsquos disease
(Hint Remember Kochrsquos Postulates)
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 3177
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 31
ANTON VAN LEEUWENHOEK
bull He never speculated on the
origin of microbes nor associate
them with infectious disease
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 32
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 3377
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 33
bull Scientist became convinced of the existence of tiny creature (notseen by naked eye)
bull SPONTANEOUS GENERATION THEORY ABIOGENESIS wasestablished
ndash Life could develop spontaneously from inanimatesubstancesnonliving organisms
ndash UNTIL the time of Louis Pasteur and John Tyndall whodisproved the theory and prove that
bull ldquoLIFE CAN ONLY ARISE FROMPREEXISTING LIFE ALONErdquo
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 3477
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 34
LOUIS PASTEUR
bull Contributions makes the
foundation of
ndash science of microbiology
ndash modern medicinehellip
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 3577
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 35
LOUIS PASTEURrsquoS CONTRIBUTIONhellip
bull 1 Wine contamination Discoveredwhat occurs during alcoholicfermentation ndash Demonstrated that different microbes
produce different fermentationproducts
ndash Ex yeast converts glucose in grapesto ethanol by fermentation
ndash Acetobacter a contaminatingbacteriaconverts glucose to aceticacid (vinegar)- ruining the taste of thewine
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 3677
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 36
2 Thru experiment dealth the fatal blow tothe theory of spontaneous generation
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 3777
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 37
Pasteur designed special ldquoswan-necked flasksrdquo
with a boiled meat infusion
Shape of flask allowed air in (vital force) but trapped
dust particles which may contain microbes
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 3877
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 38
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 3977
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 39
LOUIS PASTEURrsquoS CONTRIBUTIONhellip
bull 3 Discovered forms of life that are withno oxygen
ndash Aerobes ndash microbes needs Oxygen ndash Anaerobes ndash microbes can live without
oxygen
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 4077
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 40
LOUIS PASTEURrsquoS CONTRIBUTIONhellip
4 Pasteurization ndash process that kills microbesthat cause wine to spoil
- Can be used to kill pathogens in liquids
- Process- Heating and maintaining to 63-65oC for 30 minutes or 73-75oCfor 15mins
- Note not ALL microbes are killed
ONLY the pathogens
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 41
LOUIS PASTEURrsquoS CONTRIBUTIONhellip
bull 5 Discovered the causative agent that
were causing silkworm diseases in silk industry in France and how to preventsuch disease
bull 6 Contributed on the GERM THEORYOF DISEASE ndash specific microbes causespecific infectious diseases
ndash ex anthrax caused by Bacillus anthracis
ndash TB by Mycobacterium tuberculosis
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 4277
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 42
LOUIS PASTEURrsquoS CONTRIBUTIONhellip
7 Championed changes in hospitalpractices to minimize the spread of disease by pathogens
8 Developed vaccines to preventcholeraanthrax and swineerysipelas (skin disease)
9 Developed RABIES vaccine in dogs
and successfully used to treathuman rabies
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 4377
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 43
Germ Theory of Disease
bull Hard for people to believe that diseases werecaused by tiny invisible ldquowee animalculesrdquo
bull Diseases they thought were caused by
ndash demons
ndash witchcraft
ndash bad luck
ndash the wrath of God ndash curses
ndash evil spirits
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 4477
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 44
Robert Koch - 1st to prove that
bacteria actually caused diseases
bull 1876
bull Microbial Etiology of Infectious Disease
ndash etiology - the cause of a disease
bull Developed methods of fixing staining andphotographing bacteria
bull Established ldquoscientific rulesrdquo to show a cause and
effect relationship between a microbe and a
disease
ndash Kochrsquos Postulates
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 4577
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 45
Staining Koch Postulate
K hrsquo P t l t
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 46
Kochrsquos Postulates bull 1 The same organisms must be found in all
cases of a given diseasebull 2 The organism must be isolated and grown
in pure culture
bull 3 The isolated organism must reproducethe same disease when inoculated into a
healthy susceptible animal
bull 4 The original organism must again beisolated from the experimentally infected
animal
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 4777
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 47
Exceptions to Kochrsquos Postulates
1 Some organisms have never been grown in
pure culture on artificial media
Treponema pallidum - Syphilis
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 4877
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 48
Mycobacterium leprae
Leprosy
Never been grown in pure culture on artificial media
Seven Banded Armadillo
Exceptions to Kochrsquos Postulates
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 4977
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 49
Exceptions to Kochrsquos Postulates
bull In exclusively human diseases it is not
morally acceptable to inoculate a deadly
pathogen into a ldquohuman guinea pigrdquo
bull HIV
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 5077
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 50
Koch established the Microbial Etiology
of 3 important diseases of his day
bull 1 Cholera (fecal-oral disease)
ndash Vibrio cholerae
bull 2 Tuberculosis (pulmonary infection) ndash Mycobacterium tuberculosis
ndash Work on tuberculin (protein from M tuberculosis) that led to devrsquot of skin testing to diagnose TB
bull 3 Anthrax (sheep and cattle) ndash Bacillus anthracis ndash Discovered that B anthracis produce spores that is capable of resisting
adverse conditions
A h
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 5177
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 51
Anthraxbull Bacillus anthracis
ndash Gram (+) non-motile aerobic spore forming rod ndash Streptobacilli with central spores
ndash Livestock
bull Sheep cattle goats
ndash Humans
bull Handle hides wool goat hair handicrafts from the Middle
East made from animal products
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 5277
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 52
3 Forms of Human Anthrax
bull 1 Cutaneous Anthrax
ndash Enters thru cut or
abrasion
ndash Results in painless
ulcer (1-3 cm) with
black (necrotic) center
ndash About 20 mortality
rate in untreated cases
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 5377
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 53
bull 2 Gastrointestinal Anthrax
ndash Contaminated meat
ndash Abdominal pain fevervomiting blood severe
diarrhea
ndash 25 to 60 mortality rate
3 I h l i A h
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 5477
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 54
bull 3 Inhalation Anthrax
bull Initial symptomsresemble common
cold ndash Progress to severe
breathing problems andshock
ndash Usually results in death1-2 days after onset of acute symptoms
ndash Mortality rate 99 inuntreated cases
ndash Treatment usually noteffective aftersymptoms are present
A h Bi l i l W
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 5577
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 55
Anthrax as a Biological Weapon
bull Deadly if not treated early
bull Spores can be produced in large quantities using basicknowledge of biology
bull Spores may remain viable for years (60 at least)
bull Spores can be spread
ndash Missiles rockets bombs mail crop dusters
bull No cloud or color
bull No smell
bull No taste
bull Antibiotics ndash only effective if administered early (within24 ndash 48 hours)
h 1 lidif
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 5677
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 56
Koch - 1st to use Agar to solidify
culture media
Golden Age of Microbiology
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 5777
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 57
Golden Age of Microbiology 1857 - 1914
bull Pasteur
ndash Pasteurization
ndash Fermentation
bull Joseph Lister
ndash Phenol to treat surgical wounds ndash 1st attempt to control infections
caused by microoganisms
bull Robert Koch ndash Kochrsquos Postulates
bull Edward Jenner
ndash vaccination
bull Paul Erlich ndash 1st synthetic drug used to treat infections
ndash Salvarsan - arsenic based chemical to treat Syphilis
bull ldquosalvationrdquo from Syphilis
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 5877
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 58
Naming of Bacteria
bull Genus and species - Binomial System of
Taxonomic Classification
bull Information usually given
ndash 1 Describes an organism
ndash 2 Identifies a habitat ndash 3 Honors a scientist or researcher
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 5977
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 59
Bacterial Morphology
bull Bacilli
bull Cocci
bull Spiral
Arrangements
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 6077
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 60
ArrangementsStaphylo
Strepto
Diplo
Sarcinae
Tetrad
Vibrio (comma shaped)
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 6177
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 61
bull Staphylococcus aureus
bull Staphylococcusepidermidis
bull Streptococcus
pneumoniae
bull Vibrio cholerae
bull Rhodospirillium
rubrumbull Bacillus subtilis
bull Micrococcus luteus
bull Escherichia coli
bull Bacillus anthracis
bull Salmonella enteridis
bull Streptococcus pyogenes
bull Steptococcus lactis
bull Streptococcus faecalis
bull Erlichia canis
bull Campylobacter jejuni
bull Helicobacter pylori
bull Enterobacter aerogenes
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 6277
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 62
Microbiology A Human Perspective
bull Microorganisms cannot be seen without the aid of amicroscope
bull There are more than 200000 known microbesbull Exist in virtually any environment that has water
bull Exhibit tremendous biodiversity
bull Compose the largest biomass group of living
organismsbull Microbes exist for more than 35 billion years
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 6377
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 63
bull Food production bread beer
bull Bioremediation decontamination
of hazardous wastesbull Useful products ethanol fuel
antibiotics amino acids
bull Genetic engineeringpharmaceuticals vaccines
bull Genomics genome sequencingpermits understanding of diseasemechanisms
Applications of Microbiology
Medical microbiology
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 6477
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 64
bull Infectious diseases have killedmore people than all wars andnatural disasters combined
bull Outbreaks have changed thecourse of history
bull Vaccines have dramaticallydecreased the incidence of
infectious diseases especiallyin children
Medical microbiology
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 6577
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 65
bull Re-emergence of ldquoOldrdquo Infectious
Diseases
ndash Cases of whooping cough have increased
in the last few years
ndash Many microbes have evolved antibiotic
resistance
Medical microbiology (cont)
Medical microbiology (cont )
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 6677
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 66
bull Emerging infectious diseases
ndash As humans encroach upon wild habitat new infectious agents (microbes) arediscovered
ndash These agents are typically hosted by animals and are termed zoonotic agents
Medical microbiology (cont)
Agent Host Disease
Ebola virus Bats Ebola hemorrhagic fever
SARS virus Bats Severe acute respiratory syndrome
Sin Nombre virus Deer mouse Hantavirus cardiopulmonary syndrome
Nipah virus Bats Nipah encephalitis
Dengue virus Mosquitos Dengue fever Dengue hemorrhagic fever
Machupo virus Vesper mouse Bolivian hemorrhagic fever
Avian influenza viruses Various birds Influenza
Some recently discovered agents and their animal hosts
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 6777
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 67
Terminologieshellip
bull Bacteriocins ndash Toxins produce by enterobacteria that are lethal to
related strains of bacteria
bull Resident flora ndash Collective vegetation in a given area in one part of the body yet produce infection in another
bull Infection
ndash Is an invasion of body tissue by microbes and theirgrowth
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 6877
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 68
bull Infectious agent
ndash Microbes that cause infection
bull Asymptomaticsubclinical ndash Microbes do not produce clinical evidence of
disease
bull Disease ndash Detectable alteration in normal tissue function
bull Virulence
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 6977
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 69
Virulence ndash Microbersquos ability to produce disease
bull Communicable disease ndash Infectious agents that can be transmitted to an individual by direct
or indirect contact or as airborne infection ndash ex common colds
bull Pathogenicity ndash Ability to produce disease
bull Pathogen ndash Disease causing microbes ndash 3 of known microbes are capable of causing disease
bull Non-pathogens ndash Do not cause disease
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 7077
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 70
Terminologieshellip
bull Opportunistic pathogen ndash Causes disease only in a susceptible individual
bull Asepsis
ndash Freedom from disease-causing microbes
bull Medical asepsis ndash All practices intended to confine a specific
microbes to a specific area limiting the growth
amp transmission of microbes
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 7177
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 71
bull Medical asepsis
ndash Objects are CLEAN (absence of almost all microbes)
bull Surgical asepsissterile technique
ndash Practices that keep an area or object free of allmicrobes
ndash Practices that destroys all microbes amp spores
bull Sepsis
ndash State of infection and can take many forms includingseptic shock
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 7277
GRADED RECITATION
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 73
Microorganisms are said to be
ubiquitous
Can you think of any locations thatwould be devoid of microorganisms
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 74
Of all the various areas of microbiology
mentioned in this chapter which
appeal to you the mostWhy
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 7577
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 75
Assume that you are entering a health-related
professionOf what value will knowledge of
microbiology be to you
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 7677
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 76
Many people consider Louis Pasteurrsquos
contributions to be the foundation of the
science of microbiology and a cornerstone
of modern medicine
What contributions did he make that would
cause people to believe that
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 7777
You have isolated a bacterium from the blood
of a patient with a newly described disease
What steps would you take to prove that the
organism that yoursquove isolated is the cause of
the patientrsquos disease
(Hint Remember Kochrsquos Postulates)
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 3277
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 32
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 33
bull Scientist became convinced of the existence of tiny creature (notseen by naked eye)
bull SPONTANEOUS GENERATION THEORY ABIOGENESIS wasestablished
ndash Life could develop spontaneously from inanimatesubstancesnonliving organisms
ndash UNTIL the time of Louis Pasteur and John Tyndall whodisproved the theory and prove that
bull ldquoLIFE CAN ONLY ARISE FROMPREEXISTING LIFE ALONErdquo
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 3477
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 34
LOUIS PASTEUR
bull Contributions makes the
foundation of
ndash science of microbiology
ndash modern medicinehellip
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 3577
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 35
LOUIS PASTEURrsquoS CONTRIBUTIONhellip
bull 1 Wine contamination Discoveredwhat occurs during alcoholicfermentation ndash Demonstrated that different microbes
produce different fermentationproducts
ndash Ex yeast converts glucose in grapesto ethanol by fermentation
ndash Acetobacter a contaminatingbacteriaconverts glucose to aceticacid (vinegar)- ruining the taste of thewine
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 3677
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 36
2 Thru experiment dealth the fatal blow tothe theory of spontaneous generation
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 3777
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 37
Pasteur designed special ldquoswan-necked flasksrdquo
with a boiled meat infusion
Shape of flask allowed air in (vital force) but trapped
dust particles which may contain microbes
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 3877
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 38
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 3977
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 39
LOUIS PASTEURrsquoS CONTRIBUTIONhellip
bull 3 Discovered forms of life that are withno oxygen
ndash Aerobes ndash microbes needs Oxygen ndash Anaerobes ndash microbes can live without
oxygen
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 4077
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 40
LOUIS PASTEURrsquoS CONTRIBUTIONhellip
4 Pasteurization ndash process that kills microbesthat cause wine to spoil
- Can be used to kill pathogens in liquids
- Process- Heating and maintaining to 63-65oC for 30 minutes or 73-75oCfor 15mins
- Note not ALL microbes are killed
ONLY the pathogens
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 4177
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 41
LOUIS PASTEURrsquoS CONTRIBUTIONhellip
bull 5 Discovered the causative agent that
were causing silkworm diseases in silk industry in France and how to preventsuch disease
bull 6 Contributed on the GERM THEORYOF DISEASE ndash specific microbes causespecific infectious diseases
ndash ex anthrax caused by Bacillus anthracis
ndash TB by Mycobacterium tuberculosis
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 4277
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 42
LOUIS PASTEURrsquoS CONTRIBUTIONhellip
7 Championed changes in hospitalpractices to minimize the spread of disease by pathogens
8 Developed vaccines to preventcholeraanthrax and swineerysipelas (skin disease)
9 Developed RABIES vaccine in dogs
and successfully used to treathuman rabies
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 4377
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 43
Germ Theory of Disease
bull Hard for people to believe that diseases werecaused by tiny invisible ldquowee animalculesrdquo
bull Diseases they thought were caused by
ndash demons
ndash witchcraft
ndash bad luck
ndash the wrath of God ndash curses
ndash evil spirits
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 4477
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 44
Robert Koch - 1st to prove that
bacteria actually caused diseases
bull 1876
bull Microbial Etiology of Infectious Disease
ndash etiology - the cause of a disease
bull Developed methods of fixing staining andphotographing bacteria
bull Established ldquoscientific rulesrdquo to show a cause and
effect relationship between a microbe and a
disease
ndash Kochrsquos Postulates
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 4577
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 45
Staining Koch Postulate
K hrsquo P t l t
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 46
Kochrsquos Postulates bull 1 The same organisms must be found in all
cases of a given diseasebull 2 The organism must be isolated and grown
in pure culture
bull 3 The isolated organism must reproducethe same disease when inoculated into a
healthy susceptible animal
bull 4 The original organism must again beisolated from the experimentally infected
animal
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 4777
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 47
Exceptions to Kochrsquos Postulates
1 Some organisms have never been grown in
pure culture on artificial media
Treponema pallidum - Syphilis
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 4877
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 48
Mycobacterium leprae
Leprosy
Never been grown in pure culture on artificial media
Seven Banded Armadillo
Exceptions to Kochrsquos Postulates
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 4977
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 49
Exceptions to Kochrsquos Postulates
bull In exclusively human diseases it is not
morally acceptable to inoculate a deadly
pathogen into a ldquohuman guinea pigrdquo
bull HIV
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 5077
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 50
Koch established the Microbial Etiology
of 3 important diseases of his day
bull 1 Cholera (fecal-oral disease)
ndash Vibrio cholerae
bull 2 Tuberculosis (pulmonary infection) ndash Mycobacterium tuberculosis
ndash Work on tuberculin (protein from M tuberculosis) that led to devrsquot of skin testing to diagnose TB
bull 3 Anthrax (sheep and cattle) ndash Bacillus anthracis ndash Discovered that B anthracis produce spores that is capable of resisting
adverse conditions
A h
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 51
Anthraxbull Bacillus anthracis
ndash Gram (+) non-motile aerobic spore forming rod ndash Streptobacilli with central spores
ndash Livestock
bull Sheep cattle goats
ndash Humans
bull Handle hides wool goat hair handicrafts from the Middle
East made from animal products
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 5277
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 52
3 Forms of Human Anthrax
bull 1 Cutaneous Anthrax
ndash Enters thru cut or
abrasion
ndash Results in painless
ulcer (1-3 cm) with
black (necrotic) center
ndash About 20 mortality
rate in untreated cases
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 5377
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 53
bull 2 Gastrointestinal Anthrax
ndash Contaminated meat
ndash Abdominal pain fevervomiting blood severe
diarrhea
ndash 25 to 60 mortality rate
3 I h l i A h
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 54
bull 3 Inhalation Anthrax
bull Initial symptomsresemble common
cold ndash Progress to severe
breathing problems andshock
ndash Usually results in death1-2 days after onset of acute symptoms
ndash Mortality rate 99 inuntreated cases
ndash Treatment usually noteffective aftersymptoms are present
A h Bi l i l W
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 55
Anthrax as a Biological Weapon
bull Deadly if not treated early
bull Spores can be produced in large quantities using basicknowledge of biology
bull Spores may remain viable for years (60 at least)
bull Spores can be spread
ndash Missiles rockets bombs mail crop dusters
bull No cloud or color
bull No smell
bull No taste
bull Antibiotics ndash only effective if administered early (within24 ndash 48 hours)
h 1 lidif
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 56
Koch - 1st to use Agar to solidify
culture media
Golden Age of Microbiology
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 57
Golden Age of Microbiology 1857 - 1914
bull Pasteur
ndash Pasteurization
ndash Fermentation
bull Joseph Lister
ndash Phenol to treat surgical wounds ndash 1st attempt to control infections
caused by microoganisms
bull Robert Koch ndash Kochrsquos Postulates
bull Edward Jenner
ndash vaccination
bull Paul Erlich ndash 1st synthetic drug used to treat infections
ndash Salvarsan - arsenic based chemical to treat Syphilis
bull ldquosalvationrdquo from Syphilis
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 5877
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 58
Naming of Bacteria
bull Genus and species - Binomial System of
Taxonomic Classification
bull Information usually given
ndash 1 Describes an organism
ndash 2 Identifies a habitat ndash 3 Honors a scientist or researcher
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 59
Bacterial Morphology
bull Bacilli
bull Cocci
bull Spiral
Arrangements
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 60
ArrangementsStaphylo
Strepto
Diplo
Sarcinae
Tetrad
Vibrio (comma shaped)
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 61
bull Staphylococcus aureus
bull Staphylococcusepidermidis
bull Streptococcus
pneumoniae
bull Vibrio cholerae
bull Rhodospirillium
rubrumbull Bacillus subtilis
bull Micrococcus luteus
bull Escherichia coli
bull Bacillus anthracis
bull Salmonella enteridis
bull Streptococcus pyogenes
bull Steptococcus lactis
bull Streptococcus faecalis
bull Erlichia canis
bull Campylobacter jejuni
bull Helicobacter pylori
bull Enterobacter aerogenes
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 62
Microbiology A Human Perspective
bull Microorganisms cannot be seen without the aid of amicroscope
bull There are more than 200000 known microbesbull Exist in virtually any environment that has water
bull Exhibit tremendous biodiversity
bull Compose the largest biomass group of living
organismsbull Microbes exist for more than 35 billion years
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 63
bull Food production bread beer
bull Bioremediation decontamination
of hazardous wastesbull Useful products ethanol fuel
antibiotics amino acids
bull Genetic engineeringpharmaceuticals vaccines
bull Genomics genome sequencingpermits understanding of diseasemechanisms
Applications of Microbiology
Medical microbiology
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 64
bull Infectious diseases have killedmore people than all wars andnatural disasters combined
bull Outbreaks have changed thecourse of history
bull Vaccines have dramaticallydecreased the incidence of
infectious diseases especiallyin children
Medical microbiology
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 65
bull Re-emergence of ldquoOldrdquo Infectious
Diseases
ndash Cases of whooping cough have increased
in the last few years
ndash Many microbes have evolved antibiotic
resistance
Medical microbiology (cont)
Medical microbiology (cont )
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 66
bull Emerging infectious diseases
ndash As humans encroach upon wild habitat new infectious agents (microbes) arediscovered
ndash These agents are typically hosted by animals and are termed zoonotic agents
Medical microbiology (cont)
Agent Host Disease
Ebola virus Bats Ebola hemorrhagic fever
SARS virus Bats Severe acute respiratory syndrome
Sin Nombre virus Deer mouse Hantavirus cardiopulmonary syndrome
Nipah virus Bats Nipah encephalitis
Dengue virus Mosquitos Dengue fever Dengue hemorrhagic fever
Machupo virus Vesper mouse Bolivian hemorrhagic fever
Avian influenza viruses Various birds Influenza
Some recently discovered agents and their animal hosts
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 67
Terminologieshellip
bull Bacteriocins ndash Toxins produce by enterobacteria that are lethal to
related strains of bacteria
bull Resident flora ndash Collective vegetation in a given area in one part of the body yet produce infection in another
bull Infection
ndash Is an invasion of body tissue by microbes and theirgrowth
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 68
bull Infectious agent
ndash Microbes that cause infection
bull Asymptomaticsubclinical ndash Microbes do not produce clinical evidence of
disease
bull Disease ndash Detectable alteration in normal tissue function
bull Virulence
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 6977
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 69
Virulence ndash Microbersquos ability to produce disease
bull Communicable disease ndash Infectious agents that can be transmitted to an individual by direct
or indirect contact or as airborne infection ndash ex common colds
bull Pathogenicity ndash Ability to produce disease
bull Pathogen ndash Disease causing microbes ndash 3 of known microbes are capable of causing disease
bull Non-pathogens ndash Do not cause disease
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 7077
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 70
Terminologieshellip
bull Opportunistic pathogen ndash Causes disease only in a susceptible individual
bull Asepsis
ndash Freedom from disease-causing microbes
bull Medical asepsis ndash All practices intended to confine a specific
microbes to a specific area limiting the growth
amp transmission of microbes
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 7177
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 71
bull Medical asepsis
ndash Objects are CLEAN (absence of almost all microbes)
bull Surgical asepsissterile technique
ndash Practices that keep an area or object free of allmicrobes
ndash Practices that destroys all microbes amp spores
bull Sepsis
ndash State of infection and can take many forms includingseptic shock
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
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GRADED RECITATION
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 7377
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 73
Microorganisms are said to be
ubiquitous
Can you think of any locations thatwould be devoid of microorganisms
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 7477
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 74
Of all the various areas of microbiology
mentioned in this chapter which
appeal to you the mostWhy
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 7577
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 75
Assume that you are entering a health-related
professionOf what value will knowledge of
microbiology be to you
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 7677
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 76
Many people consider Louis Pasteurrsquos
contributions to be the foundation of the
science of microbiology and a cornerstone
of modern medicine
What contributions did he make that would
cause people to believe that
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 7777
You have isolated a bacterium from the blood
of a patient with a newly described disease
What steps would you take to prove that the
organism that yoursquove isolated is the cause of
the patientrsquos disease
(Hint Remember Kochrsquos Postulates)
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 3377
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 33
bull Scientist became convinced of the existence of tiny creature (notseen by naked eye)
bull SPONTANEOUS GENERATION THEORY ABIOGENESIS wasestablished
ndash Life could develop spontaneously from inanimatesubstancesnonliving organisms
ndash UNTIL the time of Louis Pasteur and John Tyndall whodisproved the theory and prove that
bull ldquoLIFE CAN ONLY ARISE FROMPREEXISTING LIFE ALONErdquo
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 3477
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 34
LOUIS PASTEUR
bull Contributions makes the
foundation of
ndash science of microbiology
ndash modern medicinehellip
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 3577
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 35
LOUIS PASTEURrsquoS CONTRIBUTIONhellip
bull 1 Wine contamination Discoveredwhat occurs during alcoholicfermentation ndash Demonstrated that different microbes
produce different fermentationproducts
ndash Ex yeast converts glucose in grapesto ethanol by fermentation
ndash Acetobacter a contaminatingbacteriaconverts glucose to aceticacid (vinegar)- ruining the taste of thewine
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 3677
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 36
2 Thru experiment dealth the fatal blow tothe theory of spontaneous generation
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 3777
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 37
Pasteur designed special ldquoswan-necked flasksrdquo
with a boiled meat infusion
Shape of flask allowed air in (vital force) but trapped
dust particles which may contain microbes
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 3877
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 38
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 3977
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 39
LOUIS PASTEURrsquoS CONTRIBUTIONhellip
bull 3 Discovered forms of life that are withno oxygen
ndash Aerobes ndash microbes needs Oxygen ndash Anaerobes ndash microbes can live without
oxygen
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 4077
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 40
LOUIS PASTEURrsquoS CONTRIBUTIONhellip
4 Pasteurization ndash process that kills microbesthat cause wine to spoil
- Can be used to kill pathogens in liquids
- Process- Heating and maintaining to 63-65oC for 30 minutes or 73-75oCfor 15mins
- Note not ALL microbes are killed
ONLY the pathogens
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 4177
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 41
LOUIS PASTEURrsquoS CONTRIBUTIONhellip
bull 5 Discovered the causative agent that
were causing silkworm diseases in silk industry in France and how to preventsuch disease
bull 6 Contributed on the GERM THEORYOF DISEASE ndash specific microbes causespecific infectious diseases
ndash ex anthrax caused by Bacillus anthracis
ndash TB by Mycobacterium tuberculosis
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 4277
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 42
LOUIS PASTEURrsquoS CONTRIBUTIONhellip
7 Championed changes in hospitalpractices to minimize the spread of disease by pathogens
8 Developed vaccines to preventcholeraanthrax and swineerysipelas (skin disease)
9 Developed RABIES vaccine in dogs
and successfully used to treathuman rabies
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 4377
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 43
Germ Theory of Disease
bull Hard for people to believe that diseases werecaused by tiny invisible ldquowee animalculesrdquo
bull Diseases they thought were caused by
ndash demons
ndash witchcraft
ndash bad luck
ndash the wrath of God ndash curses
ndash evil spirits
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 4477
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 44
Robert Koch - 1st to prove that
bacteria actually caused diseases
bull 1876
bull Microbial Etiology of Infectious Disease
ndash etiology - the cause of a disease
bull Developed methods of fixing staining andphotographing bacteria
bull Established ldquoscientific rulesrdquo to show a cause and
effect relationship between a microbe and a
disease
ndash Kochrsquos Postulates
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 4577
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 45
Staining Koch Postulate
K hrsquo P t l t
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 4677
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 46
Kochrsquos Postulates bull 1 The same organisms must be found in all
cases of a given diseasebull 2 The organism must be isolated and grown
in pure culture
bull 3 The isolated organism must reproducethe same disease when inoculated into a
healthy susceptible animal
bull 4 The original organism must again beisolated from the experimentally infected
animal
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 4777
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 47
Exceptions to Kochrsquos Postulates
1 Some organisms have never been grown in
pure culture on artificial media
Treponema pallidum - Syphilis
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 4877
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 48
Mycobacterium leprae
Leprosy
Never been grown in pure culture on artificial media
Seven Banded Armadillo
Exceptions to Kochrsquos Postulates
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 4977
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 49
Exceptions to Kochrsquos Postulates
bull In exclusively human diseases it is not
morally acceptable to inoculate a deadly
pathogen into a ldquohuman guinea pigrdquo
bull HIV
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 5077
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 50
Koch established the Microbial Etiology
of 3 important diseases of his day
bull 1 Cholera (fecal-oral disease)
ndash Vibrio cholerae
bull 2 Tuberculosis (pulmonary infection) ndash Mycobacterium tuberculosis
ndash Work on tuberculin (protein from M tuberculosis) that led to devrsquot of skin testing to diagnose TB
bull 3 Anthrax (sheep and cattle) ndash Bacillus anthracis ndash Discovered that B anthracis produce spores that is capable of resisting
adverse conditions
A h
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 5177
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 51
Anthraxbull Bacillus anthracis
ndash Gram (+) non-motile aerobic spore forming rod ndash Streptobacilli with central spores
ndash Livestock
bull Sheep cattle goats
ndash Humans
bull Handle hides wool goat hair handicrafts from the Middle
East made from animal products
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 5277
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 52
3 Forms of Human Anthrax
bull 1 Cutaneous Anthrax
ndash Enters thru cut or
abrasion
ndash Results in painless
ulcer (1-3 cm) with
black (necrotic) center
ndash About 20 mortality
rate in untreated cases
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 5377
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 53
bull 2 Gastrointestinal Anthrax
ndash Contaminated meat
ndash Abdominal pain fevervomiting blood severe
diarrhea
ndash 25 to 60 mortality rate
3 I h l i A h
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 5477
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 54
bull 3 Inhalation Anthrax
bull Initial symptomsresemble common
cold ndash Progress to severe
breathing problems andshock
ndash Usually results in death1-2 days after onset of acute symptoms
ndash Mortality rate 99 inuntreated cases
ndash Treatment usually noteffective aftersymptoms are present
A h Bi l i l W
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 5577
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 55
Anthrax as a Biological Weapon
bull Deadly if not treated early
bull Spores can be produced in large quantities using basicknowledge of biology
bull Spores may remain viable for years (60 at least)
bull Spores can be spread
ndash Missiles rockets bombs mail crop dusters
bull No cloud or color
bull No smell
bull No taste
bull Antibiotics ndash only effective if administered early (within24 ndash 48 hours)
h 1 lidif
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 5677
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 56
Koch - 1st to use Agar to solidify
culture media
Golden Age of Microbiology
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 5777
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 57
Golden Age of Microbiology 1857 - 1914
bull Pasteur
ndash Pasteurization
ndash Fermentation
bull Joseph Lister
ndash Phenol to treat surgical wounds ndash 1st attempt to control infections
caused by microoganisms
bull Robert Koch ndash Kochrsquos Postulates
bull Edward Jenner
ndash vaccination
bull Paul Erlich ndash 1st synthetic drug used to treat infections
ndash Salvarsan - arsenic based chemical to treat Syphilis
bull ldquosalvationrdquo from Syphilis
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 5877
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 58
Naming of Bacteria
bull Genus and species - Binomial System of
Taxonomic Classification
bull Information usually given
ndash 1 Describes an organism
ndash 2 Identifies a habitat ndash 3 Honors a scientist or researcher
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 5977
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 59
Bacterial Morphology
bull Bacilli
bull Cocci
bull Spiral
Arrangements
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 6077
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 60
ArrangementsStaphylo
Strepto
Diplo
Sarcinae
Tetrad
Vibrio (comma shaped)
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 6177
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 61
bull Staphylococcus aureus
bull Staphylococcusepidermidis
bull Streptococcus
pneumoniae
bull Vibrio cholerae
bull Rhodospirillium
rubrumbull Bacillus subtilis
bull Micrococcus luteus
bull Escherichia coli
bull Bacillus anthracis
bull Salmonella enteridis
bull Streptococcus pyogenes
bull Steptococcus lactis
bull Streptococcus faecalis
bull Erlichia canis
bull Campylobacter jejuni
bull Helicobacter pylori
bull Enterobacter aerogenes
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 6277
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 62
Microbiology A Human Perspective
bull Microorganisms cannot be seen without the aid of amicroscope
bull There are more than 200000 known microbesbull Exist in virtually any environment that has water
bull Exhibit tremendous biodiversity
bull Compose the largest biomass group of living
organismsbull Microbes exist for more than 35 billion years
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 6377
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 63
bull Food production bread beer
bull Bioremediation decontamination
of hazardous wastesbull Useful products ethanol fuel
antibiotics amino acids
bull Genetic engineeringpharmaceuticals vaccines
bull Genomics genome sequencingpermits understanding of diseasemechanisms
Applications of Microbiology
Medical microbiology
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 6477
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 64
bull Infectious diseases have killedmore people than all wars andnatural disasters combined
bull Outbreaks have changed thecourse of history
bull Vaccines have dramaticallydecreased the incidence of
infectious diseases especiallyin children
Medical microbiology
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 6577
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 65
bull Re-emergence of ldquoOldrdquo Infectious
Diseases
ndash Cases of whooping cough have increased
in the last few years
ndash Many microbes have evolved antibiotic
resistance
Medical microbiology (cont)
Medical microbiology (cont )
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 6677
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 66
bull Emerging infectious diseases
ndash As humans encroach upon wild habitat new infectious agents (microbes) arediscovered
ndash These agents are typically hosted by animals and are termed zoonotic agents
Medical microbiology (cont)
Agent Host Disease
Ebola virus Bats Ebola hemorrhagic fever
SARS virus Bats Severe acute respiratory syndrome
Sin Nombre virus Deer mouse Hantavirus cardiopulmonary syndrome
Nipah virus Bats Nipah encephalitis
Dengue virus Mosquitos Dengue fever Dengue hemorrhagic fever
Machupo virus Vesper mouse Bolivian hemorrhagic fever
Avian influenza viruses Various birds Influenza
Some recently discovered agents and their animal hosts
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 6777
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 67
Terminologieshellip
bull Bacteriocins ndash Toxins produce by enterobacteria that are lethal to
related strains of bacteria
bull Resident flora ndash Collective vegetation in a given area in one part of the body yet produce infection in another
bull Infection
ndash Is an invasion of body tissue by microbes and theirgrowth
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 6877
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 68
bull Infectious agent
ndash Microbes that cause infection
bull Asymptomaticsubclinical ndash Microbes do not produce clinical evidence of
disease
bull Disease ndash Detectable alteration in normal tissue function
bull Virulence
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 6977
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 69
Virulence ndash Microbersquos ability to produce disease
bull Communicable disease ndash Infectious agents that can be transmitted to an individual by direct
or indirect contact or as airborne infection ndash ex common colds
bull Pathogenicity ndash Ability to produce disease
bull Pathogen ndash Disease causing microbes ndash 3 of known microbes are capable of causing disease
bull Non-pathogens ndash Do not cause disease
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 7077
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 70
Terminologieshellip
bull Opportunistic pathogen ndash Causes disease only in a susceptible individual
bull Asepsis
ndash Freedom from disease-causing microbes
bull Medical asepsis ndash All practices intended to confine a specific
microbes to a specific area limiting the growth
amp transmission of microbes
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 7177
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 71
bull Medical asepsis
ndash Objects are CLEAN (absence of almost all microbes)
bull Surgical asepsissterile technique
ndash Practices that keep an area or object free of allmicrobes
ndash Practices that destroys all microbes amp spores
bull Sepsis
ndash State of infection and can take many forms includingseptic shock
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 7277
GRADED RECITATION
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 7377
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 73
Microorganisms are said to be
ubiquitous
Can you think of any locations thatwould be devoid of microorganisms
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 7477
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 74
Of all the various areas of microbiology
mentioned in this chapter which
appeal to you the mostWhy
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 7577
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 75
Assume that you are entering a health-related
professionOf what value will knowledge of
microbiology be to you
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 7677
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 76
Many people consider Louis Pasteurrsquos
contributions to be the foundation of the
science of microbiology and a cornerstone
of modern medicine
What contributions did he make that would
cause people to believe that
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 7777
You have isolated a bacterium from the blood
of a patient with a newly described disease
What steps would you take to prove that the
organism that yoursquove isolated is the cause of
the patientrsquos disease
(Hint Remember Kochrsquos Postulates)
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 3477
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 34
LOUIS PASTEUR
bull Contributions makes the
foundation of
ndash science of microbiology
ndash modern medicinehellip
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 3577
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 35
LOUIS PASTEURrsquoS CONTRIBUTIONhellip
bull 1 Wine contamination Discoveredwhat occurs during alcoholicfermentation ndash Demonstrated that different microbes
produce different fermentationproducts
ndash Ex yeast converts glucose in grapesto ethanol by fermentation
ndash Acetobacter a contaminatingbacteriaconverts glucose to aceticacid (vinegar)- ruining the taste of thewine
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 3677
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 36
2 Thru experiment dealth the fatal blow tothe theory of spontaneous generation
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 3777
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 37
Pasteur designed special ldquoswan-necked flasksrdquo
with a boiled meat infusion
Shape of flask allowed air in (vital force) but trapped
dust particles which may contain microbes
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 3877
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 38
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 3977
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 39
LOUIS PASTEURrsquoS CONTRIBUTIONhellip
bull 3 Discovered forms of life that are withno oxygen
ndash Aerobes ndash microbes needs Oxygen ndash Anaerobes ndash microbes can live without
oxygen
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 4077
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 40
LOUIS PASTEURrsquoS CONTRIBUTIONhellip
4 Pasteurization ndash process that kills microbesthat cause wine to spoil
- Can be used to kill pathogens in liquids
- Process- Heating and maintaining to 63-65oC for 30 minutes or 73-75oCfor 15mins
- Note not ALL microbes are killed
ONLY the pathogens
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 4177
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 41
LOUIS PASTEURrsquoS CONTRIBUTIONhellip
bull 5 Discovered the causative agent that
were causing silkworm diseases in silk industry in France and how to preventsuch disease
bull 6 Contributed on the GERM THEORYOF DISEASE ndash specific microbes causespecific infectious diseases
ndash ex anthrax caused by Bacillus anthracis
ndash TB by Mycobacterium tuberculosis
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 4277
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 42
LOUIS PASTEURrsquoS CONTRIBUTIONhellip
