Chapter 1Chemistry: The Science of Matter

Fill in the blanks in your notes with the words bolded in orange.

The Scientific Method

The Scientific Method The scientific method is the systematic

approach used in scientific study. Observation: is the act of gathering information

by using your senses on a macroscopic level. Hypothesis: is a testable prediction used to

explain an observation (if, then). Experiment: is a set of observations used to test

a hypothesis. Control, independent variable, dependent variable

Conclusion: addresses whether or not the hypothesis is supported by the results found

The Scientific Method Theory: is an explanation based on many

observations and supported by the results of many experiments.

Scientific law: is a fact of nature that is observed so often that it is accepted as the truth.

BenchmarkIf you haven’t done so already, you can nowbegin to do homework #1.

Review slides 2-4 and your notes to help you answer these questions. You will not find the answers in your book.

Matter & its Properties Chemistry is the science that investigates

and explains the structure and properties of matter. Matter is anything that takes up space and has

mass. Mass is the measure of the amount of matter that

an object contains. The properties of matter describe the

characteristics and behavior of matter, including the changes that matter undergoes.

Matter & its Properties

Physical Properties Example Characteristics that a

sample of matter exhibits without any change in its identity.

Matter & its Properties

Chemical Properties Example The ability of a

substance to combine with or change into one or more other substances.

Matter & its Properties

Matter & its Properties

Macroscopic Microscopic Matter that is large

enough to be seen. Matter that cannot

be seen with the naked

Matter & its Properties

Qualitative Quantitative An observation that

can be made without measurement.

An observation that uses measurement.

BenchmarkIf you haven’t done so already, you should read pages 3-15 in your textbook.

With the reading, slides 6-11, and your notes should be able to complete homework #2.

Classifications of Matter

Mixtures & Physical Changes

Heterogeneous Mixture Homogeneous Mixture

A mixture with different compositions.

A mixture that is the same throughout. It is also referred to as

a solution.

Mixtures & Physical Changes

Mixtures & Physical Changes Types of Solutions…

Solid Solutions: Alloys are solid solutions that contain different metals

and sometimes nonmetallic substances. Liquid Solutions:

The solute is the substance that is being dissolved. The solvent is the substance that does the dissolving.

When the solvent is water, the solution is called an aqueous solution.

Mixtures & Physical Changes A mixture is a combination of two or more

substances in which the basic identity of each substance is not changed. Mixtures can be separated into its components by

physical processes.

Mixtures & Physical Changes Separation Techniques…

Filtration Used to separate a mixture with widely varying particles

size. Distillation

Used to separate a liquid mixture. Crystallization

Used to separate an aqueous solution. Chromatography

Separates a mixture based on polarity.

BenchmarkIf you haven’t done so already, read pages 18-

31.

With the reading, slides #13-18, and your notes,

you should be able to complete homework #3.

Mixtures & Physical Changes A physical change is a change in matter that

does not involve a change in the identity of individual substances. Matter exists in one of three states (solid, liquid,

or gas) depending on its temperature. Any change in state is a physical change. If a substance is described as being volatile, it

becomes a gas easily at room temperature.

Substances & Chemical Changes

Compounds Elements This type of pure

substance can be broken down into simpler substances.

It is a chemical combination of two or more different elements joined together in a fixed proportion.

This type of pure substance cannot be broken down into simpler substances.

They are the simplest form of matter.

Substances & Chemical Changes

Substances & Chemical Changes The properties of a compound are different

from the properties of the elements that compose the compound. A formula is a combination of the chemical symbols

that show what elements make up a compound and the number of atoms of each element.

A substance is matter with the same fixed composition and properties. Things that are pure are made up of only one kind

of matter. Compounds can be separated into their component

elements by chemical means.

Substances & Chemical Changes A chemical change is a process that involves

one or more substances changing into new substances. It is also referred to as a chemical reaction. The law of conservation of mass (matter) says

that in a chemical change matter is neither created nor destroyed.

Substances & Chemical Change Chemical changes involve an energy change.

Energy is the capacity to do work. Work is done whenever something is moved. Chemical reactions that give off heat energy are called

exothermic reactions. Chemical reactions that absorb heat energy are called

endothermic reactions.

Density Density is a physical property of matter.

Density is the amount of matter (mass) contained in a unit of volume.

The density of solids and liquids is usually measured in grams (mass) per milliliter (volume). g/ml

For irregularly shaped objects, water displacement is used to obtain a volume measurement.

Formula:

Density Examples…

What is the density of a piece of wood that has a mass of 25.0 grams and a volume of 29.4 cm3?

I threw a plastic ball in the pool for my dog to fetch. The mass of the ball was 125 grams. What must the volume be to have a density of 0.500 g/ml? I want the ball to float, of course!

BenchmarkIf you haven’t done so already, read pages 34-44.

With the reading, slides #20-27, and your notes, you should be able to complete homework #4.

Be proud of yourself, you just made it through your first unit in chemistry!