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The Beginning of the Twentieth-Century Crisis:

War and Revolution

Chapter 25

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Chapter Timeline

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CHRONOLOGY The Road to World War I

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The

Road to

World War

One

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The 19th Century View of the

World

Eurocentric

Rule by the Empires

British

German (2nd Reich)

Austro-Hungarian (Hapsburg’s)

Russian (Romanov’s)

Ottoman Turks (“Sick Man of Europe”)

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19th Century Key Events

Napoleonic Wars

Nationalism and Revolution Strike Across Europe (1848)

Germany Emerges as a Major European Power (Franco-Prussian War)

Europe Industrializes (Britain Leads)

Germany is second to England while France falls behind

“Powder Keg of the Balkans Simmers

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Development of Alliances

(Defensive in Nature)

Triple Entente vs. Triple Alliance

(E)ngland (A)ustria – Hungary

France Germany

Russia Italy

(Allies) vs. (Central Powers)8

End of World War One

Eurocentric → Emergence of

Bi-Polar Powers (US – Russia)

(Completed by the end of World War Two)

Rule by the Empires

British (Weakened)

German (2nd Reich) (Gone)

Austro-Hungarian (Hapsburgs) (Gone)

Russian (Gone – Communist)

Ottoman Turks (“Sick Man of Europe”) (Gone)

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• German Empire

Wilhelm II

• Ottoman Empire

• Austro-Hungarian Empire

Franz Joseph

• Russian Empire

Nicholas II

• British Empire

George V

• Czechoslovakia

• Poland

• Austria

• Hungary

• Yugoslavia

• Syria

• Iraq

• Jordan

• Lithuania

• Latvia

• Estonia

Root Causes of World War One

1. International Anarchy

Every nation can do what is pleased or dared.

There is no international government.

Nations could be lawless – armed quite well.

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Root Causes of World War One

2. Territorial Disputes

France – Prussia (Germany)

Italy – Austria-Hungary

Balkans – Austria / Russia / Turkey

(Bulgaria / Romania)

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Root Causes of World War One

3. Neo - Mercantilism

Government protection and promotion for business activities of citizens.

Protective tariffs.

Chinese Opium War (1839 – 1842)

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Root Causes of World War One

4. National Honor

Each nation – state should

be absolutely sovereign.

Each nation – state should

not submit to any form of outside control.

Duty to serve – fight for country

Extreme Patriotism

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Root Causes of World War One

5. Scientific Justification

of War

War is a good thing – victory of the strong countries over the weak

Survival of the fittest -- Darwin’s Theory

Kipling – “The White Man’s Burden”

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Root Causes of World War One

6. Militarism

Keeping large armies ready for war.

Prussia’s successes led to other nations to adopt systems of universal military training (Austria, France, Japan, Russia, Italy)

Believed that own army was for DEFENSE –neighbors army was for attack!

Root Causes of World War One

7. Navalism

Keeping large navies ready for war.

1905 – H.M.S. Dreadnought

Arms race launched for naval supremacy

Germany begins to build a fleet

Kiel Canal

Root Causes of World War One

8. Secret Diplomacy

Ministers and Ambassadors of various governments made secret agreements that were never made public.

Necessitated the need to fight not just their own wars but those of their allies.

Greater chance for war -- International crisis in 1905, 1908, 1911, 1912-1913

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Secret Diplomacy

Bismarck’s Diplomacy (1860’s – 1890’s)

Triple Alliance (1882)

Franco - Russian Alliance (1892)

Anglo - French Entente (1904)

Anglo – Russian Entente (1907)

Japan’s Position (Alliance with England)

Italy’s Position (Secret arrangements with France --Gain territory in Africa)

Maintain a Balance of Power in Europe ?

