Chapter 1 (74 pp.): Rethinking Piracy - Media Piracy in Emerging Economies Report (by Joe Karaganis)

8/3/2019 Chapter 1 (74 pp.): Rethinking Piracy - Media Piracy in Emerging Economies Report (by Joe Karaganis)

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aij lirkbx g|ubihj {lg iarnqq&{lg&onirk rgbwa{ijag nd hjkwq{rx crnwuq {n qlns {lghr snr`*3

4 Hj ?55


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fnq{ hjkwq{rx rgqgiral liq dnawqgk nj gq{iobhqlhjc {lg qaibg nd WQ bnqqgq ri{lgr {lij bnqqgq {n

jnj&WQ owqhjgqqgq nr n{lgr ji{hnjib ganjnfhgq* Ib{lnwcl jgirbx ibb nd {lgqg gddnr{q hjtnbtg

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lnbkgr crnwuq litg anjkwa{gk tgrx bh{{bg rgqgiral nw{qhkg {lhq drifgsnr`*

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crnshjc rgancjh{hnj nd {lg hfunr{ijag nd rgqgiral hj qg{{hjc {lg {grfq nd {lg gjdnragfgj{

khibncwg* Hjgth{iobx" unsgr hj {rikg jgcn{hi{hnjq hq uir{bx i fi{{gr nd sln qliugq {lg gthkgj{hirx

oiqhq nj slhal abihfq ijk anwj{grabihfq irg fikg*Qn dir" {lgqg bnaib gddnr{q litg oggj" i{ fnq{" q`hrfhqlgq irnwjk {lg fihj q{nrx nd riuhkbx

rhqhjc cbnoib bnqqgq* Ijk dnr fnq{ nd {lg uiq{ kgaikg" {lhq q{nrx liq ogbnjcgk {n {lg OQI*

[lrnwcl ?595" OQI&rgunr{gk bnqqgq sgrg ij nrkgr nd ficjh{wkg bircgr {lij {lnqg nd ijx n{lgr

anuxrhcl{ hjkwq{rx" ijk {lgx iaanrkhjcbx knfhji{gk khqawqqhnjq nd {lg ganjnfha hfuia{ nd

uhriax* Hj ?551" {lg OQI abihfgk +?8 ohbbhnj hj cbnoib bnqqgq*99 Ox ?55


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litg ibqn ogcwj {n gq{hfi{g {lg shkgr hfuia{ nd uhriax nj ji{hnjib ganjnfhgq" oiqgk nj bnqqgq

{n {lg qganjkirx ijk {gr{hirx owqhjgqqgq {li{ rgbx nj anuxrhcl{" drnf fwqha q{nrgq {n qgawrh{x

qgrthagq dnr bf urnkwa{hnj* [lhq iuurnial siq anjqnbhki{gk hj i qgrhgq nd q{wkhgq anjkwa{gk

ox Q{gulgj Qhsg` hj ?5543 nj oglibd nd qgtgrib nd {lg fimnr hjkwq{rx iqqnahi{hnjq* Ox wqhjcndahib WQ ganjnfha fwb{hubhgrq ,_HFQ HH( dnr khddgrgj{ hjkwq{rhib qga{nrq" Qhsg` ircwgk {li{

+7 ohbbhnj hj bnqqgq {n {lg WQ rganrk hjkwq{rx ia{wibbx rgurgqgj{gk i bnqq nd +9?*7 ohbbhnj {n {lg

WQ ganjnfx ,Qhsg` ?553i(* Khrga{ bnqqgq nd +4 ohbbhnj {n {lg fnthg hjkwq{rx fgij{ ij ntgribb

ganjnfha bnqq nd +?5*7 ohbbhnj ,Qhsg` ?554(* [lg {n{ib bnq{ nw{uw{ {n {lg WQ ganjnfx drnf

uhriax" Qhsg` ircwgk" siq iuurn|hfi{gbx +7< ohbbhnj hj ?553 ,Qhsg` ?553o(*91

Fnq{ q{wkhgq jns ibqn {rijqbi{g qwal jwfogrq hj{n mno bnqqgq* [lhq uria{hag siq uhnjggrgk

ox {lg OQI hj ?553 slgj h{ kgtgbnugk i dnrfwbi dnr anjtgr{hjc dw{wrg kgargiqgq hj {lg ri{g nd

uhriax hj{n ij{hahui{gk mno crns{ljwfogrq {li{ h{ aibawbi{gk ugr anwj{rx hj ij i{{gfu{ {n

urnfn{g q{rnjcgr bnaib anffh{fgj{q {n gjdnragfgj{* Wqhjc lhq nsj tgrqhnj nd {lhq iuurnial"

Qhsg` aibawbi{gk {li{ cbnoib uhriax anq{ {lg Wjh{gk Q{i{gq qnfg 131"555 mnoq hj ?557 ibnjg*

Uw{{hjc {lg Qhsg` fg{lnk {n snr` hj {lg Gwrnugij Wjhnj hj ?595" ij HAA&dwjkgk q{wkx

urnmga{gk i awfwbi{htg bnqq kwg {n uhriax nd og{sggj 499"555 ijk 9"?93"555 mnoq hj Gwrnug

og{sggj ?55< ijk ?597 ,OIQAIU.[G_I Anjqwb{ij{q ?595(*

Q{wkhgq nd ganjnfha gddga{q irg hfunr{ij{ ow{ rihqg qgrhnwq fg{lnknbnchaib alibbgjcgq" nd

slhal sg shbb lhclbhcl{ {sn=

{lg khdawb{x nd kg{grfhjhjc {lg qwoq{h{w{hnj gddga{q iqqnahi{gk sh{l uhriax{li{ hq" {lg

bh`gbhlnnk {li{ i uhri{gk anux qwoq{h{w{gq dnr i bgcib qibgijk {lg hfunr{ijag nd {lg

urhag.hjanfg gddga{q hj {li{ kg{grfhji{hnj0 ijk

{lg hfunr{ijag nd {lg anwj{grtihbhjc ogjg{q nd uhriax {n on{l hjkwq{rx ijk anjqwfgrq

hj ijx fnkgb nd {n{ib ganjnfha hfuia{ ijk" anjqgywgj{bx" {lg hfunr{ijag nd {rgi{hjc

uhriax iq uir{ nd {lg ganjnfx ri{lgr {lij qhfubx iq i krihj nj h{*

Ib{lnwcl i tirhg{x nd q{wkhgq jns fnkgb qwoq{h{w{hnj gddga{q"9; sg irg isirg nd njbx njg {li{

liq i{{gfu{gk {n fnkgb anwj{grtihbhjc ogjg{q= Wuq ijk Knsjq= Ganjnfha ijk Awb{wrib

Gddga{q nd Dhbg Qlirhjc nj Fwqha" Dhbf" ijk Cifgq ,Lwxcgj g{ ib* ?558(" anffhqqhnjgk ox

{lg Kw{al cntgrjfgj{* Ifnjc {lg hjkwq{rx q{wkhgq" ibb jns ia`jnsbgkcg {li{ qwoq{h{w{hnj

ri{gq irg bgqq {lij njg" ow{ jnjg nddgr ijx iaanwj{ nr gtgj ia`jnsbgkcfgj{ nd anwj{grtihbhjc

ogjg{q* Anjqhq{gj{bx" {lgx fnkgb njbx njg qhkg nd {lg fir`g{{lg hjkwq{rx bnqqgq ow{ jn{ {lganrrgqunjkhjc anjqwfgr qwrubwq*

91 Hj irrhthjc i{ {lhq jwfogr" Qhsg` qhkgq{guugk {lg OQIq kg dia{n njg&{n&njg rgubiagfgj{ ri{hn og{sggj

uhri{gk qnd{sirg ijk bnq{ qibgq ijk hjq{gik iuugirq {n litg khqanwj{gk OQI bnqq gq{hfi{gq ox 75'

45'* [G_I Anjqwb{ij{q khk {lg qifg hj i qhfhbir q{wkx nd Gwrnug hj ?595*

9; Dnr bnjcgr {rgi{fgj{q nd {lg qwoq{h{w{hnj&gddga{q bh{gri{wrg" qgg Lwxcgj g{ ib* ,?558( ijk Nogrlnb}gr&

Cgg ijk Q{rwfud ,?558(*


14/74

9;


Qwoq{h{w{hnj Gga{q

Abihfq nd i njg&{n&njg anrrgqunjkgjag og{sggj uhri{gk cnnkq ijk bnq{ qibgq irg hjargiqhjcbx

rirg ijk irg jn bnjcgr uir{ nd {lg ndahib fg{lnknbnchgq nd ijx nd {lg bircgq{ hjkwq{rx crnwuq*

