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THE BEGINNINGS OF HUMAN SOCIETY
Chapter 1
GEOGRAPHY and HISTORYSection 1
History- written and recorded events of people
Prehistory- the time period before history Archaeologists- scientists who examine
objects to learn about past people and cultures.
UNDERSTANDING HISTORY
ICEMAN?
WHAT DID HE TEACH US?
Civilization, Organized? Chaotic? Advanced? Misdirected/Fledgling? How would archaeologists use the
artifacts (pieces of history) to draw conclusions about the iceman?
RECORD SPOKEN WORD
Oral Traditions- stories passed down by word of mouth
Geography- study of the earth’s surface and the processes that shape it (includes climate, landscape and location)
DID WE LEARN?
What do scientists study to learn about prehistory?
Name some geographic features! How can geography help us understand
history?
PREHISTORY
Hominids- Refers to modern humans as well as early humans and their ancestors
Why scientists think hominids existed for millions of years? Footprints in the sand!
STONE AGE/HUNTERS & GATHERERS
Stone age- period of time when hominids began making lasting tools
What did they make them out of? Wood, stone, bones Old Stone age- Had not yet learned to
farm, were hunter gatherers Almost all Prehistory took place during
the old stone age
FIRE
1,400,000 to 500,000 years ago, hominids learned how to use fire
How? We cannot be sure Possibly a grass fire caused by lightening Hominids learned to create fire by
rubbing sticks to create a spark Big step in the advancement of life Allows us to live in colder climates
TRAVEL BEGINS
Nomads- people who have no settled home
They stay and hunt and gather until the food has run out or moved on
Early nomads spread throughout most of the earth
FARMING
Middle stone age- characterized by the use of more refined tools
New stone age- characterized by the use of even better tools and the advent of farming
If you could grow crops, you did not need to be nomadic
Colonies begin to form Women gathered and planted seeds while
men hunted
FARMING WORLD WIDE
Some places were better for growing than others
You needed warmth, water, and good soil. Many took up farming as a way of life
Domestication
Plants and Animals were domesticated Plants? Yes Plants Farmers selected only the best grown
crops to take seeds from to grow. Animals also became domesticated, they
were used for work as well as companionship
TELL ME ABOUT IT
Divide and conquer
THE BEGINNINGS OFCIVILIZATION
The worlds first construction workers
How To Farm In the Desert
What are the ideal farming conditions we learned about?
So how do we farm in the desert? Irrigation-supplying land with water from
another location using a network of canals
How did it work?
Getting Settled
Farm life was more difficult than hunting and gathering, but it was much more rewarding
Could give people huge supplies of food Surplus- having more than what you need What effect did this have on population?
Population Explodes
Surplus food allowed families to grow Larger families meant more workers Now tell me what’s next? 10,000 years ago est. population- 5
million 7,000 years ago est. population- 20
million
Early Villages and Towns
With the three basics met, what can civilizations do?
Artisan- worker who is especially skilled at crafting things by hand
Examples- basket weaving, creating cloth, tools, pottery, and leather goods
The Growth Of Cities
Early cities typically sprung up next to a clean water source with lots of materials for shelter
River water beds led to fertile soil to farm on
Cities differed largely from towns, (exp. More people, less farmers, more craftsman.
Farmers had about enough by this point In the cities farmers became craftsmen
Governments Form
What is the purpose of government? Keep order, solve disputes, manage
public buildings, irrigation projects
Civilization
A society with cities, with a central government, run by leaders, and workers who specialize in specific jobs
The Bronze Age
6600 BC Artisans discover copper 3000 BC Artisans discover mixing copper
and tin makes bronze (much stronger than either)
Bronze was used for tools, weapons, and protection
Trade and the Spread of Ideas
People knew they were not alone Artisans began to trade their items for
items from far away lands Major Invention- Axle and rod connected
to wheels. Now we could transport farther, easier.
Development of large boats called ships allowed us to travel over water to ship
Development of Social Classes
Social Class- a group of people with a similar background, income, and way of life
Kings and Queens were at the top, then nobles and military/government officials, the artisans and merchants, and common people and farmers bring up the lower class.
The lowest class, slaves
HOMEWORK
PG. 25- 1-6 (use complete sentences)
PG. 26- 7- A/B/C 8- B/C 10- A/B/C Map Mastery