The Road to World War I

The Assassination of Archduke Francis Ferdinand and wife Sophia: June 28, 1914 German pledge of “full support” to Austria

The infamous “blank check”

Declarations of War (Alliance System Begins) Mobilization and ultimatums

Involving western powers: the Schlieffen Plan

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Sarajevo Room – Vienna Army Museum – July 2014

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Von Hohenberg Family Crypt

The Schlieffen Plan

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25

The

Invasion

The War 1914-1915: Illusions & Stalemate

Attitudes toward the Outbreak of War

Excitement and belief in quick victory

War in the West

Failure of the Schlieffen Plan

First Battle of the Marne, September 6-10, 1914

Life in the Trenches is Primitive!

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Start of the Western

Front at the

English Channel

Belgian

German

Start of the Albert Canal - 2010Nieuport, Belgium - 2010

English Channel / North Sea

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Last German Bunkers on the Western Front at the Swiss Border

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Some Notable Individuals of

World War One

Alphabetically Listed

See if you recognize the names!

Dr. Frederick BantingCanadian Medical Corps

Served with

Canadian Forces for

entire war.

Shared Nobel Prize

1924 for discovery

of Insulin

Died during WWII

service

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Lt. Col. Winston Churchill6th Royal Scots

After the failure at Gallipoli,

commanded an infantry unit

on the Western Front.

British statesmen & author

World War II Prime Minister

Nobel Prize, Literature, 1953

Dr. Marie Curie French Medical Service

Double Nobel Laureate

Pre-WWI.

Built and operated

mobile X-Ray units for

French Military

Hospitals which took

1.1million films.

Driver Walt DisneyRed Cross

Enlisted as 17yr. old

ambulance driver.

Pioneer in animated

films. Operated

highly successful

studio.

Expanded to theme

parks which are now

round the world.

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Pvt. Enzo Ferrari3rd Italian Mountain Artillery

Served in Trentino.

Mechanical talents were

wasted while he shoed

mules. Consigned to

hospital for the

incurably ill.

Became champion

driver then auto

designer. Adapted

Prancing Horse emblem

of Italian Ace Francesco

Baracca.

Dr. Alexander FlemingHospital 13, Wound Research Center

Scottish

Bacteriologist whose

war service furthered

interest in dealing

with infections.

Discoverer of

lysozyme (1922) &

penicillin (1928)28).

Shared Nobel Prize for

Medicine, 1945.

Driver Ernest HemingwayRed Cross

Volunteer to Italian

Front. Wounded on

Piave River, 1918.

Noted author

including A Farewell

to Arms.

Nobel Prize for

Literature

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Major Edwin Hubble86th Division, AEF

Commanded 2nd

Battalion, 343rd

Infantry Regiment

Notable Astronomer;

proved expanding

universe theory.

Namesake of Hubble

Space Telescope.

Lt. Georges Lemaître5th Charleroi Volunteers

Received Croix de Guerre

as Belgian Artillery

Officer.

Became priest and

astronomer who first

articulated the Big Bang

Theory of Cosmology

Lt. Harry Moseley 13th Division British Army

Discoverer of the

Atomic Number;

Greatest experi-

mental physicist of

20th Century.

Commissioned as

Signals officer.

Killed in Action at

Chanuk Bair,

Gallipoli, 1915.

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Sgt. Angelo Roncalli

Served as Medical

Corpsman at Mte.

Pasubio and Chaplain at

Bergamo Hospital.

Pope of 20th Century

who began the Second

Vatican CouncilII

Ecumenical Council.

(Pope St. John XXIII)

Medical Corps, Italian Army

Lt. J.R.R. Tolkien

11th Lancashire Fusiliers

Disabled by trench fever

after serving as

communications officer

during the Battle of the

Somme.

Creator of Middle Earth,

Hobbits and the Lord of

the Rings Cycle. Images

of Western Front

permeate writings.

Winnipeg (Winnie) BearWinnipeg Rifles

Winnie was Mascot for

the 2nd Canadian

Brigade. (1)

Became a favorite at

the London Zoo

including for A.E. Milne (2) and his son

Christopher Robin.