I{ ogq{" {lgx irg ij ir{hdia{ nd i ugrhnk slgj hjkwq{rx rgqgiral siq oiqgk fnq{bx nj noqgrti{hnjq

nd rg{ihb qwuubx ri{lgr {lij anjqwfgr oglithnr* Qwal iqqwfu{hnjq lik {lghr unbh{haib wqgq"

lnsgtgr* Njg&{n&njg anrrgqunjkgjag fikg dnr {lg lhclgq{ unqqhobg bnqq gq{hfi{gq ijk i qhfubg

aiqg icihjq{ wjiw{lnrh}gk wqg hj ibb h{q dnrfq* Urnobgfq sh{l {lhq iqqwfu{hnj sgrg iccgk iq

girbx iq 988?" slgj {lg H{ibhij cntgrjfgj{ nomga{gk {n FUII gddnr{q {n uw{ h{ nj {lg Qugahib

159 Urhnrh{x Si{al Bhq{ dnr ij ibbgcgk +?75 fhbbhnj ijjwib bnqq hj {lgi{rhaib rgtgjwgq kwg

{n thkgn aiqqg{{g uhriax ,Krilnq ijk Orih{lsih{g ?553(* Ow{ qwal nomga{hnjq sgrg hqnbi{gk ijk

cgjgribbx hcjnrgk*

[lg FUII lgbk {n i njg&{n&njg gywhtibgjag hj h{q rgqgiral wj{hb ?55;" slgj h{ qlhd{gk

drnf rg{ihb noqgrti{hnj {n i anjqwfgr&qwrtgx&oiqgk fg{lnknbncx* [lg _HIIq uria{hagq irgjn{ uwobha" ow{ rgqgiral q{idd hjkhai{gk hj ?558 {li{ {lgx {i`g qwoq{h{w{hnj ri{gq hj{n iaanwj{

slgj gq{hfi{hjc bnqqgq dnr Qugahib 159 rgunr{q ,{lgx kn jn{ rgtgib slhal ri{gq(* [lg GQI ijk

{lg HDUH litg jgtgr rgbhgk nj {lg njg&{n&njg abihf*

[lg OQI unqh{hnj hq nd{gj kgqarhogk iq i abihf nd njg&{n&njg anrrgqunjkgjag ogaiwqg

h{ aibawbi{gq bnqqgq ,nr" ogchjjhjc hj ?595" sli{ h{ aibbq {lg anffgrahib tibwg nd wjbhagjqgk

qnd{sirg( ox fwb{hubxhjc {lg gq{hfi{gk jwfogr nd uhri{gk anuhgq nd {ria`gk urnkwa{q ox i

obgjkgk itgricg urhag nd {lnqg urnkwa{q iarnqq {lg khddgrgj{ khq{rhow{hnj alijjgbq ,rg{ihb"

tnbwfg bhagjqhjc" drgg nugj&qnwrag khq{rhow{hnj" ijk qn nj(* Ib{lnwcl dwja{hnjibbx njg&

{n&njg" {lg OQI hjqhq{q {li{ h{q rgiqnjhjc hq fnrg anfubg| ijk rgga{q {lg iqqwfu{hnj {li{

ib{lnwcl bgqq uhriax snwbk jn{ khrga{bx urnkwag ij gywhtibgj{ hjargiqg hj qibgq" h{ snwbk kn qn

hjkhrga{bx ox g|uijkhjc ganjnfha ia{hth{x" slhal snwbk bgik {n hjargiqgk qibgq* Iaanrkhjc {n

{lg OQI" [lg {sn anwj{grtihbhjc dnragq qggf {n aijagb gial n{lgr nw{ ,OQI.HKA ?551(* 97

Iq rgagj{bx iq ?558" {lg HKA ircwgk {li{ {lhq gddga{ fhcl{ gtgj wjkgrrgurgqgj{ {rwg bnqqgq

{n {lg hjkwq{rx ,OQI.HKA ?558(* Hj uria{hag" {lgx nddgr jn iaanwj{ nd qwoq{h{w{hnj gddga{q ijk"

anjqgywgj{bx" jn iaanwj{ nd anjqwfgr oglithnr*

Hj fwqha ijk bf fir`g{q" hj anj{riq{" qwoq{h{w{hnj gddga{q litg oganfg agj{rib {n {lg kgoi{g

ionw{ bnqqgq ijk alijchjc fir`g{ q{rwa{wrg* Lgrg" q{wkhgq litg {rhgk {n sghcl qwoq{h{w{hnj gddga{q

icihjq{ unqqhobg qifubhjc gddga{q {li{ kgqarhog ikkh{hnjib uwraliqgq {li{ dnbbns drnf crgi{gr

g|unqwrg {n jgs cnnkq* Sh{l rgquga{ {n fwqha" jgirbx ibb hjkgugjkgj{ q{wkhgq ia`jnsbgkcg {lgurgqgjag nd on{l gddga{q" ibogh{ sh{l qhcjhaij{ tirhi{hnj hj {lg jkhjcq" drnf ibbgcgk unqh{htg

jg{ gddga{q nj qibgq kwg {n uhriax ,Ijkgrqnj ijk Drgj} ?55


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nd bgcib khch{ib knsjbnikq ,]gj{jgr ?554(* Qgtgrib q{wkhgq ibqn hkgj{hdx i anrrgqunjkgjag

og{sggj uhriax ijk hjargiqgk fgkhi anjqwfu{hnj hj cgjgrib" qwccgq{hjc {li{ uhriax hq fnq{

anffnj ifnjc ithk fgkhi anjqwfgrq ijk rghjdnragq nr anfubgfgj{q {lnqg lioh{q* [lgrg irg

dgsgr q{wkhgq nd qwoq{h{w{hnj gddga{q dnr bf" ow{ i jwfogr nd {lgqg qlns i q{rnjcgr jgci{htghfuia{ nj {lgi{rhaib thqh{q ijk KTK qibgq ,Ugh{} ijk Sigbornga` ?5540 Onwjhg" Sigbornga`"

ijk Onwrrgiw ?554(* Qhjag Qhsg`q q{wkhgq irg ircwiobx i ogbbsg{lgr nd sli{ {lg hjkwq{rx hq

urguirgk {n {lhj` ionw{ {lhq ywgq{hnj" ahrai ?553" h{ hq snr{l jn{hjc {li{ lg iknu{q i 47'

qwoq{h{w{hnj ri{g dnr ulxqhaib uhriax nd fwqha ,{li{ hq" nd uhri{gk AKq rgubiahjc bgcib qibgq( ijk

i ?5' ri{g dnr knsjbnikqon{l sh{lhj {lg oibbuir` nd g|hq{hjc q{wkhgq*

Sg litg jn uir{hawbir anj{rhow{hnj {n {lhq kgoi{g ijk {gjk {n thgs qwoq{h{w{hnj ijk

qifubhjc ri{gq iq fnthjc {ircg{q {hgk {n alijchjc ciuq hj anjtgjhgjag" ywibh{x" ijk urhag

og{sggj bhah{ ijk hbbhah{ qgrthagq* Sh{l bns&anq{" lhcl&ywibh{x" Hj{grjg{&oiqgk fwqha ijk thkgn

qgrthagq gfgrchjc" fnrgntgr" {lg khrga{hnj nd {lg qwoq{h{w{hnj oganfgq hjargiqhjcbx wjabgir*

Kn AK nr KTK uwraliqgq anfug{g sh{l U?U knsjbnikq nr sh{l bgcib q{rgifhjc qgrthagq> Nr

sh{l rgj{ibq" iq Qfh{l ijk [gbijc ,?558( litg {rhgk {n fnkgb> Kngq bg qlirhjc ibqn khqubiag

qganjkirx qgrthagq irnwjk fwqha ijk bf" qwal iq qugahib{x q{nrgq nr dij anffwjh{hgq nrcijh}gk

irnwjk urhj{ ijk sgo mnwrjibq> [lg urnobgf hq dir drnf jgs ijk liq oggj i{ {lg agj{gr nd

bnjc&q{ijkhjc {gjqhnjq og{sggj rganrk anfuijhgq ijk rikhn q{i{hnjq ntgr {lg khrga{hnj nd {lg

ogjg{q nd rikhn ihrubix ,Bhgonsh{} ?55;(* Iq khq{rhow{hnj alijjgbq urnbhdgri{g" h{ shbb oganfg

q{hbb fnrg anfubg|*

Sg kn jn{g {li{ qwal q{wkhgq irg anjkwa{gk ibfnq{ gj{hrgbx hj lhcl&hjanfg anwj{rhgq ijk

{li{ {lg urhag.hjanfg ri{hnq hj fnq{ uir{q nd {lg snrbk kha{i{g tgrx khddgrgj{ nw{anfgq* [lg