7 Championed changes in hospitalpractices to minimize the spread of disease by pathogens
8 Developed vaccines to preventcholeraanthrax and swineerysipelas (skin disease)
9 Developed RABIES vaccine in dogs
and successfully used to treathuman rabies
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 4377
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 43
Germ Theory of Disease
bull Hard for people to believe that diseases werecaused by tiny invisible ldquowee animalculesrdquo
bull Diseases they thought were caused by
ndash demons
ndash witchcraft
ndash bad luck
ndash the wrath of God ndash curses
ndash evil spirits
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 4477
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 44
Robert Koch - 1st to prove that
bacteria actually caused diseases
bull 1876
bull Microbial Etiology of Infectious Disease
ndash etiology - the cause of a disease
bull Developed methods of fixing staining andphotographing bacteria
bull Established ldquoscientific rulesrdquo to show a cause and
effect relationship between a microbe and a
disease
ndash Kochrsquos Postulates
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 4577
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 45
Staining Koch Postulate
K hrsquo P t l t
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 4677
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 46
Kochrsquos Postulates bull 1 The same organisms must be found in all
cases of a given diseasebull 2 The organism must be isolated and grown
in pure culture
bull 3 The isolated organism must reproducethe same disease when inoculated into a
healthy susceptible animal
bull 4 The original organism must again beisolated from the experimentally infected
animal
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 4777
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 47
Exceptions to Kochrsquos Postulates
1 Some organisms have never been grown in
pure culture on artificial media
Treponema pallidum - Syphilis
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 4877
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 48
Mycobacterium leprae
Leprosy
Never been grown in pure culture on artificial media
Seven Banded Armadillo
Exceptions to Kochrsquos Postulates
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 4977
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 49
Exceptions to Kochrsquos Postulates
bull In exclusively human diseases it is not
morally acceptable to inoculate a deadly
pathogen into a ldquohuman guinea pigrdquo
bull HIV
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 5077
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 50
Koch established the Microbial Etiology
of 3 important diseases of his day
bull 1 Cholera (fecal-oral disease)
ndash Vibrio cholerae
bull 2 Tuberculosis (pulmonary infection) ndash Mycobacterium tuberculosis
ndash Work on tuberculin (protein from M tuberculosis) that led to devrsquot of skin testing to diagnose TB
bull 3 Anthrax (sheep and cattle) ndash Bacillus anthracis ndash Discovered that B anthracis produce spores that is capable of resisting
adverse conditions
A h
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 5177
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 51
Anthraxbull Bacillus anthracis
ndash Gram (+) non-motile aerobic spore forming rod ndash Streptobacilli with central spores
ndash Livestock
bull Sheep cattle goats
ndash Humans
bull Handle hides wool goat hair handicrafts from the Middle
East made from animal products
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 5277
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 52
3 Forms of Human Anthrax
bull 1 Cutaneous Anthrax
ndash Enters thru cut or
abrasion
ndash Results in painless
ulcer (1-3 cm) with
black (necrotic) center
ndash About 20 mortality
rate in untreated cases
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 5377
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 53
bull 2 Gastrointestinal Anthrax
ndash Contaminated meat
ndash Abdominal pain fevervomiting blood severe
diarrhea
ndash 25 to 60 mortality rate
3 I h l i A h
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 5477
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 54
bull 3 Inhalation Anthrax
bull Initial symptomsresemble common
cold ndash Progress to severe
breathing problems andshock
ndash Usually results in death1-2 days after onset of acute symptoms
ndash Mortality rate 99 inuntreated cases
ndash Treatment usually noteffective aftersymptoms are present
A h Bi l i l W
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 5577
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 55
Anthrax as a Biological Weapon
bull Deadly if not treated early
bull Spores can be produced in large quantities using basicknowledge of biology
bull Spores may remain viable for years (60 at least)
bull Spores can be spread
ndash Missiles rockets bombs mail crop dusters
bull No cloud or color
bull No smell
bull No taste
bull Antibiotics ndash only effective if administered early (within24 ndash 48 hours)
h 1 lidif
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 5677
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 56
Koch - 1st to use Agar to solidify
culture media
Golden Age of Microbiology
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 5777
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 57
Golden Age of Microbiology 1857 - 1914
bull Pasteur
ndash Pasteurization
ndash Fermentation
bull Joseph Lister
ndash Phenol to treat surgical wounds ndash 1st attempt to control infections
caused by microoganisms
bull Robert Koch ndash Kochrsquos Postulates
bull Edward Jenner
ndash vaccination
bull Paul Erlich ndash 1st synthetic drug used to treat infections
ndash Salvarsan - arsenic based chemical to treat Syphilis
bull ldquosalvationrdquo from Syphilis
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 5877
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 58
Naming of Bacteria
bull Genus and species - Binomial System of
Taxonomic Classification
bull Information usually given
ndash 1 Describes an organism
ndash 2 Identifies a habitat ndash 3 Honors a scientist or researcher
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 5977
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 59
Bacterial Morphology
bull Bacilli
bull Cocci
bull Spiral
Arrangements
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 6077
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 60
ArrangementsStaphylo
Strepto
Diplo
Sarcinae
Tetrad
Vibrio (comma shaped)
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 6177
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 61
bull Staphylococcus aureus
bull Staphylococcusepidermidis
bull Streptococcus
pneumoniae
bull Vibrio cholerae
bull Rhodospirillium
rubrumbull Bacillus subtilis
bull Micrococcus luteus
bull Escherichia coli
bull Bacillus anthracis
bull Salmonella enteridis
bull Streptococcus pyogenes
bull Steptococcus lactis
bull Streptococcus faecalis
bull Erlichia canis
bull Campylobacter jejuni
bull Helicobacter pylori
bull Enterobacter aerogenes
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 6277
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 62
Microbiology A Human Perspective
bull Microorganisms cannot be seen without the aid of amicroscope
bull There are more than 200000 known microbesbull Exist in virtually any environment that has water
bull Exhibit tremendous biodiversity
bull Compose the largest biomass group of living
organismsbull Microbes exist for more than 35 billion years
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 6377
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 63
bull Food production bread beer
bull Bioremediation decontamination
of hazardous wastesbull Useful products ethanol fuel
antibiotics amino acids
bull Genetic engineeringpharmaceuticals vaccines
bull Genomics genome sequencingpermits understanding of diseasemechanisms
Applications of Microbiology
Medical microbiology
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 6477
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 64
bull Infectious diseases have killedmore people than all wars andnatural disasters combined
bull Outbreaks have changed thecourse of history
bull Vaccines have dramaticallydecreased the incidence of
infectious diseases especiallyin children
Medical microbiology
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 6577
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 65
bull Re-emergence of ldquoOldrdquo Infectious
Diseases
ndash Cases of whooping cough have increased
in the last few years
ndash Many microbes have evolved antibiotic
resistance
Medical microbiology (cont)
Medical microbiology (cont )
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 6677
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 66
bull Emerging infectious diseases
ndash As humans encroach upon wild habitat new infectious agents (microbes) arediscovered
ndash These agents are typically hosted by animals and are termed zoonotic agents
Medical microbiology (cont)
Agent Host Disease
Ebola virus Bats Ebola hemorrhagic fever
SARS virus Bats Severe acute respiratory syndrome
Sin Nombre virus Deer mouse Hantavirus cardiopulmonary syndrome
Nipah virus Bats Nipah encephalitis
Dengue virus Mosquitos Dengue fever Dengue hemorrhagic fever
Machupo virus Vesper mouse Bolivian hemorrhagic fever
Avian influenza viruses Various birds Influenza
Some recently discovered agents and their animal hosts
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 6777
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 67
Terminologieshellip
bull Bacteriocins ndash Toxins produce by enterobacteria that are lethal to
related strains of bacteria
bull Resident flora ndash Collective vegetation in a given area in one part of the body yet produce infection in another
bull Infection
ndash Is an invasion of body tissue by microbes and theirgrowth
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 6877
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 68
bull Infectious agent
ndash Microbes that cause infection
bull Asymptomaticsubclinical ndash Microbes do not produce clinical evidence of
disease
bull Disease ndash Detectable alteration in normal tissue function
bull Virulence
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 6977
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 69
Virulence ndash Microbersquos ability to produce disease
bull Communicable disease ndash Infectious agents that can be transmitted to an individual by direct
or indirect contact or as airborne infection ndash ex common colds
bull Pathogenicity ndash Ability to produce disease
bull Pathogen ndash Disease causing microbes ndash 3 of known microbes are capable of causing disease
bull Non-pathogens ndash Do not cause disease
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 7077
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 70
Terminologieshellip
bull Opportunistic pathogen ndash Causes disease only in a susceptible individual
bull Asepsis
ndash Freedom from disease-causing microbes
bull Medical asepsis ndash All practices intended to confine a specific
microbes to a specific area limiting the growth
amp transmission of microbes
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 7177
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 71
bull Medical asepsis
ndash Objects are CLEAN (absence of almost all microbes)
bull Surgical asepsissterile technique
ndash Practices that keep an area or object free of allmicrobes
ndash Practices that destroys all microbes amp spores
bull Sepsis
ndash State of infection and can take many forms includingseptic shock
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 7277
GRADED RECITATION
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 7377
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 73
Microorganisms are said to be
ubiquitous
Can you think of any locations thatwould be devoid of microorganisms
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 7477
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 74
Of all the various areas of microbiology
mentioned in this chapter which
appeal to you the mostWhy
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 7577
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 75
Assume that you are entering a health-related
professionOf what value will knowledge of
microbiology be to you
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 7677
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 76
Many people consider Louis Pasteurrsquos
contributions to be the foundation of the
science of microbiology and a cornerstone
of modern medicine
What contributions did he make that would
cause people to believe that
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 7777
You have isolated a bacterium from the blood
of a patient with a newly described disease
What steps would you take to prove that the
organism that yoursquove isolated is the cause of
the patientrsquos disease
(Hint Remember Kochrsquos Postulates)
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 3577
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 35
LOUIS PASTEURrsquoS CONTRIBUTIONhellip
bull 1 Wine contamination Discoveredwhat occurs during alcoholicfermentation ndash Demonstrated that different microbes
produce different fermentationproducts
ndash Ex yeast converts glucose in grapesto ethanol by fermentation
ndash Acetobacter a contaminatingbacteriaconverts glucose to aceticacid (vinegar)- ruining the taste of thewine
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 3677
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 36
2 Thru experiment dealth the fatal blow tothe theory of spontaneous generation
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 3777
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 37
Pasteur designed special ldquoswan-necked flasksrdquo
with a boiled meat infusion
Shape of flask allowed air in (vital force) but trapped
dust particles which may contain microbes
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 3877
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 38
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 3977
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 39
LOUIS PASTEURrsquoS CONTRIBUTIONhellip
bull 3 Discovered forms of life that are withno oxygen
ndash Aerobes ndash microbes needs Oxygen ndash Anaerobes ndash microbes can live without
oxygen
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 4077
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 40
LOUIS PASTEURrsquoS CONTRIBUTIONhellip
4 Pasteurization ndash process that kills microbesthat cause wine to spoil
- Can be used to kill pathogens in liquids
- Process- Heating and maintaining to 63-65oC for 30 minutes or 73-75oCfor 15mins
- Note not ALL microbes are killed
ONLY the pathogens
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 4177
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 41
LOUIS PASTEURrsquoS CONTRIBUTIONhellip
bull 5 Discovered the causative agent that
were causing silkworm diseases in silk industry in France and how to preventsuch disease
bull 6 Contributed on the GERM THEORYOF DISEASE ndash specific microbes causespecific infectious diseases
ndash ex anthrax caused by Bacillus anthracis
ndash TB by Mycobacterium tuberculosis
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 4277
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 42
LOUIS PASTEURrsquoS CONTRIBUTIONhellip
7 Championed changes in hospitalpractices to minimize the spread of disease by pathogens
8 Developed vaccines to preventcholeraanthrax and swineerysipelas (skin disease)
9 Developed RABIES vaccine in dogs
and successfully used to treathuman rabies
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 4377
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 43
Germ Theory of Disease
bull Hard for people to believe that diseases werecaused by tiny invisible ldquowee animalculesrdquo
bull Diseases they thought were caused by
ndash demons
ndash witchcraft
ndash bad luck
ndash the wrath of God ndash curses
ndash evil spirits
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 4477
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 44
Robert Koch - 1st to prove that
bacteria actually caused diseases
bull 1876
bull Microbial Etiology of Infectious Disease
ndash etiology - the cause of a disease
bull Developed methods of fixing staining andphotographing bacteria
bull Established ldquoscientific rulesrdquo to show a cause and
effect relationship between a microbe and a
disease
ndash Kochrsquos Postulates
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 4577
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 45
Staining Koch Postulate
K hrsquo P t l t
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 4677
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 46
Kochrsquos Postulates bull 1 The same organisms must be found in all
cases of a given diseasebull 2 The organism must be isolated and grown
in pure culture
bull 3 The isolated organism must reproducethe same disease when inoculated into a
healthy susceptible animal
bull 4 The original organism must again beisolated from the experimentally infected
animal
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 4777
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 47
Exceptions to Kochrsquos Postulates
1 Some organisms have never been grown in
pure culture on artificial media
Treponema pallidum - Syphilis
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 4877
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 48
Mycobacterium leprae
Leprosy
Never been grown in pure culture on artificial media
Seven Banded Armadillo
Exceptions to Kochrsquos Postulates
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 4977
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 49
Exceptions to Kochrsquos Postulates
bull In exclusively human diseases it is not
morally acceptable to inoculate a deadly
pathogen into a ldquohuman guinea pigrdquo
bull HIV
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 5077
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 50
Koch established the Microbial Etiology
of 3 important diseases of his day
bull 1 Cholera (fecal-oral disease)
ndash Vibrio cholerae
bull 2 Tuberculosis (pulmonary infection) ndash Mycobacterium tuberculosis
ndash Work on tuberculin (protein from M tuberculosis) that led to devrsquot of skin testing to diagnose TB
bull 3 Anthrax (sheep and cattle) ndash Bacillus anthracis ndash Discovered that B anthracis produce spores that is capable of resisting
adverse conditions
A h
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 5177
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 51
Anthraxbull Bacillus anthracis
ndash Gram (+) non-motile aerobic spore forming rod ndash Streptobacilli with central spores
ndash Livestock
bull Sheep cattle goats
ndash Humans
bull Handle hides wool goat hair handicrafts from the Middle
East made from animal products
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 5277
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 52
3 Forms of Human Anthrax
bull 1 Cutaneous Anthrax
ndash Enters thru cut or
abrasion
ndash Results in painless
ulcer (1-3 cm) with
black (necrotic) center
ndash About 20 mortality
rate in untreated cases
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 5377
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 53
bull 2 Gastrointestinal Anthrax
ndash Contaminated meat
ndash Abdominal pain fevervomiting blood severe
diarrhea
ndash 25 to 60 mortality rate
3 I h l i A h
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 5477
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 54
bull 3 Inhalation Anthrax
bull Initial symptomsresemble common
cold ndash Progress to severe
breathing problems andshock
ndash Usually results in death1-2 days after onset of acute symptoms
ndash Mortality rate 99 inuntreated cases
ndash Treatment usually noteffective aftersymptoms are present
A h Bi l i l W
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 5577
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 55
Anthrax as a Biological Weapon
bull Deadly if not treated early
bull Spores can be produced in large quantities using basicknowledge of biology
bull Spores may remain viable for years (60 at least)
bull Spores can be spread
ndash Missiles rockets bombs mail crop dusters
bull No cloud or color
bull No smell
bull No taste
bull Antibiotics ndash only effective if administered early (within24 ndash 48 hours)
h 1 lidif
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 5677
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 56
Koch - 1st to use Agar to solidify
culture media
Golden Age of Microbiology
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 5777
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 57
Golden Age of Microbiology 1857 - 1914
bull Pasteur
ndash Pasteurization
ndash Fermentation
bull Joseph Lister
ndash Phenol to treat surgical wounds ndash 1st attempt to control infections
caused by microoganisms
bull Robert Koch ndash Kochrsquos Postulates
bull Edward Jenner
ndash vaccination
bull Paul Erlich ndash 1st synthetic drug used to treat infections
ndash Salvarsan - arsenic based chemical to treat Syphilis
bull ldquosalvationrdquo from Syphilis
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 5877
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 58
Naming of Bacteria
bull Genus and species - Binomial System of
Taxonomic Classification
bull Information usually given
ndash 1 Describes an organism
ndash 2 Identifies a habitat ndash 3 Honors a scientist or researcher
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 5977
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 59
Bacterial Morphology
bull Bacilli
bull Cocci
bull Spiral
Arrangements
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 6077
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 60
ArrangementsStaphylo
Strepto
Diplo
Sarcinae
Tetrad
Vibrio (comma shaped)
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 6177
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 61
bull Staphylococcus aureus
bull Staphylococcusepidermidis
bull Streptococcus
pneumoniae
bull Vibrio cholerae
bull Rhodospirillium
rubrumbull Bacillus subtilis
bull Micrococcus luteus
bull Escherichia coli
bull Bacillus anthracis
bull Salmonella enteridis
bull Streptococcus pyogenes
bull Steptococcus lactis
bull Streptococcus faecalis
bull Erlichia canis
bull Campylobacter jejuni
bull Helicobacter pylori
bull Enterobacter aerogenes
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 6277
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 62
Microbiology A Human Perspective
bull Microorganisms cannot be seen without the aid of amicroscope
bull There are more than 200000 known microbesbull Exist in virtually any environment that has water
bull Exhibit tremendous biodiversity
bull Compose the largest biomass group of living
organismsbull Microbes exist for more than 35 billion years
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 6377
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 63
bull Food production bread beer
bull Bioremediation decontamination
of hazardous wastesbull Useful products ethanol fuel
antibiotics amino acids
bull Genetic engineeringpharmaceuticals vaccines
bull Genomics genome sequencingpermits understanding of diseasemechanisms
Applications of Microbiology
Medical microbiology
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 6477
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 64
bull Infectious diseases have killedmore people than all wars andnatural disasters combined
bull Outbreaks have changed thecourse of history
bull Vaccines have dramaticallydecreased the incidence of
infectious diseases especiallyin children
Medical microbiology
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 6577
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 65
bull Re-emergence of ldquoOldrdquo Infectious
Diseases
ndash Cases of whooping cough have increased
in the last few years
ndash Many microbes have evolved antibiotic
resistance
Medical microbiology (cont)
Medical microbiology (cont )
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 6677
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 66
bull Emerging infectious diseases
ndash As humans encroach upon wild habitat new infectious agents (microbes) arediscovered
ndash These agents are typically hosted by animals and are termed zoonotic agents
Medical microbiology (cont)
Agent Host Disease
Ebola virus Bats Ebola hemorrhagic fever
SARS virus Bats Severe acute respiratory syndrome
Sin Nombre virus Deer mouse Hantavirus cardiopulmonary syndrome
Nipah virus Bats Nipah encephalitis
Dengue virus Mosquitos Dengue fever Dengue hemorrhagic fever
Machupo virus Vesper mouse Bolivian hemorrhagic fever
Avian influenza viruses Various birds Influenza
Some recently discovered agents and their animal hosts
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 6777
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 67
Terminologieshellip
bull Bacteriocins ndash Toxins produce by enterobacteria that are lethal to
related strains of bacteria
bull Resident flora ndash Collective vegetation in a given area in one part of the body yet produce infection in another
bull Infection
ndash Is an invasion of body tissue by microbes and theirgrowth
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 6877
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 68
bull Infectious agent
ndash Microbes that cause infection
bull Asymptomaticsubclinical ndash Microbes do not produce clinical evidence of
disease
bull Disease ndash Detectable alteration in normal tissue function
bull Virulence
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 6977
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 69
Virulence ndash Microbersquos ability to produce disease
bull Communicable disease ndash Infectious agents that can be transmitted to an individual by direct
or indirect contact or as airborne infection ndash ex common colds
bull Pathogenicity ndash Ability to produce disease
bull Pathogen ndash Disease causing microbes ndash 3 of known microbes are capable of causing disease
bull Non-pathogens ndash Do not cause disease
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 7077
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 70
Terminologieshellip
bull Opportunistic pathogen ndash Causes disease only in a susceptible individual
bull Asepsis
ndash Freedom from disease-causing microbes
bull Medical asepsis ndash All practices intended to confine a specific
microbes to a specific area limiting the growth
amp transmission of microbes
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 7177
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 71
bull Medical asepsis
ndash Objects are CLEAN (absence of almost all microbes)
bull Surgical asepsissterile technique
ndash Practices that keep an area or object free of allmicrobes
ndash Practices that destroys all microbes amp spores
bull Sepsis
ndash State of infection and can take many forms includingseptic shock
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 7277
GRADED RECITATION
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 7377
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 73
Microorganisms are said to be
ubiquitous
Can you think of any locations thatwould be devoid of microorganisms
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 7477
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 74
Of all the various areas of microbiology
mentioned in this chapter which
appeal to you the mostWhy
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 7577
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 75
Assume that you are entering a health-related
professionOf what value will knowledge of
microbiology be to you
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 7677
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 76
Many people consider Louis Pasteurrsquos
contributions to be the foundation of the
science of microbiology and a cornerstone
of modern medicine
What contributions did he make that would
cause people to believe that
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 7777
You have isolated a bacterium from the blood
of a patient with a newly described disease
What steps would you take to prove that the
organism that yoursquove isolated is the cause of
the patientrsquos disease
(Hint Remember Kochrsquos Postulates)
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 3677
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 36
2 Thru experiment dealth the fatal blow tothe theory of spontaneous generation
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 3777
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 37
Pasteur designed special ldquoswan-necked flasksrdquo
with a boiled meat infusion
Shape of flask allowed air in (vital force) but trapped
dust particles which may contain microbes
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 3877
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 38
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 3977
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 39
LOUIS PASTEURrsquoS CONTRIBUTIONhellip
bull 3 Discovered forms of life that are withno oxygen
ndash Aerobes ndash microbes needs Oxygen ndash Anaerobes ndash microbes can live without
oxygen
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 4077
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 40
LOUIS PASTEURrsquoS CONTRIBUTIONhellip
4 Pasteurization ndash process that kills microbesthat cause wine to spoil
- Can be used to kill pathogens in liquids
- Process- Heating and maintaining to 63-65oC for 30 minutes or 73-75oCfor 15mins
- Note not ALL microbes are killed
ONLY the pathogens
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 4177
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 41
LOUIS PASTEURrsquoS CONTRIBUTIONhellip
bull 5 Discovered the causative agent that
were causing silkworm diseases in silk industry in France and how to preventsuch disease
bull 6 Contributed on the GERM THEORYOF DISEASE ndash specific microbes causespecific infectious diseases
ndash ex anthrax caused by Bacillus anthracis
ndash TB by Mycobacterium tuberculosis
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 4277
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 42
LOUIS PASTEURrsquoS CONTRIBUTIONhellip
7 Championed changes in hospitalpractices to minimize the spread of disease by pathogens
8 Developed vaccines to preventcholeraanthrax and swineerysipelas (skin disease)
9 Developed RABIES vaccine in dogs
and successfully used to treathuman rabies
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 4377
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 43
Germ Theory of Disease
bull Hard for people to believe that diseases werecaused by tiny invisible ldquowee animalculesrdquo
bull Diseases they thought were caused by
ndash demons
ndash witchcraft
ndash bad luck
ndash the wrath of God ndash curses
ndash evil spirits
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 4477
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 44
Robert Koch - 1st to prove that
bacteria actually caused diseases
bull 1876
bull Microbial Etiology of Infectious Disease
ndash etiology - the cause of a disease
bull Developed methods of fixing staining andphotographing bacteria
bull Established ldquoscientific rulesrdquo to show a cause and
effect relationship between a microbe and a
disease
ndash Kochrsquos Postulates
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 4577
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 45
Staining Koch Postulate
K hrsquo P t l t
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 4677
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 46
Kochrsquos Postulates bull 1 The same organisms must be found in all
cases of a given diseasebull 2 The organism must be isolated and grown
in pure culture
bull 3 The isolated organism must reproducethe same disease when inoculated into a
healthy susceptible animal
bull 4 The original organism must again beisolated from the experimentally infected
animal
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 4777
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 47
Exceptions to Kochrsquos Postulates
1 Some organisms have never been grown in
pure culture on artificial media
Treponema pallidum - Syphilis
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 4877
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 48
Mycobacterium leprae
Leprosy
Never been grown in pure culture on artificial media
Seven Banded Armadillo
Exceptions to Kochrsquos Postulates
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 4977
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 49
Exceptions to Kochrsquos Postulates
bull In exclusively human diseases it is not
morally acceptable to inoculate a deadly
pathogen into a ldquohuman guinea pigrdquo
bull HIV
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 5077
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 50
Koch established the Microbial Etiology
of 3 important diseases of his day
bull 1 Cholera (fecal-oral disease)
ndash Vibrio cholerae
bull 2 Tuberculosis (pulmonary infection) ndash Mycobacterium tuberculosis
ndash Work on tuberculin (protein from M tuberculosis) that led to devrsquot of skin testing to diagnose TB
bull 3 Anthrax (sheep and cattle) ndash Bacillus anthracis ndash Discovered that B anthracis produce spores that is capable of resisting
adverse conditions
A h
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 5177
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 51
Anthraxbull Bacillus anthracis
ndash Gram (+) non-motile aerobic spore forming rod ndash Streptobacilli with central spores
ndash Livestock
bull Sheep cattle goats
ndash Humans
bull Handle hides wool goat hair handicrafts from the Middle
East made from animal products
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 5277
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 52
3 Forms of Human Anthrax
bull 1 Cutaneous Anthrax
ndash Enters thru cut or
abrasion
ndash Results in painless
ulcer (1-3 cm) with
black (necrotic) center
ndash About 20 mortality
rate in untreated cases
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 5377
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 53
bull 2 Gastrointestinal Anthrax
ndash Contaminated meat
ndash Abdominal pain fevervomiting blood severe
diarrhea
ndash 25 to 60 mortality rate
3 I h l i A h
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 5477
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 54
bull 3 Inhalation Anthrax
bull Initial symptomsresemble common
cold ndash Progress to severe
breathing problems andshock
ndash Usually results in death1-2 days after onset of acute symptoms
ndash Mortality rate 99 inuntreated cases
ndash Treatment usually noteffective aftersymptoms are present
A h Bi l i l W
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 5577
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 55
Anthrax as a Biological Weapon
bull Deadly if not treated early
bull Spores can be produced in large quantities using basicknowledge of biology
bull Spores may remain viable for years (60 at least)
bull Spores can be spread
ndash Missiles rockets bombs mail crop dusters
bull No cloud or color
bull No smell
bull No taste
bull Antibiotics ndash only effective if administered early (within24 ndash 48 hours)
h 1 lidif
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 5677
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 56
Koch - 1st to use Agar to solidify
culture media
Golden Age of Microbiology
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 5777
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 57
Golden Age of Microbiology 1857 - 1914
bull Pasteur
ndash Pasteurization
ndash Fermentation
bull Joseph Lister
ndash Phenol to treat surgical wounds ndash 1st attempt to control infections
caused by microoganisms
bull Robert Koch ndash Kochrsquos Postulates
bull Edward Jenner
ndash vaccination
bull Paul Erlich ndash 1st synthetic drug used to treat infections
ndash Salvarsan - arsenic based chemical to treat Syphilis
bull ldquosalvationrdquo from Syphilis
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 5877
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 58
Naming of Bacteria
bull Genus and species - Binomial System of
Taxonomic Classification
bull Information usually given
ndash 1 Describes an organism
ndash 2 Identifies a habitat ndash 3 Honors a scientist or researcher
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 5977
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 59
Bacterial Morphology
bull Bacilli
bull Cocci
bull Spiral
Arrangements
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 6077
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 60
ArrangementsStaphylo
Strepto
Diplo
Sarcinae
Tetrad
Vibrio (comma shaped)
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 6177
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 61
bull Staphylococcus aureus
bull Staphylococcusepidermidis
bull Streptococcus
pneumoniae
bull Vibrio cholerae
bull Rhodospirillium
rubrumbull Bacillus subtilis
bull Micrococcus luteus
bull Escherichia coli
bull Bacillus anthracis
bull Salmonella enteridis
bull Streptococcus pyogenes
bull Steptococcus lactis
bull Streptococcus faecalis
bull Erlichia canis
bull Campylobacter jejuni
bull Helicobacter pylori
bull Enterobacter aerogenes
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 6277
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 62
Microbiology A Human Perspective
bull Microorganisms cannot be seen without the aid of amicroscope
bull There are more than 200000 known microbesbull Exist in virtually any environment that has water
bull Exhibit tremendous biodiversity
bull Compose the largest biomass group of living
organismsbull Microbes exist for more than 35 billion years
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 6377
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 63
bull Food production bread beer
bull Bioremediation decontamination
of hazardous wastesbull Useful products ethanol fuel
antibiotics amino acids
bull Genetic engineeringpharmaceuticals vaccines
bull Genomics genome sequencingpermits understanding of diseasemechanisms
Applications of Microbiology
Medical microbiology
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 6477
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 64
bull Infectious diseases have killedmore people than all wars andnatural disasters combined
bull Outbreaks have changed thecourse of history
bull Vaccines have dramaticallydecreased the incidence of
infectious diseases especiallyin children
Medical microbiology
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 6577
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 65
bull Re-emergence of ldquoOldrdquo Infectious
Diseases
ndash Cases of whooping cough have increased
in the last few years
ndash Many microbes have evolved antibiotic
resistance
Medical microbiology (cont)
Medical microbiology (cont )
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 6677
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 66
bull Emerging infectious diseases
ndash As humans encroach upon wild habitat new infectious agents (microbes) arediscovered
ndash These agents are typically hosted by animals and are termed zoonotic agents
Medical microbiology (cont)
Agent Host Disease
Ebola virus Bats Ebola hemorrhagic fever
SARS virus Bats Severe acute respiratory syndrome
Sin Nombre virus Deer mouse Hantavirus cardiopulmonary syndrome
Nipah virus Bats Nipah encephalitis
Dengue virus Mosquitos Dengue fever Dengue hemorrhagic fever
Machupo virus Vesper mouse Bolivian hemorrhagic fever
Avian influenza viruses Various birds Influenza
Some recently discovered agents and their animal hosts
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 6777
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 67
Terminologieshellip
bull Bacteriocins ndash Toxins produce by enterobacteria that are lethal to
related strains of bacteria
bull Resident flora ndash Collective vegetation in a given area in one part of the body yet produce infection in another
bull Infection
ndash Is an invasion of body tissue by microbes and theirgrowth
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 6877
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 68
bull Infectious agent
ndash Microbes that cause infection
bull Asymptomaticsubclinical ndash Microbes do not produce clinical evidence of
disease
bull Disease ndash Detectable alteration in normal tissue function
bull Virulence
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 6977
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 69
Virulence ndash Microbersquos ability to produce disease
bull Communicable disease ndash Infectious agents that can be transmitted to an individual by direct
or indirect contact or as airborne infection ndash ex common colds
bull Pathogenicity ndash Ability to produce disease
bull Pathogen ndash Disease causing microbes ndash 3 of known microbes are capable of causing disease
bull Non-pathogens ndash Do not cause disease
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 7077
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 70
Terminologieshellip
bull Opportunistic pathogen ndash Causes disease only in a susceptible individual
bull Asepsis
ndash Freedom from disease-causing microbes
bull Medical asepsis ndash All practices intended to confine a specific
microbes to a specific area limiting the growth
amp transmission of microbes
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 7177
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 71
bull Medical asepsis
ndash Objects are CLEAN (absence of almost all microbes)
bull Surgical asepsissterile technique
ndash Practices that keep an area or object free of allmicrobes
ndash Practices that destroys all microbes amp spores
bull Sepsis
ndash State of infection and can take many forms includingseptic shock
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 7277
GRADED RECITATION
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 7377
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 73
Microorganisms are said to be
ubiquitous
Can you think of any locations thatwould be devoid of microorganisms
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 7477
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 74
Of all the various areas of microbiology
mentioned in this chapter which
appeal to you the mostWhy
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
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LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 75
Assume that you are entering a health-related
professionOf what value will knowledge of
microbiology be to you
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 7677
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 76
Many people consider Louis Pasteurrsquos
contributions to be the foundation of the
science of microbiology and a cornerstone
of modern medicine
What contributions did he make that would
cause people to believe that
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 7777
You have isolated a bacterium from the blood
of a patient with a newly described disease
What steps would you take to prove that the
organism that yoursquove isolated is the cause of
the patientrsquos disease
(Hint Remember Kochrsquos Postulates)
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 3777
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 37
Pasteur designed special ldquoswan-necked flasksrdquo
with a boiled meat infusion
Shape of flask allowed air in (vital force) but trapped
dust particles which may contain microbes
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 3877
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 38
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 3977
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 39
LOUIS PASTEURrsquoS CONTRIBUTIONhellip
bull 3 Discovered forms of life that are withno oxygen
ndash Aerobes ndash microbes needs Oxygen ndash Anaerobes ndash microbes can live without
oxygen
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 4077
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 40
LOUIS PASTEURrsquoS CONTRIBUTIONhellip
4 Pasteurization ndash process that kills microbesthat cause wine to spoil
- Can be used to kill pathogens in liquids
- Process- Heating and maintaining to 63-65oC for 30 minutes or 73-75oCfor 15mins
- Note not ALL microbes are killed
ONLY the pathogens
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 4177
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 41
LOUIS PASTEURrsquoS CONTRIBUTIONhellip
bull 5 Discovered the causative agent that
were causing silkworm diseases in silk industry in France and how to preventsuch disease
bull 6 Contributed on the GERM THEORYOF DISEASE ndash specific microbes causespecific infectious diseases
ndash ex anthrax caused by Bacillus anthracis
ndash TB by Mycobacterium tuberculosis
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 4277
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 42
LOUIS PASTEURrsquoS CONTRIBUTIONhellip
7 Championed changes in hospitalpractices to minimize the spread of disease by pathogens
8 Developed vaccines to preventcholeraanthrax and swineerysipelas (skin disease)
9 Developed RABIES vaccine in dogs
and successfully used to treathuman rabies
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 4377
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 43
Germ Theory of Disease
bull Hard for people to believe that diseases werecaused by tiny invisible ldquowee animalculesrdquo
bull Diseases they thought were caused by
ndash demons
ndash witchcraft
ndash bad luck
ndash the wrath of God ndash curses
ndash evil spirits
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 4477
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 44
Robert Koch - 1st to prove that
bacteria actually caused diseases
bull 1876
bull Microbial Etiology of Infectious Disease
ndash etiology - the cause of a disease
bull Developed methods of fixing staining andphotographing bacteria
bull Established ldquoscientific rulesrdquo to show a cause and
effect relationship between a microbe and a
disease
ndash Kochrsquos Postulates
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 4577
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 45
Staining Koch Postulate
K hrsquo P t l t
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 4677
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 46
Kochrsquos Postulates bull 1 The same organisms must be found in all
cases of a given diseasebull 2 The organism must be isolated and grown
in pure culture
bull 3 The isolated organism must reproducethe same disease when inoculated into a
healthy susceptible animal
bull 4 The original organism must again beisolated from the experimentally infected
animal
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 4777
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 47
Exceptions to Kochrsquos Postulates
1 Some organisms have never been grown in
pure culture on artificial media
Treponema pallidum - Syphilis
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 4877
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 48
Mycobacterium leprae
Leprosy
Never been grown in pure culture on artificial media
Seven Banded Armadillo
Exceptions to Kochrsquos Postulates
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 4977
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 49
Exceptions to Kochrsquos Postulates
bull In exclusively human diseases it is not
morally acceptable to inoculate a deadly
pathogen into a ldquohuman guinea pigrdquo
bull HIV
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 5077
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 50
Koch established the Microbial Etiology
of 3 important diseases of his day
bull 1 Cholera (fecal-oral disease)
ndash Vibrio cholerae
bull 2 Tuberculosis (pulmonary infection) ndash Mycobacterium tuberculosis
ndash Work on tuberculin (protein from M tuberculosis) that led to devrsquot of skin testing to diagnose TB
bull 3 Anthrax (sheep and cattle) ndash Bacillus anthracis ndash Discovered that B anthracis produce spores that is capable of resisting
adverse conditions
A h
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 5177
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 51
Anthraxbull Bacillus anthracis
ndash Gram (+) non-motile aerobic spore forming rod ndash Streptobacilli with central spores
ndash Livestock
bull Sheep cattle goats
ndash Humans
bull Handle hides wool goat hair handicrafts from the Middle
East made from animal products
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 5277
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 52
3 Forms of Human Anthrax
bull 1 Cutaneous Anthrax
ndash Enters thru cut or
abrasion
ndash Results in painless
ulcer (1-3 cm) with
black (necrotic) center
ndash About 20 mortality
rate in untreated cases
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 5377
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 53
bull 2 Gastrointestinal Anthrax
ndash Contaminated meat
ndash Abdominal pain fevervomiting blood severe
diarrhea
ndash 25 to 60 mortality rate
3 I h l i A h
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 5477
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 54
bull 3 Inhalation Anthrax
bull Initial symptomsresemble common
cold ndash Progress to severe
breathing problems andshock
ndash Usually results in death1-2 days after onset of acute symptoms
ndash Mortality rate 99 inuntreated cases
ndash Treatment usually noteffective aftersymptoms are present
A h Bi l i l W
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 5577
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 55
Anthrax as a Biological Weapon
bull Deadly if not treated early
bull Spores can be produced in large quantities using basicknowledge of biology
bull Spores may remain viable for years (60 at least)
bull Spores can be spread
ndash Missiles rockets bombs mail crop dusters
bull No cloud or color
bull No smell
bull No taste
bull Antibiotics ndash only effective if administered early (within24 ndash 48 hours)
h 1 lidif
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 5677
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 56
Koch - 1st to use Agar to solidify
culture media
Golden Age of Microbiology
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 5777