Inspired Milne’s

Winnie the Pooh. (3)

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Cpl. Adolph HitlerBavarian Reserve Infantry

Served on Western

Front as messenger,

mainly in Flanders.

Wounded & gassed;

received Iron Cross.

, 1933-1945; founder

Der Furher

Third Reich.

The start of the War was seen

with great excitement in Munich, Germany

20 July 2015

2 August 1914

100 hundred years later!

FeldHerrn Hall &

Theatine Church

World War One will begin a series of

“firsts” in modern warfare!

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The War 1914-1915: Illusions & Stalemate

Attitudes toward the Outbreak of War

Excitement and belief in quick victory

War in the West

Failure of the Schlieffen Plan

First Battle of the Marne, September 6-10, 1914

War in the East

Russian failures

Battle of Tannenberg, August 30, 1914

Battle of Masurian Lakes, September 15, 1914

Austria: initial failures followed by success

Galicia and Serbia

The Eastern Front, 1914–1918

Russia made early gains but then was pushed far back into its own territory by the German army. After the Bolsheviks seized power, they negotiated the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk, which extracted Russia from the war at the cost of substantial Russian territory

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Battle of Tannenberg

“Most Brilliantly Conducted

Campaign of World War One!”

The Southern Front, 1914–1918

Open a Supply

Route to Russia

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No progress made, casualties mount for both the Allies and the

Central Powers (Germans were present in limited numbers

throughout the campaign)

Allied withdrawal begins under cover of darkness on 7

December and continues until 20 December 1915, leaving only a

token force behind.

Last British soldiers gone by 9 January 1916.

Ottoman army unaware of the withdrawal. Incredibly: no Allied

casualties – two men injured at the end.

Vast quantities of supplies fall into the Turkish hands.

The Gallipoli Campaign is a failure!

The War 1916: the Great Slaughter

“No-Man’s Land”

Strategy for breaking the stalemate

“Softening up” the enemy with artillery, followed by an attempt to go “over the top”

Battle of Verdun: 750,000 casualties

Symbolic of the senseless of trench warfare

German General Falkenhayn

“Bleed the French White”

German Chief of Staff

Operational Goals

Deprive the British of the French as an ally.

Kill so many French that they will lose the will

to fight.

Selects a place that France will defend no

matter what will come.

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Verdun (Overview)

Part of a long line of fortifications on the Franco – German border established after the Franco – Prussian War of 1870 – 1871.

Begins 21 February 1916 -- Ends 16 December 1916 (Longest Battle of WWI!)

Nearly 2/3’s – ¾’s of entire French army will serve at Verdun!

Largest Fort Douaumont (falls 25 February) Smallest Fort Vaux (falls 7 June)

(Less than one mile apart!!)

Falkenhayn is relieved in June 1916 by the Kaiser

(ends up in Turkey by end of war)

Replaced by Hindenburg and Ludendorff

Hindenburg calls off the offensive after the British attack at

the Somme on 1 July 1916.

377,000 French killed or wounded (162,000 Dead)

337,000 Germans killed or wounded (100,000+ Dead)

Survivors likened the experience to “being condemned to

Hell”

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Ossuary of Douaumont

130,000 (French &

German) unidentified!

Cemetery of Douaumont

16,000 graves – largest in

France!

The War 1916: the Great Slaughter

“No-Man’s Land”

Strategy for breaking the stalemate

“Softening up” the enemy with artillery, followed by an attempt to go “over the top”

Battle of Verdun: 700,000 lost

Symbolic of the senseless of trench warfare

Battle of The Somme

1.4 Million Casualties – 57,000 British 1st Day Alone!

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The Battle of the Somme1 July – 18 November 1916

Attack Began 1 July 1916

•Intended to relieve pressure on Verdun

•British and French vs. the Germans

•First day of the battle was the most costly in terms of men in the history of British military actions!

1st Four Hours – 50,000 casualties!