47' ulxqhaib&qwoq{h{w{hnj ri{g ijk {lg ?5' knsjbnik ri{g qhfubx fi`g jn qgjqg hj rgdgrgjag{n Ori}hb nr Hjkhi" slgrg uwraliqhjc unsgr hq dir bnsgr* [lg FUIIq ?557 fnthg uhriax q{wkx

hq qihk {n litg g|ubnrgk qwoq{h{w{hnj gddga{q hj {lg anwj{rhgq h{ qwrtgxgkqwccgq{hjc i un{gj{hib

sgib{l nd ki{i nj urhag ijk hjanfg gddga{qow{ {lg FUII liq jn{ rgbgiqgk h{q jkhjcq nr

qlirgk {lgf urhti{gbx ,sh{l wq nr" fnrg qwrurhqhjcbx" sh{l gh{lgr {lg NGAK nr {lg CIN" on{l

nd slhal anjkwa{gk {lghr q{wkhgq hj {lg anj{g|{ nd jgs gjdnragfgj{ hjh{hi{htgq(* N{lgr ki{i

unhj{q nj {lhq ywgq{hnj rgfihj qairag* Njg rgagj{ q{wkx nd {lg rgbi{hnjqlhu og{sggj bg qlirhjc

ijk fnthg {ha`g{ qibgq hj Lwjcirx" i anwj{rx sh{l ugr aiuh{i CKU sgbb ogbns WQ ijk Sgq{grj

Gwrnugij bgtgbq" jkq jn fgiqwriobg rgbi{hnjqlhu og{sggj {lg {sn ,Oib}q ijk Bi`i{nq ?595(*

Slgj Mnlj Cij{}" rgqgiral khrga{nr i{ {lg HKA" siq iq`gk ionw{ {lg hfuia{ nd lhcl Sgq{grj

qnd{sirg urhagq nj uhriax hj kgtgbnuhjc anwj{rhgq" lg qwccgq{gk {li{ unqqhobx njbx njg hj {gj

wjiw{lnrh}gk anuhgq rgurgqgj{gk i bnq{ qibg* Ioqgj{ abgirgr ki{i" sg snwbk aibb {lhq i ubiwqhobg

cwgqqijk njg {li{ snwbk litg krifi{haibbx rgkwagk {lg +?8 ohbbhnj bnqq {li{ {lg OQI abihfgk

hj ?551* Iq Cij{} noqgrtgk" H snwbk litg urgdgrrgk {n aibb h{ P{lg +?8 ohbbhnjV {lg rg{ihb tibwg

nd uhri{gk qnd{sirg ,Bnlr ?55;(* Hj ?595" Cij{} cn{ lhq shql slgj {lg HKA q{ir{gk rgdgrrhjc

{n {lgqg jwfogrq iq {lg anffgrahib tibwg nd wjbhagjqgk qnd{sirg ,OQI.HKA ?595o(* [lhq

qggfhjcbx fhjnr qlhd{ hq" hj dia{" ywh{g anjqgywgj{hib= h{ qibticgq {lg njg&{n&njg anrrgqunjkgjag


16/74

94


i{ {lg lgir{ nd {lg HKA fg{lnk" uw{{hjc h{ nj rfgr fg{lnknbnchaib crnwjk* Ow{ ijx abihfq

ionw{ bnqqgq irg jns cnjg*

Anwj{grtihbhjc Ogjgd{q

Qhjag ?554" hjkwq{rx&bnqq abihfq litg oggj rgaxabgk hj{n i shkg rijcg nd ornikgr gq{hfi{gq nd

{lg qnahib ijk ganjnfha hfuia{q nd uhriax* Hj nwr thgs" {lg awrrgj{ cgjgri{hnj nd ganjnfha&

hfuia{ q{wkhgq" hjabwkhjc {lnqg nd Q{gulgj Qhsg`" {lg HKA" ijk [G_I Anjqwb{ij{q" qhfubx kngq

jn{ urnthkg i oiqhq dnr wjkgrq{ijkhjc {lgqg shkgr hfuia{q* Fijx nd {lg urnobgfq sg khqawqqgk

girbhgr irg rgugi{gk i{ {lhq bgtgb" qwal iq {lg bia` nd khqabnqwrg nd {lg wjkgrbxhjc ki{iqg{q ijk

`gx iqqwfu{hnjq* Ow{ hj g|{riunbi{hjc bnqqgq ogxnjk {lg iddga{gk hjkwq{rhgq" {lgqg q{wkhgq ibqn

hj{rnkwag jgs urnobgfq* Dwjkifgj{ibbx" {lgx ibb fhqrgurgqgj{ {lg rgbi{hnjqlhu og{sggj uhriax"

ji{hnjib ganjnfhgq" ijk hj{grji{hnjib {rikg* Anjqhq{gj{bx" jnjg nd {lgf fnkgb {lg n{lgr qhkg

nd {lg {rijqia{hnj{lg anjqwfgr qwrubwqhj kgqarhohjc ntgribb ganjnfha hfuia{* [sn oiqhaiaanwj{hjc urnobgfq litg oganfg gfobgfi{ha nd {lhq iuurnial*

Dhrq{" knfgq{ha uhriax fix sgbb hfunqg bnqqgq nj qugaha hjkwq{rhib qga{nrq" ow{ {lgqg irg

jn{ bnqqgq {n {lg bircgr ji{hnjib ganjnfx* Sh{lhj i chtgj anwj{rx" {lg uhriax nd knfgq{ha

cnnkq hq i {rijqdgr nd hjanfg" jn{ i bnqq* Fnjgx qitgk ox anjqwfgrq nr owqhjgqqgq nj AKq"

KTKq" nr qnd{sirg shbb jn{ khqiuugir ow{ ri{lgr og qugj{ nj n{lgr {lhjcqlnwqhjc" dnnk"

n{lgr gj{gr{ihjfgj{" n{lgr owqhjgqq g|ugjqgq" ijk qn nj* [lgqg g|ugjkh{wrgq" hj {wrj" shbb

cgjgri{g {i| rgtgjwg" jgs mnoq" hjdriq{rwa{wrib hjtgq{fgj{q" ijk {lg rijcg nd n{lgr cnnkq {li{

irg {xuhaibbx ah{gk hj {lg bnqq anbwfj nd hjkwq{rx ijibxqgq*

[n fi`g i aiqg dnr ji{hnjib ganjnfha lirfq ri{lgr {lij jirrnsgr qga{nrib njgq" {lg

un{gj{hib wqgq nd bnq{ rgtgjwg jggk {n og anfuirgk= {lg dnrgcnjg hjtgq{fgj{ hj {lg iddga{gk

hjkwq{rhgq jggkq {n rgurgqgj{ i og{{gr un{gj{hib ganjnfha nw{anfg {lij {lg anjqwfgr qwrubwq

cgjgri{gk ox uhriax ,Qijalg} ?55


17/74

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iaagqq {n tibwiobg cnnkq* Ogaiwqg nd WQ knfhjijag nd cbnoib bf ijk qnd{sirg fir g{q" {lg

uhriax nd {lgqg cnnkq hj n{lgr anwj{rhgq dibbq ntgrslgbfhjcbx hj{n {lhq ai{gcnrxsh{l rgtgjwg

bnq{ {n WQ anfuijhgq ow{ cihjgk ox anjqwfgrq nj {lg rgaghthjc gjk*

On{l Qhsg` ijk [G_I litg urnobgfq sh{l {lhq khq{hja{hnj* Qhsg`q gq{hfi{g dnr bf uhriax"dnr g|ifubg" q{ir{q sh{l {lg +4*9 ohbbhnj FUII gq{hfi{g nd q{wkhn bnqqgq ijk iuubhgq i fwb{hubhgr

nd rnwclbx {lrgg ,krishjc nj WQ Owrgiw nd Bionr Q{i{hq{haq qga{nrib fnkgbq( {n irrhtg i{ ij

gq{hfi{g nd {n{ib ganjnfha bnqqgq* Gtgj iaagu{hjc {lg FUII jwfogrq" lnsgtgr" {lhq hqj{ {lg

rhcl{ q{ir{hjc unhj{* [lg FUII i{{rhow{gq qnfg ?5' nd bnqqgq ,+9*1 ohbbhnj( {n WQ&oiqgk uhriax"

slhal hq jn{ bnq{ {n {lg ji{hnjib ganjnfx ow{ qhfubx qugj{ hj n{lgr sixq* [lg rgfihjhjc +;* Bisqwh{q ijk hjmwja{hnjq icihjq{ njbhjg hj{grfgkhirhgq litg oganfganffnj hj {lg uiq{ kgaikg" khrga{gk icihjq{ on{l jnj&anffgrahib U?U qh{gq ijk hbbhah{ nr

wjkgr&bhagjqgk anffgrahib knsjbnik qh{gq bh`g {lg _wqqhij IbbndFU1" slhal qnbk fwqha i{

{lg wjwqwib urhag nd +5*59 ugr fgciox{g wj{hb h{q abnqwrg hj ?55


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15


Qhjag {lg Jiuq{gr gri hj 9888?555" rhcl{q&lnbkgr crnwuq litg bgk qwh{ icihjq{ kn}gjq

nd U?U qh{gq ijk litg cgjgribbx qwaaggkgk hj qlw{{hjc {lgf knsj*?; Mwrhqurwkgjag abirhdxhjc

