CHAPTER 1- INTRODUCTION AND PRIMARY PREVENTION Psychology 63-
Alcohol/ Drug Studies- Prevention and Education
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Introductions and Group Work Please get into groups of 4 or 5
students Introduce yourselves to one another Elect a group
facilitator and a record keeper As a group please answer and
document answers to the following questions on the next slide
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Class Expectations What are some your goals for this course?
How will you know you have accomplished these goals? Why are you
taking this class? What makes a good class? Please provide specific
examples. What makes a good professor? What have been some of the
worst experiences you have had in previous classes? Dont mention
names.
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What do you know? What is drug abuse and what is not? What is
the difference between a risk factor and a protective factor? Can
you list some examples of each? What are some early signs of risk
that may predict later drug abuse? What are the highest risk
periods for drug abuse among youth? When and how does drug abuse
start and progress?
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Drug Abuse Black or White? Or more complicated than that?
Traditional ideas attempt to define substance abuse as either use
or abuse Contemporary definitions expand this definition to a
broader concept Modern definitions use a _______to describe the
concept of abuse. Terms like abuse are being replaced with concepts
like "substance and alcohol type problems" or "harmful/problematic
use" of drugs This helps professionals expand their understanding
of substance problems.
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What do you know? What is the difference between a risk factor
and a protective factor? Can you list some examples of each? What
are some early signs of risk that may predict later drug abuse?
What are the highest risk periods for drug abuse among youth? When
and how does drug abuse start and progress?
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Protective Factors vs Risk Factors _________increase a persons
chances for drug abuse. Poverty Abuse Lack of supervision
_____________reduce the risk for drug abuse. Community involvement
Academic success Intact family Please note, however, that most
individuals at risk for drug abuse do not start using drugs or
become addicted. Also, a risk factor for one person may not be for
another.
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What do you know? What are some early signs of risk that may
predict later drug abuse? What are the highest risk periods for
drug abuse among youth? When and how does drug abuse start and
progress?
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Early Risk Factors Risk factors can begin in infancy and early
childhood ________________ Lack of self control Difficult
temperament Early Interactions Lack of attachment and nurturing by
parents or caregivers _________________ Caregiver who abuses drugs
Protective factors include Strong bond between children and parents
Parental involvement ________________________________
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What do you know? What are the highest risk periods for drug
abuse among youth? When and how does drug abuse start and
progress?
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Early Risk Periods _________________ 1) transition of beginning
school 2)transition to middle school In general early adolescence
is a difficult period for people and is a significant period of
risk for the development of drug abuse 3)transition to high school
In general risk increases during transition periods. These
transitions follow us through life and represent a significant
increase in risk Job loss Divorce End of military service
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What do you know? When and how does drug abuse start and
progress?
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Initiation and Progression Some children are abusing drugs at
ages 12 or 13 This suggest even earlier exposure to drug use Early
use often includes such substances as Tobacco Alcohol Inhalants
Marijuana Prescription Medications Studies have shown that abuse in
late childhood and early adolescence is associated with
________drug involvement.
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________ Youth who rapidly
increase their substance abuse often have high levels of risk
factors and low levels of protective factors.
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Statistics on Substance Abuse
http://www.oas.samhsa.gov/NSDUH/2k9NSDUH/2k9R esults.htm
http://www.oas.samhsa.gov/NSDUH/2k9NSDUH/2k9R esults.htm What
percent of Americans acknowledged using an illicit drug during the
previous month? In 2009, an estimated 21.8 million Americans aged
12 or older were current (past month) illicit drug users, meaning
they had used an illicit drug during the month prior to the survey
interview. This estimate represents ____ percent of the population
aged 12 or older. Illicit drugs include marijuana/hashish, cocaine
(including crack), heroin, hallucinogens, inhalants, or
prescription- type psychotherapeutics used non-medically.
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Alcohol What percent of Americans report heavy drinking in the
last month? Heavy drinking is defined as binge drinking on at least
5 days in the past 30 days. Binge drinking is defined as having
five or more drinks on the same occasion on at least 1 day in the
30 days prior to the survey. In 2009, heavy drinking was reported
by _____ percent of the population aged 12 or older, or 17.1
million people. This rate was similar to the rate of heavy drinking
in 2008. In 2009, nearly one quarter (_____ percent) of persons
aged 12 or older participated in binge drinking. This translates to
about 59.6 million people. The rate in 2009 is similar to the
estimate in 2008.
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Tobacco What percentage of Americans are currently using
tobacco products? In 2009, an estimated 69.7 million Americans aged
12 or older were current (past month) users of a tobacco product.
This represents ____ percent of the population in that age range.
In addition, 58.7 million persons (23.3 percent of the population)
were current cigarette smokers; 13.3 million (5.3 percent) smoked
cigars; 8.6 million (3.4 percent) used smokeless tobacco; and 2.1
million (0.8 percent) smoked tobacco in pipes.
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Marijuana What percentage of Americans used marijuana in the
past month? Marijuana was the most commonly used illicit drug. In
2009, there were 16.7 million past month users. Among persons aged
12 or older, the rate of past month marijuana use and the number of
users in 2009 (_____ percent or 16.7 million) were higher than in
2008 (6.1 percent or 15.2 million) and in 2007 (5.8 percent or 14.4
million).
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Other Drugs In 2009, there were 1.6 million current cocaine
users aged 12 or older, comprising 0.7 percent of the population.