•57,270 British casualties (Dead and Wounded) by the end of the day

Ends on 18 November 1916

•Pressure relieved from Verdun – Germans

forced to shift forces to the Somme area

Butte de

Warlencourt

Battle of the Somme in British Memory

NationalityTotal

casualties

Killed &

missingPrisoners

United

Kingdom350,000+ - -

Canada 24,029 - -

Australia 23,000 < 200

New Zealand 7,408 - -

South Africa 3,000+ - -

Newfoundland 2,000+ - -

Total British

Empire419,654 95,675 -

French 204,253 50,756 -

Total Allied 623,907* 146,431 -

Germany 465,000* 164,055 31,000

Net Result: Gain of between 6 – 15 miles of front

*actually thought to be higher!As many as 1.4 million casualties!!

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The War 1916: the Great Slaughter

“No-Man’s Land”

Strategy for breaking the stalemate

“Softening up” the enemy with artillery, followed by an attempt to go “over the top”

Battle of Verdun: 700,000 lost

Symbolic of the senseless of trench warfare

Battle of The Somme

1.4 Million Casualties – 57,000 British 1st Day Alone!

Battle of Jutland

Last Great Clash of Capital Ships

British navy much larger than the

German

England will blockade Germany

Germans will cut off the Baltic

supply route to Russia

Germans develop U-boats

Focus on British warships

Go after merchant ships going

into England

HMS

DreadnoughtBritish

Grand

Fleet

NY Tribune,

1 May 1915

7 May 1915

8 miles off coast of southern coast of Ireland

Violated German blockade around UK

Sank in 18 minutes

1198 lives lost

(413 of 702 Crew / 785 of 1257 Passengers)

128 Americans die

Years Later Determined that:

Carrying over 4 million Remington .303 Rounds

of Ammunition for British.

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Battle of Jutland – “Last great

clash of capital ships”

Naval war focuses on the North

Sea

German – British fleets

German goal – trap the British

fleet, sink with torpedo’s from

U-boats

A draw in the end

Both side suffer equal

losses

English continue to

blockade Germany

Germany continues to halt

aid to Russia.

74 German

ships

scuttled at

Scapa Flow

21 June

1919

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New Antagonists Entry of Ottoman Empire, Italy, and Bulgaria into

the war, 1914-1915

A Global Conflict Middle East

Lawrence of Arabia (1888 – 1935)

War in Africa and impact on Africans

Entry of the United States Undoing U.S. neutrality

Sinking of the Lusitania: May 7, 1915

Zimmermann Telegram

Unrestricted submarine warfare resumes: 1 February 1917

United States enters the war, April 6, 1917

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German foreign minister

Zimmerman to the German

Embassy in Mexico City

Released by the British

government to the United States

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Lenin and Trotsky

The Russian Revolution The coming of complete collapse, 1917

Autocratic rule under Nicholas II

Exposure of Russia’s ill-preparedness for war

Influence of Rasputin

The March Revolution Problems in Petrograd

March of the women, March 8, 1917

Calls for a general strike

Soldiers join the marchers

Provisional Government takes control (Kerensky) Emergence of the soviets

Bolsheviks and Mensheviks

The expulsion and return of V. I. Lenin (1870 – 1924)

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The Bolshevik Revolution Bolshevik control

Creating a new Soviet government New social and economic policies

Peace: Treaty of Brest-Litovsk

Czar Nicholas II and Family are Killed by Bolsheviks

Civil war Bolshevik (Red) Army vs. Anti-Bolshevik (White) Army

Red Terror by the Cheka

Differences within the White Army

Communists and “war communism”

Invasion of allied troops (US, UK, Japanese, & Others)

Communist control of Russia

The Russian Revolution and Civil War

The Russian Civil War lasted from 1918 to 1921.

A variety of disparate groups, including victorious powers from World War I, sought to either overthrow the Bolsheviks or seize Russian territory.

