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14-Jul-14
1
CHAPTER 1
Fundamental of Electricity
Basic electrical power parameters:
a) Current measured in Ampere [A]
b) Voltage measured in Volt [V]
c) Apparent Power measured in VA ( = V x A)
d) Active Power measured in Watt (= VA x power-factor)
e) Electric energy measured in Watt-hour ( = Watt x hour)
f) Resistance measured in Ohms ( = V / A)
Apparent Power PVA = Voltage (V) x Current (A)
Active Power PW = Voltage (V) x Current (A) x Power-Factor (pf)
Power Factor, pf = Efficiency of power utilization
●
●
●
●
Electrical Power Calculation
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2
~
Power
Source
Power
Cable Electric
Kettle
Voltage = 240V Current, I = 0
Power, PW = 2kW
Poer-Factor, pf = 1.0
Electrical Power Calculation
~
Power
Source
Power
Cable Electric
Kettle Voltage without load = 240V
Voltage with load = 235V
Current, I = ? Power, PW = 2kW
Power-Factor, pf = 1.0
Voltage x Current x Power-factor = Active Power
240(V) x Current x 1.0 = 2000W
Current = 2000W / (240V x 1.0)
= 8.33A
Apparent Power, PVA
= Voltage (240V) x Current (8.33A) = 2000VA = 2kVA
= Active Power, PW (2000W) / Power Factor, pf (1.0) =2000VA = 2kVA
Voltage drop, Vd = 5V
Basic Concept – Normal Operating Condition - Kettle
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~
Power
Source
Power
Cable Motor
Voltage without load = 240V
Voltage with load = 235V
Current, I = ? Power, PW = 2kW
Power-Factor, pf = 0.6
Voltage x Current x Power-factor = Active Power
240(V) x Current x ? = 2000W
Current = 2000W / (240V x ?)
= ? A
Apparent Power, PVA
= Voltage (240V) x Current (? A) = ? VA = ? kVA
= Active Power, PW (2000W) / Power Factor, pf (?) =? VA = ? kVA
Voltage drop, Vd = 5V
Basic Concept – Normal Operating Condition - Motor
~
Power
Source
Power
Cable Motor
Voltage without load = 240V
Voltage with load = 235V
Current, I = ? Power, PW = 2kW
Power-Factor, pf = 0.6
Voltage x Current x Power-factor = Active Power
240(V) x Current x 0.6 = 2000W
Current = 2000W / (240V x 0.6)
= 13.88A
Apparent Power, PVA
= Voltage (240V) x Current (13.88A) = 3331VA = 3.3kVA
= Active Power, PW (2000W) / Power Factor, pf (1.0) = 3333VA = 3.3kVA
Voltage drop, Vd = 5V
Basic Concept – Normal Operating Condition - Motor
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~
Power
Source
Power
Cable Electric
Kettle
Voltage = 235V Current, I = 8.33A
Power, PW = 2kW
Power-Factor, pf = 1.0
Voltage drop, Vd = 5V
Fault current, IF = ?
Fault current, IF = Electrical Load in VA / Voltage Drop
= 2000VA / 5V
= 400A
Basic Concept – Fault Operating Condition - Kettle
~
Power
Source
Power
Cable Electric
Kettle
Voltage = 235V Current, I = 13.88 A
Power, PW = 2kW
Power-Factor, pf = 0.6
Voltage drop, Vd = 5V
Fault current, IF = ?
Fault current, IF = Electrical Load in VA / Voltage Drop
= 3331VA / 5V
= 666A
Basic Concept – Fault Operating Condition - Motor
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CHAPTER 2
Overview of
Transmission Network
Electric power transmission is the bulk transfer of electrical energy from
the generating stations to electrical substations located near demand centers ●
Electric power transmission is usually performed via overhead lines
as this is the most economically way to transport electric power. ●
Underground transmission by using high-voltage cable is adopted when space
is a constraint in urban area. High-voltage cable is also chosen when performing
submarine power transmission.
●
Most of the time electrical power is transmitted using high-voltage 3-phase
alternating-current (AC) system. However, for a very long distance (hundreds
of km) AC power transmission suffers heavy losses.
High voltage direct-current (HVDC) is adopted for efficient power transmission
over a very long distance.
