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Chapter 1 Notes. “Human Beginnings”. Human Migrations. Out of Africa to the Ends of the Earth: First Migrations. Into Eurasia Into Australia Into the Americas Into the Pacific. Directions. Please put you name on the migration sheet that I am giving you. Get three coloring pencils. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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Out of Africa to the Ends of the Earth:First Migrations
Out of Africa to the Ends of the Earth:First Migrations
Into Eurasia Into Australia Into the Americas Into the Pacific
Into Eurasia Into Australia Into the Americas Into the Pacific
DirectionsDirections
Please put you name on the migration sheet that I am giving you. Get three coloring pencils. The person beside you should get three different colors. On you map you are going to trace human migrations. Each time thhe
human goes to a new continent use a different color. It will look similar to the one in the book, but with different colored lines
Also starting in Africa place a 1 on the continent. This is where humans first appeared. You will then place a 2 on Asia…. And so on.
Please put you name on the migration sheet that I am giving you. Get three coloring pencils. The person beside you should get three different colors. On you map you are going to trace human migrations. Each time thhe
human goes to a new continent use a different color. It will look similar to the one in the book, but with different colored lines
Also starting in Africa place a 1 on the continent. This is where humans first appeared. You will then place a 2 on Asia…. And so on.
Discovery of Early Americans
Important Terms to Know:
Discovery of Early Americans
Important Terms to Know:
Prehistory = period of time before people developed writing
Hominids = human beings and the humanlike creatures that preceded them
Anthropology = the scientific study of hominids (physical features, development, behavior, etc.)
Paleontologist = study fossil remains Archaeologists = unearth and interpret objects left
behind by prehistoric people
Prehistory = period of time before people developed writing
Hominids = human beings and the humanlike creatures that preceded them
Anthropology = the scientific study of hominids (physical features, development, behavior, etc.)
Paleontologist = study fossil remains Archaeologists = unearth and interpret objects left
behind by prehistoric people
EurasiaEurasia
- Cave paintings - Venus figurines from stone, antlers, and
tusks - Cultural diffusion - Bone needles, multilayered clothing - Underground shelters
- Cave paintings - Venus figurines from stone, antlers, and
tusks - Cultural diffusion - Bone needles, multilayered clothing - Underground shelters
AustraliaAustralia - Use of boats - 250 languages - Aboriginal people - European-1788 - Collected bulbs, seeds, domesticated cereal grasses, etc - Dreamtime- ancestral explanation of the beginning and
how things were created... How people relate to animals
- Use of boats - 250 languages - Aboriginal people - European-1788 - Collected bulbs, seeds, domesticated cereal grasses, etc - Dreamtime- ancestral explanation of the beginning and
how things were created... How people relate to animals
The AmericasThe Americas 30,000-15000 North America Clovis culture - Hunted mammoths and bison - Cultural diffusion of technology with
weapons - Clovis become extinct when large animals
such as the mammoth became extinct
30,000-15000 North America Clovis culture - Hunted mammoths and bison - Cultural diffusion of technology with
weapons - Clovis become extinct when large animals
such as the mammoth became extinct
In the Pacific (pacific ocean)
In the Pacific (pacific ocean)
- All the little islands surrounding Austrailia were settled... Last was New Zealand
- Men and women made the journeys and brought domesticated plants and animals with them intending to settle.
- Highly stratified societies (chiefdom) - The people changed the land and exploited
the trees, animals, etc.
- All the little islands surrounding Austrailia were settled... Last was New Zealand
- Men and women made the journeys and brought domesticated plants and animals with them intending to settle.
- Highly stratified societies (chiefdom) - The people changed the land and exploited
the trees, animals, etc.
