Chapter 1: Fundamentals of Communication Sciences and Disorders Justice Communication Sciences and Disorders: An Introduction Copyright ©2006 by Pearson

Chapter 1:

Fundamentals of Communication Sciences

and Disorders

JusticeCommunication Sciences and Disorders: An Introduction

Copyright ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458

All rights reserved.

Focus Questions

This chapter is designed to answer the following questions:

• What is communication?

• How does communication relate to language, speech, and hearing?

• What is a communication disorder?

• What careers are available in communication science and disorders?

1.1




Introduction

• Importance of communication

• Communication as the “heart of life’s experience”

• Communication disorders are relatively common (approx. 1 out of every 6 persons are affected)

1.2




Chapter Objectives

• Define communication

• Provide an overview of different types of communication disorders

• Identify professionals in the field of communication science and disorders

1.3




Case Study #1: Anika Roster• Born to single parent – premature and low

birth weight, result of lack of prenatal care and smoking during pregnancy

• Diagnosed as severely undernourished, placed on a nasogastric tube supplemented with breast feeding

• Now 4 weeks old – gaining weight, but no interest in breast feeding or any oral activity

• Speech-language pathologist called in to consult on ways to promote oral interest and intake

1.4




Case Study #1 Questions:

• What are some strategies that the speech-language pathologist might use to promote Anika’s interest in oral exploration?

• What types of support should be provided to Ms. Roster to help her cope with the challenges of giving birth to a medically-fragile infant?

1.5




Case Study #2: Jan Shen• 62-year old Chinese-American• Hearing has steadily decreased – can’t

take part in most conversations, and recently was in a car accident most likely because of his hearing

• Evaluation showed severe hearing loss due to ongoing exposure to noise, recommended hearing aid, support group, and rehabilitation therapy

• Mr. Shen is depressed and doesn’t think he needs any of the recommendations

1.6





• Why did Mr. Shen not seek help for his deteriorating hearing prior to his wife’s urging after car accident?

• What are some possible reasons for Mr. Shen refusing to return to the audiologist and follow the prescribed course of action?

1.7




Case Study #3: Anna Parish• 52-year old fundraising coordinator for church

• Suffered stroke that left her paralyzed on right side and speech impairment – apraxia (unable to produce speech, but can understand everything said to her)

• Received therapy, but her insurance won’t cover it anymore because of lack of progress

• Won’t take on former fundraising responsibilities because of frustration without speech

1.8





• What are some possible supports that could be put in place for helping Mrs. Parish take greater responsibilities at work?

• What are some barriers that may be helping to keep Mrs. Parish from taking these responsibilities at work?

1.9




What is Communication?

Definition:

• “process of sharing information between two or more persons”

• “transmission of thoughts or feelings from the mind of a speaker to the mind of a listener” – Borden, Harris, & Raphael, 1994, p. 174

1.10




What is Communication? (cont’d)Three Purposes:

RequestReject

CommentTwo Players:

SenderReceiver

Four Processes:Formulation

TransmissionReception

Comprehension

1.11




Modalities of Communication

• Human communication is unique because of the use of language and speech

Common Modalities:

• Speech

• Sign language

• Reading/writing

1.12




Feedback

Information provided by the receiver to the sender

• Linguistic feedback

• Extralinguistic feedback

• Paralinguistic feedback

1.13




Communication Functions

• Instrumental – to ask for something

• Regulatory – to direct others

• Interactional – for social interactions

• Personal – to express feelings

• Heuristic – to ask for information

• Imaginative – to tell stories and role play

• Informative – to provide descriptions of events or objects

1.14




Effective Communication

Four Principles for Effective Communicators:

1. Quantity – provides the right amount and type of information

2. Quality – shares information that is accurate

3. Relevance – maintains the topic

4. Manner – speaks fluently

1.15




Language, Speech, & Hearing

I. LanguageAs defined by Nelson (1998):

“socially shared code that uses a conventional system of arbitrary symbols to represent ideas about the world that are meaningful to others who know the same code”

1.16




Features of Language

• Universality

• Species-specificity

• Semanticity

• Productivity

• Rate of acquisition

1.17




Three-Domain System of Language

• Content – meaning of language

• Form – the organization and arrangement of words, sentences, and sounds

• Use – the function of language for personal and social needs

1.18




Five-Domain System of Language

• Semantics – meaning of words and word combinations

• Syntax – organization of sentences

• Morphology – organization of words

• Phonology – organization of sounds (phonemes)

• Pragmatics – language use for social purposes

1.19




Metalinguistic Awareness

“ability to deliberately scrutinize language as an object of attention”

• Semantic• Syntactic• Morphological • Phonological• Pragmatic

1.20




II. Speech

• Neuromuscular process that allows humans to express language

• Involves three systems:-respiration-phonation-articulation

• Most common form of language expression because of advantages over other modalities

1.21




Model of Speech Production

• Perceptual target

• Motor schema

• Speech output

• Feedback

1.22




Normal Speech

Four essential building blocks:

1. Breathstream – consistent and even

2. Voice – appropriate intensity and pitch

3. Articulation – precision in phoneme production

4. Fluency – effortless and smooth speech

1.23




III. Hearing

• The perception of sound (in the communication process, the perception of speech)

• Steps of sound processing:

-creation of sound source

-vibration of air particles

-reception by ear

-comprehension by brain

1.24




Communication Disorders

• Present when a person is either unable to or has significant difficulties in one or more of the four processes (formulation, transmission, reception, and comprehension)

• Formulation or comprehension problems language impairment

• Transmission problems speech impairment• Reception problems hearing impairment

1.25




Communication Disorders vs. Communication Differences

• When considering a person’s communicative abilities, we must be knowledgeable about their language, dialect, and cultural background

• A “difference” is when an “individual’s communication patterns differ substantially from that of the person or persons with whom he/she is communicating”

1.26




A. Disorders of Language

• Breakdown in one or more of the domains of semantics, syntax, morphology, phonology, and pragmatics

• Child language disorders

-ex. Specific language impairment (SLI)

• Adult language disorders

-ex. Aphasia

1.27




B. Disorders of Speech• Breakdown in one or more of the systems

of respiration, phonation, and articulation• Articulation and phonology disorders

-distortions, substitutions, and omissions of speech sounds

• Fluency disorders• Voice disorders

-aphonia and dysphonia• Motor speech disorders

-apraxia and dysarthria

1.28




C. Disorders of Hearing

• Breakdown in the reception or transmission of sound

• Sensorineural hearing impairment

-inner ear or auditory nerve

• Conductive hearing impairment

-outer or middle ear

• Auditory processing disorder

-auditory center in the brain

1.29




D. Disorders of Feeding and Swallowing

• Pediatric disorders of feeding and swallowing– Cleft palate– Cerebral palsy– Disordered interactions with feeding partners

• Adult dysphagia

1.30




Career Options• Speech-language pathology

• Audiology

• Allied Professions

-special education

-neurologist

-occupational therapist

-otorhinolaryngologist

-pediatrician

-psychologist

1.31




Documents

Chapter 1: Fundamentals of Communication Sciences and Disorders Justice Communication Sciences and Disorders: An Introduction Copyright ©2006 by Pearson