Chapter 1:Chapter 1:Biology and YouBiology and You

Biology Biology

HoltHolt

Section 1: Section 1: Themes of biologyThemes of biologyCharacteristics of Living organismsCharacteristics of Living organisms

Unifying Themes of BiologyUnifying Themes of Biology

Characteristics of living organismsCharacteristics of living organisms

• Organisms- living things, such as people, plants, and animals

• Biology- study of life

• Every living organism:composed of one or more cellsAble to reproduceObtains and uses energy to run the

processes of life

Properties of lifeProperties of life

• Cellular organization

• Reproduction

• Metabolism

• Homeostasis

• Heredity

• Responsiveness

• Growth and development

Unifying Themes of Unifying Themes of BiologyBiology

Cellular structure and functionCellular structure and functionReproductionReproductionMetabolismMetabolism

HomeostasisHomeostasisHeredityHeredityEvolutionEvolution

InterdependenceInterdependence

Theme 1: Cellular Structure and Theme 1: Cellular Structure and functionfunction

• All living things are made of one or more cells

• Cells are highly organized, tiny structures with thin coverings called membranes

The smallest unit capable of all life functions

Single celled/ multicellular

Theme 2: ReproductionTheme 2: Reproduction

• Reproduction- the process by which organisms make more of their own kind from one generation to the next

• An essential part of living

Theme 3: MetabolismTheme 3: Metabolism

• Metabolism- the sum of all of the chemical reactions carried out in an organism

• Almost all the energy used by living organisms is originally captured from sunlight

• Plants, Algae, Bacteria- Photosynthesis

Theme 4: HomeostasisTheme 4: Homeostasis

• All living organisms must maintain a stable internal environment in order to function properly.

• Homeostasis- the maintenance of stable internal conditions in spite of changes in the external environment

Theme 5: HeredityTheme 5: Heredity

• Passing of traits to offspring from the parent

• Gene- the basic unit of heredity (DNA)

• Heredity- the passing of traits from parent to offspring

• Mutation- a change in the DNA of a geneCan cause cancer

Theme 6: EvolutionTheme 6: Evolution

• Evolution- Change in the inherited characteristics of species over generation

• Species- a group of genetically similar organisms that can produce fertile offspring

• Natural selection- survival of the fittestCharles Darwin

Theme 7: InterdependenceTheme 7: Interdependence

• A biological community is a group of interacting organisms

• Ecology- branch of biology that studies the interactions of organisms with one another and with nonliving parts of their environment

• Food webs

Section 1 ReviewSection 1 Review

1. Identify the seven properties that all living organisms share.

2. Relate three of the seven major themes of biology to the life of a harp seal.

3. Name the very small, organized structure that is bound by membrane and that is the basic unit of structure and function in all organisms.

Section 1 Review (cont)Section 1 Review (cont)

4. Define homeostasis and metabolism, and describe their differences.

5. If you find an object that looks like an organism, how might you determine if your discovery is alive?

6. The mutation that results in sickle cell anemia produces effects that areA. Only harmful b. Only positiveC. Both harmful and positiveD. unimportant

Section 2: Biology in your Section 2: Biology in your WorldWorld

Solving real world problemsSolving real world problems

Fighting diseasesFighting diseases

Solving Real Solving Real World ProblemsWorld Problems

Preserving the environmentPreserving the environment

Improving the food supplyImproving the food supply

Understanding the Human genomeUnderstanding the Human genome

Preserving Our EnvironmentPreserving Our Environment

• More the 6 billion people live on Earth

How can this be a problem?

Improving food supplyImproving food supply

• Genetically engineered crops

Understanding the Human GenomeUnderstanding the Human Genome

• Hunam genome project

• Genome- the complete genetic material contained in a individual

• Contains 3 billion individual units

Fighting DiseaseFighting Disease

AidsAidsCancer Cancer

Emerging diseasesEmerging diseasesGene TherapyGene Therapy

AIDSAIDS

• A fatal disease caused by HIV

• HIV- a virus that attacks and destroys that human immune system

• Transmitted by contact with body fluids from an infected person

• No vaccine presently

CancerCancer

• A growth defect in cells

• A breakdown of the mechanism that controls cell division

• Prevention methods: don’t smoke..Lung cancer

Emerging DiseasesEmerging Diseases

• West Nile VirusTransmitted by misquitoesInfects humans, birds, horses, and

possibly other animals

• Mad cow diseaseInfected by eating meat of infected cattle

Gene TherapyGene Therapy

• Cystic fibrosis- a fatal disorder in which a thick, sticky mucus clogs passages in many of the body organs

• Gene therapy- the replacement of a defective gene with a normal version

• Muscular dystrophy, hemophilia

Section 2 ReviewSection 2 Review

1. Describe the relationship between scientific research and the use of the environmental resources

2. Explain how genetic engineering can improve food supplies.

3. Describe one problem that scientists must overcome to develop a vaccine for HIV.

Section review (cont)Section review (cont)

4. Explain how gene therapy might be used to treat cystic fibrosis.

5. Do you agree or disagree that a knowledge of biology is essential in the battle against diseases? Explain your answer.

6. One goal of researchers who transpalnt beneficial plant genes into other plants is to: A. Accelerate extinction B. Cure cancer C. Halt the spread of AIDS D. Reduce pesticides use

Section 3: Section 3: Scientific ProcessesScientific ProcessesObservation: the basis of scientific Observation: the basis of scientific

researchresearchStages of Scientific InvestigationStages of Scientific Investigation

Scientific explanationsScientific explanations

Observation: The basis of Observation: The basis of Scientific ResearchScientific Research

Solving scientific puzzlesSolving scientific puzzles

Solving scientific puzzlesSolving scientific puzzles

• Observation- the act of noting or perceiving objects or events using senses

• Look at your book:

How does it feel?

What does it look like?