{lg qganjkirx bhiohbh{x nd qh{g nsjgrq ijk ikfhjhq{ri{nrq liq oggj i khddgrgj{ q{nrx" lnsgtgr"

sh{l qnfg anwj{rhgq ,qwal iq {lg Wjh{gk Q{i{gq( kgtgbnuhjc rgbi{htgbx gjanfuiqqhjc q{ijkirkqnd anj{rhow{nrx hjdrhjcgfgj{"?7 slhbg n{lgrq ,qwal iq {lg Wjh{gk @hjcknf ijk Cgrfijx(

fihj{ihj fnrg {rikh{hnjib rgywhrgfgj{q nd urnnd nd anffgrahib cihj*

Kgquh{g {lg q{rgif nd bisqwh{q ijk qh{g abnqwrgq" sg qgg jn gthkgjagijk hjkggk tgrx dgs

abihfq{li{ {lgqg gddnr{q litg lik ijx fgiqwriobg hfuia{ nj njbhjg uhriax* ?4 [lg anq{q ijk

{galjhaib rgywhrgfgj{q nd rwjjhjc i {nrrgj{ {ria`gr nr hjkg|hjc qh{g irg fnkgq{" ijk jgs qh{gq

litg ywha`bx gfgrcgk {n rgubiag nbk njgq* U?U anj{hjwgq {n iaanwj{ dnr i lhcl ugragj{icg nd

{n{ib oijkshk{l w{hbh}i{hnj hj fnq{ uir{q nd {lg snrbk" ijk hjdrhjchjc bgq rgurgqgj{" ox fnq{

iaanwj{q" i tgrx lhcl ugragj{icg nd U?U anj{gj{ ,Dgb{nj ?5950 HDUH ?554(* HQU&{rida&fnjh{nrhjc

rf hunywg uw{ U?U wqg hj ?558 i{ rnwclbx 35' nd {n{ib oijkshk{l hj Giq{grj Gwrnug" 45'

hj Qnw{l Ifgrhai" ijk qbhcl{bx bnsgr ugragj{icgq hj jnr{lgrj ijk qnw{lgrj Gwrnug ,Qalwb}g

ijk Fnalibq`h ?558(*?3 WQ ri{gq irg cgjgribbx gq{hfi{gk i{ ?7'15'" rgga{hjc jn{ qn fwal

bnsgr w{hbh}i{hnj nd U?U iq lhclgr w{hbh}i{hnj nd q{rgifhjc thkgn qgrthagq qwal iq Xnw[wog ijk

Lwbw* _i{gq nd wqg nd axogrbna`gr qh{gq bh`g _iuhkQlirg litg crnsj riuhkbx" bgikhjc {n urgqqwrg

nj {lnqg anfuijhgq {n fnjh{nr bg wubnikq ijk qhcj kgibq sh{l anj{gj{ urnthkgrq* [lg HDUH"

dnr h{q uir{" abihfq {li{ qnfg dnr{x ohbbhnj qnjcq sgrg qlirgk nj U?U jg{snr`q hj ?55


31/74

19


Hj{grjg{ qgrthag urnthkgrq litg bnjc oggj thgsgk iq {lg bnchaib aln`g unhj{q dnr fnjh{nrhjc"

obna`hjc" ijk uwjhqlhjc hjdrhjchjc oglithnr" ijk {lg jg|{ cgjgri{hnj nd gjdnragfgj{ ia{hthqf

dnawqgq nj g|ubnh{hjc {lg anj{ria{wib bhj`q og{sggj hjkhthkwibq ijk HQUq* Ibb {lg fimnr hjkwq{rx

crnwuq qwuunr{ q{rnjcgr HQU bhiohbh{x dnr hjdrhjchjc ia{hth{x nj {lghr jg{snr`q* Ibb qwuunr{gh{lgr i khrga{ HQU rnbg hj fnjh{nrhjc ijk gjdnrahjc anuxrhcl{ nr ij hjkhrga{ rnbg hj dnrsirkhjc

hjkwq{rx sirjhjcq" bgikhjc {n gtgj{wib aw{ndd nd qgrthag* [lgqg irg {lg qn&aibbgk crikwi{gk&

rgqunjqg" nr {lrgg&q{rh`gq" bisq" qgtgrib nd slhal irg anfhjc hj{n gddga{ hj ?599*?8

[lrgg&q{rh`gq bisq diag i tirhg{x nd bgcib ijk uria{haib alibbgjcgqifnjc {lgf" {lg

lnwqglnbk&bgtgb nrcijh}i{hnj nd fnq{ anjqwfgr Hj{grjg{ qgrthag" slhal fi`gq h{ khdawb{ {n

hkgj{hdx ijk hfunqqhobg {n hqnbi{g hjkhthkwibq oglhjk HU ikkrgqqgq* Anbbga{htg uwjhqlfgj{ nd

difhbhgq dnr {lg ia{q nd hjkhthkwib fgfogrq shbb og ij hjgth{iobg ,ijk bgcibbx tgrx anj{rntgrqhib(

nw{anfg* Lhcl anwr{q hj Quihj" Dhjbijk" ijk Drijag" dnr g|ifubg" litg kgabirgk Hj{grjg{

iaagqq i dwjkifgj{ib rhcl{" rgga{hjc h{q crnshjc rnbg hj qnahib" awb{wrib" ijk ganjnfha bhdg* I

?595 OOA qwrtgx hj {sgj{x&qh| anwj{rhgq dnwjk {li{ 38' nd rgqunjkgj{q qlirgk {lhq thgs* WQ

bis liq jn{ xg{ aliria{grh}gk iaagqq hj {lgqg {grfq" ow{ h{ hq abgirbx {lg khrga{hnj qhcjibgk ox {lg

DAA ,Dgkgrib Anffwjhai{hnjq Anffhqqhnj( hj h{q rgagj{ Ji{hnjib Ornikoijk Ubij*

Ntgr {lg bnjcgr {grf" q{rnjcgr anjqwfgr&khrga{gk gjdnragfgj{ hq agr{ihj {n urnkwag ij irfq

riag og{sggj gjarxu{gk" ijnjxfh}gk qgrthagq ijk hjkwq{rx kg{ga{hnj {galjhywgq* Ib{lnwcl {lg

hjkwq{rx awrrgj{bx urgqgj{q crikwi{gk rgqunjqg iq ij gddga{htg rgqunjqg {n anjqwfgr uhriax" h{ hq

dir drnf abgir {li{ h{ shbb urntg bgcibbx nr unbh{haibbx thiobg" nr kn fnrg {lij qlhd{ wqgrq {n n{lgr

dnrfq nd khq{rhow{hnj* Iq rgagj{ FUII ijk _HII anffgj{q nj gjdnragfgj{ qwofh{{gk {n {lg

WQ cntgrjfgj{ fi`g abgir" lnsgtgr" {lrgg&q{rh`gq hq jn{ {lg gjk nd {lg khch{ib gjdnragfgj{

cl{ ow{ {lg ogchjjhjc* [lg jg|{ q{guq knsj {lg ui{l hjabwkg urggfu{htg anj{gj{&b{grhjc oxHQUq" {lg hjabwqhnj nd lnfg&oiqgk fnjh{nrhjc qnd{sirg hj HQU anj{ria{q" ijk {lg ifgjkfgj{

nd awq{nfq dnrfq {n rgywhrg {lg khqabnqwrg nd uhri{g nr anwj{grdgh{ h{gfq oghjc ornwcl{ hj{n

{lg Wjh{gk Q{i{gq ,ID[_I g{ ib* ?595(* Dnr {lg itgricg 9;& {n ?;&xgir&nbk sh{l ntgr ghcl{

lwjkrgk uhri{gk qnjcq hj lhq nr lgr anbbga{hnj hj ?55< ,Oilijnthal ijk Anbbnux ?558(" {lhq

snwbk rgurgqgj{ i qgrhnwq khbgffi*

?8 Jn{iobx hj Drijag" {lg Wjh{gk @hjcknf" Jgs ]gibijk" @nrgi" ijk Miuij* Drijag q{ir{gk hqqwhjc

sirjhjcq {n ibbgcgk hjdrhjcgrq hj bi{g ?595*


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1?