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 57
Golden Age of Microbiology 1857 - 1914
bull Pasteur
ndash Pasteurization
ndash Fermentation
bull Joseph Lister
ndash Phenol to treat surgical wounds ndash 1st attempt to control infections
caused by microoganisms
bull Robert Koch ndash Kochrsquos Postulates
bull Edward Jenner
ndash vaccination
bull Paul Erlich ndash 1st synthetic drug used to treat infections
ndash Salvarsan - arsenic based chemical to treat Syphilis
bull ldquosalvationrdquo from Syphilis
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 5877
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 58
Naming of Bacteria
bull Genus and species - Binomial System of
Taxonomic Classification
bull Information usually given
ndash 1 Describes an organism
ndash 2 Identifies a habitat ndash 3 Honors a scientist or researcher
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 5977
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 59
Bacterial Morphology
bull Bacilli
bull Cocci
bull Spiral
Arrangements
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 6077
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 60
ArrangementsStaphylo
Strepto
Diplo
Sarcinae
Tetrad
Vibrio (comma shaped)
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 6177
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 61
bull Staphylococcus aureus
bull Staphylococcusepidermidis
bull Streptococcus
pneumoniae
bull Vibrio cholerae
bull Rhodospirillium
rubrumbull Bacillus subtilis
bull Micrococcus luteus
bull Escherichia coli
bull Bacillus anthracis
bull Salmonella enteridis
bull Streptococcus pyogenes
bull Steptococcus lactis
bull Streptococcus faecalis
bull Erlichia canis
bull Campylobacter jejuni
bull Helicobacter pylori
bull Enterobacter aerogenes
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 6277
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 62
Microbiology A Human Perspective
bull Microorganisms cannot be seen without the aid of amicroscope
bull There are more than 200000 known microbesbull Exist in virtually any environment that has water
bull Exhibit tremendous biodiversity
bull Compose the largest biomass group of living
organismsbull Microbes exist for more than 35 billion years
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 6377
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 63
bull Food production bread beer
bull Bioremediation decontamination
of hazardous wastesbull Useful products ethanol fuel
antibiotics amino acids
bull Genetic engineeringpharmaceuticals vaccines
bull Genomics genome sequencingpermits understanding of diseasemechanisms
Applications of Microbiology
Medical microbiology
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 6477
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 64
bull Infectious diseases have killedmore people than all wars andnatural disasters combined
bull Outbreaks have changed thecourse of history
bull Vaccines have dramaticallydecreased the incidence of
infectious diseases especiallyin children
Medical microbiology
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 6577
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 65
bull Re-emergence of ldquoOldrdquo Infectious
Diseases
ndash Cases of whooping cough have increased
in the last few years
ndash Many microbes have evolved antibiotic
resistance
Medical microbiology (cont)
Medical microbiology (cont )
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 6677
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 66
bull Emerging infectious diseases
ndash As humans encroach upon wild habitat new infectious agents (microbes) arediscovered
ndash These agents are typically hosted by animals and are termed zoonotic agents
Medical microbiology (cont)
Agent Host Disease
Ebola virus Bats Ebola hemorrhagic fever
SARS virus Bats Severe acute respiratory syndrome
Sin Nombre virus Deer mouse Hantavirus cardiopulmonary syndrome
Nipah virus Bats Nipah encephalitis
Dengue virus Mosquitos Dengue fever Dengue hemorrhagic fever
Machupo virus Vesper mouse Bolivian hemorrhagic fever
Avian influenza viruses Various birds Influenza
Some recently discovered agents and their animal hosts
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 6777
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 67
Terminologieshellip
bull Bacteriocins ndash Toxins produce by enterobacteria that are lethal to
related strains of bacteria
bull Resident flora ndash Collective vegetation in a given area in one part of the body yet produce infection in another
bull Infection
ndash Is an invasion of body tissue by microbes and theirgrowth
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 6877
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 68
bull Infectious agent
ndash Microbes that cause infection
bull Asymptomaticsubclinical ndash Microbes do not produce clinical evidence of
disease
bull Disease ndash Detectable alteration in normal tissue function
bull Virulence
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 6977
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 69
Virulence ndash Microbersquos ability to produce disease
bull Communicable disease ndash Infectious agents that can be transmitted to an individual by direct
or indirect contact or as airborne infection ndash ex common colds
bull Pathogenicity ndash Ability to produce disease
bull Pathogen ndash Disease causing microbes ndash 3 of known microbes are capable of causing disease
bull Non-pathogens ndash Do not cause disease
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 7077
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 70
Terminologieshellip
bull Opportunistic pathogen ndash Causes disease only in a susceptible individual
bull Asepsis
ndash Freedom from disease-causing microbes
bull Medical asepsis ndash All practices intended to confine a specific
microbes to a specific area limiting the growth
amp transmission of microbes
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 7177
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 71
bull Medical asepsis
ndash Objects are CLEAN (absence of almost all microbes)
bull Surgical asepsissterile technique
ndash Practices that keep an area or object free of allmicrobes
ndash Practices that destroys all microbes amp spores
bull Sepsis
ndash State of infection and can take many forms includingseptic shock
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 7277
GRADED RECITATION
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 7377
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 73
Microorganisms are said to be
ubiquitous
Can you think of any locations thatwould be devoid of microorganisms
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 7477
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 74
Of all the various areas of microbiology
mentioned in this chapter which
appeal to you the mostWhy
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 7577
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 75
Assume that you are entering a health-related
professionOf what value will knowledge of
microbiology be to you
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 7677
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 76
Many people consider Louis Pasteurrsquos
contributions to be the foundation of the
science of microbiology and a cornerstone
of modern medicine
What contributions did he make that would
cause people to believe that
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 7777
You have isolated a bacterium from the blood
of a patient with a newly described disease
What steps would you take to prove that the
organism that yoursquove isolated is the cause of
the patientrsquos disease
(Hint Remember Kochrsquos Postulates)
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 3877
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 38
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 3977
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 39
LOUIS PASTEURrsquoS CONTRIBUTIONhellip
bull 3 Discovered forms of life that are withno oxygen
ndash Aerobes ndash microbes needs Oxygen ndash Anaerobes ndash microbes can live without
oxygen
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 4077
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 40
LOUIS PASTEURrsquoS CONTRIBUTIONhellip
4 Pasteurization ndash process that kills microbesthat cause wine to spoil
- Can be used to kill pathogens in liquids
- Process- Heating and maintaining to 63-65oC for 30 minutes or 73-75oCfor 15mins
- Note not ALL microbes are killed
ONLY the pathogens
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 4177
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 41
LOUIS PASTEURrsquoS CONTRIBUTIONhellip
bull 5 Discovered the causative agent that
were causing silkworm diseases in silk industry in France and how to preventsuch disease
bull 6 Contributed on the GERM THEORYOF DISEASE ndash specific microbes causespecific infectious diseases
ndash ex anthrax caused by Bacillus anthracis
ndash TB by Mycobacterium tuberculosis
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 4277
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 42
LOUIS PASTEURrsquoS CONTRIBUTIONhellip
7 Championed changes in hospitalpractices to minimize the spread of disease by pathogens
8 Developed vaccines to preventcholeraanthrax and swineerysipelas (skin disease)
9 Developed RABIES vaccine in dogs
and successfully used to treathuman rabies
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 4377
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 43
Germ Theory of Disease
bull Hard for people to believe that diseases werecaused by tiny invisible ldquowee animalculesrdquo
bull Diseases they thought were caused by
ndash demons
ndash witchcraft
ndash bad luck
ndash the wrath of God ndash curses
ndash evil spirits
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 4477
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 44
Robert Koch - 1st to prove that
bacteria actually caused diseases
bull 1876
bull Microbial Etiology of Infectious Disease
ndash etiology - the cause of a disease
bull Developed methods of fixing staining andphotographing bacteria
bull Established ldquoscientific rulesrdquo to show a cause and
effect relationship between a microbe and a
disease
ndash Kochrsquos Postulates
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 4577
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 45
Staining Koch Postulate
K hrsquo P t l t
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 4677
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 46
Kochrsquos Postulates bull 1 The same organisms must be found in all
cases of a given diseasebull 2 The organism must be isolated and grown
in pure culture
bull 3 The isolated organism must reproducethe same disease when inoculated into a
healthy susceptible animal
bull 4 The original organism must again beisolated from the experimentally infected
animal
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 4777
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 47
Exceptions to Kochrsquos Postulates
1 Some organisms have never been grown in
pure culture on artificial media
Treponema pallidum - Syphilis
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 4877
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 48
Mycobacterium leprae
Leprosy
Never been grown in pure culture on artificial media
Seven Banded Armadillo
Exceptions to Kochrsquos Postulates
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 4977
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 49
Exceptions to Kochrsquos Postulates
bull In exclusively human diseases it is not
morally acceptable to inoculate a deadly
pathogen into a ldquohuman guinea pigrdquo
bull HIV
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 5077
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 50
Koch established the Microbial Etiology
of 3 important diseases of his day
bull 1 Cholera (fecal-oral disease)
ndash Vibrio cholerae
bull 2 Tuberculosis (pulmonary infection) ndash Mycobacterium tuberculosis
ndash Work on tuberculin (protein from M tuberculosis) that led to devrsquot of skin testing to diagnose TB
bull 3 Anthrax (sheep and cattle) ndash Bacillus anthracis ndash Discovered that B anthracis produce spores that is capable of resisting
adverse conditions
A h
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 5177
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 51
Anthraxbull Bacillus anthracis
ndash Gram (+) non-motile aerobic spore forming rod ndash Streptobacilli with central spores
ndash Livestock
bull Sheep cattle goats
ndash Humans
bull Handle hides wool goat hair handicrafts from the Middle
East made from animal products
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 5277
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 52
3 Forms of Human Anthrax
bull 1 Cutaneous Anthrax
ndash Enters thru cut or
abrasion
ndash Results in painless
ulcer (1-3 cm) with
black (necrotic) center
ndash About 20 mortality
rate in untreated cases
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 5377
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 53
bull 2 Gastrointestinal Anthrax
ndash Contaminated meat
ndash Abdominal pain fevervomiting blood severe
diarrhea
ndash 25 to 60 mortality rate
3 I h l i A h
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 5477
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 54
bull 3 Inhalation Anthrax
bull Initial symptomsresemble common
cold ndash Progress to severe
breathing problems andshock
ndash Usually results in death1-2 days after onset of acute symptoms
ndash Mortality rate 99 inuntreated cases
ndash Treatment usually noteffective aftersymptoms are present
A h Bi l i l W
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 5577
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 55
Anthrax as a Biological Weapon
bull Deadly if not treated early
bull Spores can be produced in large quantities using basicknowledge of biology
bull Spores may remain viable for years (60 at least)
bull Spores can be spread
ndash Missiles rockets bombs mail crop dusters
bull No cloud or color
bull No smell
bull No taste
bull Antibiotics ndash only effective if administered early (within24 ndash 48 hours)
h 1 lidif
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 5677
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 56
Koch - 1st to use Agar to solidify
culture media
Golden Age of Microbiology
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 5777
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 57
Golden Age of Microbiology 1857 - 1914
bull Pasteur
ndash Pasteurization
ndash Fermentation
bull Joseph Lister
ndash Phenol to treat surgical wounds ndash 1st attempt to control infections
caused by microoganisms
bull Robert Koch ndash Kochrsquos Postulates
bull Edward Jenner
ndash vaccination
bull Paul Erlich ndash 1st synthetic drug used to treat infections
ndash Salvarsan - arsenic based chemical to treat Syphilis
bull ldquosalvationrdquo from Syphilis
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 5877
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 58
Naming of Bacteria
bull Genus and species - Binomial System of
Taxonomic Classification
bull Information usually given
ndash 1 Describes an organism
ndash 2 Identifies a habitat ndash 3 Honors a scientist or researcher
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 5977
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 59
Bacterial Morphology
bull Bacilli
bull Cocci
bull Spiral
Arrangements
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 6077
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 60
ArrangementsStaphylo
Strepto
Diplo
Sarcinae
Tetrad
Vibrio (comma shaped)
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 6177
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 61
bull Staphylococcus aureus
bull Staphylococcusepidermidis
bull Streptococcus
pneumoniae
bull Vibrio cholerae
bull Rhodospirillium
rubrumbull Bacillus subtilis
bull Micrococcus luteus
bull Escherichia coli
bull Bacillus anthracis
bull Salmonella enteridis
bull Streptococcus pyogenes
bull Steptococcus lactis
bull Streptococcus faecalis
bull Erlichia canis
bull Campylobacter jejuni
bull Helicobacter pylori
bull Enterobacter aerogenes
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 6277
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 62
Microbiology A Human Perspective
bull Microorganisms cannot be seen without the aid of amicroscope
bull There are more than 200000 known microbesbull Exist in virtually any environment that has water
bull Exhibit tremendous biodiversity
bull Compose the largest biomass group of living
organismsbull Microbes exist for more than 35 billion years
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 6377
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 63
bull Food production bread beer
bull Bioremediation decontamination
of hazardous wastesbull Useful products ethanol fuel
antibiotics amino acids
bull Genetic engineeringpharmaceuticals vaccines
bull Genomics genome sequencingpermits understanding of diseasemechanisms
Applications of Microbiology
Medical microbiology
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 6477
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 64
bull Infectious diseases have killedmore people than all wars andnatural disasters combined
bull Outbreaks have changed thecourse of history
bull Vaccines have dramaticallydecreased the incidence of
infectious diseases especiallyin children
Medical microbiology
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 6577
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 65
bull Re-emergence of ldquoOldrdquo Infectious
Diseases
ndash Cases of whooping cough have increased
in the last few years
ndash Many microbes have evolved antibiotic
resistance
Medical microbiology (cont)
Medical microbiology (cont )
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 6677
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 66
bull Emerging infectious diseases
ndash As humans encroach upon wild habitat new infectious agents (microbes) arediscovered
ndash These agents are typically hosted by animals and are termed zoonotic agents
Medical microbiology (cont)
Agent Host Disease
Ebola virus Bats Ebola hemorrhagic fever
SARS virus Bats Severe acute respiratory syndrome
Sin Nombre virus Deer mouse Hantavirus cardiopulmonary syndrome
Nipah virus Bats Nipah encephalitis
Dengue virus Mosquitos Dengue fever Dengue hemorrhagic fever
Machupo virus Vesper mouse Bolivian hemorrhagic fever
Avian influenza viruses Various birds Influenza
Some recently discovered agents and their animal hosts
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 6777
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 67
Terminologieshellip
bull Bacteriocins ndash Toxins produce by enterobacteria that are lethal to
related strains of bacteria
bull Resident flora ndash Collective vegetation in a given area in one part of the body yet produce infection in another
bull Infection
ndash Is an invasion of body tissue by microbes and theirgrowth
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 6877
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 68
bull Infectious agent
ndash Microbes that cause infection
bull Asymptomaticsubclinical ndash Microbes do not produce clinical evidence of
disease
bull Disease ndash Detectable alteration in normal tissue function
bull Virulence
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 6977
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 69
Virulence ndash Microbersquos ability to produce disease
bull Communicable disease ndash Infectious agents that can be transmitted to an individual by direct
or indirect contact or as airborne infection ndash ex common colds
bull Pathogenicity ndash Ability to produce disease
bull Pathogen ndash Disease causing microbes ndash 3 of known microbes are capable of causing disease
bull Non-pathogens ndash Do not cause disease
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 7077
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 70
Terminologieshellip
bull Opportunistic pathogen ndash Causes disease only in a susceptible individual
bull Asepsis
ndash Freedom from disease-causing microbes
bull Medical asepsis ndash All practices intended to confine a specific
microbes to a specific area limiting the growth
amp transmission of microbes
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 7177
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 71
bull Medical asepsis
ndash Objects are CLEAN (absence of almost all microbes)
bull Surgical asepsissterile technique
ndash Practices that keep an area or object free of allmicrobes
ndash Practices that destroys all microbes amp spores
bull Sepsis
ndash State of infection and can take many forms includingseptic shock
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
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GRADED RECITATION
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 7377
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 73
Microorganisms are said to be
ubiquitous
Can you think of any locations thatwould be devoid of microorganisms
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 7477
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 74
Of all the various areas of microbiology
mentioned in this chapter which
appeal to you the mostWhy
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 7577
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 75
Assume that you are entering a health-related
professionOf what value will knowledge of
microbiology be to you
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 7677
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 76
Many people consider Louis Pasteurrsquos
contributions to be the foundation of the
science of microbiology and a cornerstone
of modern medicine
What contributions did he make that would
cause people to believe that
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 7777
You have isolated a bacterium from the blood
of a patient with a newly described disease
What steps would you take to prove that the
organism that yoursquove isolated is the cause of
the patientrsquos disease
(Hint Remember Kochrsquos Postulates)
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 3977
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 39
LOUIS PASTEURrsquoS CONTRIBUTIONhellip
bull 3 Discovered forms of life that are withno oxygen
ndash Aerobes ndash microbes needs Oxygen ndash Anaerobes ndash microbes can live without
oxygen
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 4077
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 40
LOUIS PASTEURrsquoS CONTRIBUTIONhellip
4 Pasteurization ndash process that kills microbesthat cause wine to spoil
- Can be used to kill pathogens in liquids
- Process- Heating and maintaining to 63-65oC for 30 minutes or 73-75oCfor 15mins
- Note not ALL microbes are killed
ONLY the pathogens
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 4177
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 41
LOUIS PASTEURrsquoS CONTRIBUTIONhellip
bull 5 Discovered the causative agent that
were causing silkworm diseases in silk industry in France and how to preventsuch disease
bull 6 Contributed on the GERM THEORYOF DISEASE ndash specific microbes causespecific infectious diseases
ndash ex anthrax caused by Bacillus anthracis
ndash TB by Mycobacterium tuberculosis
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 4277
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 42
LOUIS PASTEURrsquoS CONTRIBUTIONhellip
7 Championed changes in hospitalpractices to minimize the spread of disease by pathogens
8 Developed vaccines to preventcholeraanthrax and swineerysipelas (skin disease)
9 Developed RABIES vaccine in dogs
and successfully used to treathuman rabies
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 4377
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 43
Germ Theory of Disease
bull Hard for people to believe that diseases werecaused by tiny invisible ldquowee animalculesrdquo
bull Diseases they thought were caused by
ndash demons
ndash witchcraft
ndash bad luck
ndash the wrath of God ndash curses
ndash evil spirits
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 4477
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 44
Robert Koch - 1st to prove that
bacteria actually caused diseases
bull 1876
bull Microbial Etiology of Infectious Disease
ndash etiology - the cause of a disease
bull Developed methods of fixing staining andphotographing bacteria
bull Established ldquoscientific rulesrdquo to show a cause and
effect relationship between a microbe and a
disease
ndash Kochrsquos Postulates
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 4577
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 45
Staining Koch Postulate
K hrsquo P t l t
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 4677
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 46
Kochrsquos Postulates bull 1 The same organisms must be found in all
cases of a given diseasebull 2 The organism must be isolated and grown
in pure culture
bull 3 The isolated organism must reproducethe same disease when inoculated into a
healthy susceptible animal
bull 4 The original organism must again beisolated from the experimentally infected
animal
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 4777
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 47
Exceptions to Kochrsquos Postulates
1 Some organisms have never been grown in
pure culture on artificial media
Treponema pallidum - Syphilis
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 4877
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 48
Mycobacterium leprae
Leprosy
Never been grown in pure culture on artificial media
Seven Banded Armadillo
Exceptions to Kochrsquos Postulates
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 4977
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 49
Exceptions to Kochrsquos Postulates
bull In exclusively human diseases it is not
morally acceptable to inoculate a deadly
pathogen into a ldquohuman guinea pigrdquo
bull HIV
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 5077
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 50
Koch established the Microbial Etiology
of 3 important diseases of his day
bull 1 Cholera (fecal-oral disease)
ndash Vibrio cholerae
bull 2 Tuberculosis (pulmonary infection) ndash Mycobacterium tuberculosis
ndash Work on tuberculin (protein from M tuberculosis) that led to devrsquot of skin testing to diagnose TB
bull 3 Anthrax (sheep and cattle) ndash Bacillus anthracis ndash Discovered that B anthracis produce spores that is capable of resisting
adverse conditions
A h
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 5177
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 51
Anthraxbull Bacillus anthracis
ndash Gram (+) non-motile aerobic spore forming rod ndash Streptobacilli with central spores
ndash Livestock
bull Sheep cattle goats
ndash Humans
bull Handle hides wool goat hair handicrafts from the Middle
East made from animal products
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 5277
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 52
3 Forms of Human Anthrax
bull 1 Cutaneous Anthrax
ndash Enters thru cut or
abrasion
ndash Results in painless
ulcer (1-3 cm) with
black (necrotic) center
ndash About 20 mortality
rate in untreated cases
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 5377
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 53
bull 2 Gastrointestinal Anthrax
ndash Contaminated meat
ndash Abdominal pain fevervomiting blood severe
diarrhea
ndash 25 to 60 mortality rate
3 I h l i A h
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 5477
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 54
bull 3 Inhalation Anthrax
bull Initial symptomsresemble common
cold ndash Progress to severe
breathing problems andshock
ndash Usually results in death1-2 days after onset of acute symptoms
ndash Mortality rate 99 inuntreated cases
ndash Treatment usually noteffective aftersymptoms are present
A h Bi l i l W
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 5577
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 55
Anthrax as a Biological Weapon
bull Deadly if not treated early
bull Spores can be produced in large quantities using basicknowledge of biology
bull Spores may remain viable for years (60 at least)
bull Spores can be spread
ndash Missiles rockets bombs mail crop dusters
bull No cloud or color
bull No smell
bull No taste
bull Antibiotics ndash only effective if administered early (within24 ndash 48 hours)
h 1 lidif
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 5677
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 56
Koch - 1st to use Agar to solidify
culture media
Golden Age of Microbiology
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 5777
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 57
Golden Age of Microbiology 1857 - 1914
bull Pasteur
ndash Pasteurization
ndash Fermentation
bull Joseph Lister
ndash Phenol to treat surgical wounds ndash 1st attempt to control infections
caused by microoganisms
bull Robert Koch ndash Kochrsquos Postulates
bull Edward Jenner
ndash vaccination
bull Paul Erlich ndash 1st synthetic drug used to treat infections
ndash Salvarsan - arsenic based chemical to treat Syphilis
bull ldquosalvationrdquo from Syphilis
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 5877
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 58
Naming of Bacteria
bull Genus and species - Binomial System of
Taxonomic Classification
bull Information usually given
ndash 1 Describes an organism
ndash 2 Identifies a habitat ndash 3 Honors a scientist or researcher
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 5977
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 59
Bacterial Morphology
bull Bacilli
bull Cocci
bull Spiral
Arrangements
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 6077
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 60
ArrangementsStaphylo
Strepto
Diplo
Sarcinae
Tetrad
Vibrio (comma shaped)
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 6177
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 61
bull Staphylococcus aureus
bull Staphylococcusepidermidis
bull Streptococcus
pneumoniae
bull Vibrio cholerae
bull Rhodospirillium
rubrumbull Bacillus subtilis
bull Micrococcus luteus
bull Escherichia coli
bull Bacillus anthracis
bull Salmonella enteridis
bull Streptococcus pyogenes
bull Steptococcus lactis
bull Streptococcus faecalis
bull Erlichia canis
bull Campylobacter jejuni
bull Helicobacter pylori
bull Enterobacter aerogenes
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 6277
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 62
Microbiology A Human Perspective
bull Microorganisms cannot be seen without the aid of amicroscope
bull There are more than 200000 known microbesbull Exist in virtually any environment that has water
bull Exhibit tremendous biodiversity
bull Compose the largest biomass group of living
organismsbull Microbes exist for more than 35 billion years
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 6377
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 63
bull Food production bread beer
bull Bioremediation decontamination
of hazardous wastesbull Useful products ethanol fuel
antibiotics amino acids
bull Genetic engineeringpharmaceuticals vaccines
bull Genomics genome sequencingpermits understanding of diseasemechanisms
Applications of Microbiology
Medical microbiology
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 6477
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 64
bull Infectious diseases have killedmore people than all wars andnatural disasters combined
bull Outbreaks have changed thecourse of history
bull Vaccines have dramaticallydecreased the incidence of
infectious diseases especiallyin children
Medical microbiology
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 6577
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 65
bull Re-emergence of ldquoOldrdquo Infectious
Diseases
ndash Cases of whooping cough have increased
in the last few years
ndash Many microbes have evolved antibiotic
resistance
Medical microbiology (cont)
Medical microbiology (cont )
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 6677
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 66
bull Emerging infectious diseases
ndash As humans encroach upon wild habitat new infectious agents (microbes) arediscovered
ndash These agents are typically hosted by animals and are termed zoonotic agents
Medical microbiology (cont)
Agent Host Disease
Ebola virus Bats Ebola hemorrhagic fever
SARS virus Bats Severe acute respiratory syndrome
Sin Nombre virus Deer mouse Hantavirus cardiopulmonary syndrome
Nipah virus Bats Nipah encephalitis
Dengue virus Mosquitos Dengue fever Dengue hemorrhagic fever
Machupo virus Vesper mouse Bolivian hemorrhagic fever
Avian influenza viruses Various birds Influenza
Some recently discovered agents and their animal hosts
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 6777
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 67
Terminologieshellip
bull Bacteriocins ndash Toxins produce by enterobacteria that are lethal to
related strains of bacteria
bull Resident flora ndash Collective vegetation in a given area in one part of the body yet produce infection in another
bull Infection
ndash Is an invasion of body tissue by microbes and theirgrowth
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 6877
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 68
bull Infectious agent
ndash Microbes that cause infection
bull Asymptomaticsubclinical ndash Microbes do not produce clinical evidence of
disease
bull Disease ndash Detectable alteration in normal tissue function
bull Virulence
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 6977
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 69
Virulence ndash Microbersquos ability to produce disease
bull Communicable disease ndash Infectious agents that can be transmitted to an individual by direct
or indirect contact or as airborne infection ndash ex common colds
bull Pathogenicity ndash Ability to produce disease
bull Pathogen ndash Disease causing microbes ndash 3 of known microbes are capable of causing disease
bull Non-pathogens ndash Do not cause disease
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 7077
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 70
Terminologieshellip
bull Opportunistic pathogen ndash Causes disease only in a susceptible individual
bull Asepsis
ndash Freedom from disease-causing microbes
bull Medical asepsis ndash All practices intended to confine a specific
microbes to a specific area limiting the growth
amp transmission of microbes
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 7177
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 71
bull Medical asepsis
ndash Objects are CLEAN (absence of almost all microbes)
bull Surgical asepsissterile technique
ndash Practices that keep an area or object free of allmicrobes
ndash Practices that destroys all microbes amp spores
bull Sepsis
ndash State of infection and can take many forms includingseptic shock
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 7277
GRADED RECITATION
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 7377
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 73
Microorganisms are said to be
ubiquitous
Can you think of any locations thatwould be devoid of microorganisms
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 7477
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 74
Of all the various areas of microbiology
mentioned in this chapter which
appeal to you the mostWhy
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 7577
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 75
Assume that you are entering a health-related
professionOf what value will knowledge of
microbiology be to you
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 7677
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 76
Many people consider Louis Pasteurrsquos
contributions to be the foundation of the
science of microbiology and a cornerstone
of modern medicine
What contributions did he make that would
cause people to believe that
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 7777
You have isolated a bacterium from the blood
of a patient with a newly described disease
What steps would you take to prove that the
organism that yoursquove isolated is the cause of
the patientrsquos disease
(Hint Remember Kochrsquos Postulates)
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 4077
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 40
LOUIS PASTEURrsquoS CONTRIBUTIONhellip
4 Pasteurization ndash process that kills microbesthat cause wine to spoil
- Can be used to kill pathogens in liquids
- Process- Heating and maintaining to 63-65oC for 30 minutes or 73-75oCfor 15mins
- Note not ALL microbes are killed
ONLY the pathogens
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 4177
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 41
LOUIS PASTEURrsquoS CONTRIBUTIONhellip
bull 5 Discovered the causative agent that
were causing silkworm diseases in silk industry in France and how to preventsuch disease
bull 6 Contributed on the GERM THEORYOF DISEASE ndash specific microbes causespecific infectious diseases
ndash ex anthrax caused by Bacillus anthracis
ndash TB by Mycobacterium tuberculosis
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 4277
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 42
LOUIS PASTEURrsquoS CONTRIBUTIONhellip
7 Championed changes in hospitalpractices to minimize the spread of disease by pathogens
8 Developed vaccines to preventcholeraanthrax and swineerysipelas (skin disease)
9 Developed RABIES vaccine in dogs
and successfully used to treathuman rabies
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 4377
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 43
Germ Theory of Disease
bull Hard for people to believe that diseases werecaused by tiny invisible ldquowee animalculesrdquo
bull Diseases they thought were caused by
ndash demons
ndash witchcraft
ndash bad luck
ndash the wrath of God ndash curses
ndash evil spirits
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 4477
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 44
Robert Koch - 1st to prove that
bacteria actually caused diseases
bull 1876
bull Microbial Etiology of Infectious Disease
ndash etiology - the cause of a disease
bull Developed methods of fixing staining andphotographing bacteria
bull Established ldquoscientific rulesrdquo to show a cause and
effect relationship between a microbe and a
disease
ndash Kochrsquos Postulates
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 4577
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 45
Staining Koch Postulate
K hrsquo P t l t
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 4677
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 46
Kochrsquos Postulates bull 1 The same organisms must be found in all
cases of a given diseasebull 2 The organism must be isolated and grown
in pure culture
bull 3 The isolated organism must reproducethe same disease when inoculated into a
healthy susceptible animal
bull 4 The original organism must again beisolated from the experimentally infected
animal
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 4777
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 47
Exceptions to Kochrsquos Postulates
1 Some organisms have never been grown in
pure culture on artificial media
Treponema pallidum - Syphilis
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 4877
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 48
Mycobacterium leprae
Leprosy
Never been grown in pure culture on artificial media
Seven Banded Armadillo
Exceptions to Kochrsquos Postulates
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 4977
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 49
Exceptions to Kochrsquos Postulates
bull In exclusively human diseases it is not
morally acceptable to inoculate a deadly
pathogen into a ldquohuman guinea pigrdquo
bull HIV
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 5077
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 50
Koch established the Microbial Etiology
of 3 important diseases of his day
bull 1 Cholera (fecal-oral disease)
ndash Vibrio cholerae
bull 2 Tuberculosis (pulmonary infection) ndash Mycobacterium tuberculosis
ndash Work on tuberculin (protein from M tuberculosis) that led to devrsquot of skin testing to diagnose TB
bull 3 Anthrax (sheep and cattle) ndash Bacillus anthracis ndash Discovered that B anthracis produce spores that is capable of resisting
adverse conditions
A h
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 5177
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 51
Anthraxbull Bacillus anthracis
ndash Gram (+) non-motile aerobic spore forming rod ndash Streptobacilli with central spores
ndash Livestock
bull Sheep cattle goats
ndash Humans
bull Handle hides wool goat hair handicrafts from the Middle
East made from animal products
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 5277
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 52
3 Forms of Human Anthrax
bull 1 Cutaneous Anthrax
ndash Enters thru cut or
abrasion
ndash Results in painless
ulcer (1-3 cm) with
black (necrotic) center
ndash About 20 mortality
rate in untreated cases
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 5377
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 53
bull 2 Gastrointestinal Anthrax
ndash Contaminated meat
ndash Abdominal pain fevervomiting blood severe
diarrhea
ndash 25 to 60 mortality rate
3 I h l i A h
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 5477
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 54
bull 3 Inhalation Anthrax
bull Initial symptomsresemble common
cold ndash Progress to severe
breathing problems andshock
ndash Usually results in death1-2 days after onset of acute symptoms
ndash Mortality rate 99 inuntreated cases
ndash Treatment usually noteffective aftersymptoms are present
A h Bi l i l W
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 5577
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 55
Anthrax as a Biological Weapon
bull Deadly if not treated early
bull Spores can be produced in large quantities using basicknowledge of biology
bull Spores may remain viable for years (60 at least)
bull Spores can be spread
ndash Missiles rockets bombs mail crop dusters
bull No cloud or color
bull No smell
bull No taste
bull Antibiotics ndash only effective if administered early (within24 ndash 48 hours)
h 1 lidif
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 5677
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 56
Koch - 1st to use Agar to solidify
culture media
Golden Age of Microbiology
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 5777
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 57
Golden Age of Microbiology 1857 - 1914
bull Pasteur
ndash Pasteurization
ndash Fermentation
bull Joseph Lister
ndash Phenol to treat surgical wounds ndash 1st attempt to control infections
caused by microoganisms
bull Robert Koch ndash Kochrsquos Postulates
bull Edward Jenner
ndash vaccination
bull Paul Erlich ndash 1st synthetic drug used to treat infections
ndash Salvarsan - arsenic based chemical to treat Syphilis
bull ldquosalvationrdquo from Syphilis
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 5877
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 58
Naming of Bacteria
bull Genus and species - Binomial System of
Taxonomic Classification
bull Information usually given
ndash 1 Describes an organism
ndash 2 Identifies a habitat ndash 3 Honors a scientist or researcher
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 5977
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 59
Bacterial Morphology
bull Bacilli
bull Cocci
bull Spiral
Arrangements
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 6077
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 60
ArrangementsStaphylo
Strepto
Diplo
Sarcinae
Tetrad
Vibrio (comma shaped)
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 6177
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 61
bull Staphylococcus aureus
bull Staphylococcusepidermidis
bull Streptococcus
pneumoniae
bull Vibrio cholerae
bull Rhodospirillium
rubrumbull Bacillus subtilis
bull Micrococcus luteus
bull Escherichia coli
bull Bacillus anthracis
bull Salmonella enteridis
bull Streptococcus pyogenes
bull Steptococcus lactis
bull Streptococcus faecalis
bull Erlichia canis
bull Campylobacter jejuni
bull Helicobacter pylori
bull Enterobacter aerogenes
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 6277
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 62
Microbiology A Human Perspective
bull Microorganisms cannot be seen without the aid of amicroscope
bull There are more than 200000 known microbesbull Exist in virtually any environment that has water
bull Exhibit tremendous biodiversity
bull Compose the largest biomass group of living
organismsbull Microbes exist for more than 35 billion years
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 6377
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 63
bull Food production bread beer
bull Bioremediation decontamination
of hazardous wastesbull Useful products ethanol fuel
antibiotics amino acids
bull Genetic engineeringpharmaceuticals vaccines
bull Genomics genome sequencingpermits understanding of diseasemechanisms
Applications of Microbiology
Medical microbiology
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 6477
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 64
bull Infectious diseases have killedmore people than all wars andnatural disasters combined
bull Outbreaks have changed thecourse of history
bull Vaccines have dramaticallydecreased the incidence of
infectious diseases especiallyin children
Medical microbiology
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 6577
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 65
bull Re-emergence of ldquoOldrdquo Infectious
Diseases
ndash Cases of whooping cough have increased
in the last few years
ndash Many microbes have evolved antibiotic
resistance
Medical microbiology (cont)
Medical microbiology (cont )
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 6677
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 66
bull Emerging infectious diseases
ndash As humans encroach upon wild habitat new infectious agents (microbes) arediscovered
ndash These agents are typically hosted by animals and are termed zoonotic agents
Medical microbiology (cont)
Agent Host Disease
Ebola virus Bats Ebola hemorrhagic fever
SARS virus Bats Severe acute respiratory syndrome
Sin Nombre virus Deer mouse Hantavirus cardiopulmonary syndrome
Nipah virus Bats Nipah encephalitis
Dengue virus Mosquitos Dengue fever Dengue hemorrhagic fever
Machupo virus Vesper mouse Bolivian hemorrhagic fever
Avian influenza viruses Various birds Influenza
Some recently discovered agents and their animal hosts
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 6777
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 67
Terminologieshellip
bull Bacteriocins ndash Toxins produce by enterobacteria that are lethal to
related strains of bacteria
bull Resident flora ndash Collective vegetation in a given area in one part of the body yet produce infection in another
bull Infection
ndash Is an invasion of body tissue by microbes and theirgrowth
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 6877
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 68
bull Infectious agent
ndash Microbes that cause infection
bull Asymptomaticsubclinical ndash Microbes do not produce clinical evidence of
disease
bull Disease ndash Detectable alteration in normal tissue function
bull Virulence
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 6977
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 69
Virulence ndash Microbersquos ability to produce disease
bull Communicable disease ndash Infectious agents that can be transmitted to an individual by direct
or indirect contact or as airborne infection ndash ex common colds
bull Pathogenicity ndash Ability to produce disease
bull Pathogen ndash Disease causing microbes ndash 3 of known microbes are capable of causing disease
bull Non-pathogens ndash Do not cause disease
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 7077
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 70
Terminologieshellip
bull Opportunistic pathogen ndash Causes disease only in a susceptible individual
bull Asepsis
ndash Freedom from disease-causing microbes
bull Medical asepsis ndash All practices intended to confine a specific
microbes to a specific area limiting the growth
amp transmission of microbes
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 7177
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 71
bull Medical asepsis
ndash Objects are CLEAN (absence of almost all microbes)
bull Surgical asepsissterile technique
ndash Practices that keep an area or object free of allmicrobes
ndash Practices that destroys all microbes amp spores
bull Sepsis
ndash State of infection and can take many forms includingseptic shock
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 7277
GRADED RECITATION
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 7377
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 73
Microorganisms are said to be
ubiquitous
Can you think of any locations thatwould be devoid of microorganisms
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 7477
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 74
Of all the various areas of microbiology
mentioned in this chapter which
appeal to you the mostWhy
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 7577
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 75
Assume that you are entering a health-related
professionOf what value will knowledge of
microbiology be to you
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 7677
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 76
Many people consider Louis Pasteurrsquos
contributions to be the foundation of the
science of microbiology and a cornerstone
of modern medicine
What contributions did he make that would
cause people to believe that
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 7777
You have isolated a bacterium from the blood
of a patient with a newly described disease
What steps would you take to prove that the
organism that yoursquove isolated is the cause of
