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Chapter 1Chapter 1

IntroductionIntroduction

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ContentsContents

• Organization & Architecture• Structure & Function

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Computer ArchitectureComputer Architecture

• Bear: “The design of the integrated system which provides a useful tool to the programmer”

• Hayes: “The study of the structure, behavior and design of computers”

• Abd-Alla: “The design of the system specification at a general or subsystem level”

• Foster: “The art of designing a machine that will be a pleasure to work with”

• Hennessy and Patterson: “The interface between the hardware and the lowest level software”

Organization and architectureOrganization and architecture

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Computer ArchitectureComputer Architecture• Common themes

– Design/structure– Art– System– Tool for programmer and application– Interface

• Thus, computer architecture refers to those attributes of the system that are visible to a programmer-- those attributes that have a direct impact on the execution of a program– Instruction sets– Data representation– Addressing – I/O

Organization and architectureOrganization and architecture

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Architecture & Organization Architecture & Organization

• Architecture is those attributes visible to the programmer– Instruction set, number of bits used for data representation,

I/O mechanisms, addressing techniques.– e.g. Is there a multiply instruction?

• Organization is how features are implemented– Control signals, interfaces, memory technology.– e.g. Is there a hardware multiply unit or is it done by – repeated addition?

Organization and architectureOrganization and architecture

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Architecture & Organization Architecture & Organization

• All Intel x86 family share the same basic architecture• The IBM System/370 family share the same basic

architecture• This gives code compatibility

– At least backwards

• Organization differs between different versions

Organization and architectureOrganization and architecture

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Structure & FunctionStructure & Function

• A computer is a complex system• A description of complex system is to recognize

the hierarchic nature of most complex systems• The hierarchic nature of complex systems is

essential to their design and description• The behavior at each level depends only on a

simplified, abstracted characterization of the system at the next lower level

Structure and functionStructure and function

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Structure & FunctionStructure & Function

• Structure is the way in which components relate to each other

• Function is the operation of individual components as part of the structure

Structure and functionStructure and function

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FunctionFunction• All computer functions are:

– Data processing

– Data storage

– Data movement

– Control

Structure and functionStructure and function

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Functional viewFunctional view• Functional view of a computer

DataMovementApparatus

ControlMechanism

DataStorageFacility

DataProcessingFacility

Structure and functionStructure and function

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Operations Operations

• Data movement

– e.g. keyboard to screen

DataMovementApparatus

ControlMechanism

DataStorageFacility

DataProcessingFacility

Structure and functionStructure and function

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Operations Operations

• Storage

– e.g. Internet download to disk

DataMovementApparatus

ControlMechanism

DataStorageFacility

DataProcessingFacility

Structure and functionStructure and function

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OperationOperationss• Processing from/to storage

– e.g. updating bank statement

DataMovementApparatus

ControlMechanism

DataStorageFacility

DataProcessingFacility

Structure and functionStructure and function

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Operations Operations

• Processing from storage to I/O

– e.g. printing a bank statement

DataMovementApparatus

ControlMechanism

DataStorageFacility

DataProcessingFacility

Structure and functionStructure and function

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StructureStructure• The computer is an entity that interacts in

some fashion with its external environment

Outline of the bookOutline of the book

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TopTop--Level StructureLevel Structure

• Top-Level structure• Central processing unit (CPU)• Main memory• I/O• System interconnection

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TopTop--Level StructureLevel Structure

Computer

Main Memory

InputOutput

SystemsInterconnection

Peripherals

Communicationlines

CentralProcessing Unit

Computer

Structure and functionStructure and function

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The Central Processing Unit(CPU)The Central Processing Unit(CPU)

Computer Arithmeticand Login Unit

ControlUnit

Internal CPUInterconnection

Registers

CPU

I/O

Memory

SystemBus

CPU

Structure and functionStructure and function

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The Control UnitThe Control Unit

CPU

ControlMemory

Control UnitRegisters andDecoders

SequencingLogic

ControlUnit

ALU

Registers

InternalBus

Control Unit

Structure and functionStructure and function