Kngq Gkwai{hnj Snr`>

Iaagqq Anuxrhcl{" Aijiki

Jgirbx ibb dnrfib ubijq dnr HU urn{ga{hnj" drnf {lg WQ Alifogr nd Anffgragq Aifuihcj

{n Urn{ga{ Ifgrhai {n {lg Ori}hbhij cntgrjfgj{q Ji{hnjib Ubij nj Anfoi{hjc Uhriax

{n SHUNq Kgtgbnufgj{ Icgjki q{rgqq {li{ rgurgqqhtg fgiqwrgq irg jn{ gjnwcl{li{gjdnragfgj{ ibqn rgywhrgq owhbkhjc i q{rnjcgr awb{wrg nd hj{gbbga{wib urnugr{x {lrnwcl

gkwai{hnj ijk uwobha isirgjgqq aifuihcjq* Gkwai{hnj gddnr{q irg iaanrkhjcbx shkgqurgik"

rijchjc drnf ij{h&uhriax awrrhawbi hj uwobha qalnnbq" {n urhj{ ijk thkgn aifuihcjq" {n {galjhaib

qgfhjirq kgqhcjgk {n qgjqh{h}g mwkcgq ijk bis gjdnragfgj{ ndagrq {n {lg qgtgrh{x nd HU

arhfg*15 Ogaiwqg uwobha isirgjgqq hq ij irgi slgrg annrkhji{hnj og{sggj hjkwq{rx crnwuq hq

rgbi{htgbx giqx" bnaib aifuihcjq {gjk {n bnn` tgrx qhfhbir drnf anwj{rx {n anwj{rx ijk rghjdnrag

{lg qifg qhfubg fgqqicgq= gywhtibgjag og{sggj hj{gbbga{wib ijk fi{grhib urnugr{x" dgir nd oghjc

aiwcl{" ijk ij|hg{x ionw{ owxhjc kijcgrnwq nr qnahibbx lirfdwb cnnkq* Khq{hja{hnjq og{sggj

uhriax ijk anwj{grdgh{hjc irg ibfnq{ ibsixq griqgk hj {lgqg anj{g|{q" ijk ibirfhjc iqqnahi{hnjq

sh{l nrcijh}gk arhfg" hffnribh{x" ijk khqiq{rnwq ugrqnjib anjqgywgjagq irg gfuliqh}gk* Iq

{lg {gialhjc fijwib dnr {lg Urnmg{n Gqanbi Bgcib awrrhawbwf wqgk hj Ori}hbhij gbgfgj{irx

15 Gddnr{q khrga{gk i{ alhbkrgj ijk q{wkgj{q irg ywh{g anffnj* Nd {lg ?5? aifuihcjq bhq{gk hj i SHUN

gjdnragfgj{ ki{ioiqg qhjag ?555" 7? {ircg{ `hkq ijk {ggjicgrq* [lgqg hjabwkg {lg OQIq Kgjg {lg

Bhjg aifuihcj ijk {lg GQIq Mnhj {lg [gif hj {lg Wjh{gk Q{i{gq" {lg Alhbkrgj Icihjq{ Uhriax

ijk Alijcg Q{ir{q sh{l ij Hkgi * * * H{ Aij og Xnwrq) aifuihcjq hj Fg|han" ijk {lg Urnmg{n Gqanbi

Bgcib" i Ori}hbhij qalnnb&oiqgk awrrhawbwf g|ifhjgk hj kg{ihb hj aliu{gr 7* [lgqg gddnr{q litg ibqn

urnkwagk i qwocgjrg nd anfhaq" rijchjc drnf {lg FUIIq Gqaiug drnf [grrnr Ox{g Ah{x ,?558( {n

{lg qlnr{&bhtgk Aijikhij lgrn" Aiu{ihj Anuxrhcl{ ,?554(*


33/74

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qalnnbq uw{q h{= H{ hq jn g|iccgri{hnj {n qix {li{ ox owxhjc i uhri{gk urnkwa{" ij hjkhthkwib hq

snrqgjhjc lhq nsj alijagq nd cg{{hjc i mno" nr gtgj urntn`hjc {lg wjgfubnxfgj{ nd i rgbi{htg

nr drhgjk ,Ifalif&Oriqhb ?595(* Hj i shkgbx ahrawbi{gk Ori}hbhij thkgn qun{" arhfhjibq ikkrgqq

{lg uhri{g KTK anjqwfgr= [lij` xnw fiif" dnr lgbuhjc wq {n owx sgiunjq)[lg gddnr{ {n qliug uwobha khqanwrqg irnwjk uhriax g|{gjkq {n {lg fijicgfgj{ nd {lg urhj{

ijk ornikaiq{ jgsq* Qgtgrib nd nwr anwj{rx q{wkhgq knawfgj{ {lg g|{gj{ {n slhal anuxrhcl{

hjkwq{rx fgqqichjc knfhji{gq urhj{ ijk ornikaiq{ antgricg nd uhriax* Nwr Qnw{l Idrhai {gif

knawfgj{gk qnfg ghcl{ lwjkrgk urhj{ ijk ornikaiq{ q{nrhgq ntgr i dnwr&xgir ugrhnk hj i

anwj{rx sh{l mwq{ {lrgg fimnr fgkhi fir`g{q* I qhfhbir g|ifhji{hnj hj Ori}hb anbbga{gk rnwclbx

tg lwjkrgk q{nrhgq ntgr i {lrgg&xgir ugrhnk* [lg tiq{ fimnrh{x nd {lhq antgricg rgurnkwagq

i dgs q{ijkirk {gfubi{gq= {lg rihk nr ohc irrgq{" {lg jgs uhriax rgunr{" {lg iccrhgtgk ir{hq{*

Fijx nd {lgf rgunr{ drnf hjkwq{rx urgqq gtgj{q nr qhfubx ywn{g tgroi{hf drnf hjkwq{rx urgqq

rgbgiqgq*

Kgquh{g {lg wohywh{x nd fgkhi uhriax" anj{riq{hjc nr arh{haib ugrquga{htgq hj {lhq antgricg

irg rirg* Gqugahibbx slgj {lg qwomga{ hq gjdnragfgj{ ia{hnj nr rgqgiral" {lgrg irg dgs n{lgr

unhj{q nd thgs {n dggk {lg mnwrjibhq{ha rgg| dnr oibijag* I tirhg{x nd dia{nrq anj{rhow{g {n

{lhq khqawrqhtg knfhjijag" drnf {lg urndgqqhnjib urgqq fijicgfgj{ q{ri{gchgq uria{hagk ox

hjkwq{rx crnwuq" {n ntgrq{rg{algk mnwrjibhq{q hj jggk nd giqhbx uia`icgk q{nrhgq" {n {lg bia` nd

ahthb&qnahg{x gjcicgfgj{ sh{l gjdnragfgj{*19 [lhq lnfncgjgh{x q{ijkq hj qliru anj{riq{ {n

{lg fijx njbhjg tgjwgq {li{ lironr i shkgr rijcg nd unqh{hnjq nj uhriax ijk gjdnragfgj{"

ijk {li{ anbbga{htgbx nddgr i fwal abnqgr iuurn|hfi{hnj" hj nwr thgs" nd {lg ia{wib khtgrqh{x nd

anjqwfgr i{{h{wkgq*

Sli{ kn {lgqg gddnr{q {n qliug uwobha khqanwrqg ialhgtg> Hd khqqwikhjc anjqwfgrq hq {lgurhfirx cnib" {lg ijqsgr iuugirq {n og= tgrx bh{{bg* Nwr hjywhrhgq ,fh|hjc qwrtgx" dnawq crnwu"

ijk hj{grthgs fg{lnkq( dnwjk i rgfir iobx anjqhq{gj{ abwq{gr nd i{{h{wkgq nj uhriax= ,9( {li{

h{ hq nd{gj rgcirkgk sh{l ifohtibgjag ox anjqwfgrq" ,?( {li{ uricfi{ha hqqwgq nd urhag ijk

itihbiohbh{x jgirbx ibsixq shj nw{ ntgr fnrib anjqhkgri{hnjq" ijk ,1( {li{ anjqwfgrq `jns

sli{ {lgx irg owxhjc* [lg abiqqha qagjg nd kgtgbnuhjc&snrbk uhriax{lg `hnq` nr q{rgg{

tgjknr qgbbhjc KTKqurnkwagq tgrx bh{{bg fhqwjkgrq{ijkhjc nj {lg uir{ nd anjqwfgrq ionw{

{lg ji{wrg nd {lg {rijqia{hnj* Anjqwfgrq sghcl {rikgnddq og{sggj urhag ijk g|uga{i{hnjq nd

ywibh{x" ow{ sh{lhj i anj{g|{ nd g|ubhah{ obia`&fir`g{ jgcn{hi{hnj hj slhal jn{hnjq nd driwk nr

kgagu{hnjnd{gj onrrnsgk drnf ij{h&anwj{grdgh{hjc khqanwrqgcgjgribbx knj{ iuubx* [lg

urhag ciu og{sggj bhah{ ijk uhri{gk fgkhi urnthkgq i abgir qhcjib nd {lg nrhchjq nd cnnkq*

[lg bgchohbh{x nd {lhq qagjg dnr anjqwfgrq" hj nwr thgs" urnthkgq i ogjalfir dnr n{lgr qagjgq

nd anuxhjc ijk hjdrhjcgfgj{ {li{ irg fnrg anffnjbx {lg qwomga{q nd wjagr{ihj nr anjdwqgk

bgcib q{i{wqgqugahibbx irnwjk uria{hagq nd rhuuhjc" qlirhjc" wubnikhjc" ijk knsjbnikhjc

khch{ib fi{grhib* Abirhdxhjc dnr q{wkgj{q {li{ {lg bg qlirhjc nd anuxrhcl{gk fwqha hq uhriax