the patientrsquos disease
(Hint Remember Kochrsquos Postulates)
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 4177
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 41
LOUIS PASTEURrsquoS CONTRIBUTIONhellip
bull 5 Discovered the causative agent that
were causing silkworm diseases in silk industry in France and how to preventsuch disease
bull 6 Contributed on the GERM THEORYOF DISEASE ndash specific microbes causespecific infectious diseases
ndash ex anthrax caused by Bacillus anthracis
ndash TB by Mycobacterium tuberculosis
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 4277
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 42
LOUIS PASTEURrsquoS CONTRIBUTIONhellip
7 Championed changes in hospitalpractices to minimize the spread of disease by pathogens
8 Developed vaccines to preventcholeraanthrax and swineerysipelas (skin disease)
9 Developed RABIES vaccine in dogs
and successfully used to treathuman rabies
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 4377
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 43
Germ Theory of Disease
bull Hard for people to believe that diseases werecaused by tiny invisible ldquowee animalculesrdquo
bull Diseases they thought were caused by
ndash demons
ndash witchcraft
ndash bad luck
ndash the wrath of God ndash curses
ndash evil spirits
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 4477
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 44
Robert Koch - 1st to prove that
bacteria actually caused diseases
bull 1876
bull Microbial Etiology of Infectious Disease
ndash etiology - the cause of a disease
bull Developed methods of fixing staining andphotographing bacteria
bull Established ldquoscientific rulesrdquo to show a cause and
effect relationship between a microbe and a
disease
ndash Kochrsquos Postulates
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 4577
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 45
Staining Koch Postulate
K hrsquo P t l t
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 4677
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 46
Kochrsquos Postulates bull 1 The same organisms must be found in all
cases of a given diseasebull 2 The organism must be isolated and grown
in pure culture
bull 3 The isolated organism must reproducethe same disease when inoculated into a
healthy susceptible animal
bull 4 The original organism must again beisolated from the experimentally infected
animal
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 4777
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 47
Exceptions to Kochrsquos Postulates
1 Some organisms have never been grown in
pure culture on artificial media
Treponema pallidum - Syphilis
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 4877
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 48
Mycobacterium leprae
Leprosy
Never been grown in pure culture on artificial media
Seven Banded Armadillo
Exceptions to Kochrsquos Postulates
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 4977
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 49
Exceptions to Kochrsquos Postulates
bull In exclusively human diseases it is not
morally acceptable to inoculate a deadly
pathogen into a ldquohuman guinea pigrdquo
bull HIV
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 5077
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 50
Koch established the Microbial Etiology
of 3 important diseases of his day
bull 1 Cholera (fecal-oral disease)
ndash Vibrio cholerae
bull 2 Tuberculosis (pulmonary infection) ndash Mycobacterium tuberculosis
ndash Work on tuberculin (protein from M tuberculosis) that led to devrsquot of skin testing to diagnose TB
bull 3 Anthrax (sheep and cattle) ndash Bacillus anthracis ndash Discovered that B anthracis produce spores that is capable of resisting
adverse conditions
A h
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 5177
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 51
Anthraxbull Bacillus anthracis
ndash Gram (+) non-motile aerobic spore forming rod ndash Streptobacilli with central spores
ndash Livestock
bull Sheep cattle goats
ndash Humans
bull Handle hides wool goat hair handicrafts from the Middle
East made from animal products
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 5277
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 52
3 Forms of Human Anthrax
bull 1 Cutaneous Anthrax
ndash Enters thru cut or
abrasion
ndash Results in painless
ulcer (1-3 cm) with
black (necrotic) center
ndash About 20 mortality
rate in untreated cases
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 5377
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 53
bull 2 Gastrointestinal Anthrax
ndash Contaminated meat
ndash Abdominal pain fevervomiting blood severe
diarrhea
ndash 25 to 60 mortality rate
3 I h l i A h
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 5477
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 54
bull 3 Inhalation Anthrax
bull Initial symptomsresemble common
cold ndash Progress to severe
breathing problems andshock
ndash Usually results in death1-2 days after onset of acute symptoms
ndash Mortality rate 99 inuntreated cases
ndash Treatment usually noteffective aftersymptoms are present
A h Bi l i l W
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 5577
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 55
Anthrax as a Biological Weapon
bull Deadly if not treated early
bull Spores can be produced in large quantities using basicknowledge of biology
bull Spores may remain viable for years (60 at least)
bull Spores can be spread
ndash Missiles rockets bombs mail crop dusters
bull No cloud or color
bull No smell
bull No taste
bull Antibiotics ndash only effective if administered early (within24 ndash 48 hours)
h 1 lidif
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 5677
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 56
Koch - 1st to use Agar to solidify
culture media
Golden Age of Microbiology
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 5777
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 57
Golden Age of Microbiology 1857 - 1914
bull Pasteur
ndash Pasteurization
ndash Fermentation
bull Joseph Lister
ndash Phenol to treat surgical wounds ndash 1st attempt to control infections
caused by microoganisms
bull Robert Koch ndash Kochrsquos Postulates
bull Edward Jenner
ndash vaccination
bull Paul Erlich ndash 1st synthetic drug used to treat infections
ndash Salvarsan - arsenic based chemical to treat Syphilis
bull ldquosalvationrdquo from Syphilis
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 5877
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 58
Naming of Bacteria
bull Genus and species - Binomial System of
Taxonomic Classification
bull Information usually given
ndash 1 Describes an organism
ndash 2 Identifies a habitat ndash 3 Honors a scientist or researcher
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 5977
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 59
Bacterial Morphology
bull Bacilli
bull Cocci
bull Spiral
Arrangements
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 6077
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 60
ArrangementsStaphylo
Strepto
Diplo
Sarcinae
Tetrad
Vibrio (comma shaped)
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 6177
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 61
bull Staphylococcus aureus
bull Staphylococcusepidermidis
bull Streptococcus
pneumoniae
bull Vibrio cholerae
bull Rhodospirillium
rubrumbull Bacillus subtilis
bull Micrococcus luteus
bull Escherichia coli
bull Bacillus anthracis
bull Salmonella enteridis
bull Streptococcus pyogenes
bull Steptococcus lactis
bull Streptococcus faecalis
bull Erlichia canis
bull Campylobacter jejuni
bull Helicobacter pylori
bull Enterobacter aerogenes
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 6277
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 62
Microbiology A Human Perspective
bull Microorganisms cannot be seen without the aid of amicroscope
bull There are more than 200000 known microbesbull Exist in virtually any environment that has water
bull Exhibit tremendous biodiversity
bull Compose the largest biomass group of living
organismsbull Microbes exist for more than 35 billion years
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 6377
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 63
bull Food production bread beer
bull Bioremediation decontamination
of hazardous wastesbull Useful products ethanol fuel
antibiotics amino acids
bull Genetic engineeringpharmaceuticals vaccines
bull Genomics genome sequencingpermits understanding of diseasemechanisms
Applications of Microbiology
Medical microbiology
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 6477
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 64
bull Infectious diseases have killedmore people than all wars andnatural disasters combined
bull Outbreaks have changed thecourse of history
bull Vaccines have dramaticallydecreased the incidence of
infectious diseases especiallyin children
Medical microbiology
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 6577
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 65
bull Re-emergence of ldquoOldrdquo Infectious
Diseases
ndash Cases of whooping cough have increased
in the last few years
ndash Many microbes have evolved antibiotic
resistance
Medical microbiology (cont)
Medical microbiology (cont )
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 6677
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 66
bull Emerging infectious diseases
ndash As humans encroach upon wild habitat new infectious agents (microbes) arediscovered
ndash These agents are typically hosted by animals and are termed zoonotic agents
Medical microbiology (cont)
Agent Host Disease
Ebola virus Bats Ebola hemorrhagic fever
SARS virus Bats Severe acute respiratory syndrome
Sin Nombre virus Deer mouse Hantavirus cardiopulmonary syndrome
Nipah virus Bats Nipah encephalitis
Dengue virus Mosquitos Dengue fever Dengue hemorrhagic fever
Machupo virus Vesper mouse Bolivian hemorrhagic fever
Avian influenza viruses Various birds Influenza
Some recently discovered agents and their animal hosts
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 6777
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 67
Terminologieshellip
bull Bacteriocins ndash Toxins produce by enterobacteria that are lethal to
related strains of bacteria
bull Resident flora ndash Collective vegetation in a given area in one part of the body yet produce infection in another
bull Infection
ndash Is an invasion of body tissue by microbes and theirgrowth
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 6877
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 68
bull Infectious agent
ndash Microbes that cause infection
bull Asymptomaticsubclinical ndash Microbes do not produce clinical evidence of
disease
bull Disease ndash Detectable alteration in normal tissue function
bull Virulence
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 6977
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 69
Virulence ndash Microbersquos ability to produce disease
bull Communicable disease ndash Infectious agents that can be transmitted to an individual by direct
or indirect contact or as airborne infection ndash ex common colds
bull Pathogenicity ndash Ability to produce disease
bull Pathogen ndash Disease causing microbes ndash 3 of known microbes are capable of causing disease
bull Non-pathogens ndash Do not cause disease
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 7077
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 70
Terminologieshellip
bull Opportunistic pathogen ndash Causes disease only in a susceptible individual
bull Asepsis
ndash Freedom from disease-causing microbes
bull Medical asepsis ndash All practices intended to confine a specific
microbes to a specific area limiting the growth
amp transmission of microbes
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 7177
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 71
bull Medical asepsis
ndash Objects are CLEAN (absence of almost all microbes)
bull Surgical asepsissterile technique
ndash Practices that keep an area or object free of allmicrobes
ndash Practices that destroys all microbes amp spores
bull Sepsis
ndash State of infection and can take many forms includingseptic shock
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 7277
GRADED RECITATION
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 7377
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 73
Microorganisms are said to be
ubiquitous
Can you think of any locations thatwould be devoid of microorganisms
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 7477
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 74
Of all the various areas of microbiology
mentioned in this chapter which
appeal to you the mostWhy
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 7577
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 75
Assume that you are entering a health-related
professionOf what value will knowledge of
microbiology be to you
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 7677
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 76
Many people consider Louis Pasteurrsquos
contributions to be the foundation of the
science of microbiology and a cornerstone
of modern medicine
What contributions did he make that would
cause people to believe that
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 7777
You have isolated a bacterium from the blood
of a patient with a newly described disease
What steps would you take to prove that the
organism that yoursquove isolated is the cause of
the patientrsquos disease
(Hint Remember Kochrsquos Postulates)
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 4277
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 42
LOUIS PASTEURrsquoS CONTRIBUTIONhellip
7 Championed changes in hospitalpractices to minimize the spread of disease by pathogens
8 Developed vaccines to preventcholeraanthrax and swineerysipelas (skin disease)
9 Developed RABIES vaccine in dogs
and successfully used to treathuman rabies
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 4377
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 43
Germ Theory of Disease
bull Hard for people to believe that diseases werecaused by tiny invisible ldquowee animalculesrdquo
bull Diseases they thought were caused by
ndash demons
ndash witchcraft
ndash bad luck
ndash the wrath of God ndash curses
ndash evil spirits
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 4477
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 44
Robert Koch - 1st to prove that
bacteria actually caused diseases
bull 1876
bull Microbial Etiology of Infectious Disease
ndash etiology - the cause of a disease
bull Developed methods of fixing staining andphotographing bacteria
bull Established ldquoscientific rulesrdquo to show a cause and
effect relationship between a microbe and a
disease
ndash Kochrsquos Postulates
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 4577
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 45
Staining Koch Postulate
K hrsquo P t l t
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 4677
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 46
Kochrsquos Postulates bull 1 The same organisms must be found in all
cases of a given diseasebull 2 The organism must be isolated and grown
in pure culture
bull 3 The isolated organism must reproducethe same disease when inoculated into a
healthy susceptible animal
bull 4 The original organism must again beisolated from the experimentally infected
animal
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 4777
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 47
Exceptions to Kochrsquos Postulates
1 Some organisms have never been grown in
pure culture on artificial media
Treponema pallidum - Syphilis
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 4877
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 48
Mycobacterium leprae
Leprosy
Never been grown in pure culture on artificial media
Seven Banded Armadillo
Exceptions to Kochrsquos Postulates
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 4977
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 49
Exceptions to Kochrsquos Postulates
bull In exclusively human diseases it is not
morally acceptable to inoculate a deadly
pathogen into a ldquohuman guinea pigrdquo
bull HIV
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 5077
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 50
Koch established the Microbial Etiology
of 3 important diseases of his day
bull 1 Cholera (fecal-oral disease)
ndash Vibrio cholerae
bull 2 Tuberculosis (pulmonary infection) ndash Mycobacterium tuberculosis
ndash Work on tuberculin (protein from M tuberculosis) that led to devrsquot of skin testing to diagnose TB
bull 3 Anthrax (sheep and cattle) ndash Bacillus anthracis ndash Discovered that B anthracis produce spores that is capable of resisting
adverse conditions
A h
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 5177
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 51
Anthraxbull Bacillus anthracis
ndash Gram (+) non-motile aerobic spore forming rod ndash Streptobacilli with central spores
ndash Livestock
bull Sheep cattle goats
ndash Humans
bull Handle hides wool goat hair handicrafts from the Middle
East made from animal products
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 5277
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 52
3 Forms of Human Anthrax
bull 1 Cutaneous Anthrax
ndash Enters thru cut or
abrasion
ndash Results in painless
ulcer (1-3 cm) with
black (necrotic) center
ndash About 20 mortality
rate in untreated cases
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 5377
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 53
bull 2 Gastrointestinal Anthrax
ndash Contaminated meat
ndash Abdominal pain fevervomiting blood severe
diarrhea
ndash 25 to 60 mortality rate
3 I h l i A h
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 5477
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 54
bull 3 Inhalation Anthrax
bull Initial symptomsresemble common
cold ndash Progress to severe
breathing problems andshock
ndash Usually results in death1-2 days after onset of acute symptoms
ndash Mortality rate 99 inuntreated cases
ndash Treatment usually noteffective aftersymptoms are present
A h Bi l i l W
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 5577
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 55
Anthrax as a Biological Weapon
bull Deadly if not treated early
bull Spores can be produced in large quantities using basicknowledge of biology
bull Spores may remain viable for years (60 at least)
bull Spores can be spread
ndash Missiles rockets bombs mail crop dusters
bull No cloud or color
bull No smell
bull No taste
bull Antibiotics ndash only effective if administered early (within24 ndash 48 hours)
h 1 lidif
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 5677
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 56
Koch - 1st to use Agar to solidify
culture media
Golden Age of Microbiology
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 5777
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 57
Golden Age of Microbiology 1857 - 1914
bull Pasteur
ndash Pasteurization
ndash Fermentation
bull Joseph Lister
ndash Phenol to treat surgical wounds ndash 1st attempt to control infections
caused by microoganisms
bull Robert Koch ndash Kochrsquos Postulates
bull Edward Jenner
ndash vaccination
bull Paul Erlich ndash 1st synthetic drug used to treat infections
ndash Salvarsan - arsenic based chemical to treat Syphilis
bull ldquosalvationrdquo from Syphilis
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 5877
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 58
Naming of Bacteria
bull Genus and species - Binomial System of
Taxonomic Classification
bull Information usually given
ndash 1 Describes an organism
ndash 2 Identifies a habitat ndash 3 Honors a scientist or researcher
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 5977
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 59
Bacterial Morphology
bull Bacilli
bull Cocci
bull Spiral
Arrangements
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 6077
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 60
ArrangementsStaphylo
Strepto
Diplo
Sarcinae
Tetrad
Vibrio (comma shaped)
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 6177
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 61
bull Staphylococcus aureus
bull Staphylococcusepidermidis
bull Streptococcus
pneumoniae
bull Vibrio cholerae
bull Rhodospirillium
rubrumbull Bacillus subtilis
bull Micrococcus luteus
bull Escherichia coli
bull Bacillus anthracis
bull Salmonella enteridis
bull Streptococcus pyogenes
bull Steptococcus lactis
bull Streptococcus faecalis
bull Erlichia canis
bull Campylobacter jejuni
bull Helicobacter pylori
bull Enterobacter aerogenes
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 6277
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 62
Microbiology A Human Perspective
bull Microorganisms cannot be seen without the aid of amicroscope
bull There are more than 200000 known microbesbull Exist in virtually any environment that has water
bull Exhibit tremendous biodiversity
bull Compose the largest biomass group of living
organismsbull Microbes exist for more than 35 billion years
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 6377
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 63
bull Food production bread beer
bull Bioremediation decontamination
of hazardous wastesbull Useful products ethanol fuel
antibiotics amino acids
bull Genetic engineeringpharmaceuticals vaccines
bull Genomics genome sequencingpermits understanding of diseasemechanisms
Applications of Microbiology
Medical microbiology
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 6477
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 64
bull Infectious diseases have killedmore people than all wars andnatural disasters combined
bull Outbreaks have changed thecourse of history
bull Vaccines have dramaticallydecreased the incidence of
infectious diseases especiallyin children
Medical microbiology
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 6577
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 65
bull Re-emergence of ldquoOldrdquo Infectious
Diseases
ndash Cases of whooping cough have increased
in the last few years
ndash Many microbes have evolved antibiotic
resistance
Medical microbiology (cont)
Medical microbiology (cont )
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 6677
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 66
bull Emerging infectious diseases
ndash As humans encroach upon wild habitat new infectious agents (microbes) arediscovered
ndash These agents are typically hosted by animals and are termed zoonotic agents
Medical microbiology (cont)
Agent Host Disease
Ebola virus Bats Ebola hemorrhagic fever
SARS virus Bats Severe acute respiratory syndrome
Sin Nombre virus Deer mouse Hantavirus cardiopulmonary syndrome
Nipah virus Bats Nipah encephalitis
Dengue virus Mosquitos Dengue fever Dengue hemorrhagic fever
Machupo virus Vesper mouse Bolivian hemorrhagic fever
Avian influenza viruses Various birds Influenza
Some recently discovered agents and their animal hosts
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 6777
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 67
Terminologieshellip
bull Bacteriocins ndash Toxins produce by enterobacteria that are lethal to
related strains of bacteria
bull Resident flora ndash Collective vegetation in a given area in one part of the body yet produce infection in another
bull Infection
ndash Is an invasion of body tissue by microbes and theirgrowth
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 6877
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 68
bull Infectious agent
ndash Microbes that cause infection
bull Asymptomaticsubclinical ndash Microbes do not produce clinical evidence of
disease
bull Disease ndash Detectable alteration in normal tissue function
bull Virulence
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 6977
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 69
Virulence ndash Microbersquos ability to produce disease
bull Communicable disease ndash Infectious agents that can be transmitted to an individual by direct
or indirect contact or as airborne infection ndash ex common colds
bull Pathogenicity ndash Ability to produce disease
bull Pathogen ndash Disease causing microbes ndash 3 of known microbes are capable of causing disease
bull Non-pathogens ndash Do not cause disease
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 7077
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 70
Terminologieshellip
bull Opportunistic pathogen ndash Causes disease only in a susceptible individual
bull Asepsis
ndash Freedom from disease-causing microbes
bull Medical asepsis ndash All practices intended to confine a specific
microbes to a specific area limiting the growth
amp transmission of microbes
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 7177
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 71
bull Medical asepsis
ndash Objects are CLEAN (absence of almost all microbes)
bull Surgical asepsissterile technique
ndash Practices that keep an area or object free of allmicrobes
ndash Practices that destroys all microbes amp spores
bull Sepsis
ndash State of infection and can take many forms includingseptic shock
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 7277
GRADED RECITATION
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 7377
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 73
Microorganisms are said to be
ubiquitous
Can you think of any locations thatwould be devoid of microorganisms
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 7477
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 74
Of all the various areas of microbiology
mentioned in this chapter which
appeal to you the mostWhy
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 7577
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 75
Assume that you are entering a health-related
professionOf what value will knowledge of
microbiology be to you
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 7677
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 76
Many people consider Louis Pasteurrsquos
contributions to be the foundation of the
science of microbiology and a cornerstone
of modern medicine
What contributions did he make that would
cause people to believe that
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 7777
You have isolated a bacterium from the blood
of a patient with a newly described disease
What steps would you take to prove that the
organism that yoursquove isolated is the cause of
the patientrsquos disease
(Hint Remember Kochrsquos Postulates)
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 4377
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 43
Germ Theory of Disease
bull Hard for people to believe that diseases werecaused by tiny invisible ldquowee animalculesrdquo
bull Diseases they thought were caused by
ndash demons
ndash witchcraft
ndash bad luck
ndash the wrath of God ndash curses
ndash evil spirits
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 4477
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 44
Robert Koch - 1st to prove that
bacteria actually caused diseases
bull 1876
bull Microbial Etiology of Infectious Disease
ndash etiology - the cause of a disease
bull Developed methods of fixing staining andphotographing bacteria
bull Established ldquoscientific rulesrdquo to show a cause and
effect relationship between a microbe and a
disease
ndash Kochrsquos Postulates
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 4577
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 45
Staining Koch Postulate
K hrsquo P t l t
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 4677
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 46
Kochrsquos Postulates bull 1 The same organisms must be found in all
cases of a given diseasebull 2 The organism must be isolated and grown
in pure culture
bull 3 The isolated organism must reproducethe same disease when inoculated into a
healthy susceptible animal
bull 4 The original organism must again beisolated from the experimentally infected
animal
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 4777
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 47
Exceptions to Kochrsquos Postulates
1 Some organisms have never been grown in
pure culture on artificial media
Treponema pallidum - Syphilis
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 4877
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 48
Mycobacterium leprae
Leprosy
Never been grown in pure culture on artificial media
Seven Banded Armadillo
Exceptions to Kochrsquos Postulates
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 4977
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 49
Exceptions to Kochrsquos Postulates
bull In exclusively human diseases it is not
morally acceptable to inoculate a deadly
pathogen into a ldquohuman guinea pigrdquo
bull HIV
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 5077
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 50
Koch established the Microbial Etiology
of 3 important diseases of his day
bull 1 Cholera (fecal-oral disease)
ndash Vibrio cholerae
bull 2 Tuberculosis (pulmonary infection) ndash Mycobacterium tuberculosis
ndash Work on tuberculin (protein from M tuberculosis) that led to devrsquot of skin testing to diagnose TB
bull 3 Anthrax (sheep and cattle) ndash Bacillus anthracis ndash Discovered that B anthracis produce spores that is capable of resisting
adverse conditions
A h
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 5177
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 51
Anthraxbull Bacillus anthracis
ndash Gram (+) non-motile aerobic spore forming rod ndash Streptobacilli with central spores
ndash Livestock
bull Sheep cattle goats
ndash Humans
bull Handle hides wool goat hair handicrafts from the Middle
East made from animal products
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 5277
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 52
3 Forms of Human Anthrax
bull 1 Cutaneous Anthrax
ndash Enters thru cut or
abrasion
ndash Results in painless
ulcer (1-3 cm) with
black (necrotic) center
ndash About 20 mortality
rate in untreated cases
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 5377
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 53
bull 2 Gastrointestinal Anthrax
ndash Contaminated meat
ndash Abdominal pain fevervomiting blood severe
diarrhea
ndash 25 to 60 mortality rate
3 I h l i A h
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 5477
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 54
bull 3 Inhalation Anthrax
bull Initial symptomsresemble common
cold ndash Progress to severe
breathing problems andshock
ndash Usually results in death1-2 days after onset of acute symptoms
ndash Mortality rate 99 inuntreated cases
ndash Treatment usually noteffective aftersymptoms are present
A h Bi l i l W
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 5577
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 55
Anthrax as a Biological Weapon
bull Deadly if not treated early
bull Spores can be produced in large quantities using basicknowledge of biology
bull Spores may remain viable for years (60 at least)
bull Spores can be spread
ndash Missiles rockets bombs mail crop dusters
bull No cloud or color
bull No smell
bull No taste
bull Antibiotics ndash only effective if administered early (within24 ndash 48 hours)
h 1 lidif
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 5677
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 56
Koch - 1st to use Agar to solidify
culture media
Golden Age of Microbiology
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 5777
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 57
Golden Age of Microbiology 1857 - 1914
bull Pasteur
ndash Pasteurization
ndash Fermentation
bull Joseph Lister
ndash Phenol to treat surgical wounds ndash 1st attempt to control infections
caused by microoganisms
bull Robert Koch ndash Kochrsquos Postulates
bull Edward Jenner
ndash vaccination
bull Paul Erlich ndash 1st synthetic drug used to treat infections
ndash Salvarsan - arsenic based chemical to treat Syphilis
bull ldquosalvationrdquo from Syphilis
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 5877
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 58
Naming of Bacteria
bull Genus and species - Binomial System of
Taxonomic Classification
bull Information usually given
ndash 1 Describes an organism
ndash 2 Identifies a habitat ndash 3 Honors a scientist or researcher
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 5977
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 59
Bacterial Morphology
bull Bacilli
bull Cocci
bull Spiral
Arrangements
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 6077
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 60
ArrangementsStaphylo
Strepto
Diplo
Sarcinae
Tetrad
Vibrio (comma shaped)
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 6177
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 61
bull Staphylococcus aureus
bull Staphylococcusepidermidis
bull Streptococcus
pneumoniae
bull Vibrio cholerae
bull Rhodospirillium
rubrumbull Bacillus subtilis
bull Micrococcus luteus
bull Escherichia coli
bull Bacillus anthracis
bull Salmonella enteridis
bull Streptococcus pyogenes
bull Steptococcus lactis
bull Streptococcus faecalis
bull Erlichia canis
bull Campylobacter jejuni
bull Helicobacter pylori
bull Enterobacter aerogenes
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 6277
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 62
Microbiology A Human Perspective
bull Microorganisms cannot be seen without the aid of amicroscope
bull There are more than 200000 known microbesbull Exist in virtually any environment that has water
bull Exhibit tremendous biodiversity
bull Compose the largest biomass group of living
organismsbull Microbes exist for more than 35 billion years
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 6377
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 63
bull Food production bread beer
bull Bioremediation decontamination
of hazardous wastesbull Useful products ethanol fuel
antibiotics amino acids
bull Genetic engineeringpharmaceuticals vaccines
bull Genomics genome sequencingpermits understanding of diseasemechanisms
Applications of Microbiology
Medical microbiology
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 6477
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 64
bull Infectious diseases have killedmore people than all wars andnatural disasters combined
bull Outbreaks have changed thecourse of history
bull Vaccines have dramaticallydecreased the incidence of
infectious diseases especiallyin children
Medical microbiology
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 6577
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 65
bull Re-emergence of ldquoOldrdquo Infectious
Diseases
ndash Cases of whooping cough have increased
in the last few years
ndash Many microbes have evolved antibiotic
resistance
Medical microbiology (cont)
Medical microbiology (cont )
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 6677
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 66
bull Emerging infectious diseases
ndash As humans encroach upon wild habitat new infectious agents (microbes) arediscovered
ndash These agents are typically hosted by animals and are termed zoonotic agents
Medical microbiology (cont)
Agent Host Disease
Ebola virus Bats Ebola hemorrhagic fever
SARS virus Bats Severe acute respiratory syndrome
Sin Nombre virus Deer mouse Hantavirus cardiopulmonary syndrome
Nipah virus Bats Nipah encephalitis
Dengue virus Mosquitos Dengue fever Dengue hemorrhagic fever
Machupo virus Vesper mouse Bolivian hemorrhagic fever
Avian influenza viruses Various birds Influenza
Some recently discovered agents and their animal hosts
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 6777
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 67
Terminologieshellip
bull Bacteriocins ndash Toxins produce by enterobacteria that are lethal to
related strains of bacteria
bull Resident flora ndash Collective vegetation in a given area in one part of the body yet produce infection in another
bull Infection
ndash Is an invasion of body tissue by microbes and theirgrowth
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 6877
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 68
bull Infectious agent
ndash Microbes that cause infection
bull Asymptomaticsubclinical ndash Microbes do not produce clinical evidence of
disease
bull Disease ndash Detectable alteration in normal tissue function
bull Virulence
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 6977
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 69
Virulence ndash Microbersquos ability to produce disease
bull Communicable disease ndash Infectious agents that can be transmitted to an individual by direct
or indirect contact or as airborne infection ndash ex common colds
bull Pathogenicity ndash Ability to produce disease
bull Pathogen ndash Disease causing microbes ndash 3 of known microbes are capable of causing disease
bull Non-pathogens ndash Do not cause disease
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 7077
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 70
Terminologieshellip
bull Opportunistic pathogen ndash Causes disease only in a susceptible individual
bull Asepsis
ndash Freedom from disease-causing microbes
bull Medical asepsis ndash All practices intended to confine a specific
microbes to a specific area limiting the growth
amp transmission of microbes
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 7177
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 71
bull Medical asepsis
ndash Objects are CLEAN (absence of almost all microbes)
bull Surgical asepsissterile technique
ndash Practices that keep an area or object free of allmicrobes
ndash Practices that destroys all microbes amp spores
bull Sepsis
ndash State of infection and can take many forms includingseptic shock
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 7277
GRADED RECITATION
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 7377
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 73
Microorganisms are said to be
ubiquitous
Can you think of any locations thatwould be devoid of microorganisms
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 7477
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 74
Of all the various areas of microbiology
mentioned in this chapter which
appeal to you the mostWhy
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 7577
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 75
Assume that you are entering a health-related
professionOf what value will knowledge of
microbiology be to you
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 7677
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 76
Many people consider Louis Pasteurrsquos
contributions to be the foundation of the
science of microbiology and a cornerstone
of modern medicine
What contributions did he make that would
cause people to believe that
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 7777
You have isolated a bacterium from the blood
of a patient with a newly described disease
What steps would you take to prove that the
organism that yoursquove isolated is the cause of
the patientrsquos disease
(Hint Remember Kochrsquos Postulates)
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 4477
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 44
Robert Koch - 1st to prove that
bacteria actually caused diseases
bull 1876
bull Microbial Etiology of Infectious Disease
ndash etiology - the cause of a disease
bull Developed methods of fixing staining andphotographing bacteria
bull Established ldquoscientific rulesrdquo to show a cause and
effect relationship between a microbe and a
disease
ndash Kochrsquos Postulates
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 4577
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 45
Staining Koch Postulate
K hrsquo P t l t
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 4677
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 46
Kochrsquos Postulates bull 1 The same organisms must be found in all
cases of a given diseasebull 2 The organism must be isolated and grown
in pure culture
bull 3 The isolated organism must reproducethe same disease when inoculated into a
healthy susceptible animal
bull 4 The original organism must again beisolated from the experimentally infected
animal
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 4777
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 47
Exceptions to Kochrsquos Postulates
1 Some organisms have never been grown in
pure culture on artificial media
Treponema pallidum - Syphilis
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 4877
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 48
Mycobacterium leprae
Leprosy
Never been grown in pure culture on artificial media
Seven Banded Armadillo
Exceptions to Kochrsquos Postulates
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 4977
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 49
Exceptions to Kochrsquos Postulates
bull In exclusively human diseases it is not
morally acceptable to inoculate a deadly
pathogen into a ldquohuman guinea pigrdquo
bull HIV
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 5077
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 50
Koch established the Microbial Etiology
of 3 important diseases of his day
bull 1 Cholera (fecal-oral disease)
ndash Vibrio cholerae
bull 2 Tuberculosis (pulmonary infection) ndash Mycobacterium tuberculosis
ndash Work on tuberculin (protein from M tuberculosis) that led to devrsquot of skin testing to diagnose TB
bull 3 Anthrax (sheep and cattle) ndash Bacillus anthracis ndash Discovered that B anthracis produce spores that is capable of resisting
adverse conditions
A h
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 5177
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 51
Anthraxbull Bacillus anthracis
ndash Gram (+) non-motile aerobic spore forming rod ndash Streptobacilli with central spores
ndash Livestock
bull Sheep cattle goats
ndash Humans
bull Handle hides wool goat hair handicrafts from the Middle
East made from animal products
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 5277
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 52
3 Forms of Human Anthrax
bull 1 Cutaneous Anthrax
ndash Enters thru cut or
abrasion
ndash Results in painless
ulcer (1-3 cm) with
black (necrotic) center
ndash About 20 mortality
rate in untreated cases
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 5377
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 53
bull 2 Gastrointestinal Anthrax
ndash Contaminated meat
ndash Abdominal pain fevervomiting blood severe
diarrhea
ndash 25 to 60 mortality rate
3 I h l i A h
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 5477
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 54
bull 3 Inhalation Anthrax
bull Initial symptomsresemble common
cold ndash Progress to severe
breathing problems andshock
ndash Usually results in death1-2 days after onset of acute symptoms
ndash Mortality rate 99 inuntreated cases
ndash Treatment usually noteffective aftersymptoms are present
A h Bi l i l W
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 5577
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 55
Anthrax as a Biological Weapon
bull Deadly if not treated early
bull Spores can be produced in large quantities using basicknowledge of biology
bull Spores may remain viable for years (60 at least)
bull Spores can be spread
ndash Missiles rockets bombs mail crop dusters
bull No cloud or color
bull No smell
bull No taste
bull Antibiotics ndash only effective if administered early (within24 ndash 48 hours)
h 1 lidif
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 5677
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 56
Koch - 1st to use Agar to solidify
culture media
Golden Age of Microbiology
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 5777
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 57
Golden Age of Microbiology 1857 - 1914
bull Pasteur
ndash Pasteurization
ndash Fermentation
bull Joseph Lister
ndash Phenol to treat surgical wounds ndash 1st attempt to control infections
caused by microoganisms
bull Robert Koch ndash Kochrsquos Postulates
bull Edward Jenner
ndash vaccination
bull Paul Erlich ndash 1st synthetic drug used to treat infections
ndash Salvarsan - arsenic based chemical to treat Syphilis
bull ldquosalvationrdquo from Syphilis
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 5877
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 58
Naming of Bacteria
bull Genus and species - Binomial System of
Taxonomic Classification
bull Information usually given
ndash 1 Describes an organism
ndash 2 Identifies a habitat ndash 3 Honors a scientist or researcher
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 5977
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 59
Bacterial Morphology
bull Bacilli
bull Cocci
bull Spiral
Arrangements
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 6077
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 60
ArrangementsStaphylo
Strepto
Diplo
Sarcinae
Tetrad
Vibrio (comma shaped)
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 6177
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 61
bull Staphylococcus aureus
bull Staphylococcusepidermidis
bull Streptococcus
pneumoniae
bull Vibrio cholerae
bull Rhodospirillium
rubrumbull Bacillus subtilis
bull Micrococcus luteus
bull Escherichia coli
bull Bacillus anthracis
bull Salmonella enteridis
bull Streptococcus pyogenes
bull Steptococcus lactis
bull Streptococcus faecalis
bull Erlichia canis
bull Campylobacter jejuni
bull Helicobacter pylori
bull Enterobacter aerogenes
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 6277
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 62
Microbiology A Human Perspective
bull Microorganisms cannot be seen without the aid of amicroscope
bull There are more than 200000 known microbesbull Exist in virtually any environment that has water
bull Exhibit tremendous biodiversity
bull Compose the largest biomass group of living
organismsbull Microbes exist for more than 35 billion years
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 6377
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 63
bull Food production bread beer
bull Bioremediation decontamination
of hazardous wastesbull Useful products ethanol fuel
antibiotics amino acids
bull Genetic engineeringpharmaceuticals vaccines
bull Genomics genome sequencingpermits understanding of diseasemechanisms
Applications of Microbiology
Medical microbiology
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 6477
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 64
bull Infectious diseases have killedmore people than all wars andnatural disasters combined
bull Outbreaks have changed thecourse of history
bull Vaccines have dramaticallydecreased the incidence of
infectious diseases especiallyin children
Medical microbiology
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 6577
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 65
bull Re-emergence of ldquoOldrdquo Infectious
Diseases
ndash Cases of whooping cough have increased
in the last few years
ndash Many microbes have evolved antibiotic
resistance
Medical microbiology (cont)
Medical microbiology (cont )
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 6677
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 66
bull Emerging infectious diseases
ndash As humans encroach upon wild habitat new infectious agents (microbes) arediscovered
ndash These agents are typically hosted by animals and are termed zoonotic agents
Medical microbiology (cont)
Agent Host Disease
Ebola virus Bats Ebola hemorrhagic fever
SARS virus Bats Severe acute respiratory syndrome
Sin Nombre virus Deer mouse Hantavirus cardiopulmonary syndrome
Nipah virus Bats Nipah encephalitis
Dengue virus Mosquitos Dengue fever Dengue hemorrhagic fever
Machupo virus Vesper mouse Bolivian hemorrhagic fever
Avian influenza viruses Various birds Influenza
Some recently discovered agents and their animal hosts
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 6777
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 67
Terminologieshellip
bull Bacteriocins ndash Toxins produce by enterobacteria that are lethal to
related strains of bacteria
bull Resident flora ndash Collective vegetation in a given area in one part of the body yet produce infection in another
bull Infection
ndash Is an invasion of body tissue by microbes and theirgrowth
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 6877
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 68
bull Infectious agent
ndash Microbes that cause infection
bull Asymptomaticsubclinical ndash Microbes do not produce clinical evidence of
disease
bull Disease ndash Detectable alteration in normal tissue function
bull Virulence
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 6977
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 69
Virulence ndash Microbersquos ability to produce disease
bull Communicable disease ndash Infectious agents that can be transmitted to an individual by direct
or indirect contact or as airborne infection ndash ex common colds
bull Pathogenicity ndash Ability to produce disease
bull Pathogen ndash Disease causing microbes ndash 3 of known microbes are capable of causing disease
bull Non-pathogens ndash Do not cause disease
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 7077
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 70
Terminologieshellip
bull Opportunistic pathogen ndash Causes disease only in a susceptible individual
bull Asepsis
ndash Freedom from disease-causing microbes
bull Medical asepsis ndash All practices intended to confine a specific
microbes to a specific area limiting the growth
amp transmission of microbes
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 7177
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 71
bull Medical asepsis
ndash Objects are CLEAN (absence of almost all microbes)
bull Surgical asepsissterile technique
ndash Practices that keep an area or object free of allmicrobes