●
●
What is Power Transmission
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Transmission lines, cable and equipments, when interconnected with each other,
it forms a power transmission network (Transmission grid)
A complete power transmission grid consists of the following major
sub-systems:
a) Primary system :
Provide physical means to transport electrical power from one end to
another end
b) Secondary system:
To enable the protection, monitoring and control of individual equipment
as well as the complete system.
Objective of transmission network is to ensure a continuous transportation
of electrical power at intended quality in a safe, secured, reliable, and
economic manner.
●
●
●
What is Power Transmission
The primary system of Transmission network composed of the following
basic equipments:
a) Power Transformer:
To convert electrical power from one voltage level to another intended voltage
level
b) High voltage switchgear:
To facilitate the automatic and manual switching on/off for controlling the
power flow
c) High voltage bus-bar:
To facilitate common connection between several high voltage circuits in
a system and capable to carry high current flow at a specific high voltage
d) High voltage Overhead lines:
To provide means for high voltage power flow in open air
e) High voltage Cable
To provide means for high voltage power flow in underground or underwater
●
Primary Equipments of Power Transmission
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The secondary system of Transmission network composed of the following
basic equipments:
a) Current transformer (CT):
To perform measurement of current flow
b) Capacitive Voltage transformer (CVT):
To perform measurement of system voltage
c) Protection relay:
To detect a fault condition and/or overload condition and to keep the
power system stable by isolating only the components that are under faulty
d) Telecontrol system:
To enable real time monitoring and control of power system through
acquisition and processing of real time data
e) Telecommunication system:
To enable data transfer and facilitate intercommunication between devices
and/or equipments in the power system
f) Metering system:
To measure import/export of energy and demand monitoring
●
Secondary Equipments of Power Transmission
Generating
Step Up
Transformer
Transmission Customer
132kV or 275kV
Transmission Lines/Cables
132kV, 275kV and 500kV
Step Down
Transformer Subtransmission
Customer
66kV
Large Power
Customer
33kV and 11kV
Ordinary Power
Customer
415V and 240V
Generating Station
Previously available in TNB
but not available now
Power System Diagram
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Generating
Transformer
High
Voltage
Cable
High Voltage
Switchgear
High
Voltage
Bus
High
Voltage
Switchgear
High
Voltage
Lines
High
Voltage
Cable
High
Voltage
Bus
High Voltage
Switchgear
Transformer
Transformer
Distribution Network
Transmission
Network
Medium
Voltage
Cable
Protection
Telecontrol
Communication
Metering
Customer
High
Voltage
Switchgear
Block Diagram of Transmission Power System
CHAPTER 3
TNB Transmission Network
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Transmission voltages adopted by Tenaga Nasional Berhad:
a) 132kV ac
b) 275kV ac
c) 500kV ac
d) 300kV dc to EGAT (Thailand)
e) 220kV ac to SPPG (Singapore)
●
TNB Transmission Power System – Operating Voltages
Transmission Grid System Overview
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Total Line Circuit: 500kV : 637.8 km 275kV : 7,564.7 km 132kV : 10,609.4 km
Total Cable Circuit: 275kV : 51.4 km 132kV : 689.5 km
No. of TNB Substations: 500kV : 7 275kV : 69 132kV : 310
No. Of Customer Substations: 49
TNB-EGAT HVAC : 86 MW
TNB-EGAT HVDC : 300 MW
TNB-SPPG (AC) : 500 MW
Kuah
Melaka
Seremban
Georgetown
Kota Bharu
Kuala Terengganu
Ipoh
Kuantan
Shah Alam
Alor Setar
Kangar
JOHOR