Realm of the spiritRealm of the spirit
- Religious ceremonies were conducted - Shamans- people who dealt with the spirit
world (pituri, psychiatric drugs, trance dance)
- Figurines- Great Goddess
- Religious ceremonies were conducted - Shamans- people who dealt with the spirit
world (pituri, psychiatric drugs, trance dance)
- Figurines- Great Goddess
Settling downSettling down
- Increase in temperatures after the ice age allowed people to settle down
- Jomon- Japan - Jomon figurines associated with fertility - Domesticating the dog - This is when agriculture occurs
- Increase in temperatures after the ice age allowed people to settle down
- Jomon- Japan - Jomon figurines associated with fertility - Domesticating the dog - This is when agriculture occurs
Different Paleolithic societies
Different Paleolithic societies
1. San of South Africa 2. Chumash of Southern California
1. San of South Africa 2. Chumash of Southern California
1. San of South Africa1. San of South Africa
- Khoisan- speaking people - trance healers (songs and dances) - replaced by Bantu speaking people
domesticating animals and bringing in agriculture
- used drums - language uses clicks - still hunters and gatherers
- Khoisan- speaking people - trance healers (songs and dances) - replaced by Bantu speaking people
domesticating animals and bringing in agriculture
- used drums - language uses clicks - still hunters and gatherers
1. San of South Africa1. San of South Africa
- no leaders - egalitarian - insulting the meat - sharing of food and arrows - polygamy was permitted - conflict over meat and laziness - GAO Na- creator God... Also put misfortune
on humans
- no leaders - egalitarian - insulting the meat - sharing of food and arrows - polygamy was permitted - conflict over meat and laziness - GAO Na- creator God... Also put misfortune
on humans
2. Chumash of California
2. Chumash of California
- Spoke different languages - Lived on the coast - Relied on the sea - Rivals and violence - Technologic innovation- the tomol ( oceangoing boat 20-
30 ft long) - Builders of the tomol became wealthy and prestigious
- Spoke different languages - Lived on the coast - Relied on the sea - Rivals and violence - Technologic innovation- the tomol ( oceangoing boat 20-
30 ft long) - Builders of the tomol became wealthy and prestigious
2. Chumash of California
2. Chumash of California
- Brotherhood of the tomol- guild create with canoe production
- Increased trade of animals, tools, beads - Round, permanent houses - Beads were used as money - Class distinctions - Elaborate burials for the wealthy - Chiefs- inherited their position through male line of
descent - Specialization
- Brotherhood of the tomol- guild create with canoe production
- Increased trade of animals, tools, beads - Round, permanent houses - Beads were used as money - Class distinctions - Elaborate burials for the wealthy - Chiefs- inherited their position through male line of
descent - Specialization
Dating Early ArtifactsDating Early Artifacts
Radiocarbon dating is used to determine the age of once living things
Scientists also use DNA evidence to understand earlier peoples
Radiocarbon dating is used to determine the age of once living things
Scientists also use DNA evidence to understand earlier peoples
Prehistoric Finds in AfricaPrehistoric Finds in Africa Aramis = a site in Ethiopia where
paleontologist Gen Suwa discovered the oldest human remains ever found (4.4 million years old)
Hadar = a site farther north where scientists discovered “Lucy” - a woman’s remains from 3.2 million years ago
Aramis = a site in Ethiopia where paleontologist Gen Suwa discovered the oldest human remains ever found (4.4 million years old)
Hadar = a site farther north where scientists discovered “Lucy” - a woman’s remains from 3.2 million years ago
Human OriginsHuman Origins
First pre-human hominids date back about 4.4 million years Called Australopithecus = “southern ape” About 65 pounds and 4 feet tall Mostly likely nomads = moving constantly in
search of food No evidence that they used tools
First pre-human hominids date back about 4.4 million years Called Australopithecus = “southern ape” About 65 pounds and 4 feet tall Mostly likely nomads = moving constantly in
search of food No evidence that they used tools
Human OriginsHuman Origins
Human hominids are divided into 3 species that arose at different times in prehistory:
1) Homo habilis = person with ability
2) Homo erectus = person who walks upright
3) Homo sapiens = person who thinks
*Homo is a Latin word meaning “human”
Human hominids are divided into 3 species that arose at different times in prehistory:
1) Homo habilis = person with ability
2) Homo erectus = person who walks upright
3) Homo sapiens = person who thinks
*Homo is a Latin word meaning “human”
The Ice AgesThe Ice Ages
Between 2 million and 10,000 years ago, the Earth experienced 4 long periods of cold climate (Ice Ages)
Average temperatures dropped below freezing and glaciers spread from the Poles
Level of the oceans dropped, causing land bridges to appear
Early humans responded by adapting to the cold or moving to warmer places
Early humans also developed other strategies for keeping warm, such as clothing and fire
Between 2 million and 10,000 years ago, the Earth experienced 4 long periods of cold climate (Ice Ages)
Average temperatures dropped below freezing and glaciers spread from the Poles
Level of the oceans dropped, causing land bridges to appear
Early humans responded by adapting to the cold or moving to warmer places
Early humans also developed other strategies for keeping warm, such as clothing and fire
Early Human CultureEarly Human Culture Culture = a way of life that includes language,
religion, eating habits, clothing, arts, etc. Humans began making tools (began with sticks
and stones) Improved their way of life through technology =
skills and knowledge available Began making more specialized tools The use of stone tools led to the term “Stone Age”
Divided into 3 periods:1) Paleolithic = Old Stone Age2) Mesolithic = Middle Stone Age3) Neolithic = New Stone Age
Culture = a way of life that includes language, religion, eating habits, clothing, arts, etc.