ndash Practices that destroys all microbes amp spores
bull Sepsis
ndash State of infection and can take many forms includingseptic shock
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 7277
GRADED RECITATION
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 7377
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 73
Microorganisms are said to be
ubiquitous
Can you think of any locations thatwould be devoid of microorganisms
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 7477
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 74
Of all the various areas of microbiology
mentioned in this chapter which
appeal to you the mostWhy
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 7577
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 75
Assume that you are entering a health-related
professionOf what value will knowledge of
microbiology be to you
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 7677
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 76
Many people consider Louis Pasteurrsquos
contributions to be the foundation of the
science of microbiology and a cornerstone
of modern medicine
What contributions did he make that would
cause people to believe that
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 7777
You have isolated a bacterium from the blood
of a patient with a newly described disease
What steps would you take to prove that the
organism that yoursquove isolated is the cause of
the patientrsquos disease
(Hint Remember Kochrsquos Postulates)
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 4577
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 45
Staining Koch Postulate
K hrsquo P t l t
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 4677
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 46
Kochrsquos Postulates bull 1 The same organisms must be found in all
cases of a given diseasebull 2 The organism must be isolated and grown
in pure culture
bull 3 The isolated organism must reproducethe same disease when inoculated into a
healthy susceptible animal
bull 4 The original organism must again beisolated from the experimentally infected
animal
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 4777
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 47
Exceptions to Kochrsquos Postulates
1 Some organisms have never been grown in
pure culture on artificial media
Treponema pallidum - Syphilis
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 4877
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 48
Mycobacterium leprae
Leprosy
Never been grown in pure culture on artificial media
Seven Banded Armadillo
Exceptions to Kochrsquos Postulates
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 4977
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 49
Exceptions to Kochrsquos Postulates
bull In exclusively human diseases it is not
morally acceptable to inoculate a deadly
pathogen into a ldquohuman guinea pigrdquo
bull HIV
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 5077
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 50
Koch established the Microbial Etiology
of 3 important diseases of his day
bull 1 Cholera (fecal-oral disease)
ndash Vibrio cholerae
bull 2 Tuberculosis (pulmonary infection) ndash Mycobacterium tuberculosis
ndash Work on tuberculin (protein from M tuberculosis) that led to devrsquot of skin testing to diagnose TB
bull 3 Anthrax (sheep and cattle) ndash Bacillus anthracis ndash Discovered that B anthracis produce spores that is capable of resisting
adverse conditions
A h
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 5177
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 51
Anthraxbull Bacillus anthracis
ndash Gram (+) non-motile aerobic spore forming rod ndash Streptobacilli with central spores
ndash Livestock
bull Sheep cattle goats
ndash Humans
bull Handle hides wool goat hair handicrafts from the Middle
East made from animal products
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 5277
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 52
3 Forms of Human Anthrax
bull 1 Cutaneous Anthrax
ndash Enters thru cut or
abrasion
ndash Results in painless
ulcer (1-3 cm) with
black (necrotic) center
ndash About 20 mortality
rate in untreated cases
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 5377
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 53
bull 2 Gastrointestinal Anthrax
ndash Contaminated meat
ndash Abdominal pain fevervomiting blood severe
diarrhea
ndash 25 to 60 mortality rate
3 I h l i A h
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 5477
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 54
bull 3 Inhalation Anthrax
bull Initial symptomsresemble common
cold ndash Progress to severe
breathing problems andshock
ndash Usually results in death1-2 days after onset of acute symptoms
ndash Mortality rate 99 inuntreated cases
ndash Treatment usually noteffective aftersymptoms are present
A h Bi l i l W
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 5577
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 55
Anthrax as a Biological Weapon
bull Deadly if not treated early
bull Spores can be produced in large quantities using basicknowledge of biology
bull Spores may remain viable for years (60 at least)
bull Spores can be spread
ndash Missiles rockets bombs mail crop dusters
bull No cloud or color
bull No smell
bull No taste
bull Antibiotics ndash only effective if administered early (within24 ndash 48 hours)
h 1 lidif
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 5677
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 56
Koch - 1st to use Agar to solidify
culture media
Golden Age of Microbiology
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 5777
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 57
Golden Age of Microbiology 1857 - 1914
bull Pasteur
ndash Pasteurization
ndash Fermentation
bull Joseph Lister
ndash Phenol to treat surgical wounds ndash 1st attempt to control infections
caused by microoganisms
bull Robert Koch ndash Kochrsquos Postulates
bull Edward Jenner
ndash vaccination
bull Paul Erlich ndash 1st synthetic drug used to treat infections
ndash Salvarsan - arsenic based chemical to treat Syphilis
bull ldquosalvationrdquo from Syphilis
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 5877
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 58
Naming of Bacteria
bull Genus and species - Binomial System of
Taxonomic Classification
bull Information usually given
ndash 1 Describes an organism
ndash 2 Identifies a habitat ndash 3 Honors a scientist or researcher
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 5977
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 59
Bacterial Morphology
bull Bacilli
bull Cocci
bull Spiral
Arrangements
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 6077
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 60
ArrangementsStaphylo
Strepto
Diplo
Sarcinae
Tetrad
Vibrio (comma shaped)
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 6177
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 61
bull Staphylococcus aureus
bull Staphylococcusepidermidis
bull Streptococcus
pneumoniae
bull Vibrio cholerae
bull Rhodospirillium
rubrumbull Bacillus subtilis
bull Micrococcus luteus
bull Escherichia coli
bull Bacillus anthracis
bull Salmonella enteridis
bull Streptococcus pyogenes
bull Steptococcus lactis
bull Streptococcus faecalis
bull Erlichia canis
bull Campylobacter jejuni
bull Helicobacter pylori
bull Enterobacter aerogenes
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 6277
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 62
Microbiology A Human Perspective
bull Microorganisms cannot be seen without the aid of amicroscope
bull There are more than 200000 known microbesbull Exist in virtually any environment that has water
bull Exhibit tremendous biodiversity
bull Compose the largest biomass group of living
organismsbull Microbes exist for more than 35 billion years
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 6377
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 63
bull Food production bread beer
bull Bioremediation decontamination
of hazardous wastesbull Useful products ethanol fuel
antibiotics amino acids
bull Genetic engineeringpharmaceuticals vaccines
bull Genomics genome sequencingpermits understanding of diseasemechanisms
Applications of Microbiology
Medical microbiology
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 6477
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 64
bull Infectious diseases have killedmore people than all wars andnatural disasters combined
bull Outbreaks have changed thecourse of history
bull Vaccines have dramaticallydecreased the incidence of
infectious diseases especiallyin children
Medical microbiology
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 6577
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 65
bull Re-emergence of ldquoOldrdquo Infectious
Diseases
ndash Cases of whooping cough have increased
in the last few years
ndash Many microbes have evolved antibiotic
resistance
Medical microbiology (cont)
Medical microbiology (cont )
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 6677
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 66
bull Emerging infectious diseases
ndash As humans encroach upon wild habitat new infectious agents (microbes) arediscovered
ndash These agents are typically hosted by animals and are termed zoonotic agents
Medical microbiology (cont)
Agent Host Disease
Ebola virus Bats Ebola hemorrhagic fever
SARS virus Bats Severe acute respiratory syndrome
Sin Nombre virus Deer mouse Hantavirus cardiopulmonary syndrome
Nipah virus Bats Nipah encephalitis
Dengue virus Mosquitos Dengue fever Dengue hemorrhagic fever
Machupo virus Vesper mouse Bolivian hemorrhagic fever
Avian influenza viruses Various birds Influenza
Some recently discovered agents and their animal hosts
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 6777
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 67
Terminologieshellip
bull Bacteriocins ndash Toxins produce by enterobacteria that are lethal to
related strains of bacteria
bull Resident flora ndash Collective vegetation in a given area in one part of the body yet produce infection in another
bull Infection
ndash Is an invasion of body tissue by microbes and theirgrowth
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 6877
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 68
bull Infectious agent
ndash Microbes that cause infection
bull Asymptomaticsubclinical ndash Microbes do not produce clinical evidence of
disease
bull Disease ndash Detectable alteration in normal tissue function
bull Virulence
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 6977
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 69
Virulence ndash Microbersquos ability to produce disease
bull Communicable disease ndash Infectious agents that can be transmitted to an individual by direct
or indirect contact or as airborne infection ndash ex common colds
bull Pathogenicity ndash Ability to produce disease
bull Pathogen ndash Disease causing microbes ndash 3 of known microbes are capable of causing disease
bull Non-pathogens ndash Do not cause disease
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 7077
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 70
Terminologieshellip
bull Opportunistic pathogen ndash Causes disease only in a susceptible individual
bull Asepsis
ndash Freedom from disease-causing microbes
bull Medical asepsis ndash All practices intended to confine a specific
microbes to a specific area limiting the growth
amp transmission of microbes
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 7177
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 71
bull Medical asepsis
ndash Objects are CLEAN (absence of almost all microbes)
bull Surgical asepsissterile technique
ndash Practices that keep an area or object free of allmicrobes
ndash Practices that destroys all microbes amp spores
bull Sepsis
ndash State of infection and can take many forms includingseptic shock
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 7277
GRADED RECITATION
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 7377
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 73
Microorganisms are said to be
ubiquitous
Can you think of any locations thatwould be devoid of microorganisms
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 7477
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 74
Of all the various areas of microbiology
mentioned in this chapter which
appeal to you the mostWhy
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 7577
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 75
Assume that you are entering a health-related
professionOf what value will knowledge of
microbiology be to you
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 7677
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 76
Many people consider Louis Pasteurrsquos
contributions to be the foundation of the
science of microbiology and a cornerstone
of modern medicine
What contributions did he make that would
cause people to believe that
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 7777
You have isolated a bacterium from the blood
of a patient with a newly described disease
What steps would you take to prove that the
organism that yoursquove isolated is the cause of
the patientrsquos disease
(Hint Remember Kochrsquos Postulates)
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 4677
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 46
Kochrsquos Postulates bull 1 The same organisms must be found in all
cases of a given diseasebull 2 The organism must be isolated and grown
in pure culture
bull 3 The isolated organism must reproducethe same disease when inoculated into a
healthy susceptible animal
bull 4 The original organism must again beisolated from the experimentally infected
animal
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 4777
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 47
Exceptions to Kochrsquos Postulates
1 Some organisms have never been grown in
pure culture on artificial media
Treponema pallidum - Syphilis
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 4877
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 48
Mycobacterium leprae
Leprosy
Never been grown in pure culture on artificial media
Seven Banded Armadillo
Exceptions to Kochrsquos Postulates
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 4977
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 49
Exceptions to Kochrsquos Postulates
bull In exclusively human diseases it is not
morally acceptable to inoculate a deadly
pathogen into a ldquohuman guinea pigrdquo
bull HIV
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 5077
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 50
Koch established the Microbial Etiology
of 3 important diseases of his day
bull 1 Cholera (fecal-oral disease)
ndash Vibrio cholerae
bull 2 Tuberculosis (pulmonary infection) ndash Mycobacterium tuberculosis
ndash Work on tuberculin (protein from M tuberculosis) that led to devrsquot of skin testing to diagnose TB
bull 3 Anthrax (sheep and cattle) ndash Bacillus anthracis ndash Discovered that B anthracis produce spores that is capable of resisting
adverse conditions
A h
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 5177
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 51
Anthraxbull Bacillus anthracis
ndash Gram (+) non-motile aerobic spore forming rod ndash Streptobacilli with central spores
ndash Livestock
bull Sheep cattle goats
ndash Humans
bull Handle hides wool goat hair handicrafts from the Middle
East made from animal products
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 5277
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 52
3 Forms of Human Anthrax
bull 1 Cutaneous Anthrax
ndash Enters thru cut or
abrasion
ndash Results in painless
ulcer (1-3 cm) with
black (necrotic) center
ndash About 20 mortality
rate in untreated cases
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 5377
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 53
bull 2 Gastrointestinal Anthrax
ndash Contaminated meat
ndash Abdominal pain fevervomiting blood severe
diarrhea
ndash 25 to 60 mortality rate
3 I h l i A h
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 5477
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 54
bull 3 Inhalation Anthrax
bull Initial symptomsresemble common
cold ndash Progress to severe
breathing problems andshock
ndash Usually results in death1-2 days after onset of acute symptoms
ndash Mortality rate 99 inuntreated cases
ndash Treatment usually noteffective aftersymptoms are present
A h Bi l i l W
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 5577
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 55
Anthrax as a Biological Weapon
bull Deadly if not treated early
bull Spores can be produced in large quantities using basicknowledge of biology
bull Spores may remain viable for years (60 at least)
bull Spores can be spread
ndash Missiles rockets bombs mail crop dusters
bull No cloud or color
bull No smell
bull No taste
bull Antibiotics ndash only effective if administered early (within24 ndash 48 hours)
h 1 lidif
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 5677
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 56
Koch - 1st to use Agar to solidify
culture media
Golden Age of Microbiology
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 5777
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 57
Golden Age of Microbiology 1857 - 1914
bull Pasteur
ndash Pasteurization
ndash Fermentation
bull Joseph Lister
ndash Phenol to treat surgical wounds ndash 1st attempt to control infections
caused by microoganisms
bull Robert Koch ndash Kochrsquos Postulates
bull Edward Jenner
ndash vaccination
bull Paul Erlich ndash 1st synthetic drug used to treat infections
ndash Salvarsan - arsenic based chemical to treat Syphilis
bull ldquosalvationrdquo from Syphilis
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 5877
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 58
Naming of Bacteria
bull Genus and species - Binomial System of
Taxonomic Classification
bull Information usually given
ndash 1 Describes an organism
ndash 2 Identifies a habitat ndash 3 Honors a scientist or researcher
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 5977
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 59
Bacterial Morphology
bull Bacilli
bull Cocci
bull Spiral
Arrangements
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 6077
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 60
ArrangementsStaphylo
Strepto
Diplo
Sarcinae
Tetrad
Vibrio (comma shaped)
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 6177
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 61
bull Staphylococcus aureus
bull Staphylococcusepidermidis
bull Streptococcus
pneumoniae
bull Vibrio cholerae
bull Rhodospirillium
rubrumbull Bacillus subtilis
bull Micrococcus luteus
bull Escherichia coli
bull Bacillus anthracis
bull Salmonella enteridis
bull Streptococcus pyogenes
bull Steptococcus lactis
bull Streptococcus faecalis
bull Erlichia canis
bull Campylobacter jejuni
bull Helicobacter pylori
bull Enterobacter aerogenes
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 6277
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 62
Microbiology A Human Perspective
bull Microorganisms cannot be seen without the aid of amicroscope
bull There are more than 200000 known microbesbull Exist in virtually any environment that has water
bull Exhibit tremendous biodiversity
bull Compose the largest biomass group of living
organismsbull Microbes exist for more than 35 billion years
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 6377
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 63
bull Food production bread beer
bull Bioremediation decontamination
of hazardous wastesbull Useful products ethanol fuel
antibiotics amino acids
bull Genetic engineeringpharmaceuticals vaccines
bull Genomics genome sequencingpermits understanding of diseasemechanisms
Applications of Microbiology
Medical microbiology
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 6477
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 64
bull Infectious diseases have killedmore people than all wars andnatural disasters combined
bull Outbreaks have changed thecourse of history
bull Vaccines have dramaticallydecreased the incidence of
infectious diseases especiallyin children
Medical microbiology
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 6577
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 65
bull Re-emergence of ldquoOldrdquo Infectious
Diseases
ndash Cases of whooping cough have increased
in the last few years
ndash Many microbes have evolved antibiotic
resistance
Medical microbiology (cont)
Medical microbiology (cont )
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 6677
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 66
bull Emerging infectious diseases
ndash As humans encroach upon wild habitat new infectious agents (microbes) arediscovered
ndash These agents are typically hosted by animals and are termed zoonotic agents
Medical microbiology (cont)
Agent Host Disease
Ebola virus Bats Ebola hemorrhagic fever
SARS virus Bats Severe acute respiratory syndrome
Sin Nombre virus Deer mouse Hantavirus cardiopulmonary syndrome
Nipah virus Bats Nipah encephalitis
Dengue virus Mosquitos Dengue fever Dengue hemorrhagic fever
Machupo virus Vesper mouse Bolivian hemorrhagic fever
Avian influenza viruses Various birds Influenza
Some recently discovered agents and their animal hosts
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 6777
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 67
Terminologieshellip
bull Bacteriocins ndash Toxins produce by enterobacteria that are lethal to
related strains of bacteria
bull Resident flora ndash Collective vegetation in a given area in one part of the body yet produce infection in another
bull Infection
ndash Is an invasion of body tissue by microbes and theirgrowth
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 6877
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 68
bull Infectious agent
ndash Microbes that cause infection
bull Asymptomaticsubclinical ndash Microbes do not produce clinical evidence of
disease
bull Disease ndash Detectable alteration in normal tissue function
bull Virulence
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 6977
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 69
Virulence ndash Microbersquos ability to produce disease
bull Communicable disease ndash Infectious agents that can be transmitted to an individual by direct
or indirect contact or as airborne infection ndash ex common colds
bull Pathogenicity ndash Ability to produce disease
bull Pathogen ndash Disease causing microbes ndash 3 of known microbes are capable of causing disease
bull Non-pathogens ndash Do not cause disease
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 7077
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 70
Terminologieshellip
bull Opportunistic pathogen ndash Causes disease only in a susceptible individual
bull Asepsis
ndash Freedom from disease-causing microbes
bull Medical asepsis ndash All practices intended to confine a specific
microbes to a specific area limiting the growth
amp transmission of microbes
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 7177
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 71
bull Medical asepsis
ndash Objects are CLEAN (absence of almost all microbes)
bull Surgical asepsissterile technique
ndash Practices that keep an area or object free of allmicrobes
ndash Practices that destroys all microbes amp spores
bull Sepsis
ndash State of infection and can take many forms includingseptic shock
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 7277
GRADED RECITATION
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 7377
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 73
Microorganisms are said to be
ubiquitous
Can you think of any locations thatwould be devoid of microorganisms
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 7477
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 74
Of all the various areas of microbiology
mentioned in this chapter which
appeal to you the mostWhy
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 7577
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 75
Assume that you are entering a health-related
professionOf what value will knowledge of
microbiology be to you
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 7677
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 76
Many people consider Louis Pasteurrsquos
contributions to be the foundation of the
science of microbiology and a cornerstone
of modern medicine
What contributions did he make that would
cause people to believe that
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 7777
You have isolated a bacterium from the blood
of a patient with a newly described disease
What steps would you take to prove that the
organism that yoursquove isolated is the cause of
the patientrsquos disease
(Hint Remember Kochrsquos Postulates)
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 4777
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 47
Exceptions to Kochrsquos Postulates
1 Some organisms have never been grown in
pure culture on artificial media
Treponema pallidum - Syphilis
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 4877
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 48
Mycobacterium leprae
Leprosy
Never been grown in pure culture on artificial media
Seven Banded Armadillo
Exceptions to Kochrsquos Postulates
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 4977
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 49
Exceptions to Kochrsquos Postulates
bull In exclusively human diseases it is not
morally acceptable to inoculate a deadly
pathogen into a ldquohuman guinea pigrdquo
bull HIV
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 5077
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 50
Koch established the Microbial Etiology
of 3 important diseases of his day
bull 1 Cholera (fecal-oral disease)
ndash Vibrio cholerae
bull 2 Tuberculosis (pulmonary infection) ndash Mycobacterium tuberculosis
ndash Work on tuberculin (protein from M tuberculosis) that led to devrsquot of skin testing to diagnose TB
bull 3 Anthrax (sheep and cattle) ndash Bacillus anthracis ndash Discovered that B anthracis produce spores that is capable of resisting
adverse conditions
A h
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 5177
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 51
Anthraxbull Bacillus anthracis
ndash Gram (+) non-motile aerobic spore forming rod ndash Streptobacilli with central spores
ndash Livestock
bull Sheep cattle goats
ndash Humans
bull Handle hides wool goat hair handicrafts from the Middle
East made from animal products
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 5277
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 52
3 Forms of Human Anthrax
bull 1 Cutaneous Anthrax
ndash Enters thru cut or
abrasion
ndash Results in painless
ulcer (1-3 cm) with
black (necrotic) center
ndash About 20 mortality
rate in untreated cases
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 5377
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 53
bull 2 Gastrointestinal Anthrax
ndash Contaminated meat
ndash Abdominal pain fevervomiting blood severe
diarrhea
ndash 25 to 60 mortality rate
3 I h l i A h
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 5477
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 54
bull 3 Inhalation Anthrax
bull Initial symptomsresemble common
cold ndash Progress to severe
breathing problems andshock
ndash Usually results in death1-2 days after onset of acute symptoms
ndash Mortality rate 99 inuntreated cases
ndash Treatment usually noteffective aftersymptoms are present
A h Bi l i l W
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 5577
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 55
Anthrax as a Biological Weapon
bull Deadly if not treated early
bull Spores can be produced in large quantities using basicknowledge of biology
bull Spores may remain viable for years (60 at least)
bull Spores can be spread
ndash Missiles rockets bombs mail crop dusters
bull No cloud or color
bull No smell
bull No taste
bull Antibiotics ndash only effective if administered early (within24 ndash 48 hours)
h 1 lidif
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 5677
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 56
Koch - 1st to use Agar to solidify
culture media
Golden Age of Microbiology
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 5777
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 57
Golden Age of Microbiology 1857 - 1914
bull Pasteur
ndash Pasteurization
ndash Fermentation
bull Joseph Lister
ndash Phenol to treat surgical wounds ndash 1st attempt to control infections
caused by microoganisms
bull Robert Koch ndash Kochrsquos Postulates
bull Edward Jenner
ndash vaccination
bull Paul Erlich ndash 1st synthetic drug used to treat infections
ndash Salvarsan - arsenic based chemical to treat Syphilis
bull ldquosalvationrdquo from Syphilis
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 5877
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 58
Naming of Bacteria
bull Genus and species - Binomial System of
Taxonomic Classification
bull Information usually given
ndash 1 Describes an organism
ndash 2 Identifies a habitat ndash 3 Honors a scientist or researcher
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 5977
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 59
Bacterial Morphology
bull Bacilli
bull Cocci
bull Spiral
Arrangements
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 6077
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 60
ArrangementsStaphylo
Strepto
Diplo
Sarcinae
Tetrad
Vibrio (comma shaped)
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 6177
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 61
bull Staphylococcus aureus
bull Staphylococcusepidermidis
bull Streptococcus
pneumoniae
bull Vibrio cholerae
bull Rhodospirillium
rubrumbull Bacillus subtilis
bull Micrococcus luteus
bull Escherichia coli
bull Bacillus anthracis
bull Salmonella enteridis
bull Streptococcus pyogenes
bull Steptococcus lactis
bull Streptococcus faecalis
bull Erlichia canis
bull Campylobacter jejuni
bull Helicobacter pylori
bull Enterobacter aerogenes
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 6277
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 62
Microbiology A Human Perspective
bull Microorganisms cannot be seen without the aid of amicroscope
bull There are more than 200000 known microbesbull Exist in virtually any environment that has water
bull Exhibit tremendous biodiversity
bull Compose the largest biomass group of living
organismsbull Microbes exist for more than 35 billion years
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 6377
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 63
bull Food production bread beer
bull Bioremediation decontamination
of hazardous wastesbull Useful products ethanol fuel
antibiotics amino acids
bull Genetic engineeringpharmaceuticals vaccines
bull Genomics genome sequencingpermits understanding of diseasemechanisms
Applications of Microbiology
Medical microbiology
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 6477
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 64
bull Infectious diseases have killedmore people than all wars andnatural disasters combined
bull Outbreaks have changed thecourse of history
bull Vaccines have dramaticallydecreased the incidence of
infectious diseases especiallyin children
Medical microbiology
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 6577
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 65
bull Re-emergence of ldquoOldrdquo Infectious
Diseases
ndash Cases of whooping cough have increased
in the last few years
ndash Many microbes have evolved antibiotic
resistance
Medical microbiology (cont)
Medical microbiology (cont )
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 6677
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 66
bull Emerging infectious diseases
ndash As humans encroach upon wild habitat new infectious agents (microbes) arediscovered
ndash These agents are typically hosted by animals and are termed zoonotic agents
Medical microbiology (cont)
Agent Host Disease
Ebola virus Bats Ebola hemorrhagic fever
SARS virus Bats Severe acute respiratory syndrome
Sin Nombre virus Deer mouse Hantavirus cardiopulmonary syndrome
Nipah virus Bats Nipah encephalitis
Dengue virus Mosquitos Dengue fever Dengue hemorrhagic fever
Machupo virus Vesper mouse Bolivian hemorrhagic fever
Avian influenza viruses Various birds Influenza
Some recently discovered agents and their animal hosts
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 6777
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 67
Terminologieshellip
bull Bacteriocins ndash Toxins produce by enterobacteria that are lethal to
related strains of bacteria
bull Resident flora ndash Collective vegetation in a given area in one part of the body yet produce infection in another
bull Infection
ndash Is an invasion of body tissue by microbes and theirgrowth
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 6877
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 68
bull Infectious agent
ndash Microbes that cause infection
bull Asymptomaticsubclinical ndash Microbes do not produce clinical evidence of
disease
bull Disease ndash Detectable alteration in normal tissue function
bull Virulence
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 6977
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 69
Virulence ndash Microbersquos ability to produce disease
bull Communicable disease ndash Infectious agents that can be transmitted to an individual by direct
or indirect contact or as airborne infection ndash ex common colds
bull Pathogenicity ndash Ability to produce disease
bull Pathogen ndash Disease causing microbes ndash 3 of known microbes are capable of causing disease
bull Non-pathogens ndash Do not cause disease
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 7077
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 70
Terminologieshellip
bull Opportunistic pathogen ndash Causes disease only in a susceptible individual
bull Asepsis
ndash Freedom from disease-causing microbes
bull Medical asepsis ndash All practices intended to confine a specific
microbes to a specific area limiting the growth
amp transmission of microbes
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 7177
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 71
bull Medical asepsis
ndash Objects are CLEAN (absence of almost all microbes)
bull Surgical asepsissterile technique
ndash Practices that keep an area or object free of allmicrobes
ndash Practices that destroys all microbes amp spores
bull Sepsis
ndash State of infection and can take many forms includingseptic shock
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 7277
GRADED RECITATION
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 7377
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 73
Microorganisms are said to be
ubiquitous
Can you think of any locations thatwould be devoid of microorganisms
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 7477
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 74
Of all the various areas of microbiology
mentioned in this chapter which
appeal to you the mostWhy
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 7577
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 75
Assume that you are entering a health-related
professionOf what value will knowledge of
microbiology be to you
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 7677
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 76
Many people consider Louis Pasteurrsquos
contributions to be the foundation of the
science of microbiology and a cornerstone
of modern medicine
What contributions did he make that would
cause people to believe that
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 7777
You have isolated a bacterium from the blood
of a patient with a newly described disease
What steps would you take to prove that the
organism that yoursquove isolated is the cause of
the patientrsquos disease
(Hint Remember Kochrsquos Postulates)
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 4877
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 48
Mycobacterium leprae
Leprosy
Never been grown in pure culture on artificial media
Seven Banded Armadillo
Exceptions to Kochrsquos Postulates
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 4977
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 49
Exceptions to Kochrsquos Postulates
bull In exclusively human diseases it is not
morally acceptable to inoculate a deadly
pathogen into a ldquohuman guinea pigrdquo
bull HIV
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 5077
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 50
Koch established the Microbial Etiology
of 3 important diseases of his day
bull 1 Cholera (fecal-oral disease)
ndash Vibrio cholerae
bull 2 Tuberculosis (pulmonary infection) ndash Mycobacterium tuberculosis
ndash Work on tuberculin (protein from M tuberculosis) that led to devrsquot of skin testing to diagnose TB
bull 3 Anthrax (sheep and cattle) ndash Bacillus anthracis ndash Discovered that B anthracis produce spores that is capable of resisting
adverse conditions
A h
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 5177
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 51
Anthraxbull Bacillus anthracis
ndash Gram (+) non-motile aerobic spore forming rod ndash Streptobacilli with central spores
ndash Livestock
bull Sheep cattle goats
ndash Humans
bull Handle hides wool goat hair handicrafts from the Middle
East made from animal products
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 5277
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 52
3 Forms of Human Anthrax
bull 1 Cutaneous Anthrax
ndash Enters thru cut or
abrasion
ndash Results in painless
ulcer (1-3 cm) with
black (necrotic) center
ndash About 20 mortality
rate in untreated cases
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 5377
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 53
bull 2 Gastrointestinal Anthrax
ndash Contaminated meat
ndash Abdominal pain fevervomiting blood severe
diarrhea
ndash 25 to 60 mortality rate
3 I h l i A h
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 5477
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 54
bull 3 Inhalation Anthrax
bull Initial symptomsresemble common
cold ndash Progress to severe
breathing problems andshock
ndash Usually results in death1-2 days after onset of acute symptoms
ndash Mortality rate 99 inuntreated cases
ndash Treatment usually noteffective aftersymptoms are present
A h Bi l i l W
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 5577
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 55
Anthrax as a Biological Weapon
bull Deadly if not treated early
bull Spores can be produced in large quantities using basicknowledge of biology
bull Spores may remain viable for years (60 at least)
bull Spores can be spread
ndash Missiles rockets bombs mail crop dusters
bull No cloud or color
bull No smell
bull No taste
bull Antibiotics ndash only effective if administered early (within24 ndash 48 hours)
h 1 lidif
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 5677
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 56
Koch - 1st to use Agar to solidify
culture media
Golden Age of Microbiology
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 5777
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 57
Golden Age of Microbiology 1857 - 1914
bull Pasteur
ndash Pasteurization
ndash Fermentation
bull Joseph Lister
ndash Phenol to treat surgical wounds ndash 1st attempt to control infections
caused by microoganisms
bull Robert Koch ndash Kochrsquos Postulates
bull Edward Jenner
ndash vaccination
bull Paul Erlich ndash 1st synthetic drug used to treat infections
ndash Salvarsan - arsenic based chemical to treat Syphilis
bull ldquosalvationrdquo from Syphilis
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 5877
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 58
Naming of Bacteria
bull Genus and species - Binomial System of
Taxonomic Classification
bull Information usually given
ndash 1 Describes an organism
ndash 2 Identifies a habitat ndash 3 Honors a scientist or researcher
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 5977
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 59
Bacterial Morphology
bull Bacilli
bull Cocci
bull Spiral
Arrangements
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 6077
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 60
ArrangementsStaphylo
Strepto
Diplo
Sarcinae
Tetrad
Vibrio (comma shaped)
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 6177
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 61
bull Staphylococcus aureus
bull Staphylococcusepidermidis
bull Streptococcus
pneumoniae
bull Vibrio cholerae
bull Rhodospirillium
rubrumbull Bacillus subtilis
bull Micrococcus luteus
bull Escherichia coli
bull Bacillus anthracis
bull Salmonella enteridis
bull Streptococcus pyogenes
bull Steptococcus lactis
bull Streptococcus faecalis
bull Erlichia canis
bull Campylobacter jejuni
bull Helicobacter pylori
bull Enterobacter aerogenes
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 6277
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 62
Microbiology A Human Perspective
bull Microorganisms cannot be seen without the aid of amicroscope
bull There are more than 200000 known microbesbull Exist in virtually any environment that has water
bull Exhibit tremendous biodiversity
bull Compose the largest biomass group of living
organismsbull Microbes exist for more than 35 billion years
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 6377
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 63
bull Food production bread beer
bull Bioremediation decontamination
of hazardous wastesbull Useful products ethanol fuel
antibiotics amino acids
bull Genetic engineeringpharmaceuticals vaccines
bull Genomics genome sequencingpermits understanding of diseasemechanisms
Applications of Microbiology
Medical microbiology
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 6477
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 64
bull Infectious diseases have killedmore people than all wars andnatural disasters combined
bull Outbreaks have changed thecourse of history
bull Vaccines have dramaticallydecreased the incidence of
infectious diseases especiallyin children
Medical microbiology
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 6577
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 65
bull Re-emergence of ldquoOldrdquo Infectious
Diseases
ndash Cases of whooping cough have increased
in the last few years
ndash Many microbes have evolved antibiotic
resistance
Medical microbiology (cont)
Medical microbiology (cont )
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 6677
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 66
bull Emerging infectious diseases
ndash As humans encroach upon wild habitat new infectious agents (microbes) arediscovered
ndash These agents are typically hosted by animals and are termed zoonotic agents
Medical microbiology (cont)
Agent Host Disease
Ebola virus Bats Ebola hemorrhagic fever
SARS virus Bats Severe acute respiratory syndrome
Sin Nombre virus Deer mouse Hantavirus cardiopulmonary syndrome
Nipah virus Bats Nipah encephalitis
Dengue virus Mosquitos Dengue fever Dengue hemorrhagic fever
Machupo virus Vesper mouse Bolivian hemorrhagic fever
Avian influenza viruses Various birds Influenza
Some recently discovered agents and their animal hosts
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 6777
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 67
Terminologieshellip
bull Bacteriocins ndash Toxins produce by enterobacteria that are lethal to
related strains of bacteria
bull Resident flora ndash Collective vegetation in a given area in one part of the body yet produce infection in another
bull Infection
ndash Is an invasion of body tissue by microbes and theirgrowth
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 6877
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 68
bull Infectious agent
ndash Microbes that cause infection
bull Asymptomaticsubclinical ndash Microbes do not produce clinical evidence of
disease
bull Disease ndash Detectable alteration in normal tissue function
bull Virulence
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 6977
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 69
Virulence ndash Microbersquos ability to produce disease
bull Communicable disease ndash Infectious agents that can be transmitted to an individual by direct
or indirect contact or as airborne infection ndash ex common colds
bull Pathogenicity ndash Ability to produce disease
bull Pathogen ndash Disease causing microbes ndash 3 of known microbes are capable of causing disease
bull Non-pathogens ndash Do not cause disease
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 7077
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 70
Terminologieshellip
bull Opportunistic pathogen ndash Causes disease only in a susceptible individual
bull Asepsis
ndash Freedom from disease-causing microbes
bull Medical asepsis ndash All practices intended to confine a specific
microbes to a specific area limiting the growth
amp transmission of microbes
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 7177
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 71
bull Medical asepsis
ndash Objects are CLEAN (absence of almost all microbes)
bull Surgical asepsissterile technique
ndash Practices that keep an area or object free of allmicrobes
ndash Practices that destroys all microbes amp spores
bull Sepsis
ndash State of infection and can take many forms includingseptic shock
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 7277
GRADED RECITATION
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 7377
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 73
Microorganisms are said to be
ubiquitous
Can you think of any locations thatwould be devoid of microorganisms
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 7477
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 74
Of all the various areas of microbiology
mentioned in this chapter which
appeal to you the mostWhy
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 7577
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 75
Assume that you are entering a health-related
professionOf what value will knowledge of
microbiology be to you
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 7677
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 76
Many people consider Louis Pasteurrsquos
contributions to be the foundation of the
science of microbiology and a cornerstone
of modern medicine
What contributions did he make that would
cause people to believe that
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 7777
You have isolated a bacterium from the blood
of a patient with a newly described disease
What steps would you take to prove that the
organism that yoursquove isolated is the cause of
the patientrsquos disease
(Hint Remember Kochrsquos Postulates)
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 4977
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 49
Exceptions to Kochrsquos Postulates
bull In exclusively human diseases it is not
morally acceptable to inoculate a deadly
pathogen into a ldquohuman guinea pigrdquo
bull HIV
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 5077
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 50
Koch established the Microbial Etiology
of 3 important diseases of his day
bull 1 Cholera (fecal-oral disease)
ndash Vibrio cholerae
bull 2 Tuberculosis (pulmonary infection) ndash Mycobacterium tuberculosis
ndash Work on tuberculin (protein from M tuberculosis) that led to devrsquot of skin testing to diagnose TB
bull 3 Anthrax (sheep and cattle) ndash Bacillus anthracis ndash Discovered that B anthracis produce spores that is capable of resisting
adverse conditions
A h
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 5177
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 51
Anthraxbull Bacillus anthracis
ndash Gram (+) non-motile aerobic spore forming rod ndash Streptobacilli with central spores
ndash Livestock
bull Sheep cattle goats
ndash Humans
bull Handle hides wool goat hair handicrafts from the Middle
East made from animal products
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 5277
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 52
3 Forms of Human Anthrax
bull 1 Cutaneous Anthrax
ndash Enters thru cut or
abrasion
ndash Results in painless
ulcer (1-3 cm) with
black (necrotic) center
ndash About 20 mortality
rate in untreated cases
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 5377
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 53
bull 2 Gastrointestinal Anthrax
ndash Contaminated meat
ndash Abdominal pain fevervomiting blood severe
diarrhea
ndash 25 to 60 mortality rate
3 I h l i A h
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 5477
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 54
bull 3 Inhalation Anthrax
bull Initial symptomsresemble common
cold ndash Progress to severe
breathing problems andshock
ndash Usually results in death1-2 days after onset of acute symptoms
ndash Mortality rate 99 inuntreated cases
ndash Treatment usually noteffective aftersymptoms are present
A h Bi l i l W
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 5577
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 55
Anthrax as a Biological Weapon
bull Deadly if not treated early
bull Spores can be produced in large quantities using basicknowledge of biology
bull Spores may remain viable for years (60 at least)
bull Spores can be spread
ndash Missiles rockets bombs mail crop dusters
bull No cloud or color
bull No smell
bull No taste
bull Antibiotics ndash only effective if administered early (within24 ndash 48 hours)
h 1 lidif
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 5677
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 56
Koch - 1st to use Agar to solidify
culture media
Golden Age of Microbiology
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 5777