19 Sg lgirk ifubg qwuunr{ dnr ibb {lrgg thgsq drnf urhj{ mnwrjibhq{q* I ubiwqhobg{lnwcl lgrg wjkna&

wfgj{gkdnwr{l dia{nr snwbk og {lg anj{rnb nd {lg urhj{ ijk ornikaiq{ fgkhi ox fijx nd {lg qifg

fgkhi anjcbnfgri{gq hjtnbtgk hj gjdnragfgj{ iktnaiax*


34/74

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qggfq gj{hrgbx unqqhobg" dnr g|ifubg" ow{ sg qgg jn gthkgjag {li{ {lhq `jnsbgkcg shbb litg ijx

hfuia{ nj uria{hagq* Sg qgg jn rgib gkwai{hnj nd {lg anjqwfgr {n og knjg*

[lhq jkhjc hq anjqhq{gj{" sg ogbhgtg" sh{l {lg urgunjkgrijag nd anjqwfgr&nuhjhnj qwrtgxq

anjkwa{gk hj {lhq irgi" hjabwkhjc {lnqg ox Ugs hj {lg Wjh{gk Q{i{gq" {lg OUH ,Orh{hql _ganrkgkFwqha Hjkwq{rx( hj {lg Wjh{gk @hjcknf" U_NDGAN ,{lg I{{nrjgx Cgjgrib dnr Anjqwfgr

Iddihrq( hj Fg|han" HONUG ,Ori}hbhij Hjq{h{w{g nd Uwobha Nuhjhnj ijk Q{i{hq{haq( ijk Huqnq

hj Ori}hb" ijk fijx n{lgrq* [lg fnq{ anfurglgjqhtg anfuiri{htg ijibxqhq nd {lgqg hqqwgq {n

ki{g hq i ?558 Q{ri{gcxNjg q{wkx anffhqqhnjgk ox {lg Hj{grji{hnjib Alifogr nd Anffgrag*

Q{ri{gcxNjg g|ifhjgk qnfg 934 anjqwfgr qwrtgxq ijk anjkwa{gk jgs njgq hj _wqqhi" Hjkhi"

Fg|han" Qnw{l @nrgi" ijk {lg Wjh{gk @hjcknf* Bh`g jgirbx ibb n{lgr qwrtgxq" Q{ri{gcxNjgq

snr` qlnsgk lhcl bgtgbq nd iaagu{ijag nd ulxqhaib ijk khch{ib uhriax" sh{l khch{ib fgkhi uria{hagq

ifnjc xnwjc ikwb{q ibsixq i{ {lg {nu nd {lg khq{rhow{hnj* [lg crnwu anjabwkgk {li{ lgir jn

gthb" qgg jn gthb" qugi` jn gthb liq oganfg {lg jnrf ,OIQAIU.Q{ri{gcxNjg ?558(*1? I{ {lhq

unhj{" qwal jkhjcq qlnwbk anfg iq jn qwrurhqg* Hj {lg anj{g|{q hj slhal sg litg snr`gk" sg

aij qix sh{l qnfg anjkgjag {li{ gddnr{q {n q{hcfi{h}g uhriax litg dihbgk*

[lgrg hq bh{{bg rnnf {n fijgwtgr lgrg" sg snwbk ircwg" ogaiwqg anjqwfgr i{{h{wkgq irg"

dnr {lg fnq{ uir{" jn{ wjdnrfgkjn{ isih{hjc kgjh{hnj ox i abgir ij{h&uhriax fgqqicg* Nj

{lg anj{rirx" sg anjqhq{gj{bx dnwjk q{rnjc thgsq* [lg anjqwfgr qwrubwq cgjgri{gk ox uhriax hq

jn{ mwq{ unuwbir ow{ ibqn shkgbx wjkgrq{nnk hj ganjnfha&mwq{hag {grfq" fiuugk {n ugragu{hnjq

nd crggkx WQ ijk fwb{hji{hnjib anrunri{hnjq ijk {n {lg ornikgr q{rwa{wrib hjgywibh{hgq nd

cbnoibh}i{hnj hj slhal fnq{ kgtgbnuhjc&snrbk anjqwfgrq bhtg* Gjdnragfgj{ gddnr{q" hj {wrj"

irg shkgbx iqqnahi{gk sh{l WQ urgqqwrg nj ji{hnjib cntgrjfgj{q ijk irg fg{ sh{l hjkhddgrgjag

nr lnq{hbh{x ox bircg fimnrh{hgq nd rgqunjkgj{q* [lg rgbwa{ijag nd fijx cntgrjfgj{q {n iknu{q{rnjcgr gjdnragfgj{ fgiqwrgq jggkq {n og wjkgrq{nnk hj bhcl{ nd {lgqg un{gj{hibbx lhcl

knfgq{ha unbh{haib anq{q*

Ib{lnwcl gkwai{hnj hq cgjgribbx urgqgj{gk iq i bnjc&{grf hjtgq{fgj{ hj anwj{gria{hjc {lgqg

i{{h{wkgq" {lg bia` nd gthkgjag dnr {lghr gddga{htgjgqq hq q{rh`hjc* [lgrg litg" id{gr ibb" oggj i bn{

nd aifuihcjq hj {lg uiq{ kgaikgQ{ri{gcxNjg anwj{gk qnfg 111 hj kgtgbnugk anwj{rhgq ibnjg

iq nd ?558* H{ snwbk og rgiqnjiobg {n g|uga{ qnfg ogjalfir`q ijk {gj{i{htg anjabwqhnjq* Ow{

qwal dnbbns&wu iuugirq {n og ibfnq{ wjhtgrqibbx itnhkgk* Sg irg wjisirg nd ijx aifuihcjq

{li{ litg hjabwkgk qwoqgywgj{ gtibwi{hnj* [lhq ibqn iuugirq {n og {lg anjabwqhnj rgialgk ox

Q{ri{gcxNjg hj h{q g|ifhji{hnj nd ?5? qguiri{g aifuihcjq*

1? [lg OIQAIU.Q{ri{gcxNjg q{wkx hq ij hfunr{ij{ ow{ anjha{gk anj{rhow{hnj {n {lg bh{gri{wrg* Anjqhq&

{gj{bx" h{ unr{rixq {lg jgir&{n{ib dihbwrg nd hjkwq{rx fgqqichjc nj uhriax hj kgtgbnuhjc anwj{rhgq* H{ jkq

{li{ {lg fihj krhtgrq nd uhriax irg urhag ijk itihbiohbh{x ijk bhj`q {lgqg dia{nrq {n shkgqurgik qwuunr{

dnr fgkhi uhriax ijk cgjgrib rgqgj{fgj{ nd ij{h&uhriax gddnr{q" gqugahibbx hj kgtgbnuhjc anwj{rhgq* Ijk

h{ khqiccrgci{gq jkhjcq dnr fgkhahjgq ijk fgkhi urnkwa{qhj jn{iobg anj{riq{ {n {lg wqwib hjkwq{rx

uria{hag nd anji{hjc lgib{l ijk qidg{x rhq`q iqqnahi{gk sh{l qnfg ai{gcnrhgq nd anwj{grdgh{ cnnkq {n

gqqgj{hibbx lirfbgqq uria{hagq nd fgkhi anjqwfu{hnj* Xg{" Q{ri{gcxNjg iuugirq anfugbbgk {n jk {li{

{lgqg q{rwa{wrib dia{nrq irg ia{wibbx anffwjhai{hnj urnobgfq ijk {li{ gkwai{hnj gddnr{q aij ,nr fnrg

urgahqgbx" fwq{( snr` chtgj og{{gr fgqqichjc*


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[lg urnbhdgri{hnj nd aifuihcjq ijk {lg itnhkijag nd oik jgsq" hj {lhq anj{g|{" q{rnjcbx

qwccgq{ {lg urgqgjag nd n{lgr fn{htgq* Fwal nd {lg anj{hjwhjc hjtgq{fgj{ hj gkwai{hnj ijk

uwobha isirgjgqq" hj nwr thgs" hq i{{rhow{iobg {n q{rnjcbx dgb{ ow{ wb{hfi{gbx shqldwb {lhj`hjc

ionw{ {lg dw{wrg" iq slgj Q{ri{gcxNjg kgqarhogq {lg dihbwrg nd gkwai{hnj gddnr{q" kgquh{g {lggthkgjag" iq qhfubx wjiaagu{iobg dnr wq iq hjkhthkwibq" dnr {lg anfuijhgq ijk hjkwq{rhgq sg

snr` hj ijk dnr qnahg{x iq i slnbg ,OIQAIU.Q{ri{gcxNjg ?595(* Hj n{lgr anj{g|{q" h{ hq abgir

{li{ gkwai{hnjib hjh{hi{htgq urnthkg wqgdwb unbh{haib antgr dnr cntgrjfgj{q uwobhabx anffh{{gk {n

gjdnragfgj{ ow{ sirx nd dwr{lgr rgurgqqhtg fgiqwrgq ijk dnr hjkwq{rx crnwuq bnn`hjc {n qnd{gj