Humans began making tools (began with sticks and stones)
Improved their way of life through technology = skills and knowledge available
Began making more specialized tools The use of stone tools led to the term “Stone Age”
Divided into 3 periods:1) Paleolithic = Old Stone Age2) Mesolithic = Middle Stone Age3) Neolithic = New Stone Age
Paleolithic Hunter-Gatherers (Homo habilis & Homo erectus)Paleolithic Hunter-Gatherers
(Homo habilis & Homo erectus)
Not much is known about their culture Homo habilis (2.5 to 1.5 million years ago)
= oldest hominid known to create tools Homo erectus (1.8 million to 30,000 years
ago) = more is known about this species First appeared in Africa then migrated to parts of
Europe and Asia Learned how to make fire Lived in caves Mostly food gatherers Made clothing Used grunts and gestures for communication
Not much is known about their culture Homo habilis (2.5 to 1.5 million years ago)
= oldest hominid known to create tools Homo erectus (1.8 million to 30,000 years
ago) = more is known about this species First appeared in Africa then migrated to parts of
Europe and Asia Learned how to make fire Lived in caves Mostly food gatherers Made clothing Used grunts and gestures for communication
Paleolithic Hunter-GatherersPaleolithic Hunter-Gatherers
But by 50,000 years ago, prehistoric people developed language
This achievement allowed them to work with one another and pass knowledge down to the next generation
But by 50,000 years ago, prehistoric people developed language
This achievement allowed them to work with one another and pass knowledge down to the next generation
The Appearance of Homo SapiensThe Appearance of Homo Sapiens
First Homo sapiens = the Neanderthals Evidence of the first Homo sapiens
= 200,000 years ago Named after the Neander Valley in
Germany where they were discovered
Stood about 5.5 feet tall with very stocky bodies
Slightly larger brains Nomadic hunter-gatherers
First Homo sapiens = the Neanderthals Evidence of the first Homo sapiens
= 200,000 years ago Named after the Neander Valley in
Germany where they were discovered
Stood about 5.5 feet tall with very stocky bodies
Slightly larger brains Nomadic hunter-gatherers
The NeanderthalsThe Neanderthals
Made better tools -- knives, spear points
Lived in groups of 35-50 people Shelters build out of branches &
animal skin -- used caves in colder climates
Practiced medicine Believed in life after death --
covered bodies of the dead with flowers in shallow graves with food, tools, and weapons
Made better tools -- knives, spear points
Lived in groups of 35-50 people Shelters build out of branches &
animal skin -- used caves in colder climates
Practiced medicine Believed in life after death --
covered bodies of the dead with flowers in shallow graves with food, tools, and weapons
Homo Sapiens Sapiens = Modern Humans
Homo Sapiens Sapiens = Modern Humans
Originated in Africa about 50,000 years ago
Dominated the Neanderthals and maybe even Homo erectus
Earliest Homo sapiens sapiens were called Cro-Magnons
Taller but less stocky than Neanderthals
Originated in Africa about 50,000 years ago
Dominated the Neanderthals and maybe even Homo erectus
Earliest Homo sapiens sapiens were called Cro-Magnons
Taller but less stocky than Neanderthals
Cro-MagnonsBetter Technology
Cro-MagnonsBetter Technology
Thinner and sharper blades Hammers, hoes, fishhooks, needles Axe - chopped down trees for canoes
Could now travel rivers and seacoasts
Spear-thrower & bow and arrow Allowed them to hunt larger animals and more at a time This meant there was more food and more people
By 15,000 BCE = 2 million people in the world
Groups joined together for big hunts Resulted in establishment of rules and leaders
Thinner and sharper blades Hammers, hoes, fishhooks, needles Axe - chopped down trees for canoes
Could now travel rivers and seacoasts
Spear-thrower & bow and arrow Allowed them to hunt larger animals and more at a time This meant there was more food and more people
By 15,000 BCE = 2 million people in the world
Groups joined together for big hunts Resulted in establishment of rules and leaders
Cro-MagnonsCro-Magnons
More permanent homes Created cave paintings (found in France)