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 57
Golden Age of Microbiology 1857 - 1914
bull Pasteur
ndash Pasteurization
ndash Fermentation
bull Joseph Lister
ndash Phenol to treat surgical wounds ndash 1st attempt to control infections
caused by microoganisms
bull Robert Koch ndash Kochrsquos Postulates
bull Edward Jenner
ndash vaccination
bull Paul Erlich ndash 1st synthetic drug used to treat infections
ndash Salvarsan - arsenic based chemical to treat Syphilis
bull ldquosalvationrdquo from Syphilis
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 5877
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 58
Naming of Bacteria
bull Genus and species - Binomial System of
Taxonomic Classification
bull Information usually given
ndash 1 Describes an organism
ndash 2 Identifies a habitat ndash 3 Honors a scientist or researcher
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 5977
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 59
Bacterial Morphology
bull Bacilli
bull Cocci
bull Spiral
Arrangements
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 6077
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 60
ArrangementsStaphylo
Strepto
Diplo
Sarcinae
Tetrad
Vibrio (comma shaped)
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 6177
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 61
bull Staphylococcus aureus
bull Staphylococcusepidermidis
bull Streptococcus
pneumoniae
bull Vibrio cholerae
bull Rhodospirillium
rubrumbull Bacillus subtilis
bull Micrococcus luteus
bull Escherichia coli
bull Bacillus anthracis
bull Salmonella enteridis
bull Streptococcus pyogenes
bull Steptococcus lactis
bull Streptococcus faecalis
bull Erlichia canis
bull Campylobacter jejuni
bull Helicobacter pylori
bull Enterobacter aerogenes
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 6277
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 62
Microbiology A Human Perspective
bull Microorganisms cannot be seen without the aid of amicroscope
bull There are more than 200000 known microbesbull Exist in virtually any environment that has water
bull Exhibit tremendous biodiversity
bull Compose the largest biomass group of living
organismsbull Microbes exist for more than 35 billion years
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 6377
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 63
bull Food production bread beer
bull Bioremediation decontamination
of hazardous wastesbull Useful products ethanol fuel
antibiotics amino acids
bull Genetic engineeringpharmaceuticals vaccines
bull Genomics genome sequencingpermits understanding of diseasemechanisms
Applications of Microbiology
Medical microbiology
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 6477
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 64
bull Infectious diseases have killedmore people than all wars andnatural disasters combined
bull Outbreaks have changed thecourse of history
bull Vaccines have dramaticallydecreased the incidence of
infectious diseases especiallyin children
Medical microbiology
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 6577
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 65
bull Re-emergence of ldquoOldrdquo Infectious
Diseases
ndash Cases of whooping cough have increased
in the last few years
ndash Many microbes have evolved antibiotic
resistance
Medical microbiology (cont)
Medical microbiology (cont )
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 6677
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 66
bull Emerging infectious diseases
ndash As humans encroach upon wild habitat new infectious agents (microbes) arediscovered
ndash These agents are typically hosted by animals and are termed zoonotic agents
Medical microbiology (cont)
Agent Host Disease
Ebola virus Bats Ebola hemorrhagic fever
SARS virus Bats Severe acute respiratory syndrome
Sin Nombre virus Deer mouse Hantavirus cardiopulmonary syndrome
Nipah virus Bats Nipah encephalitis
Dengue virus Mosquitos Dengue fever Dengue hemorrhagic fever
Machupo virus Vesper mouse Bolivian hemorrhagic fever
Avian influenza viruses Various birds Influenza
Some recently discovered agents and their animal hosts
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 6777
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 67
Terminologieshellip
bull Bacteriocins ndash Toxins produce by enterobacteria that are lethal to
related strains of bacteria
bull Resident flora ndash Collective vegetation in a given area in one part of the body yet produce infection in another
bull Infection
ndash Is an invasion of body tissue by microbes and theirgrowth
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 6877
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 68
bull Infectious agent
ndash Microbes that cause infection
bull Asymptomaticsubclinical ndash Microbes do not produce clinical evidence of
disease
bull Disease ndash Detectable alteration in normal tissue function
bull Virulence
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 6977
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 69
Virulence ndash Microbersquos ability to produce disease
bull Communicable disease ndash Infectious agents that can be transmitted to an individual by direct
or indirect contact or as airborne infection ndash ex common colds
bull Pathogenicity ndash Ability to produce disease
bull Pathogen ndash Disease causing microbes ndash 3 of known microbes are capable of causing disease
bull Non-pathogens ndash Do not cause disease
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 7077
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 70
Terminologieshellip
bull Opportunistic pathogen ndash Causes disease only in a susceptible individual
bull Asepsis
ndash Freedom from disease-causing microbes
bull Medical asepsis ndash All practices intended to confine a specific
microbes to a specific area limiting the growth
amp transmission of microbes
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 7177
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 71
bull Medical asepsis
ndash Objects are CLEAN (absence of almost all microbes)
bull Surgical asepsissterile technique
ndash Practices that keep an area or object free of allmicrobes
ndash Practices that destroys all microbes amp spores
bull Sepsis
ndash State of infection and can take many forms includingseptic shock
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 7277
GRADED RECITATION
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 7377
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 73
Microorganisms are said to be
ubiquitous
Can you think of any locations thatwould be devoid of microorganisms
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 7477
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 74
Of all the various areas of microbiology
mentioned in this chapter which
appeal to you the mostWhy
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 7577
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 75
Assume that you are entering a health-related
professionOf what value will knowledge of
microbiology be to you
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 7677
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 76
Many people consider Louis Pasteurrsquos
contributions to be the foundation of the
science of microbiology and a cornerstone
of modern medicine
What contributions did he make that would
cause people to believe that
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 7777
You have isolated a bacterium from the blood
of a patient with a newly described disease
What steps would you take to prove that the
organism that yoursquove isolated is the cause of
the patientrsquos disease
(Hint Remember Kochrsquos Postulates)
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 5077
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 50
Koch established the Microbial Etiology
of 3 important diseases of his day
bull 1 Cholera (fecal-oral disease)
ndash Vibrio cholerae
bull 2 Tuberculosis (pulmonary infection) ndash Mycobacterium tuberculosis
ndash Work on tuberculin (protein from M tuberculosis) that led to devrsquot of skin testing to diagnose TB
bull 3 Anthrax (sheep and cattle) ndash Bacillus anthracis ndash Discovered that B anthracis produce spores that is capable of resisting
adverse conditions
A h
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 5177
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 51
Anthraxbull Bacillus anthracis
ndash Gram (+) non-motile aerobic spore forming rod ndash Streptobacilli with central spores
ndash Livestock
bull Sheep cattle goats
ndash Humans
bull Handle hides wool goat hair handicrafts from the Middle
East made from animal products
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 5277
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 52
3 Forms of Human Anthrax
bull 1 Cutaneous Anthrax
ndash Enters thru cut or
abrasion
ndash Results in painless
ulcer (1-3 cm) with
black (necrotic) center
ndash About 20 mortality
rate in untreated cases
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 5377
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 53
bull 2 Gastrointestinal Anthrax
ndash Contaminated meat
ndash Abdominal pain fevervomiting blood severe
diarrhea
ndash 25 to 60 mortality rate
3 I h l i A h
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 5477
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 54
bull 3 Inhalation Anthrax
bull Initial symptomsresemble common
cold ndash Progress to severe
breathing problems andshock
ndash Usually results in death1-2 days after onset of acute symptoms
ndash Mortality rate 99 inuntreated cases
ndash Treatment usually noteffective aftersymptoms are present
A h Bi l i l W
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 5577
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 55
Anthrax as a Biological Weapon
bull Deadly if not treated early
bull Spores can be produced in large quantities using basicknowledge of biology
bull Spores may remain viable for years (60 at least)
bull Spores can be spread
ndash Missiles rockets bombs mail crop dusters
bull No cloud or color
bull No smell
bull No taste
bull Antibiotics ndash only effective if administered early (within24 ndash 48 hours)
h 1 lidif
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 5677
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 56
Koch - 1st to use Agar to solidify
culture media
Golden Age of Microbiology
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 5777
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 57
Golden Age of Microbiology 1857 - 1914
bull Pasteur
ndash Pasteurization
ndash Fermentation
bull Joseph Lister
ndash Phenol to treat surgical wounds ndash 1st attempt to control infections
caused by microoganisms
bull Robert Koch ndash Kochrsquos Postulates
bull Edward Jenner
ndash vaccination
bull Paul Erlich ndash 1st synthetic drug used to treat infections
ndash Salvarsan - arsenic based chemical to treat Syphilis
bull ldquosalvationrdquo from Syphilis
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 5877
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 58
Naming of Bacteria
bull Genus and species - Binomial System of
Taxonomic Classification
bull Information usually given
ndash 1 Describes an organism
ndash 2 Identifies a habitat ndash 3 Honors a scientist or researcher
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 5977
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 59
Bacterial Morphology
bull Bacilli
bull Cocci
bull Spiral
Arrangements
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 6077
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 60
ArrangementsStaphylo
Strepto
Diplo
Sarcinae
Tetrad
Vibrio (comma shaped)
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 6177
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 61
bull Staphylococcus aureus
bull Staphylococcusepidermidis
bull Streptococcus
pneumoniae
bull Vibrio cholerae
bull Rhodospirillium
rubrumbull Bacillus subtilis
bull Micrococcus luteus
bull Escherichia coli
bull Bacillus anthracis
bull Salmonella enteridis
bull Streptococcus pyogenes
bull Steptococcus lactis
bull Streptococcus faecalis
bull Erlichia canis
bull Campylobacter jejuni
bull Helicobacter pylori
bull Enterobacter aerogenes
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 6277
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 62
Microbiology A Human Perspective
bull Microorganisms cannot be seen without the aid of amicroscope
bull There are more than 200000 known microbesbull Exist in virtually any environment that has water
bull Exhibit tremendous biodiversity
bull Compose the largest biomass group of living
organismsbull Microbes exist for more than 35 billion years
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 6377
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 63
bull Food production bread beer
bull Bioremediation decontamination
of hazardous wastesbull Useful products ethanol fuel
antibiotics amino acids
bull Genetic engineeringpharmaceuticals vaccines
bull Genomics genome sequencingpermits understanding of diseasemechanisms
Applications of Microbiology
Medical microbiology
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 6477
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 64
bull Infectious diseases have killedmore people than all wars andnatural disasters combined
bull Outbreaks have changed thecourse of history
bull Vaccines have dramaticallydecreased the incidence of
infectious diseases especiallyin children
Medical microbiology
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 6577
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 65
bull Re-emergence of ldquoOldrdquo Infectious
Diseases
ndash Cases of whooping cough have increased
in the last few years
ndash Many microbes have evolved antibiotic
resistance
Medical microbiology (cont)
Medical microbiology (cont )
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 6677
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 66
bull Emerging infectious diseases
ndash As humans encroach upon wild habitat new infectious agents (microbes) arediscovered
ndash These agents are typically hosted by animals and are termed zoonotic agents
Medical microbiology (cont)
Agent Host Disease
Ebola virus Bats Ebola hemorrhagic fever
SARS virus Bats Severe acute respiratory syndrome
Sin Nombre virus Deer mouse Hantavirus cardiopulmonary syndrome
Nipah virus Bats Nipah encephalitis
Dengue virus Mosquitos Dengue fever Dengue hemorrhagic fever
Machupo virus Vesper mouse Bolivian hemorrhagic fever
Avian influenza viruses Various birds Influenza
Some recently discovered agents and their animal hosts
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 6777
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 67
Terminologieshellip
bull Bacteriocins ndash Toxins produce by enterobacteria that are lethal to
related strains of bacteria
bull Resident flora ndash Collective vegetation in a given area in one part of the body yet produce infection in another
bull Infection
ndash Is an invasion of body tissue by microbes and theirgrowth
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 6877
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 68
bull Infectious agent
ndash Microbes that cause infection
bull Asymptomaticsubclinical ndash Microbes do not produce clinical evidence of
disease
bull Disease ndash Detectable alteration in normal tissue function
bull Virulence
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 6977
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 69
Virulence ndash Microbersquos ability to produce disease
bull Communicable disease ndash Infectious agents that can be transmitted to an individual by direct
or indirect contact or as airborne infection ndash ex common colds
bull Pathogenicity ndash Ability to produce disease
bull Pathogen ndash Disease causing microbes ndash 3 of known microbes are capable of causing disease
bull Non-pathogens ndash Do not cause disease
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 7077
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 70
Terminologieshellip
bull Opportunistic pathogen ndash Causes disease only in a susceptible individual
bull Asepsis
ndash Freedom from disease-causing microbes
bull Medical asepsis ndash All practices intended to confine a specific
microbes to a specific area limiting the growth
amp transmission of microbes
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 7177
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 71
bull Medical asepsis
ndash Objects are CLEAN (absence of almost all microbes)
bull Surgical asepsissterile technique
ndash Practices that keep an area or object free of allmicrobes
ndash Practices that destroys all microbes amp spores
bull Sepsis
ndash State of infection and can take many forms includingseptic shock
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 7277
GRADED RECITATION
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 7377
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 73
Microorganisms are said to be
ubiquitous
Can you think of any locations thatwould be devoid of microorganisms
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 7477
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 74
Of all the various areas of microbiology
mentioned in this chapter which
appeal to you the mostWhy
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 7577
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 75
Assume that you are entering a health-related
professionOf what value will knowledge of
microbiology be to you
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 7677
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 76
Many people consider Louis Pasteurrsquos
contributions to be the foundation of the
science of microbiology and a cornerstone
of modern medicine
What contributions did he make that would
cause people to believe that
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 7777
You have isolated a bacterium from the blood
of a patient with a newly described disease
What steps would you take to prove that the
organism that yoursquove isolated is the cause of
the patientrsquos disease
(Hint Remember Kochrsquos Postulates)
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 5177
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 51
Anthraxbull Bacillus anthracis
ndash Gram (+) non-motile aerobic spore forming rod ndash Streptobacilli with central spores
ndash Livestock
bull Sheep cattle goats
ndash Humans
bull Handle hides wool goat hair handicrafts from the Middle
East made from animal products
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 5277
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 52
3 Forms of Human Anthrax
bull 1 Cutaneous Anthrax
ndash Enters thru cut or
abrasion
ndash Results in painless
ulcer (1-3 cm) with
black (necrotic) center
ndash About 20 mortality
rate in untreated cases
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 5377
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 53
bull 2 Gastrointestinal Anthrax
ndash Contaminated meat
ndash Abdominal pain fevervomiting blood severe
diarrhea
ndash 25 to 60 mortality rate
3 I h l i A h
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 5477
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 54
bull 3 Inhalation Anthrax
bull Initial symptomsresemble common
cold ndash Progress to severe
breathing problems andshock
ndash Usually results in death1-2 days after onset of acute symptoms
ndash Mortality rate 99 inuntreated cases
ndash Treatment usually noteffective aftersymptoms are present
A h Bi l i l W
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 5577
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 55
Anthrax as a Biological Weapon
bull Deadly if not treated early
bull Spores can be produced in large quantities using basicknowledge of biology
bull Spores may remain viable for years (60 at least)
bull Spores can be spread
ndash Missiles rockets bombs mail crop dusters
bull No cloud or color
bull No smell
bull No taste
bull Antibiotics ndash only effective if administered early (within24 ndash 48 hours)
h 1 lidif
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 5677
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 56
Koch - 1st to use Agar to solidify
culture media
Golden Age of Microbiology
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 5777
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 57
Golden Age of Microbiology 1857 - 1914
bull Pasteur
ndash Pasteurization
ndash Fermentation
bull Joseph Lister
ndash Phenol to treat surgical wounds ndash 1st attempt to control infections
caused by microoganisms
bull Robert Koch ndash Kochrsquos Postulates
bull Edward Jenner
ndash vaccination
bull Paul Erlich ndash 1st synthetic drug used to treat infections
ndash Salvarsan - arsenic based chemical to treat Syphilis
bull ldquosalvationrdquo from Syphilis
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 5877
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 58
Naming of Bacteria
bull Genus and species - Binomial System of
Taxonomic Classification
bull Information usually given
ndash 1 Describes an organism
ndash 2 Identifies a habitat ndash 3 Honors a scientist or researcher
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 5977
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 59
Bacterial Morphology
bull Bacilli
bull Cocci
bull Spiral
Arrangements
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 6077
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 60
ArrangementsStaphylo
Strepto
Diplo
Sarcinae
Tetrad
Vibrio (comma shaped)
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 6177
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 61
bull Staphylococcus aureus
bull Staphylococcusepidermidis
bull Streptococcus
pneumoniae
bull Vibrio cholerae
bull Rhodospirillium
rubrumbull Bacillus subtilis
bull Micrococcus luteus
bull Escherichia coli
bull Bacillus anthracis
bull Salmonella enteridis
bull Streptococcus pyogenes
bull Steptococcus lactis
bull Streptococcus faecalis
bull Erlichia canis
bull Campylobacter jejuni
bull Helicobacter pylori
bull Enterobacter aerogenes
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 6277
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 62
Microbiology A Human Perspective
bull Microorganisms cannot be seen without the aid of amicroscope
bull There are more than 200000 known microbesbull Exist in virtually any environment that has water
bull Exhibit tremendous biodiversity
bull Compose the largest biomass group of living
organismsbull Microbes exist for more than 35 billion years
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 6377
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 63
bull Food production bread beer
bull Bioremediation decontamination
of hazardous wastesbull Useful products ethanol fuel
antibiotics amino acids
bull Genetic engineeringpharmaceuticals vaccines
bull Genomics genome sequencingpermits understanding of diseasemechanisms
Applications of Microbiology
Medical microbiology
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 6477
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 64
bull Infectious diseases have killedmore people than all wars andnatural disasters combined
bull Outbreaks have changed thecourse of history
bull Vaccines have dramaticallydecreased the incidence of
infectious diseases especiallyin children
Medical microbiology
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 6577
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 65
bull Re-emergence of ldquoOldrdquo Infectious
Diseases
ndash Cases of whooping cough have increased
in the last few years
ndash Many microbes have evolved antibiotic
resistance
Medical microbiology (cont)
Medical microbiology (cont )
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 6677
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 66
bull Emerging infectious diseases
ndash As humans encroach upon wild habitat new infectious agents (microbes) arediscovered
ndash These agents are typically hosted by animals and are termed zoonotic agents
Medical microbiology (cont)
Agent Host Disease
Ebola virus Bats Ebola hemorrhagic fever
SARS virus Bats Severe acute respiratory syndrome
Sin Nombre virus Deer mouse Hantavirus cardiopulmonary syndrome
Nipah virus Bats Nipah encephalitis
Dengue virus Mosquitos Dengue fever Dengue hemorrhagic fever
Machupo virus Vesper mouse Bolivian hemorrhagic fever
Avian influenza viruses Various birds Influenza
Some recently discovered agents and their animal hosts
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 6777
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 67
Terminologieshellip
bull Bacteriocins ndash Toxins produce by enterobacteria that are lethal to
related strains of bacteria
bull Resident flora ndash Collective vegetation in a given area in one part of the body yet produce infection in another
bull Infection
ndash Is an invasion of body tissue by microbes and theirgrowth
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 6877
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 68
bull Infectious agent
ndash Microbes that cause infection
bull Asymptomaticsubclinical ndash Microbes do not produce clinical evidence of
disease
bull Disease ndash Detectable alteration in normal tissue function
bull Virulence
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 6977
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 69
Virulence ndash Microbersquos ability to produce disease
bull Communicable disease ndash Infectious agents that can be transmitted to an individual by direct
or indirect contact or as airborne infection ndash ex common colds
bull Pathogenicity ndash Ability to produce disease
bull Pathogen ndash Disease causing microbes ndash 3 of known microbes are capable of causing disease
bull Non-pathogens ndash Do not cause disease
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 7077
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 70
Terminologieshellip
bull Opportunistic pathogen ndash Causes disease only in a susceptible individual
bull Asepsis
ndash Freedom from disease-causing microbes
bull Medical asepsis ndash All practices intended to confine a specific
microbes to a specific area limiting the growth
amp transmission of microbes
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 7177
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 71
bull Medical asepsis
ndash Objects are CLEAN (absence of almost all microbes)
bull Surgical asepsissterile technique
ndash Practices that keep an area or object free of allmicrobes
ndash Practices that destroys all microbes amp spores
bull Sepsis
ndash State of infection and can take many forms includingseptic shock
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 7277
GRADED RECITATION
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 7377
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 73
Microorganisms are said to be
ubiquitous
Can you think of any locations thatwould be devoid of microorganisms
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 7477
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 74
Of all the various areas of microbiology
mentioned in this chapter which
appeal to you the mostWhy
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 7577
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 75
Assume that you are entering a health-related
professionOf what value will knowledge of
microbiology be to you
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 7677
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 76
Many people consider Louis Pasteurrsquos
contributions to be the foundation of the
science of microbiology and a cornerstone
of modern medicine
What contributions did he make that would
cause people to believe that
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 7777
You have isolated a bacterium from the blood
of a patient with a newly described disease
What steps would you take to prove that the
organism that yoursquove isolated is the cause of
the patientrsquos disease
(Hint Remember Kochrsquos Postulates)
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 5277
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 52
3 Forms of Human Anthrax
bull 1 Cutaneous Anthrax
ndash Enters thru cut or
abrasion
ndash Results in painless
ulcer (1-3 cm) with
black (necrotic) center
ndash About 20 mortality
rate in untreated cases
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 5377
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 53
bull 2 Gastrointestinal Anthrax
ndash Contaminated meat
ndash Abdominal pain fevervomiting blood severe
diarrhea
ndash 25 to 60 mortality rate
3 I h l i A h
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 5477
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 54
bull 3 Inhalation Anthrax
bull Initial symptomsresemble common
cold ndash Progress to severe
breathing problems andshock
ndash Usually results in death1-2 days after onset of acute symptoms
ndash Mortality rate 99 inuntreated cases
ndash Treatment usually noteffective aftersymptoms are present
A h Bi l i l W
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 5577
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 55
Anthrax as a Biological Weapon
bull Deadly if not treated early
bull Spores can be produced in large quantities using basicknowledge of biology
bull Spores may remain viable for years (60 at least)
bull Spores can be spread
ndash Missiles rockets bombs mail crop dusters
bull No cloud or color
bull No smell
bull No taste
bull Antibiotics ndash only effective if administered early (within24 ndash 48 hours)
h 1 lidif
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 5677
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 56
Koch - 1st to use Agar to solidify
culture media
Golden Age of Microbiology
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 5777
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 57
Golden Age of Microbiology 1857 - 1914
bull Pasteur
ndash Pasteurization
ndash Fermentation
bull Joseph Lister
ndash Phenol to treat surgical wounds ndash 1st attempt to control infections
caused by microoganisms
bull Robert Koch ndash Kochrsquos Postulates
bull Edward Jenner
ndash vaccination
bull Paul Erlich ndash 1st synthetic drug used to treat infections
ndash Salvarsan - arsenic based chemical to treat Syphilis
bull ldquosalvationrdquo from Syphilis
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 5877
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 58
Naming of Bacteria
bull Genus and species - Binomial System of
Taxonomic Classification
bull Information usually given
ndash 1 Describes an organism
ndash 2 Identifies a habitat ndash 3 Honors a scientist or researcher
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 5977
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 59
Bacterial Morphology
bull Bacilli
bull Cocci
bull Spiral
Arrangements
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 6077
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 60
ArrangementsStaphylo
Strepto
Diplo
Sarcinae
Tetrad
Vibrio (comma shaped)
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 6177
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 61
bull Staphylococcus aureus
bull Staphylococcusepidermidis
bull Streptococcus
pneumoniae
bull Vibrio cholerae
bull Rhodospirillium
rubrumbull Bacillus subtilis
bull Micrococcus luteus
bull Escherichia coli
bull Bacillus anthracis
bull Salmonella enteridis
bull Streptococcus pyogenes
bull Steptococcus lactis
bull Streptococcus faecalis
bull Erlichia canis
bull Campylobacter jejuni
bull Helicobacter pylori
bull Enterobacter aerogenes
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 6277
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 62
Microbiology A Human Perspective
bull Microorganisms cannot be seen without the aid of amicroscope
bull There are more than 200000 known microbesbull Exist in virtually any environment that has water
bull Exhibit tremendous biodiversity
bull Compose the largest biomass group of living
organismsbull Microbes exist for more than 35 billion years
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 6377
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 63
bull Food production bread beer
bull Bioremediation decontamination
of hazardous wastesbull Useful products ethanol fuel
antibiotics amino acids
bull Genetic engineeringpharmaceuticals vaccines
bull Genomics genome sequencingpermits understanding of diseasemechanisms
Applications of Microbiology
Medical microbiology
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 6477
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 64
bull Infectious diseases have killedmore people than all wars andnatural disasters combined
bull Outbreaks have changed thecourse of history
bull Vaccines have dramaticallydecreased the incidence of
infectious diseases especiallyin children
Medical microbiology
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 6577
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 65
bull Re-emergence of ldquoOldrdquo Infectious
Diseases
ndash Cases of whooping cough have increased
in the last few years
ndash Many microbes have evolved antibiotic
resistance
Medical microbiology (cont)
Medical microbiology (cont )
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 6677
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 66
bull Emerging infectious diseases
ndash As humans encroach upon wild habitat new infectious agents (microbes) arediscovered
ndash These agents are typically hosted by animals and are termed zoonotic agents
Medical microbiology (cont)
Agent Host Disease
Ebola virus Bats Ebola hemorrhagic fever
SARS virus Bats Severe acute respiratory syndrome
Sin Nombre virus Deer mouse Hantavirus cardiopulmonary syndrome
Nipah virus Bats Nipah encephalitis
Dengue virus Mosquitos Dengue fever Dengue hemorrhagic fever
Machupo virus Vesper mouse Bolivian hemorrhagic fever
Avian influenza viruses Various birds Influenza
Some recently discovered agents and their animal hosts
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 6777
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 67
Terminologieshellip
bull Bacteriocins ndash Toxins produce by enterobacteria that are lethal to
related strains of bacteria
bull Resident flora ndash Collective vegetation in a given area in one part of the body yet produce infection in another
bull Infection
ndash Is an invasion of body tissue by microbes and theirgrowth
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 6877
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 68
bull Infectious agent
ndash Microbes that cause infection
bull Asymptomaticsubclinical ndash Microbes do not produce clinical evidence of
disease
bull Disease ndash Detectable alteration in normal tissue function
bull Virulence
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 6977
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 69
Virulence ndash Microbersquos ability to produce disease
bull Communicable disease ndash Infectious agents that can be transmitted to an individual by direct
or indirect contact or as airborne infection ndash ex common colds
bull Pathogenicity ndash Ability to produce disease
bull Pathogen ndash Disease causing microbes ndash 3 of known microbes are capable of causing disease
bull Non-pathogens ndash Do not cause disease
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 7077
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 70
Terminologieshellip
bull Opportunistic pathogen ndash Causes disease only in a susceptible individual
bull Asepsis
ndash Freedom from disease-causing microbes
bull Medical asepsis ndash All practices intended to confine a specific
microbes to a specific area limiting the growth
amp transmission of microbes
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 7177
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 71
bull Medical asepsis
ndash Objects are CLEAN (absence of almost all microbes)
bull Surgical asepsissterile technique
ndash Practices that keep an area or object free of allmicrobes
ndash Practices that destroys all microbes amp spores
bull Sepsis
ndash State of infection and can take many forms includingseptic shock
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 7277
GRADED RECITATION
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 7377
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 73
Microorganisms are said to be
ubiquitous
Can you think of any locations thatwould be devoid of microorganisms
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 7477
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 74
Of all the various areas of microbiology
mentioned in this chapter which
appeal to you the mostWhy
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 7577
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 75
Assume that you are entering a health-related
professionOf what value will knowledge of
microbiology be to you
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 7677
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 76
Many people consider Louis Pasteurrsquos
contributions to be the foundation of the
science of microbiology and a cornerstone
of modern medicine
What contributions did he make that would
cause people to believe that
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 7777
You have isolated a bacterium from the blood
of a patient with a newly described disease
What steps would you take to prove that the
organism that yoursquove isolated is the cause of
the patientrsquos disease
(Hint Remember Kochrsquos Postulates)
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 5377
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 53
bull 2 Gastrointestinal Anthrax
ndash Contaminated meat
ndash Abdominal pain fevervomiting blood severe
diarrhea
ndash 25 to 60 mortality rate
3 I h l i A h
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 5477
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 54
bull 3 Inhalation Anthrax
bull Initial symptomsresemble common
cold ndash Progress to severe
breathing problems andshock
ndash Usually results in death1-2 days after onset of acute symptoms
ndash Mortality rate 99 inuntreated cases
ndash Treatment usually noteffective aftersymptoms are present
A h Bi l i l W
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 5577
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 55
Anthrax as a Biological Weapon
bull Deadly if not treated early
bull Spores can be produced in large quantities using basicknowledge of biology
bull Spores may remain viable for years (60 at least)
bull Spores can be spread
ndash Missiles rockets bombs mail crop dusters
bull No cloud or color
bull No smell
bull No taste
bull Antibiotics ndash only effective if administered early (within24 ndash 48 hours)
h 1 lidif
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 5677
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 56
Koch - 1st to use Agar to solidify
culture media
Golden Age of Microbiology
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 5777
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 57
Golden Age of Microbiology 1857 - 1914
bull Pasteur
ndash Pasteurization
ndash Fermentation
bull Joseph Lister
ndash Phenol to treat surgical wounds ndash 1st attempt to control infections
caused by microoganisms
bull Robert Koch ndash Kochrsquos Postulates
bull Edward Jenner
ndash vaccination
bull Paul Erlich ndash 1st synthetic drug used to treat infections
ndash Salvarsan - arsenic based chemical to treat Syphilis
bull ldquosalvationrdquo from Syphilis
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 5877
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 58
Naming of Bacteria
bull Genus and species - Binomial System of
Taxonomic Classification
bull Information usually given
ndash 1 Describes an organism
ndash 2 Identifies a habitat ndash 3 Honors a scientist or researcher
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 5977
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 59
Bacterial Morphology
bull Bacilli
bull Cocci
bull Spiral
Arrangements
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 6077
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 60
ArrangementsStaphylo
Strepto
Diplo
Sarcinae
Tetrad
Vibrio (comma shaped)
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 6177
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 61
bull Staphylococcus aureus
bull Staphylococcusepidermidis
bull Streptococcus
pneumoniae
bull Vibrio cholerae
bull Rhodospirillium
rubrumbull Bacillus subtilis
bull Micrococcus luteus
bull Escherichia coli
bull Bacillus anthracis
bull Salmonella enteridis
bull Streptococcus pyogenes
bull Steptococcus lactis
bull Streptococcus faecalis
bull Erlichia canis
bull Campylobacter jejuni
bull Helicobacter pylori
bull Enterobacter aerogenes
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 6277
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 62
Microbiology A Human Perspective
bull Microorganisms cannot be seen without the aid of amicroscope
bull There are more than 200000 known microbesbull Exist in virtually any environment that has water
bull Exhibit tremendous biodiversity
bull Compose the largest biomass group of living
organismsbull Microbes exist for more than 35 billion years
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 6377
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 63
bull Food production bread beer
bull Bioremediation decontamination
of hazardous wastesbull Useful products ethanol fuel
antibiotics amino acids
bull Genetic engineeringpharmaceuticals vaccines
bull Genomics genome sequencingpermits understanding of diseasemechanisms
Applications of Microbiology
Medical microbiology
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 6477
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 64
bull Infectious diseases have killedmore people than all wars andnatural disasters combined
bull Outbreaks have changed thecourse of history
bull Vaccines have dramaticallydecreased the incidence of
infectious diseases especiallyin children
Medical microbiology
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 6577
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 65
bull Re-emergence of ldquoOldrdquo Infectious
Diseases
ndash Cases of whooping cough have increased
in the last few years
ndash Many microbes have evolved antibiotic
resistance
Medical microbiology (cont)
Medical microbiology (cont )
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 6677
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 66
bull Emerging infectious diseases
ndash As humans encroach upon wild habitat new infectious agents (microbes) arediscovered
ndash These agents are typically hosted by animals and are termed zoonotic agents
Medical microbiology (cont)
Agent Host Disease
Ebola virus Bats Ebola hemorrhagic fever
SARS virus Bats Severe acute respiratory syndrome
Sin Nombre virus Deer mouse Hantavirus cardiopulmonary syndrome
Nipah virus Bats Nipah encephalitis
Dengue virus Mosquitos Dengue fever Dengue hemorrhagic fever
Machupo virus Vesper mouse Bolivian hemorrhagic fever
Avian influenza viruses Various birds Influenza
Some recently discovered agents and their animal hosts
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 6777
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 67
Terminologieshellip
bull Bacteriocins ndash Toxins produce by enterobacteria that are lethal to
related strains of bacteria
bull Resident flora ndash Collective vegetation in a given area in one part of the body yet produce infection in another
bull Infection
ndash Is an invasion of body tissue by microbes and theirgrowth
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 6877
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 68
bull Infectious agent
ndash Microbes that cause infection
bull Asymptomaticsubclinical ndash Microbes do not produce clinical evidence of
disease
bull Disease ndash Detectable alteration in normal tissue function
bull Virulence
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 6977
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 69
Virulence ndash Microbersquos ability to produce disease
bull Communicable disease ndash Infectious agents that can be transmitted to an individual by direct
or indirect contact or as airborne infection ndash ex common colds
bull Pathogenicity ndash Ability to produce disease
bull Pathogen ndash Disease causing microbes ndash 3 of known microbes are capable of causing disease
bull Non-pathogens ndash Do not cause disease
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 7077
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 70
Terminologieshellip
bull Opportunistic pathogen ndash Causes disease only in a susceptible individual
bull Asepsis
ndash Freedom from disease-causing microbes
bull Medical asepsis ndash All practices intended to confine a specific
microbes to a specific area limiting the growth
amp transmission of microbes
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 7177
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 71
bull Medical asepsis
ndash Objects are CLEAN (absence of almost all microbes)
bull Surgical asepsissterile technique
ndash Practices that keep an area or object free of allmicrobes
ndash Practices that destroys all microbes amp spores
bull Sepsis
ndash State of infection and can take many forms includingseptic shock
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 7277
GRADED RECITATION
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 7377
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 73
Microorganisms are said to be
ubiquitous
Can you think of any locations thatwould be devoid of microorganisms
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 7477
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 74
Of all the various areas of microbiology
mentioned in this chapter which
appeal to you the mostWhy
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 7577
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 75
Assume that you are entering a health-related
professionOf what value will knowledge of
microbiology be to you
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 7677
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 76
Many people consider Louis Pasteurrsquos
contributions to be the foundation of the
science of microbiology and a cornerstone
of modern medicine
What contributions did he make that would
cause people to believe that
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 7777
You have isolated a bacterium from the blood
of a patient with a newly described disease
What steps would you take to prove that the
organism that yoursquove isolated is the cause of
the patientrsquos disease
(Hint Remember Kochrsquos Postulates)
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 5477
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 54
bull 3 Inhalation Anthrax
bull Initial symptomsresemble common
cold ndash Progress to severe
breathing problems andshock
ndash Usually results in death1-2 days after onset of acute symptoms
ndash Mortality rate 99 inuntreated cases
ndash Treatment usually noteffective aftersymptoms are present
A h Bi l i l W
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 5577
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 55
Anthrax as a Biological Weapon
bull Deadly if not treated early
bull Spores can be produced in large quantities using basicknowledge of biology
bull Spores may remain viable for years (60 at least)
bull Spores can be spread
ndash Missiles rockets bombs mail crop dusters
bull No cloud or color
bull No smell
bull No taste
bull Antibiotics ndash only effective if administered early (within24 ndash 48 hours)
h 1 lidif
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 5677
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 56
Koch - 1st to use Agar to solidify
culture media
Golden Age of Microbiology
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 5777
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 57
Golden Age of Microbiology 1857 - 1914
bull Pasteur
ndash Pasteurization
ndash Fermentation
bull Joseph Lister
ndash Phenol to treat surgical wounds ndash 1st attempt to control infections
caused by microoganisms
bull Robert Koch ndash Kochrsquos Postulates
bull Edward Jenner
ndash vaccination
bull Paul Erlich ndash 1st synthetic drug used to treat infections
ndash Salvarsan - arsenic based chemical to treat Syphilis
bull ldquosalvationrdquo from Syphilis
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 5877
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 58
Naming of Bacteria
bull Genus and species - Binomial System of
Taxonomic Classification
bull Information usually given
ndash 1 Describes an organism
ndash 2 Identifies a habitat ndash 3 Honors a scientist or researcher
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 5977
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 59
Bacterial Morphology
bull Bacilli
bull Cocci
bull Spiral
Arrangements
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 6077
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 60
ArrangementsStaphylo
Strepto
Diplo
Sarcinae
Tetrad
Vibrio (comma shaped)
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 6177
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 61
bull Staphylococcus aureus
bull Staphylococcusepidermidis
bull Streptococcus
pneumoniae
bull Vibrio cholerae
bull Rhodospirillium
rubrumbull Bacillus subtilis
bull Micrococcus luteus
bull Escherichia coli
bull Bacillus anthracis
bull Salmonella enteridis
bull Streptococcus pyogenes
bull Steptococcus lactis
bull Streptococcus faecalis
bull Erlichia canis
bull Campylobacter jejuni
bull Helicobacter pylori
bull Enterobacter aerogenes
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 6277
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 62
Microbiology A Human Perspective
bull Microorganisms cannot be seen without the aid of amicroscope
bull There are more than 200000 known microbesbull Exist in virtually any environment that has water
bull Exhibit tremendous biodiversity
bull Compose the largest biomass group of living
organismsbull Microbes exist for more than 35 billion years
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 6377
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 63
bull Food production bread beer
bull Bioremediation decontamination
of hazardous wastesbull Useful products ethanol fuel
antibiotics amino acids
bull Genetic engineeringpharmaceuticals vaccines
bull Genomics genome sequencingpermits understanding of diseasemechanisms