These estimates were similar to the number and rate in 2008 (1.9
million or 0.7 percent) but were lower than the estimates in 2006
(2.4 million or 1.0 percent). Hallucinogens were used in the past
month by 1.3 million persons (0.5 percent) aged 12 or older in
2009, including 760,000 (0.3 percent) who had used Ecstasy. The
number and percentage of Ecstasy users increased between 2008
(555,000 or 0.2 percent) and 2009. In 2009, there were 7.0 million
(2.8 percent) persons aged 12 or older who used prescription-type
psychotherapeutic drugs non-medically in the past month. These
estimates were higher than in 2008 (6.2 million or 2.5 percent),
but similar to estimates in 2007 (6.9 million or 2.8 percent). The
number of past month methamphetamine users decreased between 2006
and 2008, but then increased in 2009. The numbers were 731,000 (0.3
percent) in 2006, 529,000 (0.2 percent) in 2007, 314,000 (0.1
percent) in 2008, and 502,000 (0.2 percent) in 2009.
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History of Various Substances Please take time to review the
history of various substances on page 429 through 441
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Public Health Model The goal of the public health model is to
improve lives through the ___________________of disease. The
primary focus of a public health intervention is to prevent rather
than treat a disease through surveillance of cases and the
promotion of healthy behaviors. In addition to these activities, in
many cases treating a disease can be vital to preventing death, and
its spread to others, such as during an outbreak of infectious
disease or contamination of food or water supplies. Vaccination
programs and distribution of condoms are examples of public health
measures.
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Public Health Model
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Components _______-substance Host-individual Environment Levels
of Prevention Primary prevention is inhibiting the development of
disease before it occurs. Secondary prevention is defined as
identifying and assessing ATOD problems at early stages so that use
is not escalated and help is provided to return early-stage users
to non users. refers to measures that detect disease before it is
symptomatic. ________________ refers to treatment and relapse
prevention for recovering alcoholics and addicts. efforts focus on
people already affected by disease and attempt to reduce resultant
disability and restore functionality. Prevention is better than
cure.-Erasmus
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Prevention Principles PRINCIPLE 1 -
___________________________________________________
___________________________________________________
_______________________________________________. PRINCIPLE 2 -
Prevention programs should address all forms of drug abuse, alone
or in combination, including the underage use of legal drugs (e.g.,
tobacco or alcohol); the use of illegal drugs (e.g., marijuana or
heroin); and the inappropriate use of legally obtained substances
(e.g., inhalants), prescription medications, or over-the-counter
drugs. PRINCIPLE 3 - Prevention programs should address the type of
drug abuse problem in the local community, target modifiable risk
factors, and strengthen identified protective factors. PRINCIPLE 4
- Prevention programs should be tailored to address risks specific
to population or audience characteristics, such as age, gender, and
ethnicity, to improve program effectiveness.
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Prevention Principles PRINCIPLE 5 - Family-based prevention
programs should enhance family bonding and relationships and
include parenting skills; practice in developing, discussing, and
enforcing family policies on substance abuse; and training in drug
education and information. PRINCIPLE 6 - Prevention programs can be
designed to intervene as early as preschool to address risk factors
for drug abuse, such as aggressive behavior, poor social skills,
and academic difficulties. PRINCIPLE 7 - Prevention programs for
elementary school children should target improving academic and
social-emotional learning to address risk factors for drug abuse,
such as early aggression, academic failure, and school dropout.
Education should focus on the following skills self-control;
__________________; communication; ___________________; and
academic support, especially in reading.
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Prevention Principles PRINCIPLE 8 - Prevention programs for
middle or junior high and high school students should increase
academic and social competence with the following skills: study
habits and academic support; communication; peer relationships;
self-efficacy and assertiveness; drug resistance skills;
reinforcement of anti-drug attitudes; and strengthening of personal
commitments against drug abuse. PRINCIPLE 9 - Prevention programs
aimed at general populations at key transition points, such as the
transition to middle school, can produce beneficial effects even
among high-risk families and children. Such interventions do not
single out risk populations and, therefore, reduce labeling and
promote bonding to school and community. PRINCIPLE 10 - Community
prevention programs that combine two or more effective programs,
such as family-based and school-based programs, can be more
effective than a single program alone. PRINCIPLE 11 - Community
prevention programs reaching populations in multiple settingsfor
example, schools, clubs, faith-based organizations, and the
mediaare most effective when they present consistent,
community-wide messages in each setting
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Prevention Principles PRINCIPLE 12 - When communities adapt
programs to match their needs, community norms, or differing
cultural requirements, they should retain core elements of the
original research- based intervention. PRINCIPLE 13 - Prevention
programs should be long-term with repeated interventions (i.e.,
booster programs) to reinforce the original prevention goals.
Research shows that the benefits from middle school prevention
programs diminish without follow-up programs in high school.
PRINCIPLE 14 - Prevention programs should include teacher training
on good classroom management practices, such as rewarding
appropriate student behavior. Such techniques help to foster
students positive behavior, achievement, academic motivation, and
school bonding. PRINCIPLE 15 - Prevention programs are most
effective when they employ interactive techniques, such as peer
discussion groups and parent role-playing, that allow for active
involvement in learning about drug abuse and reinforcing skills.
PRINCIPLE 16 - Research-based prevention programs can be
cost-effective. Similar to earlier research, recent research shows
that for each dollar invested in prevention, a savings of up to $10
in treatment for alcohol or other substance abuse can be seen