Lack of cohesion among their enemies helped the Bolsheviks triumph, but at the cost of much hardship and bloodshed.

The Last Year of the War

Germany’s Final Gamble

Last German offensive, March-July, 1918

Allied counterattack Second Battle of the Marne, July 18, 1918

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Entry of the United States Undoing U.S. neutrality

Sinking of the Lusitania: May 7, 1915

Zimmermann Telegram Texas, New Mexico, Arizona

Invitation to Japan!

Unrestricted submarine warfare resumes: 1 February 1917

United States enters the war, April 6, 1917

St. Mihiel – September 1918

Meuse – Argonne – September – November 1918

11 November 1918 – 2.1 Million Americans in Europe!

The Last Year of the War

Abdication of William II, November 9, 1918

Republic established

Armistice, November 11, 1918

The Casualties of the War

The human cost: soldiers and civilians

A “lost generation” F.S. Fitzgerald

Armenian genocide 1 to 1.5 Million Christian Armenians Killed?

Help Russia (Christian) against Muslim Turks?

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Estimated population of nearly 2 million Armenians in Turkey in 1914.

Genocide killed between 1 – 1.5 million Armenians.

Armenian population of Turkey in 2011 is 70,000.

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World War I Statistics

28 July 1914 – 11 November 1918

Nine Million Soldiers Dead (All Countries)

(plus 11 Million Civilians) = 20 million DEAD!

37 Million Soldiers Wounded

6,046 Killed Each Day!

(1,566 Days)

In England – Six Million Men in the Army

(1 in 4 of Adult Male Population)

(1 in 8 would Die!)

In France – Draft Class of 1894

50% Dead by the end of the War!

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Revolutionary Upheavals in Germany and Austria-Hungary

Defeat and Political Revolution

Germany’s November Revolution and aftermath - Weimar Republic (1919 – 1933)

Socialist divisions: Social Democrats and German Communist Party

Failed Communist revolutions in Berlin and Munich Enduring fear of Communism

Nationalism and the end of Austria-Hungary

Agitation and national independence

The Peace Settlement

Peace Aims Divisions of interest at the Paris Peace

Conference Woodrow Wilson’s idealistic “Fourteen Points”

Pragmatism of other states Lloyd George’s determination to make Germany pay

Georges Clemenceau of France concerned with his nation’s security

Fear of Bolshevik revolution

Domination by the Big Three (US / UK / FR / IT) The principle of the League of Nations adopted

The Treaty of Versailles

Provisions

Article 231: War Guilt Clause Admission of responsibility and payment of reparations

Reduction of military: army of 100,000

Loss of Alsace and Lorraine

Sections of Prussia to the new Polish state

German unhappiness: charges of a “dictated peace”

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The Treaty of Versailles

The three most important decision makers at the Paris Peace Conference,

Georges Clemenceau, Woodrow Wilson, David Lloyd George,

shortly after the signing of the Treaty of Versailles.

The Germans’ reaction to what they considereda harsh and unfair peace treaty

The Other Peace Treaties

Redrawing the Map of Eastern Europe Territorial changes

German and Russian losses, Romanian gains

New nation-states: Finland, Latvia, Estonia, Lithuania, Poland, Czechoslovakia, Austria, Hungary, and Yugoslavia

Minorities in every eastern European state

Ottoman Empire dismembered Promises of independence in the Middle East

Mandates

France – Lebanon and Syria

Britain – Iraq and Palestine

Attacks on the settlement and consequences

Europe in 1919

The victorious allies met to determine the shape and nature of postwar Europe.

At the urging of the American president Woodrow Wilson, the peace conference createdseveral new countries from the prewar territory of Austria-Hungary, Germany, and Russia in an effort tosatisfy the nationalist aspirations of many former imperial subjects.

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The Middle East in 1919

The United States

declines to

accept any

mandates

Armenia

What is Next?

20 Years of Peace –

Intermission!