PAHANG
MELAKA
NEGERI SEMBILAN
SELANGOR
PERAK
KEDAH
PULAU PINANG
KELANTAN
TERENGGANU
PERLIS
WILAYAH PERSEKUTUAN
LANGKAWI
MELAKA
BERSIA
KENERING
TEMENGOR
KENYIR
SG PIAH UPPER
SG PIAH LOWER
JOR
WOH
ODAK
CHENDEROH
PERGAU
MAIN GRID IN PENINSULAR MALAYSIA
N
Legend
Hydro Power Station
Thermal Power Station
State Capital
Existing Planned
500kV Overhead Line
275kV Overhead Line
275kV Cable
Johor Bahru
PRAI
GELUGOR
SEGARI
CONNAUGHT BRIDGE
SERDANG
KAPAR
POWERTEK
PD POWER
GENTING SANYEN
PORT DICKSON
YTL
PASIR GUDANG
PAKA
YTL
Ayer Tawar
Batu Gajah Papan
Kuala Kangsar
Bukit Tambun Junjung
Bukit Tengah
Gurun
Bedong
Kota Setar
Chuping
Bukit Tarek
KL (N) KL (E)
Hicom G
KL (S)
Salak Tinggi
Melaka
Kg Awah
Scudai
Telok Kalong
Tanah Merah
JANAMANJUNG
Major TNB Substation
YAN
Yong Peng (N)
Bukit Batu
Sedili
Lenggeng
Yong Peng (E)
300kV HVDC Line
NLDC
NERCC
EGAT
MRCC
PGCC
SPPG
Transmission Grid System as at June 2009
Substation
(Customer)
Voltage Number
275 kV 4
132 kV 50
Total (Customer) 54
Substation
(TNB)
Voltage Number
500 kV 8
275 kV 72
132 kV 319
Total (TNB) 399
Line
Length
(cct-km)
500kV 866.4
275kV 7942.78
132kV 10,519.04
Cable
Length
(cct-km)
275kV 85.13
132kV 726.1
TRANSFORMER
Transformer
Ratio
Number of
Transformers
Capacity
(MVA)
500/275 kV 14 11400
275/230 kV 2 500
275/132 kV 151 30620
275/33 kV 5 450
132/66 kV 4 300
132/33 kV 345 24800
132/22 kV 45 2640
66/22kV 4 100
Number of Substation as at June 2009
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East
North
South
Central
Typical Inter-Area Power Flow
6,000
7,000
8,000
9,000
10,000
11,000
12,000
13,000
14,000
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
WEEKDAY SATURDAY SUNDAY PUBLIC HOLIDAY
MW
TYPICAL DAILY LOAD PROFILE
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GENERATION
DISPATCH
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
12000
14000
0:0
0
1:0
0
2:0
0
3:0
0
4:0
0
5:0
0
6:0
0
7:0
0
8:0
0
9:0
0
10:0
0
11:0
0
12:0
0
13:0
0
14:0
0
15:0
0
16:0
0
17:0
0
18:0
0
19:0
0
20:0
0
21:0
0
22:0
0
23:0
0
Hydro
OCGT-Gas
CCGT-Gas
ST-Gas
ST-Coal
Co-Gen
Hydro Rep.
Hydro for “Peak Shaving”
OCGT – Peaking Units
Base Load Units – CCGT; Coal; Thermal ( Gas ); Co-Gen; Hydro (Riparian)
Coal
Year Maximum
System
Demand (MW)
% Growth
2002 10783 -
2003 11329 5.06%
2004 12023 6.13%
2005 12493 3.91%
2006 12990 3.98%
2007 13620 4.85%
2008 14007 2.84%
2009 14245 1.70%
2010 15072 5.81%
2011 15476 2.68%
2012 15826 2.26%
2013 16562 4.65%
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CHAPTER 4
Transmission Equipments
Electrical Substation
Electrical
Substation
Transformers,
Automated Switches,
Automated Protection System,
Automated Monitoring System
In-flow of
Bulk Electrical Energy
Out-Flow of
Useful Electrical Energy
(Ready for distribution to
Customer at a particular
location)
Alternative route of
Bulk Electrical Energy
Alternative route of
Bulk Electrical Energy
An electrical substation is an assembly of equipment use to transform
bulk electrical energy into useful electrical energy and to divert
the flow of electrical energy in power system whilst ensuring
system security by providing automatic switching, protective and
monitoring systems.
●
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Transmission Substation Layout
HV Line /
HV Cable
bay
HV
Busbar
bay
Transformer
bay
Access Road
MV Switch Room & Control Room MV Power
Cable Trench
Control Cable
Trench
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15
Lightning
Arrester Capacitive
Voltage
Transformer
Current
Transformer
Isolator Circuit
Breaker
Power
Transformer
Busbar
Power Transformers
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16
Power Transformers
The two main functions of a power transformer are:
a) to transfer electrical current from a source to a destination, and
b) to regulate the voltage of that current before it reaches the intended
destination.