{lghr icgjkiq iq {lgx {wrj {nsirk fnrg khrga{ sixq nd ugjibh}hjc anjqwfgr hjdrhjcgfgj{*

Iq sg khqawqq i{ qnfg bgjc{l hj {lg Ori}hb aliu{gr nd {lhq rgunr{" gkwai{hnjib aifuihcjq aij

urnthkg i ui{l nd bgiq{ rgqhq{ijag og{sggj {lgqg anj{gjkhjc hj{grgq{q ijk rgqwb{ hj anffh{fgj{q

{n {lg fnq{ jihtg tgrqhnjq nd {lgqg urncrifq ox uwobha ndahibq* Qwal anfurnfhqgq irg slx

??"555 Ori}hbhij qalnnb alhbkrgj irg jns uir{ nd {lg Urnmg{n Gqanbi Bgcib{lg icqlhu

gkwai{hnjib urnmga{ nd Ori}hbq Ji{hnjib Ubij {n Anfoi{ Uhriaxslhal" hj i {xuhaib uiqqicg"

ikthqgq {gialgrq {n ikkrgqq q{wkgj{ anjagrjq ionw{ iddnrkiobg iaagqq {n fgkhi sh{l {lhq bncha=

[lg urnkwa{hnj nd fnthgq" fwqha" onn`q" g{a*" hq tiq{" ijk {lgrgdnrg" hd sg aijjn{ owx i {ha`g{

{n si{al i fnthg" sg aij{ qix {li{ sg kn jn{ litg iaagqq {n awb{wrg" ow{ njbx {n {li{ qugaha

fnthg" hj {li{ qugaha ubiag" ijk {li{ qugaha fnfgj{* Sg {lhj` h{ g|aggkhjcbx wjbh`gbx {li{ i

awb{wrg nd hj{gbbga{wib urnugr{x shbb og owhb{ nj qwal qnulhqf ijk khqanjjga{hnj drnf anjqwfgr

rgibh{hgq*11

Sli{ Hq Anjqwfu{hnj>

[rikh{hnjibbx" {lg lhcl anq{q nd fgkhi urnkwa{hnj ijk khq{rhow{hnj kha{i{gk rgbi{htgbx qliru

khq{hja{hnjq og{sggj urnkwagrq" khq{rhow{nrq" ijk anjqwfgrq nd fgkhi* [lg anjqwfgr qi{ i{

{lg gjk nd i anffnkh{x alihj {li{ kgbhtgrgk jhqlgk cnnkq ijk q{rwa{wrgk g|ugrhgjagq

rganrkq ubixgk nj q{grgnq" fnthgq qlnsj hj {lg {lgi{rgq" ijk qn nj* Anjqwfgrq ugrquga{htgq

sgrg tibwiobg ijk gicgrbx qnbhah{gk" ow{ {lg nuunr{wjh{hgq dnr argi{htg gjcicgfgj{ sh{l nr

iuurnurhi{hnj nd {lg snr` sgrg cgjgribbx firchjib* [lhq fnkgb liq" nd anwrqg" anfg wjkgr

urgqqwrg iq dibbhjc anq{q nd urnkwa{hnj ijk khq{rhow{hnj kgfnari{h}g {lnqg anrg dwja{hnjq nd {lg

fgkhi ganjnfx ijk iq jgs {galjnbnchgq urhthbgcg dnrfq nd anffgj{irx" iuurnurhi{hnj" ijk

rgwqg* Qwal uria{hagq litg ircwiobx oganfg {lg fihj {rnugq dnr {lhj`hjc ionw{ khch{ib fgkhi

hj cgjgrib*Nwr snr` cgjgribbx tibhki{gq ijk g|uijkq nj {lhq ugrquga{htg* Sg qgg {lgqg qlhd{q abgirbx

hj {lg gfgrcgjag nd jgs urnkwa{hnj ijk khq{rhow{hnj alihjq i{ {lg tgrx bns gjk nd fgkhi

fir`g{qibfnq{ ibsixq hbbhah{ i{ {lg nw{qg{ ow{ bi{gr gtnbthjc hj{n fh|gk fir`g{q {li{ hjabwkg

11 Iq {lhq rgunr{ siq cnhjc {n urgqq" rgurgqgj{i{htgq nd Ori}hbq Ji{hnjib Anwjahb nj Anfoi{hjc Uhriax hj&

khai{gk {n {lg iw{lnr {li{ Urnmg{n Gqanbi Bgcib lik rgagj{bx oggj rgmga{gk ox {lg cntgrjfgj{* [lgrg

liq oggj" iq xg{" jn uwobha ijjnwjagfgj{ nd {lhq alijcg hj unbhax*


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jgs" bgcibh}gk anfug{h{hnj* Ijk sg qgg h{ hj i rijcg nd argi{htg iuurnurhi{hnjq nd cnnkq {li{

{gq{ {lg onwjkirx og{sggj iw{lnrh}gk ijk wjiw{lnrh}gk wqgnd{gj {rhccgrhjc alircgq nd

uhriax*

Sh{l rgcirk {n rganrkgk fgkhi" lnsgtgr" nwr snr` lhclbhcl{q i fnrg qugaha {rijqdnrfi{hnjhj {lg nrcijh}i{hnj nd anjqwfu{hnj= {lg kgabhjg nd {lg anbbga{nr ijk nd {lg hj{gj{hnjib" fijicgk

iaywhqh{hnj {li{ {rikh{hnjibbx kgjgk lhq nr lgr rgbi{hnjqlhu {n fgkhi* Hj nwr thgs" {lhq jn{hnjib

anjqwfgr q{hbb nrcijh}gq i bircg uir{ nd {lg awb{wrib gbk ijk i qhcjhaij{ qlirg nd {lg owqhjgqq

fnkgbq ijk qwuubx alihjq dnr iwkhnthqwib fgkhi* Ow{ h{ hq ibqn abgirbx i qlrhj`hjc awb{wrib rnbg"

kgjgk ox hjanfg gddga{q ijk bgciax awb{wrib uria{hagq*

[lg anbbga{nr" nwr snr` qwccgq{q" hq chthjc crnwjk i{ on{l {lg lhcl gjk ijk bns gjk nd

{lg hjanfg quga{rwf* Ifnjc urhthbgcgk" {galjhaibbx bh{gri{g anjqwfgrq" {lg hqqwg hq njg nd

fijicgiobg qaibg= {lg crnshjc qh}g nd ugrqnjib fgkhi bhorirhgq hq khqanjjga{hjc rganrkgk fgkhi

drnf {rikh{hnjib jn{hnjq nd {lg anbbga{hnjijk gtgj drnf q{rnjc iqqwfu{hnjq nd hj{gj{hnjibh{x

hj h{q iaywhqh{hnj* I ?558 qwrtgx nd 9"


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[lg qganjk ijk" hj fijx anwj{rhgq" fnrg qhcjhaij{ anjqwfgr qlhd{ hq {lg crns{l nd fiqq

fir`g{q dnr rganrkgk fgkhi ifnjc {lg tgrx unnr ijkhj fijx aiqgqfiqq urnkwa{hnj nd

rganrkgk fgkhi ox {lg tgrx unnr* [lg anj{nwrq nd {lhq rgtnbw{hnj aij og {riagk oia` {n {lg

urndnwjkbx kgfnari{h}hjc ijk uhriax&gjiobhjc rganrkgk fgkhi {galjnbnchgq nd {lg 98

Abihfq nd anjjga{hnjq og{sggj fgkhi uhriax ijk jiran{rida`hjc" irfq qfwccbhjc" ijk n{lgr

lirk dnrfq nd nrcijh}gk arhfg litg oggj uir{ nd gjdnragfgj{ khqanwrqg qhjag {lg bi{g 9885q"

slgj {lg HDUH ogcij {n rihqg anjagrjq ionw{ {lg {rijqonrkgr qfwccbhjc nd uhri{gk AKq ,HDUH

?559(* Abihfgk anjjga{hnjq og{sggj uhriax ijk {grrnrhqf irg i fnrg rgagj{ ikkh{hnj* Hj ?551"

{lg qgarg{irx cgjgrib nd Hj{grunb" _njibk Jnobg" qnwjkPgkV {lg ibirf {li{ Hj{gbbga{wib Urnugr{x

Arhfg hq oganfhjc {lg urgdgrrgk fg{lnk nd dwjkhjc dnr i jwfogr nd {grrnrhq{ crnwuq ,Jnobg

?551(* Hj ?55


38/74

1

Hjtirhiobx" {lg ri{hnjibg nddgrgk dnr arhfhjib&qxjkhai{g ijk {grrnrhq{ hjtnbtgfgj{ hq

{li{ uhriax hq i lhclbx urn{iobg owqhjgqq* [lg _IJK rgunr{" dnr g|ifubg" q{i{gq ,sh{lnw{

g|ubiji{hnj( {li{ KTK uhriax * * * liq i lhclgr urn{ firchj {lij jiran{haq ,[rgtgr{nj g{ ib*