Applications of Microbiology
Medical microbiology
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 6477
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 64
bull Infectious diseases have killedmore people than all wars andnatural disasters combined
bull Outbreaks have changed thecourse of history
bull Vaccines have dramaticallydecreased the incidence of
infectious diseases especiallyin children
Medical microbiology
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 6577
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 65
bull Re-emergence of ldquoOldrdquo Infectious
Diseases
ndash Cases of whooping cough have increased
in the last few years
ndash Many microbes have evolved antibiotic
resistance
Medical microbiology (cont)
Medical microbiology (cont )
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 6677
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 66
bull Emerging infectious diseases
ndash As humans encroach upon wild habitat new infectious agents (microbes) arediscovered
ndash These agents are typically hosted by animals and are termed zoonotic agents
Medical microbiology (cont)
Agent Host Disease
Ebola virus Bats Ebola hemorrhagic fever
SARS virus Bats Severe acute respiratory syndrome
Sin Nombre virus Deer mouse Hantavirus cardiopulmonary syndrome
Nipah virus Bats Nipah encephalitis
Dengue virus Mosquitos Dengue fever Dengue hemorrhagic fever
Machupo virus Vesper mouse Bolivian hemorrhagic fever
Avian influenza viruses Various birds Influenza
Some recently discovered agents and their animal hosts
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 6777
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 67
Terminologieshellip
bull Bacteriocins ndash Toxins produce by enterobacteria that are lethal to
related strains of bacteria
bull Resident flora ndash Collective vegetation in a given area in one part of the body yet produce infection in another
bull Infection
ndash Is an invasion of body tissue by microbes and theirgrowth
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 6877
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 68
bull Infectious agent
ndash Microbes that cause infection
bull Asymptomaticsubclinical ndash Microbes do not produce clinical evidence of
disease
bull Disease ndash Detectable alteration in normal tissue function
bull Virulence
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 6977
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 69
Virulence ndash Microbersquos ability to produce disease
bull Communicable disease ndash Infectious agents that can be transmitted to an individual by direct
or indirect contact or as airborne infection ndash ex common colds
bull Pathogenicity ndash Ability to produce disease
bull Pathogen ndash Disease causing microbes ndash 3 of known microbes are capable of causing disease
bull Non-pathogens ndash Do not cause disease
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 7077
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 70
Terminologieshellip
bull Opportunistic pathogen ndash Causes disease only in a susceptible individual
bull Asepsis
ndash Freedom from disease-causing microbes
bull Medical asepsis ndash All practices intended to confine a specific
microbes to a specific area limiting the growth
amp transmission of microbes
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 7177
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 71
bull Medical asepsis
ndash Objects are CLEAN (absence of almost all microbes)
bull Surgical asepsissterile technique
ndash Practices that keep an area or object free of allmicrobes
ndash Practices that destroys all microbes amp spores
bull Sepsis
ndash State of infection and can take many forms includingseptic shock
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 7277
GRADED RECITATION
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 7377
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 73
Microorganisms are said to be
ubiquitous
Can you think of any locations thatwould be devoid of microorganisms
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 7477
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 74
Of all the various areas of microbiology
mentioned in this chapter which
appeal to you the mostWhy
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 7577
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 75
Assume that you are entering a health-related
professionOf what value will knowledge of
microbiology be to you
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 7677
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 76
Many people consider Louis Pasteurrsquos
contributions to be the foundation of the
science of microbiology and a cornerstone
of modern medicine
What contributions did he make that would
cause people to believe that
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 7777
You have isolated a bacterium from the blood
of a patient with a newly described disease
What steps would you take to prove that the
organism that yoursquove isolated is the cause of
the patientrsquos disease
(Hint Remember Kochrsquos Postulates)
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 5577
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 55
Anthrax as a Biological Weapon
bull Deadly if not treated early
bull Spores can be produced in large quantities using basicknowledge of biology
bull Spores may remain viable for years (60 at least)
bull Spores can be spread
ndash Missiles rockets bombs mail crop dusters
bull No cloud or color
bull No smell
bull No taste
bull Antibiotics ndash only effective if administered early (within24 ndash 48 hours)
h 1 lidif
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 5677
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 56
Koch - 1st to use Agar to solidify
culture media
Golden Age of Microbiology
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 5777
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 57
Golden Age of Microbiology 1857 - 1914
bull Pasteur
ndash Pasteurization
ndash Fermentation
bull Joseph Lister
ndash Phenol to treat surgical wounds ndash 1st attempt to control infections
caused by microoganisms
bull Robert Koch ndash Kochrsquos Postulates
bull Edward Jenner
ndash vaccination
bull Paul Erlich ndash 1st synthetic drug used to treat infections
ndash Salvarsan - arsenic based chemical to treat Syphilis
bull ldquosalvationrdquo from Syphilis
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 5877
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 58
Naming of Bacteria
bull Genus and species - Binomial System of
Taxonomic Classification
bull Information usually given
ndash 1 Describes an organism
ndash 2 Identifies a habitat ndash 3 Honors a scientist or researcher
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 5977
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 59
Bacterial Morphology
bull Bacilli
bull Cocci
bull Spiral
Arrangements
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 6077
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 60
ArrangementsStaphylo
Strepto
Diplo
Sarcinae
Tetrad
Vibrio (comma shaped)
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 6177
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 61
bull Staphylococcus aureus
bull Staphylococcusepidermidis
bull Streptococcus
pneumoniae
bull Vibrio cholerae
bull Rhodospirillium
rubrumbull Bacillus subtilis
bull Micrococcus luteus
bull Escherichia coli
bull Bacillus anthracis
bull Salmonella enteridis
bull Streptococcus pyogenes
bull Steptococcus lactis
bull Streptococcus faecalis
bull Erlichia canis
bull Campylobacter jejuni
bull Helicobacter pylori
bull Enterobacter aerogenes
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 6277
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 62
Microbiology A Human Perspective
bull Microorganisms cannot be seen without the aid of amicroscope
bull There are more than 200000 known microbesbull Exist in virtually any environment that has water
bull Exhibit tremendous biodiversity
bull Compose the largest biomass group of living
organismsbull Microbes exist for more than 35 billion years
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 6377
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 63
bull Food production bread beer
bull Bioremediation decontamination
of hazardous wastesbull Useful products ethanol fuel
antibiotics amino acids
bull Genetic engineeringpharmaceuticals vaccines
bull Genomics genome sequencingpermits understanding of diseasemechanisms
Applications of Microbiology
Medical microbiology
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 6477
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 64
bull Infectious diseases have killedmore people than all wars andnatural disasters combined
bull Outbreaks have changed thecourse of history
bull Vaccines have dramaticallydecreased the incidence of
infectious diseases especiallyin children
Medical microbiology
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 6577
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 65
bull Re-emergence of ldquoOldrdquo Infectious
Diseases
ndash Cases of whooping cough have increased
in the last few years
ndash Many microbes have evolved antibiotic
resistance
Medical microbiology (cont)
Medical microbiology (cont )
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 6677
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 66
bull Emerging infectious diseases
ndash As humans encroach upon wild habitat new infectious agents (microbes) arediscovered
ndash These agents are typically hosted by animals and are termed zoonotic agents
Medical microbiology (cont)
Agent Host Disease
Ebola virus Bats Ebola hemorrhagic fever
SARS virus Bats Severe acute respiratory syndrome
Sin Nombre virus Deer mouse Hantavirus cardiopulmonary syndrome
Nipah virus Bats Nipah encephalitis
Dengue virus Mosquitos Dengue fever Dengue hemorrhagic fever
Machupo virus Vesper mouse Bolivian hemorrhagic fever
Avian influenza viruses Various birds Influenza
Some recently discovered agents and their animal hosts
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 6777
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 67
Terminologieshellip
bull Bacteriocins ndash Toxins produce by enterobacteria that are lethal to
related strains of bacteria
bull Resident flora ndash Collective vegetation in a given area in one part of the body yet produce infection in another
bull Infection
ndash Is an invasion of body tissue by microbes and theirgrowth
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 6877
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 68
bull Infectious agent
ndash Microbes that cause infection
bull Asymptomaticsubclinical ndash Microbes do not produce clinical evidence of
disease
bull Disease ndash Detectable alteration in normal tissue function
bull Virulence
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 6977
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 69
Virulence ndash Microbersquos ability to produce disease
bull Communicable disease ndash Infectious agents that can be transmitted to an individual by direct
or indirect contact or as airborne infection ndash ex common colds
bull Pathogenicity ndash Ability to produce disease
bull Pathogen ndash Disease causing microbes ndash 3 of known microbes are capable of causing disease
bull Non-pathogens ndash Do not cause disease
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 7077
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 70
Terminologieshellip
bull Opportunistic pathogen ndash Causes disease only in a susceptible individual
bull Asepsis
ndash Freedom from disease-causing microbes
bull Medical asepsis ndash All practices intended to confine a specific
microbes to a specific area limiting the growth
amp transmission of microbes
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 7177
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 71
bull Medical asepsis
ndash Objects are CLEAN (absence of almost all microbes)
bull Surgical asepsissterile technique
ndash Practices that keep an area or object free of allmicrobes
ndash Practices that destroys all microbes amp spores
bull Sepsis
ndash State of infection and can take many forms includingseptic shock
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 7277
GRADED RECITATION
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 7377
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 73
Microorganisms are said to be
ubiquitous
Can you think of any locations thatwould be devoid of microorganisms
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 7477
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 74
Of all the various areas of microbiology
mentioned in this chapter which
appeal to you the mostWhy
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 7577
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 75
Assume that you are entering a health-related
professionOf what value will knowledge of
microbiology be to you
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 7677
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 76
Many people consider Louis Pasteurrsquos
contributions to be the foundation of the
science of microbiology and a cornerstone
of modern medicine
What contributions did he make that would
cause people to believe that
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 7777
You have isolated a bacterium from the blood
of a patient with a newly described disease
What steps would you take to prove that the
organism that yoursquove isolated is the cause of
the patientrsquos disease
(Hint Remember Kochrsquos Postulates)
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 5677
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 56
Koch - 1st to use Agar to solidify
culture media
Golden Age of Microbiology
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 5777
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 57
Golden Age of Microbiology 1857 - 1914
bull Pasteur
ndash Pasteurization
ndash Fermentation
bull Joseph Lister
ndash Phenol to treat surgical wounds ndash 1st attempt to control infections
caused by microoganisms
bull Robert Koch ndash Kochrsquos Postulates
bull Edward Jenner
ndash vaccination
bull Paul Erlich ndash 1st synthetic drug used to treat infections
ndash Salvarsan - arsenic based chemical to treat Syphilis
bull ldquosalvationrdquo from Syphilis
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 5877
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 58
Naming of Bacteria
bull Genus and species - Binomial System of
Taxonomic Classification
bull Information usually given
ndash 1 Describes an organism
ndash 2 Identifies a habitat ndash 3 Honors a scientist or researcher
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 5977
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 59
Bacterial Morphology
bull Bacilli
bull Cocci
bull Spiral
Arrangements
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 6077
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 60
ArrangementsStaphylo
Strepto
Diplo
Sarcinae
Tetrad
Vibrio (comma shaped)
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 6177
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 61
bull Staphylococcus aureus
bull Staphylococcusepidermidis
bull Streptococcus
pneumoniae
bull Vibrio cholerae
bull Rhodospirillium
rubrumbull Bacillus subtilis
bull Micrococcus luteus
bull Escherichia coli
bull Bacillus anthracis
bull Salmonella enteridis
bull Streptococcus pyogenes
bull Steptococcus lactis
bull Streptococcus faecalis
bull Erlichia canis
bull Campylobacter jejuni
bull Helicobacter pylori
bull Enterobacter aerogenes
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 6277
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 62
Microbiology A Human Perspective
bull Microorganisms cannot be seen without the aid of amicroscope
bull There are more than 200000 known microbesbull Exist in virtually any environment that has water
bull Exhibit tremendous biodiversity
bull Compose the largest biomass group of living
organismsbull Microbes exist for more than 35 billion years
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 6377
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 63
bull Food production bread beer
bull Bioremediation decontamination
of hazardous wastesbull Useful products ethanol fuel
antibiotics amino acids
bull Genetic engineeringpharmaceuticals vaccines
bull Genomics genome sequencingpermits understanding of diseasemechanisms
Applications of Microbiology
Medical microbiology
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 6477
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 64
bull Infectious diseases have killedmore people than all wars andnatural disasters combined
bull Outbreaks have changed thecourse of history
bull Vaccines have dramaticallydecreased the incidence of
infectious diseases especiallyin children
Medical microbiology
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 6577
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 65
bull Re-emergence of ldquoOldrdquo Infectious
Diseases
ndash Cases of whooping cough have increased
in the last few years
ndash Many microbes have evolved antibiotic
resistance
Medical microbiology (cont)
Medical microbiology (cont )
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 6677
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 66
bull Emerging infectious diseases
ndash As humans encroach upon wild habitat new infectious agents (microbes) arediscovered
ndash These agents are typically hosted by animals and are termed zoonotic agents
Medical microbiology (cont)
Agent Host Disease
Ebola virus Bats Ebola hemorrhagic fever
SARS virus Bats Severe acute respiratory syndrome
Sin Nombre virus Deer mouse Hantavirus cardiopulmonary syndrome
Nipah virus Bats Nipah encephalitis
Dengue virus Mosquitos Dengue fever Dengue hemorrhagic fever
Machupo virus Vesper mouse Bolivian hemorrhagic fever
Avian influenza viruses Various birds Influenza
Some recently discovered agents and their animal hosts
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 6777
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 67
Terminologieshellip
bull Bacteriocins ndash Toxins produce by enterobacteria that are lethal to
related strains of bacteria
bull Resident flora ndash Collective vegetation in a given area in one part of the body yet produce infection in another
bull Infection
ndash Is an invasion of body tissue by microbes and theirgrowth
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 6877
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 68
bull Infectious agent
ndash Microbes that cause infection
bull Asymptomaticsubclinical ndash Microbes do not produce clinical evidence of
disease
bull Disease ndash Detectable alteration in normal tissue function
bull Virulence
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 6977
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 69
Virulence ndash Microbersquos ability to produce disease
bull Communicable disease ndash Infectious agents that can be transmitted to an individual by direct
or indirect contact or as airborne infection ndash ex common colds
bull Pathogenicity ndash Ability to produce disease
bull Pathogen ndash Disease causing microbes ndash 3 of known microbes are capable of causing disease
bull Non-pathogens ndash Do not cause disease
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 7077
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 70
Terminologieshellip
bull Opportunistic pathogen ndash Causes disease only in a susceptible individual
bull Asepsis
ndash Freedom from disease-causing microbes
bull Medical asepsis ndash All practices intended to confine a specific
microbes to a specific area limiting the growth
amp transmission of microbes
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 7177
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 71
bull Medical asepsis
ndash Objects are CLEAN (absence of almost all microbes)
bull Surgical asepsissterile technique
ndash Practices that keep an area or object free of allmicrobes
ndash Practices that destroys all microbes amp spores
bull Sepsis
ndash State of infection and can take many forms includingseptic shock
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 7277
GRADED RECITATION
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 7377
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 73
Microorganisms are said to be
ubiquitous
Can you think of any locations thatwould be devoid of microorganisms
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 7477
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 74
Of all the various areas of microbiology
mentioned in this chapter which
appeal to you the mostWhy
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 7577
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 75
Assume that you are entering a health-related
professionOf what value will knowledge of
microbiology be to you
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 7677
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 76
Many people consider Louis Pasteurrsquos
contributions to be the foundation of the
science of microbiology and a cornerstone
of modern medicine
What contributions did he make that would
cause people to believe that
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 7777
You have isolated a bacterium from the blood
of a patient with a newly described disease
What steps would you take to prove that the
organism that yoursquove isolated is the cause of
the patientrsquos disease
(Hint Remember Kochrsquos Postulates)
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 5777
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 57
Golden Age of Microbiology 1857 - 1914
bull Pasteur
ndash Pasteurization
ndash Fermentation
bull Joseph Lister
ndash Phenol to treat surgical wounds ndash 1st attempt to control infections
caused by microoganisms
bull Robert Koch ndash Kochrsquos Postulates
bull Edward Jenner
ndash vaccination
bull Paul Erlich ndash 1st synthetic drug used to treat infections
ndash Salvarsan - arsenic based chemical to treat Syphilis
bull ldquosalvationrdquo from Syphilis
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 5877
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 58
Naming of Bacteria
bull Genus and species - Binomial System of
Taxonomic Classification
bull Information usually given
ndash 1 Describes an organism
ndash 2 Identifies a habitat ndash 3 Honors a scientist or researcher
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 5977
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 59
Bacterial Morphology
bull Bacilli
bull Cocci
bull Spiral
Arrangements
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 6077
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 60
ArrangementsStaphylo
Strepto
Diplo
Sarcinae
Tetrad
Vibrio (comma shaped)
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 6177
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 61
bull Staphylococcus aureus
bull Staphylococcusepidermidis
bull Streptococcus
pneumoniae
bull Vibrio cholerae
bull Rhodospirillium
rubrumbull Bacillus subtilis
bull Micrococcus luteus
bull Escherichia coli
bull Bacillus anthracis
bull Salmonella enteridis
bull Streptococcus pyogenes
bull Steptococcus lactis
bull Streptococcus faecalis
bull Erlichia canis
bull Campylobacter jejuni
bull Helicobacter pylori
bull Enterobacter aerogenes
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 6277
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 62
Microbiology A Human Perspective
bull Microorganisms cannot be seen without the aid of amicroscope
bull There are more than 200000 known microbesbull Exist in virtually any environment that has water
bull Exhibit tremendous biodiversity
bull Compose the largest biomass group of living
organismsbull Microbes exist for more than 35 billion years
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 6377
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 63
bull Food production bread beer
bull Bioremediation decontamination
of hazardous wastesbull Useful products ethanol fuel
antibiotics amino acids
bull Genetic engineeringpharmaceuticals vaccines
bull Genomics genome sequencingpermits understanding of diseasemechanisms
Applications of Microbiology
Medical microbiology
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 6477
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 64
bull Infectious diseases have killedmore people than all wars andnatural disasters combined
bull Outbreaks have changed thecourse of history
bull Vaccines have dramaticallydecreased the incidence of
infectious diseases especiallyin children
Medical microbiology
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 6577
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 65
bull Re-emergence of ldquoOldrdquo Infectious
Diseases
ndash Cases of whooping cough have increased
in the last few years
ndash Many microbes have evolved antibiotic
resistance
Medical microbiology (cont)
Medical microbiology (cont )
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 6677
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 66
bull Emerging infectious diseases
ndash As humans encroach upon wild habitat new infectious agents (microbes) arediscovered
ndash These agents are typically hosted by animals and are termed zoonotic agents
Medical microbiology (cont)
Agent Host Disease
Ebola virus Bats Ebola hemorrhagic fever
SARS virus Bats Severe acute respiratory syndrome
Sin Nombre virus Deer mouse Hantavirus cardiopulmonary syndrome
Nipah virus Bats Nipah encephalitis
Dengue virus Mosquitos Dengue fever Dengue hemorrhagic fever
Machupo virus Vesper mouse Bolivian hemorrhagic fever
Avian influenza viruses Various birds Influenza
Some recently discovered agents and their animal hosts
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 6777
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 67
Terminologieshellip
bull Bacteriocins ndash Toxins produce by enterobacteria that are lethal to
related strains of bacteria
bull Resident flora ndash Collective vegetation in a given area in one part of the body yet produce infection in another
bull Infection
ndash Is an invasion of body tissue by microbes and theirgrowth
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 6877
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 68
bull Infectious agent
ndash Microbes that cause infection
bull Asymptomaticsubclinical ndash Microbes do not produce clinical evidence of
disease
bull Disease ndash Detectable alteration in normal tissue function
bull Virulence
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 6977
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 69
Virulence ndash Microbersquos ability to produce disease
bull Communicable disease ndash Infectious agents that can be transmitted to an individual by direct
or indirect contact or as airborne infection ndash ex common colds
bull Pathogenicity ndash Ability to produce disease
bull Pathogen ndash Disease causing microbes ndash 3 of known microbes are capable of causing disease
bull Non-pathogens ndash Do not cause disease
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 7077
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 70
Terminologieshellip
bull Opportunistic pathogen ndash Causes disease only in a susceptible individual
bull Asepsis
ndash Freedom from disease-causing microbes
bull Medical asepsis ndash All practices intended to confine a specific
microbes to a specific area limiting the growth
amp transmission of microbes
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 7177
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 71
bull Medical asepsis
ndash Objects are CLEAN (absence of almost all microbes)
bull Surgical asepsissterile technique
ndash Practices that keep an area or object free of allmicrobes
ndash Practices that destroys all microbes amp spores
bull Sepsis
ndash State of infection and can take many forms includingseptic shock
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 7277
GRADED RECITATION
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 7377
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 73
Microorganisms are said to be
ubiquitous
Can you think of any locations thatwould be devoid of microorganisms
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 7477
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 74
Of all the various areas of microbiology
mentioned in this chapter which
appeal to you the mostWhy
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 7577
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 75
Assume that you are entering a health-related
professionOf what value will knowledge of
microbiology be to you
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 7677
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 76
Many people consider Louis Pasteurrsquos
contributions to be the foundation of the
science of microbiology and a cornerstone
of modern medicine
What contributions did he make that would
cause people to believe that
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 7777
You have isolated a bacterium from the blood
of a patient with a newly described disease
What steps would you take to prove that the
organism that yoursquove isolated is the cause of
the patientrsquos disease
(Hint Remember Kochrsquos Postulates)
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 5877
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 58
Naming of Bacteria
bull Genus and species - Binomial System of
Taxonomic Classification
bull Information usually given
ndash 1 Describes an organism
ndash 2 Identifies a habitat ndash 3 Honors a scientist or researcher
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 5977
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 59
Bacterial Morphology
bull Bacilli
bull Cocci
bull Spiral
Arrangements
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 6077
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 60
ArrangementsStaphylo
Strepto
Diplo
Sarcinae
Tetrad
Vibrio (comma shaped)
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 6177
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 61
bull Staphylococcus aureus
bull Staphylococcusepidermidis
bull Streptococcus
pneumoniae
bull Vibrio cholerae
bull Rhodospirillium
rubrumbull Bacillus subtilis
bull Micrococcus luteus
bull Escherichia coli
bull Bacillus anthracis
bull Salmonella enteridis
bull Streptococcus pyogenes
bull Steptococcus lactis
bull Streptococcus faecalis
bull Erlichia canis
bull Campylobacter jejuni
bull Helicobacter pylori
bull Enterobacter aerogenes
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 6277
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 62
Microbiology A Human Perspective
bull Microorganisms cannot be seen without the aid of amicroscope
bull There are more than 200000 known microbesbull Exist in virtually any environment that has water
bull Exhibit tremendous biodiversity
bull Compose the largest biomass group of living
organismsbull Microbes exist for more than 35 billion years
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 6377
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 63
bull Food production bread beer
bull Bioremediation decontamination
of hazardous wastesbull Useful products ethanol fuel
antibiotics amino acids
bull Genetic engineeringpharmaceuticals vaccines
bull Genomics genome sequencingpermits understanding of diseasemechanisms
Applications of Microbiology
Medical microbiology
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 6477
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 64
bull Infectious diseases have killedmore people than all wars andnatural disasters combined
bull Outbreaks have changed thecourse of history
bull Vaccines have dramaticallydecreased the incidence of
infectious diseases especiallyin children
Medical microbiology
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 6577
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 65
bull Re-emergence of ldquoOldrdquo Infectious
Diseases
ndash Cases of whooping cough have increased
in the last few years
ndash Many microbes have evolved antibiotic
resistance
Medical microbiology (cont)
Medical microbiology (cont )
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 6677
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 66
bull Emerging infectious diseases
ndash As humans encroach upon wild habitat new infectious agents (microbes) arediscovered
ndash These agents are typically hosted by animals and are termed zoonotic agents
Medical microbiology (cont)
Agent Host Disease
Ebola virus Bats Ebola hemorrhagic fever
SARS virus Bats Severe acute respiratory syndrome
Sin Nombre virus Deer mouse Hantavirus cardiopulmonary syndrome
Nipah virus Bats Nipah encephalitis
Dengue virus Mosquitos Dengue fever Dengue hemorrhagic fever
Machupo virus Vesper mouse Bolivian hemorrhagic fever
Avian influenza viruses Various birds Influenza
Some recently discovered agents and their animal hosts
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 6777
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 67
Terminologieshellip
bull Bacteriocins ndash Toxins produce by enterobacteria that are lethal to
related strains of bacteria
bull Resident flora ndash Collective vegetation in a given area in one part of the body yet produce infection in another
bull Infection
ndash Is an invasion of body tissue by microbes and theirgrowth
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 6877
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 68
bull Infectious agent
ndash Microbes that cause infection
bull Asymptomaticsubclinical ndash Microbes do not produce clinical evidence of
disease
bull Disease ndash Detectable alteration in normal tissue function
bull Virulence
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 6977
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 69
Virulence ndash Microbersquos ability to produce disease
bull Communicable disease ndash Infectious agents that can be transmitted to an individual by direct
or indirect contact or as airborne infection ndash ex common colds
bull Pathogenicity ndash Ability to produce disease
bull Pathogen ndash Disease causing microbes ndash 3 of known microbes are capable of causing disease
bull Non-pathogens ndash Do not cause disease
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 7077
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 70
Terminologieshellip
bull Opportunistic pathogen ndash Causes disease only in a susceptible individual
bull Asepsis
ndash Freedom from disease-causing microbes
bull Medical asepsis ndash All practices intended to confine a specific
microbes to a specific area limiting the growth
amp transmission of microbes
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 7177
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 71
bull Medical asepsis
ndash Objects are CLEAN (absence of almost all microbes)
bull Surgical asepsissterile technique
ndash Practices that keep an area or object free of allmicrobes
ndash Practices that destroys all microbes amp spores
bull Sepsis
ndash State of infection and can take many forms includingseptic shock
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 7277
GRADED RECITATION
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 7377
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 73
Microorganisms are said to be
ubiquitous
Can you think of any locations thatwould be devoid of microorganisms
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 7477
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 74
Of all the various areas of microbiology
mentioned in this chapter which
appeal to you the mostWhy
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 7577
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 75
Assume that you are entering a health-related
professionOf what value will knowledge of
microbiology be to you
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 7677
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 76
Many people consider Louis Pasteurrsquos
contributions to be the foundation of the
science of microbiology and a cornerstone
of modern medicine
What contributions did he make that would
cause people to believe that
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 7777
You have isolated a bacterium from the blood
of a patient with a newly described disease
What steps would you take to prove that the
organism that yoursquove isolated is the cause of
the patientrsquos disease
(Hint Remember Kochrsquos Postulates)
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 5977
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 59
Bacterial Morphology
bull Bacilli
bull Cocci
bull Spiral
Arrangements
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 6077
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 60
ArrangementsStaphylo
Strepto
Diplo
Sarcinae
Tetrad
Vibrio (comma shaped)
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 6177
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 61
bull Staphylococcus aureus
bull Staphylococcusepidermidis
bull Streptococcus
pneumoniae
bull Vibrio cholerae
bull Rhodospirillium
rubrumbull Bacillus subtilis
bull Micrococcus luteus
bull Escherichia coli
bull Bacillus anthracis
bull Salmonella enteridis
bull Streptococcus pyogenes
bull Steptococcus lactis
bull Streptococcus faecalis
bull Erlichia canis
bull Campylobacter jejuni
bull Helicobacter pylori
bull Enterobacter aerogenes
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 6277
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 62
Microbiology A Human Perspective
bull Microorganisms cannot be seen without the aid of amicroscope
bull There are more than 200000 known microbesbull Exist in virtually any environment that has water
bull Exhibit tremendous biodiversity
bull Compose the largest biomass group of living
organismsbull Microbes exist for more than 35 billion years
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 6377
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 63
bull Food production bread beer
bull Bioremediation decontamination
of hazardous wastesbull Useful products ethanol fuel
antibiotics amino acids
bull Genetic engineeringpharmaceuticals vaccines
bull Genomics genome sequencingpermits understanding of diseasemechanisms
Applications of Microbiology
Medical microbiology
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 6477
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 64
bull Infectious diseases have killedmore people than all wars andnatural disasters combined
bull Outbreaks have changed thecourse of history
bull Vaccines have dramaticallydecreased the incidence of
infectious diseases especiallyin children
Medical microbiology
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 6577
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 65
bull Re-emergence of ldquoOldrdquo Infectious
Diseases
ndash Cases of whooping cough have increased
in the last few years
ndash Many microbes have evolved antibiotic
resistance
Medical microbiology (cont)
Medical microbiology (cont )
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 6677
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 66
bull Emerging infectious diseases
ndash As humans encroach upon wild habitat new infectious agents (microbes) arediscovered
ndash These agents are typically hosted by animals and are termed zoonotic agents
Medical microbiology (cont)
Agent Host Disease
Ebola virus Bats Ebola hemorrhagic fever
SARS virus Bats Severe acute respiratory syndrome
Sin Nombre virus Deer mouse Hantavirus cardiopulmonary syndrome
Nipah virus Bats Nipah encephalitis
Dengue virus Mosquitos Dengue fever Dengue hemorrhagic fever
Machupo virus Vesper mouse Bolivian hemorrhagic fever
Avian influenza viruses Various birds Influenza
Some recently discovered agents and their animal hosts
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 6777
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 67
Terminologieshellip
bull Bacteriocins ndash Toxins produce by enterobacteria that are lethal to
related strains of bacteria
bull Resident flora ndash Collective vegetation in a given area in one part of the body yet produce infection in another
bull Infection
ndash Is an invasion of body tissue by microbes and theirgrowth
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 6877
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 68
bull Infectious agent
ndash Microbes that cause infection
bull Asymptomaticsubclinical ndash Microbes do not produce clinical evidence of
disease
bull Disease ndash Detectable alteration in normal tissue function
bull Virulence
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 6977
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 69
Virulence ndash Microbersquos ability to produce disease
bull Communicable disease ndash Infectious agents that can be transmitted to an individual by direct
or indirect contact or as airborne infection ndash ex common colds
bull Pathogenicity ndash Ability to produce disease
bull Pathogen ndash Disease causing microbes ndash 3 of known microbes are capable of causing disease
bull Non-pathogens ndash Do not cause disease
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 7077
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 70
Terminologieshellip
bull Opportunistic pathogen ndash Causes disease only in a susceptible individual
bull Asepsis
ndash Freedom from disease-causing microbes
bull Medical asepsis ndash All practices intended to confine a specific
microbes to a specific area limiting the growth
amp transmission of microbes
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 7177
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 71
bull Medical asepsis
ndash Objects are CLEAN (absence of almost all microbes)
bull Surgical asepsissterile technique
ndash Practices that keep an area or object free of allmicrobes
ndash Practices that destroys all microbes amp spores
bull Sepsis
ndash State of infection and can take many forms includingseptic shock
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 7277
GRADED RECITATION
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 7377
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 73
Microorganisms are said to be
ubiquitous
Can you think of any locations thatwould be devoid of microorganisms
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 7477
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 74
Of all the various areas of microbiology
mentioned in this chapter which
appeal to you the mostWhy
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 7577
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 75
Assume that you are entering a health-related
professionOf what value will knowledge of
microbiology be to you
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 7677
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 76
Many people consider Louis Pasteurrsquos
contributions to be the foundation of the
science of microbiology and a cornerstone
of modern medicine
What contributions did he make that would
cause people to believe that
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 7777
You have isolated a bacterium from the blood
of a patient with a newly described disease
What steps would you take to prove that the
organism that yoursquove isolated is the cause of
the patientrsquos disease
(Hint Remember Kochrsquos Postulates)
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 6077
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 60
ArrangementsStaphylo
Strepto
Diplo
Sarcinae
Tetrad
Vibrio (comma shaped)
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 6177
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 61
bull Staphylococcus aureus
bull Staphylococcusepidermidis
bull Streptococcus
pneumoniae
bull Vibrio cholerae
bull Rhodospirillium
rubrumbull Bacillus subtilis
bull Micrococcus luteus
bull Escherichia coli
bull Bacillus anthracis
bull Salmonella enteridis
bull Streptococcus pyogenes
bull Steptococcus lactis
bull Streptococcus faecalis
bull Erlichia canis
bull Campylobacter jejuni
bull Helicobacter pylori
bull Enterobacter aerogenes
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 6277
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 62
Microbiology A Human Perspective
bull Microorganisms cannot be seen without the aid of amicroscope
bull There are more than 200000 known microbesbull Exist in virtually any environment that has water
bull Exhibit tremendous biodiversity
bull Compose the largest biomass group of living
organismsbull Microbes exist for more than 35 billion years
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 6377
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 63
bull Food production bread beer
bull Bioremediation decontamination
of hazardous wastesbull Useful products ethanol fuel
antibiotics amino acids
bull Genetic engineeringpharmaceuticals vaccines
bull Genomics genome sequencingpermits understanding of diseasemechanisms
Applications of Microbiology
Medical microbiology
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 6477
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 64
bull Infectious diseases have killedmore people than all wars andnatural disasters combined
bull Outbreaks have changed thecourse of history
bull Vaccines have dramaticallydecreased the incidence of
infectious diseases especiallyin children
Medical microbiology
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 6577
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 65
bull Re-emergence of ldquoOldrdquo Infectious
Diseases
ndash Cases of whooping cough have increased
in the last few years
ndash Many microbes have evolved antibiotic
resistance
Medical microbiology (cont)
Medical microbiology (cont )
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 6677
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 66
bull Emerging infectious diseases
ndash As humans encroach upon wild habitat new infectious agents (microbes) arediscovered
ndash These agents are typically hosted by animals and are termed zoonotic agents
Medical microbiology (cont)
Agent Host Disease
Ebola virus Bats Ebola hemorrhagic fever
SARS virus Bats Severe acute respiratory syndrome
Sin Nombre virus Deer mouse Hantavirus cardiopulmonary syndrome
Nipah virus Bats Nipah encephalitis
Dengue virus Mosquitos Dengue fever Dengue hemorrhagic fever
Machupo virus Vesper mouse Bolivian hemorrhagic fever
Avian influenza viruses Various birds Influenza
Some recently discovered agents and their animal hosts
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 6777
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 67
Terminologieshellip
bull Bacteriocins ndash Toxins produce by enterobacteria that are lethal to
related strains of bacteria
bull Resident flora ndash Collective vegetation in a given area in one part of the body yet produce infection in another
bull Infection
ndash Is an invasion of body tissue by microbes and theirgrowth
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 6877
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 68
bull Infectious agent
ndash Microbes that cause infection
bull Asymptomaticsubclinical ndash Microbes do not produce clinical evidence of
disease
bull Disease ndash Detectable alteration in normal tissue function
bull Virulence
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 6977
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 69
Virulence ndash Microbersquos ability to produce disease
bull Communicable disease ndash Infectious agents that can be transmitted to an individual by direct
or indirect contact or as airborne infection ndash ex common colds
bull Pathogenicity ndash Ability to produce disease
bull Pathogen ndash Disease causing microbes ndash 3 of known microbes are capable of causing disease
bull Non-pathogens ndash Do not cause disease
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 7077
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 70
Terminologieshellip
bull Opportunistic pathogen ndash Causes disease only in a susceptible individual
bull Asepsis
ndash Freedom from disease-causing microbes
bull Medical asepsis ndash All practices intended to confine a specific
microbes to a specific area limiting the growth
amp transmission of microbes
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 7177
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 71
bull Medical asepsis
ndash Objects are CLEAN (absence of almost all microbes)
bull Surgical asepsissterile technique
ndash Practices that keep an area or object free of allmicrobes
ndash Practices that destroys all microbes amp spores
bull Sepsis
ndash State of infection and can take many forms includingseptic shock
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 7277
GRADED RECITATION
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 7377
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 73
Microorganisms are said to be
ubiquitous
Can you think of any locations thatwould be devoid of microorganisms
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 7477
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 74
Of all the various areas of microbiology
mentioned in this chapter which
appeal to you the mostWhy
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 7577
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 75
Assume that you are entering a health-related
professionOf what value will knowledge of
microbiology be to you
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 7677
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 76
Many people consider Louis Pasteurrsquos
contributions to be the foundation of the
science of microbiology and a cornerstone
of modern medicine
What contributions did he make that would
cause people to believe that
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 7777
You have isolated a bacterium from the blood
of a patient with a newly described disease
What steps would you take to prove that the
organism that yoursquove isolated is the cause of
the patientrsquos disease
(Hint Remember Kochrsquos Postulates)
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 6177
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 61
bull Staphylococcus aureus
bull Staphylococcusepidermidis
bull Streptococcus
pneumoniae
bull Vibrio cholerae
bull Rhodospirillium
rubrumbull Bacillus subtilis
bull Micrococcus luteus
bull Escherichia coli
bull Bacillus anthracis
bull Salmonella enteridis
bull Streptococcus pyogenes
bull Steptococcus lactis
bull Streptococcus faecalis
bull Erlichia canis