This is managed in the coil system of the device. The coils function as
conductors, helping to maintain the current flow within a range that is
considered acceptable.
By managing the magnetic field fluctuation that takes place within the core of
the power transformer, it is possible to control the voltage and change it in
whatever manner is necessary before the current is delivered to houses or
businesses.
●
●
●
Main Internal Parts of Power Transformers
Transformers comply to international standards, performance and constructional features
Power Transformers
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Main Internal Parts Of Power Transformer
• CORE (MAGNETIC CIRCUIT WITH CLAMPING STRUCTURE )
• PRIMARY, SECONDARY & TERTIARY WINDINGS.
• INSULATION (OIL & PAPER)
• CORE EARTHING
• TANK
Power Transformers
Core Lamination
Lamination sheets cut for the core limb and
step-lap stacking
Power Transformers
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18
Basic Winding Design
Core Type
Circular Shaped Windings
Shell Type
Rectangular Shaped Windings
Power Transformers
Core & Coil Assembly Power Transformers
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19
High Voltage Switchgear
In an electric power system, switchgear is the combination of electrical
disconnect switches, fuses or circuit breakers used to control, protect and
isolate electrical equipment. Switchgear is used both to de-energize equipment
to allow work to be done and to clear faults downstream. This type of equipment
is important because it is directly linked to the reliability of the electricity supply.
●
Full Circuit Breaker Assembly
High Voltage Switchgear
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Circuit Breaker Types
Two Basic Types:
Dead Tank:
The enclosure that surrounds the breaker contacts is
electrically at ground potential. The breaker mechanism
and tank are at the same potential
Live Tank
The enclosure that surrounds the breaker contacts is not
at ground potential. The breaker mechanism is
separated from the interrupters by a column
High Voltage Switchgear
Circuit Breakers
High Voltage Switchgear
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Dead Tank Circuit Breakers
High Voltage Busbar
An aluminum or copper conductor supported by insulators that interconnects the
loads and the sources of electric power in an electric power system.
A typical application is the interconnection of the incoming and outgoing
transmission lines and transformers at an electrical substation.
Bus-bars also interconnect the generator and the main transformers in a power
plant.
In an industrial plant such as an aluminum smelter, large bus-bars supply several
tens of thousands of amperes to the electrolytic process.
●
●
●
●
14-Jul-14
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High Voltage Overhead Line System
Aircraft Warning Light
Insulator
Cross Arm
Tower Body
Spacer
Phase Conductor, Al
Tower Earthing
Tower Foundation
Tower Plinth
Vibration Damper
Earth Conductor, Al
Aircraft Warning Sphere
High Voltage Underground Cable System
Conductor
Conductor
Screen
XLPE
Insulation
Insulation
Screen
Semi-conducting
Water Swellable Tape
Metallic Sheath
Bedding
Armour Wires
(optional)
Oversheath
14-Jul-14
23
Protection Relays
A special type of relay is one which monitors the current, voltage, frequency, or
any other type of electric power measurement either from a generating source or
to a load for the purpose of triggering a circuit breaker to open in the event of an
abnormal condition. These relays are referred to in the electrical power industry
as protective relays.
●
Telecontrol System
Control Center consits a group of study applications run over the information
managed by the SCADA, in order to estimate the network state and its
parameters, determine the optimal power flow, etc. These application are
usually referred as EMSs (Energy Management Systems) and DMS (Dispatch
Management System).
The SCADA monitors and controls the substation belongings to the Control
Center domain.
The telecontrol of the substation equipments (switchgears, transformers, etc.)
is carried out through its associated remote terminal unit (RTU) or substation
automation system (SAS).