and sculptures
More permanent homes Created cave paintings (found in France)
and sculptures
The Neolithic (Agricultural) Revolution
The Neolithic (Agricultural) Revolution
Humans began producing food Tamed & domesticated animals
for their use (dogs, goats, etc.) Sickle invented for cutting
grains; pottery used as containers
Crops grown People began settling into
communities Earliest villages = Jericho (in
modern West Bank) and Catal Huyuk (in present-day Turkey)
Humans began producing food Tamed & domesticated animals
for their use (dogs, goats, etc.) Sickle invented for cutting
grains; pottery used as containers
Crops grown People began settling into
communities Earliest villages = Jericho (in
modern West Bank) and Catal Huyuk (in present-day Turkey)
Agricultural RevolutionAgricultural Revolution
Invented plow and trained oxen to pull it
Used fertilizer Invented the loom (to make
cloth) Invented the wheel, bricks,
calendars Warfare began as people
competed for land and water Believed in gods and goddesses
Invented plow and trained oxen to pull it
Used fertilizer Invented the loom (to make
cloth) Invented the wheel, bricks,
calendars Warfare began as people
competed for land and water Believed in gods and goddesses
Emergence of CivilizationEmergence of Civilization
Early farming villages developed into complex societies known as civilizations
Early farming villages developed into complex societies known as civilizations
River Valley CivilizationsRiver Valley Civilizations Earliest civilizations were in
river valleys1) Nile River in northeastern Africa2) Tigris & Euphrates rivers in
Middle East3) Indus River in India4) Huang He in China
Men & women did specific jobs
There was a form of government
Had values and beliefs
Earliest civilizations were in river valleys
1) Nile River in northeastern Africa2) Tigris & Euphrates rivers in
Middle East3) Indus River in India4) Huang He in China
Men & women did specific jobs
There was a form of government
Had values and beliefs
The Economy of a CivilizationThe Economy of a Civilization Economy = the way people use
the environment to meet their material needs
Economy of early civilizations depended on farmers growing surplus food
Built irrigation systems for crops (dug ditches & canals) Let farmers grow more food
because they didn’t have to wait for rain
Economy = the way people use the environment to meet their material needs
Economy of early civilizations depended on farmers growing surplus food
Built irrigation systems for crops (dug ditches & canals) Let farmers grow more food
because they didn’t have to wait for rain
The Economy of a CivilizationThe Economy of a Civilization Artisans (workers skilled in
a craft) became more productive & creative
Metalworkers created bronze, a very strong metal
Started to trade over long distances Led to cultural diffusion = the
exchange of goods, ideas, and customs between different cultures
Artisans (workers skilled in a craft) became more productive & creative
Metalworkers created bronze, a very strong metal
Started to trade over long distances Led to cultural diffusion = the
exchange of goods, ideas, and customs between different cultures
The Rise of CitiesThe Rise of Cities
Government officials oversaw the collection & distribution of crops
Professional soldiers were hired to guard the territory & trade routes
Led by a king Developed a writing system
Was first invented by priests as a way of recording religious gifts
Later, used to record battle victories and laws
Government officials oversaw the collection & distribution of crops
Professional soldiers were hired to guard the territory & trade routes
Led by a king Developed a writing system
Was first invented by priests as a way of recording religious gifts
Later, used to record battle victories and laws
Systems of ValuesSystems of Values
Priests recorded myths Explained how the world was
formed Told of how people came into
being
Sumerians (ancient people from Mesopotamia) wrote their myths on 7 clay tablets
Priests recorded myths Explained how the world was
formed Told of how people came into
being
Sumerians (ancient people from Mesopotamia) wrote their myths on 7 clay tablets