bull Campylobacter jejuni
bull Helicobacter pylori
bull Enterobacter aerogenes
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 6277
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 62
Microbiology A Human Perspective
bull Microorganisms cannot be seen without the aid of amicroscope
bull There are more than 200000 known microbesbull Exist in virtually any environment that has water
bull Exhibit tremendous biodiversity
bull Compose the largest biomass group of living
organismsbull Microbes exist for more than 35 billion years
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 6377
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 63
bull Food production bread beer
bull Bioremediation decontamination
of hazardous wastesbull Useful products ethanol fuel
antibiotics amino acids
bull Genetic engineeringpharmaceuticals vaccines
bull Genomics genome sequencingpermits understanding of diseasemechanisms
Applications of Microbiology
Medical microbiology
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 6477
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 64
bull Infectious diseases have killedmore people than all wars andnatural disasters combined
bull Outbreaks have changed thecourse of history
bull Vaccines have dramaticallydecreased the incidence of
infectious diseases especiallyin children
Medical microbiology
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 6577
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 65
bull Re-emergence of ldquoOldrdquo Infectious
Diseases
ndash Cases of whooping cough have increased
in the last few years
ndash Many microbes have evolved antibiotic
resistance
Medical microbiology (cont)
Medical microbiology (cont )
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 6677
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 66
bull Emerging infectious diseases
ndash As humans encroach upon wild habitat new infectious agents (microbes) arediscovered
ndash These agents are typically hosted by animals and are termed zoonotic agents
Medical microbiology (cont)
Agent Host Disease
Ebola virus Bats Ebola hemorrhagic fever
SARS virus Bats Severe acute respiratory syndrome
Sin Nombre virus Deer mouse Hantavirus cardiopulmonary syndrome
Nipah virus Bats Nipah encephalitis
Dengue virus Mosquitos Dengue fever Dengue hemorrhagic fever
Machupo virus Vesper mouse Bolivian hemorrhagic fever
Avian influenza viruses Various birds Influenza
Some recently discovered agents and their animal hosts
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 6777
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 67
Terminologieshellip
bull Bacteriocins ndash Toxins produce by enterobacteria that are lethal to
related strains of bacteria
bull Resident flora ndash Collective vegetation in a given area in one part of the body yet produce infection in another
bull Infection
ndash Is an invasion of body tissue by microbes and theirgrowth
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 6877
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 68
bull Infectious agent
ndash Microbes that cause infection
bull Asymptomaticsubclinical ndash Microbes do not produce clinical evidence of
disease
bull Disease ndash Detectable alteration in normal tissue function
bull Virulence
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 6977
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 69
Virulence ndash Microbersquos ability to produce disease
bull Communicable disease ndash Infectious agents that can be transmitted to an individual by direct
or indirect contact or as airborne infection ndash ex common colds
bull Pathogenicity ndash Ability to produce disease
bull Pathogen ndash Disease causing microbes ndash 3 of known microbes are capable of causing disease
bull Non-pathogens ndash Do not cause disease
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 7077
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 70
Terminologieshellip
bull Opportunistic pathogen ndash Causes disease only in a susceptible individual
bull Asepsis
ndash Freedom from disease-causing microbes
bull Medical asepsis ndash All practices intended to confine a specific
microbes to a specific area limiting the growth
amp transmission of microbes
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 7177
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 71
bull Medical asepsis
ndash Objects are CLEAN (absence of almost all microbes)
bull Surgical asepsissterile technique
ndash Practices that keep an area or object free of allmicrobes
ndash Practices that destroys all microbes amp spores
bull Sepsis
ndash State of infection and can take many forms includingseptic shock
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 7277
GRADED RECITATION
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 7377
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 73
Microorganisms are said to be
ubiquitous
Can you think of any locations thatwould be devoid of microorganisms
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 7477
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 74
Of all the various areas of microbiology
mentioned in this chapter which
appeal to you the mostWhy
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 7577
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 75
Assume that you are entering a health-related
professionOf what value will knowledge of
microbiology be to you
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 7677
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 76
Many people consider Louis Pasteurrsquos
contributions to be the foundation of the
science of microbiology and a cornerstone
of modern medicine
What contributions did he make that would
cause people to believe that
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 7777
You have isolated a bacterium from the blood
of a patient with a newly described disease
What steps would you take to prove that the
organism that yoursquove isolated is the cause of
the patientrsquos disease
(Hint Remember Kochrsquos Postulates)
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 6277
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 62
Microbiology A Human Perspective
bull Microorganisms cannot be seen without the aid of amicroscope
bull There are more than 200000 known microbesbull Exist in virtually any environment that has water
bull Exhibit tremendous biodiversity
bull Compose the largest biomass group of living
organismsbull Microbes exist for more than 35 billion years
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 6377
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 63
bull Food production bread beer
bull Bioremediation decontamination
of hazardous wastesbull Useful products ethanol fuel
antibiotics amino acids
bull Genetic engineeringpharmaceuticals vaccines
bull Genomics genome sequencingpermits understanding of diseasemechanisms
Applications of Microbiology
Medical microbiology
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 6477
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 64
bull Infectious diseases have killedmore people than all wars andnatural disasters combined
bull Outbreaks have changed thecourse of history
bull Vaccines have dramaticallydecreased the incidence of
infectious diseases especiallyin children
Medical microbiology
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 6577
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 65
bull Re-emergence of ldquoOldrdquo Infectious
Diseases
ndash Cases of whooping cough have increased
in the last few years
ndash Many microbes have evolved antibiotic
resistance
Medical microbiology (cont)
Medical microbiology (cont )
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 6677
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 66
bull Emerging infectious diseases
ndash As humans encroach upon wild habitat new infectious agents (microbes) arediscovered
ndash These agents are typically hosted by animals and are termed zoonotic agents
Medical microbiology (cont)
Agent Host Disease
Ebola virus Bats Ebola hemorrhagic fever
SARS virus Bats Severe acute respiratory syndrome
Sin Nombre virus Deer mouse Hantavirus cardiopulmonary syndrome
Nipah virus Bats Nipah encephalitis
Dengue virus Mosquitos Dengue fever Dengue hemorrhagic fever
Machupo virus Vesper mouse Bolivian hemorrhagic fever
Avian influenza viruses Various birds Influenza
Some recently discovered agents and their animal hosts
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 6777
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 67
Terminologieshellip
bull Bacteriocins ndash Toxins produce by enterobacteria that are lethal to
related strains of bacteria
bull Resident flora ndash Collective vegetation in a given area in one part of the body yet produce infection in another
bull Infection
ndash Is an invasion of body tissue by microbes and theirgrowth
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 6877
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 68
bull Infectious agent
ndash Microbes that cause infection
bull Asymptomaticsubclinical ndash Microbes do not produce clinical evidence of
disease
bull Disease ndash Detectable alteration in normal tissue function
bull Virulence
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 6977
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 69
Virulence ndash Microbersquos ability to produce disease
bull Communicable disease ndash Infectious agents that can be transmitted to an individual by direct
or indirect contact or as airborne infection ndash ex common colds
bull Pathogenicity ndash Ability to produce disease
bull Pathogen ndash Disease causing microbes ndash 3 of known microbes are capable of causing disease
bull Non-pathogens ndash Do not cause disease
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 7077
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 70
Terminologieshellip
bull Opportunistic pathogen ndash Causes disease only in a susceptible individual
bull Asepsis
ndash Freedom from disease-causing microbes
bull Medical asepsis ndash All practices intended to confine a specific
microbes to a specific area limiting the growth
amp transmission of microbes
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 7177
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 71
bull Medical asepsis
ndash Objects are CLEAN (absence of almost all microbes)
bull Surgical asepsissterile technique
ndash Practices that keep an area or object free of allmicrobes
ndash Practices that destroys all microbes amp spores
bull Sepsis
ndash State of infection and can take many forms includingseptic shock
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 7277
GRADED RECITATION
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 7377
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 73
Microorganisms are said to be
ubiquitous
Can you think of any locations thatwould be devoid of microorganisms
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 7477
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 74
Of all the various areas of microbiology
mentioned in this chapter which
appeal to you the mostWhy
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 7577
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 75
Assume that you are entering a health-related
professionOf what value will knowledge of
microbiology be to you
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 7677
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 76
Many people consider Louis Pasteurrsquos
contributions to be the foundation of the
science of microbiology and a cornerstone
of modern medicine
What contributions did he make that would
cause people to believe that
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 7777
You have isolated a bacterium from the blood
of a patient with a newly described disease
What steps would you take to prove that the
organism that yoursquove isolated is the cause of
the patientrsquos disease
(Hint Remember Kochrsquos Postulates)
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 6377
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 63
bull Food production bread beer
bull Bioremediation decontamination
of hazardous wastesbull Useful products ethanol fuel
antibiotics amino acids
bull Genetic engineeringpharmaceuticals vaccines
bull Genomics genome sequencingpermits understanding of diseasemechanisms
Applications of Microbiology
Medical microbiology
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 6477
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 64
bull Infectious diseases have killedmore people than all wars andnatural disasters combined
bull Outbreaks have changed thecourse of history
bull Vaccines have dramaticallydecreased the incidence of
infectious diseases especiallyin children
Medical microbiology
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 6577
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 65
bull Re-emergence of ldquoOldrdquo Infectious
Diseases
ndash Cases of whooping cough have increased
in the last few years
ndash Many microbes have evolved antibiotic
resistance
Medical microbiology (cont)
Medical microbiology (cont )
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 6677
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 66
bull Emerging infectious diseases
ndash As humans encroach upon wild habitat new infectious agents (microbes) arediscovered
ndash These agents are typically hosted by animals and are termed zoonotic agents
Medical microbiology (cont)
Agent Host Disease
Ebola virus Bats Ebola hemorrhagic fever
SARS virus Bats Severe acute respiratory syndrome
Sin Nombre virus Deer mouse Hantavirus cardiopulmonary syndrome
Nipah virus Bats Nipah encephalitis
Dengue virus Mosquitos Dengue fever Dengue hemorrhagic fever
Machupo virus Vesper mouse Bolivian hemorrhagic fever
Avian influenza viruses Various birds Influenza
Some recently discovered agents and their animal hosts
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 6777
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 67
Terminologieshellip
bull Bacteriocins ndash Toxins produce by enterobacteria that are lethal to
related strains of bacteria
bull Resident flora ndash Collective vegetation in a given area in one part of the body yet produce infection in another
bull Infection
ndash Is an invasion of body tissue by microbes and theirgrowth
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 6877
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 68
bull Infectious agent
ndash Microbes that cause infection
bull Asymptomaticsubclinical ndash Microbes do not produce clinical evidence of
disease
bull Disease ndash Detectable alteration in normal tissue function
bull Virulence
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 6977
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 69
Virulence ndash Microbersquos ability to produce disease
bull Communicable disease ndash Infectious agents that can be transmitted to an individual by direct
or indirect contact or as airborne infection ndash ex common colds
bull Pathogenicity ndash Ability to produce disease
bull Pathogen ndash Disease causing microbes ndash 3 of known microbes are capable of causing disease
bull Non-pathogens ndash Do not cause disease
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 7077
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 70
Terminologieshellip
bull Opportunistic pathogen ndash Causes disease only in a susceptible individual
bull Asepsis
ndash Freedom from disease-causing microbes
bull Medical asepsis ndash All practices intended to confine a specific
microbes to a specific area limiting the growth
amp transmission of microbes
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 7177
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 71
bull Medical asepsis
ndash Objects are CLEAN (absence of almost all microbes)
bull Surgical asepsissterile technique
ndash Practices that keep an area or object free of allmicrobes
ndash Practices that destroys all microbes amp spores
bull Sepsis
ndash State of infection and can take many forms includingseptic shock
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 7277
GRADED RECITATION
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 7377
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 73
Microorganisms are said to be
ubiquitous
Can you think of any locations thatwould be devoid of microorganisms
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 7477
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 74
Of all the various areas of microbiology
mentioned in this chapter which
appeal to you the mostWhy
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 7577
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 75
Assume that you are entering a health-related
professionOf what value will knowledge of
microbiology be to you
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 7677
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 76
Many people consider Louis Pasteurrsquos
contributions to be the foundation of the
science of microbiology and a cornerstone
of modern medicine
What contributions did he make that would
cause people to believe that
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 7777
You have isolated a bacterium from the blood
of a patient with a newly described disease
What steps would you take to prove that the
organism that yoursquove isolated is the cause of
the patientrsquos disease
(Hint Remember Kochrsquos Postulates)
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 6477
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 64
bull Infectious diseases have killedmore people than all wars andnatural disasters combined
bull Outbreaks have changed thecourse of history
bull Vaccines have dramaticallydecreased the incidence of
infectious diseases especiallyin children
Medical microbiology
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 6577
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 65
bull Re-emergence of ldquoOldrdquo Infectious
Diseases
ndash Cases of whooping cough have increased
in the last few years
ndash Many microbes have evolved antibiotic
resistance
Medical microbiology (cont)
Medical microbiology (cont )
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 6677
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 66
bull Emerging infectious diseases
ndash As humans encroach upon wild habitat new infectious agents (microbes) arediscovered
ndash These agents are typically hosted by animals and are termed zoonotic agents
Medical microbiology (cont)
Agent Host Disease
Ebola virus Bats Ebola hemorrhagic fever
SARS virus Bats Severe acute respiratory syndrome
Sin Nombre virus Deer mouse Hantavirus cardiopulmonary syndrome
Nipah virus Bats Nipah encephalitis
Dengue virus Mosquitos Dengue fever Dengue hemorrhagic fever
Machupo virus Vesper mouse Bolivian hemorrhagic fever
Avian influenza viruses Various birds Influenza
Some recently discovered agents and their animal hosts
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 6777
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 67
Terminologieshellip
bull Bacteriocins ndash Toxins produce by enterobacteria that are lethal to
related strains of bacteria
bull Resident flora ndash Collective vegetation in a given area in one part of the body yet produce infection in another
bull Infection
ndash Is an invasion of body tissue by microbes and theirgrowth
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 6877
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 68
bull Infectious agent
ndash Microbes that cause infection
bull Asymptomaticsubclinical ndash Microbes do not produce clinical evidence of
disease
bull Disease ndash Detectable alteration in normal tissue function
bull Virulence
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 6977
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 69
Virulence ndash Microbersquos ability to produce disease
bull Communicable disease ndash Infectious agents that can be transmitted to an individual by direct
or indirect contact or as airborne infection ndash ex common colds
bull Pathogenicity ndash Ability to produce disease
bull Pathogen ndash Disease causing microbes ndash 3 of known microbes are capable of causing disease
bull Non-pathogens ndash Do not cause disease
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 7077
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 70
Terminologieshellip
bull Opportunistic pathogen ndash Causes disease only in a susceptible individual
bull Asepsis
ndash Freedom from disease-causing microbes
bull Medical asepsis ndash All practices intended to confine a specific
microbes to a specific area limiting the growth
amp transmission of microbes
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 7177
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 71
bull Medical asepsis
ndash Objects are CLEAN (absence of almost all microbes)
bull Surgical asepsissterile technique
ndash Practices that keep an area or object free of allmicrobes
ndash Practices that destroys all microbes amp spores
bull Sepsis
ndash State of infection and can take many forms includingseptic shock
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 7277
GRADED RECITATION
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 7377
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 73
Microorganisms are said to be
ubiquitous
Can you think of any locations thatwould be devoid of microorganisms
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 7477
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 74
Of all the various areas of microbiology
mentioned in this chapter which
appeal to you the mostWhy
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 7577
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 75
Assume that you are entering a health-related
professionOf what value will knowledge of
microbiology be to you
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 7677
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 76
Many people consider Louis Pasteurrsquos
contributions to be the foundation of the
science of microbiology and a cornerstone
of modern medicine
What contributions did he make that would
cause people to believe that
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 7777
You have isolated a bacterium from the blood
of a patient with a newly described disease
What steps would you take to prove that the
organism that yoursquove isolated is the cause of
the patientrsquos disease
(Hint Remember Kochrsquos Postulates)
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 6577
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 65
bull Re-emergence of ldquoOldrdquo Infectious
Diseases
ndash Cases of whooping cough have increased
in the last few years
ndash Many microbes have evolved antibiotic
resistance
Medical microbiology (cont)
Medical microbiology (cont )
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 6677
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 66
bull Emerging infectious diseases
ndash As humans encroach upon wild habitat new infectious agents (microbes) arediscovered
ndash These agents are typically hosted by animals and are termed zoonotic agents
Medical microbiology (cont)
Agent Host Disease
Ebola virus Bats Ebola hemorrhagic fever
SARS virus Bats Severe acute respiratory syndrome
Sin Nombre virus Deer mouse Hantavirus cardiopulmonary syndrome
Nipah virus Bats Nipah encephalitis
Dengue virus Mosquitos Dengue fever Dengue hemorrhagic fever
Machupo virus Vesper mouse Bolivian hemorrhagic fever
Avian influenza viruses Various birds Influenza
Some recently discovered agents and their animal hosts
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 6777
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 67
Terminologieshellip
bull Bacteriocins ndash Toxins produce by enterobacteria that are lethal to
related strains of bacteria
bull Resident flora ndash Collective vegetation in a given area in one part of the body yet produce infection in another
bull Infection
ndash Is an invasion of body tissue by microbes and theirgrowth
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 6877
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 68
bull Infectious agent
ndash Microbes that cause infection
bull Asymptomaticsubclinical ndash Microbes do not produce clinical evidence of
disease
bull Disease ndash Detectable alteration in normal tissue function
bull Virulence
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 6977
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 69
Virulence ndash Microbersquos ability to produce disease
bull Communicable disease ndash Infectious agents that can be transmitted to an individual by direct
or indirect contact or as airborne infection ndash ex common colds
bull Pathogenicity ndash Ability to produce disease
bull Pathogen ndash Disease causing microbes ndash 3 of known microbes are capable of causing disease
bull Non-pathogens ndash Do not cause disease
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 7077
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 70
Terminologieshellip
bull Opportunistic pathogen ndash Causes disease only in a susceptible individual
bull Asepsis
ndash Freedom from disease-causing microbes
bull Medical asepsis ndash All practices intended to confine a specific
microbes to a specific area limiting the growth
amp transmission of microbes
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 7177
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 71
bull Medical asepsis
ndash Objects are CLEAN (absence of almost all microbes)
bull Surgical asepsissterile technique
ndash Practices that keep an area or object free of allmicrobes
ndash Practices that destroys all microbes amp spores
bull Sepsis
ndash State of infection and can take many forms includingseptic shock
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 7277
GRADED RECITATION
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 7377
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 73
Microorganisms are said to be
ubiquitous
Can you think of any locations thatwould be devoid of microorganisms
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 7477
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 74
Of all the various areas of microbiology
mentioned in this chapter which
appeal to you the mostWhy
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 7577
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 75
Assume that you are entering a health-related
professionOf what value will knowledge of
microbiology be to you
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 7677
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 76
Many people consider Louis Pasteurrsquos
contributions to be the foundation of the
science of microbiology and a cornerstone
of modern medicine
What contributions did he make that would
cause people to believe that
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 7777
You have isolated a bacterium from the blood
of a patient with a newly described disease
What steps would you take to prove that the
organism that yoursquove isolated is the cause of
the patientrsquos disease
(Hint Remember Kochrsquos Postulates)
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 6677
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 66
bull Emerging infectious diseases
ndash As humans encroach upon wild habitat new infectious agents (microbes) arediscovered
ndash These agents are typically hosted by animals and are termed zoonotic agents
Medical microbiology (cont)
Agent Host Disease
Ebola virus Bats Ebola hemorrhagic fever
SARS virus Bats Severe acute respiratory syndrome
Sin Nombre virus Deer mouse Hantavirus cardiopulmonary syndrome
Nipah virus Bats Nipah encephalitis
Dengue virus Mosquitos Dengue fever Dengue hemorrhagic fever
Machupo virus Vesper mouse Bolivian hemorrhagic fever
Avian influenza viruses Various birds Influenza
Some recently discovered agents and their animal hosts
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 6777
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 67
Terminologieshellip
bull Bacteriocins ndash Toxins produce by enterobacteria that are lethal to
related strains of bacteria
bull Resident flora ndash Collective vegetation in a given area in one part of the body yet produce infection in another
bull Infection
ndash Is an invasion of body tissue by microbes and theirgrowth
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 6877
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 68
bull Infectious agent
ndash Microbes that cause infection
bull Asymptomaticsubclinical ndash Microbes do not produce clinical evidence of
disease
bull Disease ndash Detectable alteration in normal tissue function
bull Virulence
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 6977
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 69
Virulence ndash Microbersquos ability to produce disease
bull Communicable disease ndash Infectious agents that can be transmitted to an individual by direct
or indirect contact or as airborne infection ndash ex common colds
bull Pathogenicity ndash Ability to produce disease
bull Pathogen ndash Disease causing microbes ndash 3 of known microbes are capable of causing disease
bull Non-pathogens ndash Do not cause disease
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 7077
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 70
Terminologieshellip
bull Opportunistic pathogen ndash Causes disease only in a susceptible individual
bull Asepsis
ndash Freedom from disease-causing microbes
bull Medical asepsis ndash All practices intended to confine a specific
microbes to a specific area limiting the growth
amp transmission of microbes
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 7177
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 71
bull Medical asepsis
ndash Objects are CLEAN (absence of almost all microbes)
bull Surgical asepsissterile technique
ndash Practices that keep an area or object free of allmicrobes
ndash Practices that destroys all microbes amp spores
bull Sepsis
ndash State of infection and can take many forms includingseptic shock
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 7277
GRADED RECITATION
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 7377
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 73
Microorganisms are said to be
ubiquitous
Can you think of any locations thatwould be devoid of microorganisms
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 7477
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 74
Of all the various areas of microbiology
mentioned in this chapter which
appeal to you the mostWhy
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 7577
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 75
Assume that you are entering a health-related
professionOf what value will knowledge of
microbiology be to you
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 7677
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 76
Many people consider Louis Pasteurrsquos
contributions to be the foundation of the
science of microbiology and a cornerstone
of modern medicine
What contributions did he make that would
cause people to believe that
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 7777
You have isolated a bacterium from the blood
of a patient with a newly described disease
What steps would you take to prove that the
organism that yoursquove isolated is the cause of
the patientrsquos disease
(Hint Remember Kochrsquos Postulates)
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 6777
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 67
Terminologieshellip
bull Bacteriocins ndash Toxins produce by enterobacteria that are lethal to
related strains of bacteria
bull Resident flora ndash Collective vegetation in a given area in one part of the body yet produce infection in another
bull Infection
ndash Is an invasion of body tissue by microbes and theirgrowth
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 6877
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 68
bull Infectious agent
ndash Microbes that cause infection
bull Asymptomaticsubclinical ndash Microbes do not produce clinical evidence of
disease
bull Disease ndash Detectable alteration in normal tissue function
bull Virulence
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 6977
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 69
Virulence ndash Microbersquos ability to produce disease
bull Communicable disease ndash Infectious agents that can be transmitted to an individual by direct
or indirect contact or as airborne infection ndash ex common colds
bull Pathogenicity ndash Ability to produce disease
bull Pathogen ndash Disease causing microbes ndash 3 of known microbes are capable of causing disease
bull Non-pathogens ndash Do not cause disease
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 7077
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 70
Terminologieshellip
bull Opportunistic pathogen ndash Causes disease only in a susceptible individual
bull Asepsis
ndash Freedom from disease-causing microbes
bull Medical asepsis ndash All practices intended to confine a specific
microbes to a specific area limiting the growth
amp transmission of microbes
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 7177
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 71
bull Medical asepsis
ndash Objects are CLEAN (absence of almost all microbes)
bull Surgical asepsissterile technique
ndash Practices that keep an area or object free of allmicrobes
ndash Practices that destroys all microbes amp spores
bull Sepsis
ndash State of infection and can take many forms includingseptic shock
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 7277
GRADED RECITATION
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 7377
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 73
Microorganisms are said to be
ubiquitous
Can you think of any locations thatwould be devoid of microorganisms
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 7477
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 74
Of all the various areas of microbiology
mentioned in this chapter which
appeal to you the mostWhy
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 7577
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 75
Assume that you are entering a health-related
professionOf what value will knowledge of
microbiology be to you
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 7677
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 76
Many people consider Louis Pasteurrsquos
contributions to be the foundation of the
science of microbiology and a cornerstone
of modern medicine
What contributions did he make that would
cause people to believe that
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 7777
You have isolated a bacterium from the blood
of a patient with a newly described disease
What steps would you take to prove that the
organism that yoursquove isolated is the cause of
the patientrsquos disease
(Hint Remember Kochrsquos Postulates)
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 6877
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 68
bull Infectious agent
ndash Microbes that cause infection
bull Asymptomaticsubclinical ndash Microbes do not produce clinical evidence of
disease
bull Disease ndash Detectable alteration in normal tissue function
bull Virulence
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 6977
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 69
Virulence ndash Microbersquos ability to produce disease
bull Communicable disease ndash Infectious agents that can be transmitted to an individual by direct
or indirect contact or as airborne infection ndash ex common colds
bull Pathogenicity ndash Ability to produce disease
bull Pathogen ndash Disease causing microbes ndash 3 of known microbes are capable of causing disease
bull Non-pathogens ndash Do not cause disease
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 7077
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 70
Terminologieshellip
bull Opportunistic pathogen ndash Causes disease only in a susceptible individual
bull Asepsis
ndash Freedom from disease-causing microbes
bull Medical asepsis ndash All practices intended to confine a specific
microbes to a specific area limiting the growth
amp transmission of microbes
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 7177
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 71
bull Medical asepsis
ndash Objects are CLEAN (absence of almost all microbes)
bull Surgical asepsissterile technique
ndash Practices that keep an area or object free of allmicrobes
ndash Practices that destroys all microbes amp spores
bull Sepsis
ndash State of infection and can take many forms includingseptic shock
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 7277
GRADED RECITATION
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 7377
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 73
Microorganisms are said to be
ubiquitous
Can you think of any locations thatwould be devoid of microorganisms
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 7477
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 74
Of all the various areas of microbiology
mentioned in this chapter which
appeal to you the mostWhy
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 7577
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 75
Assume that you are entering a health-related
professionOf what value will knowledge of
microbiology be to you
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 7677
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 76
Many people consider Louis Pasteurrsquos
contributions to be the foundation of the
science of microbiology and a cornerstone
of modern medicine
What contributions did he make that would
cause people to believe that
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 7777
You have isolated a bacterium from the blood
of a patient with a newly described disease
What steps would you take to prove that the
organism that yoursquove isolated is the cause of
the patientrsquos disease
(Hint Remember Kochrsquos Postulates)
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 6977
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 69
Virulence ndash Microbersquos ability to produce disease
bull Communicable disease ndash Infectious agents that can be transmitted to an individual by direct
or indirect contact or as airborne infection ndash ex common colds
bull Pathogenicity ndash Ability to produce disease
bull Pathogen ndash Disease causing microbes ndash 3 of known microbes are capable of causing disease
bull Non-pathogens ndash Do not cause disease
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 7077
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 70
Terminologieshellip
bull Opportunistic pathogen ndash Causes disease only in a susceptible individual
bull Asepsis
ndash Freedom from disease-causing microbes
bull Medical asepsis ndash All practices intended to confine a specific
microbes to a specific area limiting the growth
amp transmission of microbes
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 7177
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 71
bull Medical asepsis
ndash Objects are CLEAN (absence of almost all microbes)
bull Surgical asepsissterile technique
ndash Practices that keep an area or object free of allmicrobes
ndash Practices that destroys all microbes amp spores
bull Sepsis
ndash State of infection and can take many forms includingseptic shock
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 7277
GRADED RECITATION
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 7377
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 73
Microorganisms are said to be
ubiquitous
Can you think of any locations thatwould be devoid of microorganisms
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 7477
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 74
Of all the various areas of microbiology
mentioned in this chapter which
appeal to you the mostWhy
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 7577
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 75
Assume that you are entering a health-related
professionOf what value will knowledge of
microbiology be to you
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 7677
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 76
Many people consider Louis Pasteurrsquos
contributions to be the foundation of the
science of microbiology and a cornerstone
of modern medicine
What contributions did he make that would
cause people to believe that
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 7777
You have isolated a bacterium from the blood
of a patient with a newly described disease
What steps would you take to prove that the
organism that yoursquove isolated is the cause of
the patientrsquos disease
(Hint Remember Kochrsquos Postulates)
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 7077
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 70
Terminologieshellip
bull Opportunistic pathogen ndash Causes disease only in a susceptible individual
bull Asepsis
ndash Freedom from disease-causing microbes
bull Medical asepsis ndash All practices intended to confine a specific
microbes to a specific area limiting the growth
amp transmission of microbes
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 7177
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 71
bull Medical asepsis
ndash Objects are CLEAN (absence of almost all microbes)
bull Surgical asepsissterile technique
ndash Practices that keep an area or object free of allmicrobes
ndash Practices that destroys all microbes amp spores
bull Sepsis
ndash State of infection and can take many forms includingseptic shock
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 7277
GRADED RECITATION
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 7377
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 73
Microorganisms are said to be
ubiquitous
Can you think of any locations thatwould be devoid of microorganisms
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 7477
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 74
Of all the various areas of microbiology
mentioned in this chapter which
appeal to you the mostWhy
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 7577
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 75
Assume that you are entering a health-related
professionOf what value will knowledge of
microbiology be to you
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 7677
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 76
Many people consider Louis Pasteurrsquos
contributions to be the foundation of the
science of microbiology and a cornerstone
of modern medicine
What contributions did he make that would
cause people to believe that
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 7777
You have isolated a bacterium from the blood
of a patient with a newly described disease
What steps would you take to prove that the
organism that yoursquove isolated is the cause of
the patientrsquos disease
(Hint Remember Kochrsquos Postulates)
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 7177
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 71
bull Medical asepsis
ndash Objects are CLEAN (absence of almost all microbes)
bull Surgical asepsissterile technique
ndash Practices that keep an area or object free of allmicrobes
ndash Practices that destroys all microbes amp spores
bull Sepsis
ndash State of infection and can take many forms includingseptic shock
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 7277
GRADED RECITATION
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 7377
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 73
Microorganisms are said to be
ubiquitous
Can you think of any locations thatwould be devoid of microorganisms
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 7477
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 74
Of all the various areas of microbiology
mentioned in this chapter which
appeal to you the mostWhy
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 7577
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 75
Assume that you are entering a health-related
professionOf what value will knowledge of
microbiology be to you
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 7677
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 76
Many people consider Louis Pasteurrsquos
contributions to be the foundation of the
science of microbiology and a cornerstone
of modern medicine
What contributions did he make that would
cause people to believe that
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 7777
You have isolated a bacterium from the blood
of a patient with a newly described disease
What steps would you take to prove that the
organism that yoursquove isolated is the cause of
the patientrsquos disease
(Hint Remember Kochrsquos Postulates)
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 7277
GRADED RECITATION
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 7377
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 73
Microorganisms are said to be
ubiquitous
Can you think of any locations thatwould be devoid of microorganisms
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 7477
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 74
Of all the various areas of microbiology
mentioned in this chapter which
appeal to you the mostWhy
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 7577
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 75
Assume that you are entering a health-related
professionOf what value will knowledge of
microbiology be to you
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 7677
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 76
Many people consider Louis Pasteurrsquos
contributions to be the foundation of the
science of microbiology and a cornerstone
of modern medicine
What contributions did he make that would
cause people to believe that
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 7777
You have isolated a bacterium from the blood
of a patient with a newly described disease
What steps would you take to prove that the
organism that yoursquove isolated is the cause of
the patientrsquos disease
(Hint Remember Kochrsquos Postulates)
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 7377
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 73
Microorganisms are said to be
ubiquitous
Can you think of any locations thatwould be devoid of microorganisms
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 7477
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 74
Of all the various areas of microbiology
mentioned in this chapter which
appeal to you the mostWhy
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 7577
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 75
Assume that you are entering a health-related
professionOf what value will knowledge of
microbiology be to you
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 7677
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 76
Many people consider Louis Pasteurrsquos
contributions to be the foundation of the
science of microbiology and a cornerstone
of modern medicine
What contributions did he make that would
cause people to believe that
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 7777
You have isolated a bacterium from the blood
of a patient with a newly described disease
What steps would you take to prove that the
organism that yoursquove isolated is the cause of
the patientrsquos disease
(Hint Remember Kochrsquos Postulates)
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 7477
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 74
Of all the various areas of microbiology
mentioned in this chapter which
appeal to you the mostWhy
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 7577
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 75
Assume that you are entering a health-related
professionOf what value will knowledge of
microbiology be to you
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 7677
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 76
Many people consider Louis Pasteurrsquos
contributions to be the foundation of the
science of microbiology and a cornerstone
of modern medicine
What contributions did he make that would
cause people to believe that
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 7777
You have isolated a bacterium from the blood
of a patient with a newly described disease
What steps would you take to prove that the
organism that yoursquove isolated is the cause of
the patientrsquos disease
(Hint Remember Kochrsquos Postulates)
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 7577
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 75
Assume that you are entering a health-related
professionOf what value will knowledge of
microbiology be to you
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 7677
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 76
Many people consider Louis Pasteurrsquos
contributions to be the foundation of the
science of microbiology and a cornerstone
of modern medicine
What contributions did he make that would
cause people to believe that
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 7777
You have isolated a bacterium from the blood
of a patient with a newly described disease
What steps would you take to prove that the
organism that yoursquove isolated is the cause of
the patientrsquos disease
(Hint Remember Kochrsquos Postulates)
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 7677
LUDY MAE B NALZARO BSM RN MN 76
Many people consider Louis Pasteurrsquos
contributions to be the foundation of the
science of microbiology and a cornerstone
of modern medicine
What contributions did he make that would
cause people to believe that
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 7777
You have isolated a bacterium from the blood
of a patient with a newly described disease
What steps would you take to prove that the
organism that yoursquove isolated is the cause of
the patientrsquos disease
(Hint Remember Kochrsquos Postulates)
7312019 Chapter 1 Part 1-Microbial World and You
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullchapter-1-part-1-microbial-world-and-you 7777
You have isolated a bacterium from the blood
of a patient with a newly described disease
What steps would you take to prove that the
organism that yoursquove isolated is the cause of
the patientrsquos disease
(Hint Remember Kochrsquos Postulates)