The communication between Control Centers and Substations is carried out
through fiber optic network (Optical Fiber Composite overhead)
●
●
●
●
14-Jul-14
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To provide the system operators with sufficient information and
control to operate the power system, or some part of it in a safe
and secure manner
Role of Telecontrol System
Component of Telecontrol System
Master
Station
Outstatio
n
Communication
System
Information Flow
Master
Station
Outstatio
n
● Indication & alarms
● Analog measured values
● Digital measured values
● Pulse counter vale
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Command Flow
Master
Station
Outstatio
n
● CB Trip/Close control
● Analog set-point control
● Digital set-point control
Telecontrol System
Terms Definition
EGW Enterprise gateway
IED Intelligent electronic device
RTU Remote terminal unit
SAS Substation automation system
SCADA Supervisory control and data acquisition
SGW Scada gateway
SLOI Station level operator interface
SPACS Substation protection, automation and control system
TCP/IP Transmission control protocol / Internet protocol
VPN Virtual private network
WAN Wide area network
EMS Energy management system
DMS Distribution management system
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26
Standard Telecontrol System
EMS
Applications
DMS
Applications
Data Bus
SCADA
Inter-Control
Center Datalink
Telecommunication Network
Control Center
Substation
IT
System
61970 61968 61968
61970 61970
60870-5-101
60870-5-104
60870-6
61850
Remote
Terminal
Unit (RTU)
Substation
Automation
System (SAS)
Protection, Control, Metering
Switchgear, Transformer,
Instrumental Transformer
60870-5-103 / 61850
61850
Remote
Terminal
Unit (RTU)
Substation
Automation
System (SAS)
Protection, Control, Metering
Switchgear, Transformer,
Instrumental Transformer
60870-5-103 / 61850
61850
TNB Telecontrol System
Telecommunication Network (Fiber Optic Network)
WISS++
Bit to Bite
(BTB)
Terminal
Server Switch
Firewall
GPS
Remote Terminal
Communication Server
(RTCS)
Time stamping
Communication
Unit
Communication
Unit
Management
BRCC
WISS++
Server
(Database)
Data
Bus
EMS
Application
WISS++
Analog &
Digital signal
Optical signal
National Load
Dispatch Center
(NLDC)
Digital signal
WISS++
Substation
Remote
Terminal
Unit (RTU)
Substation
Automation
System (SAS)
Supervisory Interface Panel (SIP)
Switchgear, Transformer,
Instrumental Transformer
61850
WISS++
Communication Unit
Communication
Unit
Time stamping
14-Jul-14
27
Telecontrol System
Status and alarms
Sequence of events
Analog/Digital inputs (Current, Voltage, Temperature,
etc.)
Counters / Pulse accumulators (for energy metering)
Binary coded decimals
●
●
●
●
What do we monitor?
●
Remote Terminal Unit (RTU)
Collects all the data from the plant, digitize them and send to the Master Station
through the communication network
Received command from Control Center and executes it at the substation
●
●
14-Jul-14
28
TNB Telecontrol System – RTU System
Substation Automation System (SAS or SCS)
SAS is the integrated implementation of the Control Substation and
Protection Subsystem in a Substation utilizing microprocessor-based technology
Essentially it is the technological evolution of the substation local control system
which involves the application of microprocessor based system.
It replaces the control panel
It enhances local control capabilities such as data logging, interlocking,
sequence switching with minimal human intervention
●
●
●
●
14-Jul-14
29
TNB Telecontrol System – SAS System
Telecontrol System – Telecommunication Boundary
14-Jul-14
30
Energy Management System (EMS)
Real Time Generation (RTGEN)
Real Time Network (RTNET)
State Estimator
●
●
●
Power
Plant
Capacity (MVA)
Cost per unit
energy
(RM/kWh)
Power
factor
Efficiency
(%)
Fuel availability
Min Max Raw fuel Corresponding
MW
A
100 250 0.175 0.90 70 150MW
Last for
72hours
B
150 300 0.180 0.92 40 55 mmscfd 220MW
Last for
48hours
C
200 400 0.160 0.87 35 1000 mtonne 150
Last for
60hours
D
50 250 0.155 0.95 37 25 mmscfd 100MW
Last for
12hours
E
200 450 0.185 0.89 50 56 mmscfd 280MW
Last for
50hours
Exercise
The Transmission Network is required to commit for generation capacity to meet demand of 500MW
continuously in a particular day.
You are required to lay out a decision making flow chart to provide guideline for generation commitment
in selecting the best combination of power plant to meet the required load demand in most economic and
reliable manner.