?558=|hh(ij hfubiwqhobg abihf {li{ liq ahrawbi{gk hj hjkwq{rx bh{gri{wrg qhjag i{ bgiq{ ?55;*17

Sg {lhj` {lg rganrk hq abgir {li{ uhriax siq i lhclbx urn{iobg owqhjgqq {lrnwcl {lg girbx ?555q"

slgj nu{haib khqa urnkwa{hnj diahbh{hgq sgrg g|ugjqhtg" hjkwq{rhib hj qaibg" ijk rgbi{htgbx qairag*[lg anjagj{ri{hnj nd urnkwa{hnj aiuiah{x hj i dgs anwj{rhgq argi{gk ij hj{grji{hnjib uhri{g

ganjnfx hj slhal qnfg anwj{rhgq gfgrcgk iq g|unr{grq nd nu{haib khqaq ,dnr g|ifubg" Fibixqhi"

Owbcirhi" ijk {lg W`rihjg(" slhbg n{lgrq ogaifg urhfirhbx hfunr{grq nr {rijqqlhufgj{ unhj{q*

Hj{grji{hnjib khq{rhow{hnj" hj {lgqg ahrawfq{ijagq" hjtnbtgk {lg qfwccbhjc nd ulxqhaib cnnkq

ijk anjqgywgj{bx fhrrnrgkijk qnfg{hfgq qlirgk{lg khq{rhow{hnj hjdriq{rwa{wrg dnr n{lgr

anwj{grdgh{ ijk anj{rioijk urnkwa{q* Hj nwr Hjkhi ijk Qnw{l Idrhai q{wkhgq" hj uir{hawbir"

sg qgg gthkgjag {li{ {lhq q{rwa{wrg nd uhriax ugrqhq{q hj rgchnjib {rikg jg{snr`q anjjga{hjc

Qnw{l Iqhi" {lg Fhkkbg Giq{" Qnw{l Idrhai" ijk uir{q nd Giq{ Iqhi* Ow{ h{ hq ibqn abgir {li{

17 [lg hjh{hib tgrqhnj nd {lhq abihf iuugirq {n anfg drnf i ?559 q{nrx hj {lg Drgjal jgsqsgg`bx Firh&

ijjg" slhal q{i{gk {li{ i `hbncrif nd uhri{gk AKq siq snr{l fnrg {lij i `hbncrif nd liqlhql* [lg

abihf siq uha`gk wu ox Hj{grunb hj h{q ?551 rgunr{ {n {lg WQ Anjcrgqq nj [lg Bhj`q Og{sggj Hj{gb&

bga{wib Urnugr{x Arhfg ijk [grrnrhq{ Dhjijahjc ijk drnf {lgrg ogcij i bnjc bhdg nd ahrawbir ah{i{hnj

hj hjkwq{rx rgunr{q* [lhq abihf liq oggj alibbgjcgk ogdnrg ,Uhriax Hq Jn{ I Arhfg*anf ?554(" ow{ {n

wuki{g ijk rgh{gri{g {lg unhj{= iaanrkhjc {n WQ awq{nfq iw{lnrh{hgq" i `hbncrif nd liqlhql hj Jgs

Xnr` qgbbq dnr irnwjk +15"555* I `hbncrif nd uhri{gk KTKq ,ifnwj{hjc {n 4547 khqaq itgrichjc 94

crifq gial( liq i q{rgg{ tibwg nd ionw{ +155 hj Jgs Xnr`" i{ {lg cnhjc ri{g nd +7 ugr KTK* [lg HHUI

rgugi{q i tgrqhnj nd {lhq abihf hj h{q ?595 qwofhqqhnj {n {lg WQ[_*

[lwcq ijk Arhfhjibq

Sh{l rirg g|agu{hnjq" {lg ugnubg urnawrhjc"

urnkwahjc" ijk khq{rhow{hjc {lhq uhri{gk

fi{grhib irg ibhi{gk sh{l bircg ijk kijcgrnwq

hj{grji{hnjib arhfhjib qxjkhai{gq* Dhbf uhriax hq

jn{ oghjc nugri{gk ox fnf&ijk&unu nugri{hnjq*

* * * H{ hq oghjc knjg ox owqhjgqq&fhjkgk {lwcq

sln wjk {lhq ia{hth{x {lrnwcl fnjgx rihqgk

rnf n{lgr hbbhah{ ia{hth{x qwal iq krwc kgibhjc"

cwj rwjjhjc" ijk lwfij {ria`hjc ,w{hbh}hjc {lg

qifg khq{rhow{hnj jg{snr`q(" ijk sln" hj {wrj"

wjk {lgqg n{lgr ia{hth{hgq {lrnwcl {lg fnjgx {lgx

rihqg {lrnwcl uhriax* Anjqgywgj{bx" {lg nkkq irg

lhcl {li{ gtgrx knbbir" unwjk" ugqn" gwrn nr rwugg

qugj{ nj {lgf hq uw{ hj{n {lg una`g{q n oik ugnubg

sln shbb qugjk h{ hj i six slhal hq jn{ anjqnjij{

sh{l nwr qig{x ijk qgawrh{x* Fnq{ ibirfhjcbx"

{lgqg crnwuq litg jn ywibfq sli{qngtgr ionw{

rgqnr{hjc {n thnbgjag nr orhogrx {n anjkwa{ {lghr

nugri{hnjq" ijk {lgx ubix nr `gguq*

Mnlj Fibanbf" qgjhnr thag&urgqhkgj{ ijk

khrga{nr n snrbkshkg ij{h&uhriax nugri{hnjq nr

{lg FUII ,ywn{gk hj FaHbbsihj ?557(


39/74

18


qwal jg{snr`q irg firchjib {n {lg bircgr uhri{g ganjnfx ijk riuhkbx sijhjckrhtgj hj{n

wjurn{iohbh{x ox g|uijkgk bnaib urnkwa{hnj ijk drgg khch{ib khq{rhow{hnj* Sg qgg jn gthkgjag

{li{ uhriax" nw{qhkg i dgs jhalg fir`g{q" hq q{hbb i lhcl&firchj owqhjgqq*

[lgqg {rgjkq litg knfhji{gk uhri{g urnkwa{hnj qhjag {lg girbx ?555q* Urnkwa{hnj anq{qijk urn{ firchjq nj nu{haib khqaq litg ubwffg{gk" bgikhjc {n i anbbiuqg hj urhagq* Hj ?559"

ywibh{x KTKq {xuhaibbx anq{ tg knbbirq nr fnrg nj {lg q{rgg{* Hj ?595" {lgx irg wjkgr i knbbir

i{ rg{ihb hj fijx uir{q nd {lg snrbk* Owrjgrq ijk obij` khqaq irg jns anffnkh{x h{gfq" ijk

{lghr crgi{gr itihbiohbh{x liq bgk {n i fiqqhtg g|uijqhnj nd bnaib urnkwa{hnj" {lg khqubiagfgj{

nd qfwccbhjc" ijkhj fijx anwj{rhgqi rgnrcijh}i{hnj nd urnkwa{hnj irnwjk qfibb&qaibg"

nd{gj difhbx&oiqgk" an{{icg hjkwq{rx* Urgqqwrg nj urn{ firchjq liq hjargiqgk" {nn" kwg {n {lg

rhqg nd {lg fiqqhtg jnj&anffgrahib qulgrg nd anuxhjc ijk khq{rhow{hnj nj {lg Hj{grjg{" slhal

liq ibb ow{ gbhfhji{gk anffgrahib nu{haib khqa uhriax hj lhcl&hjanfg anwj{rhgq ijk iuugirq

unhqgk {n kn qn dwr{lgr knsj {lg CKU bikkgr* Hjargiqhjcbx" anffgrahib uhri{gq diag {lg qifg

khbgffi iq {lg bgcib hjkwq{rx= lns {n anfug{g sh{l drgg*

[lhq kgabhjg hj anq{q hq" hj nwr thgs" {lg urhfirx dia{nr qliuhjc uhri{g fir`g{q ijk i crnshjc

khqhjagj{htg dnr {rikh{hnjib nrcijh}gk&arhfhjib hjtnbtgfgj{* Xg{" {n {lg ogq{ nd nwr `jnsbgkcg"

jn hjkwq{rx nr bis gjdnragfgj{ q{i{gfgj{q ionw{ ibbgcgk arhfhjib anjjga{hnjq litg {lnwcl{ {lhq

snr{l fgj{hnj* Iq hj n{lgr anj{g|{q" {lg hqqwg hq itnhkgk ox anji{hjc uhriax ijk anwj{grdgh{hjc

wjkgr {lg rworha nd sli{ Hj{grunb aibbq HU arhfgq* HU arhfgq hjabwkg {lg anwj{grdgh{hjc nd

ahcirg{{gq" fgkhahjgq" fialhjg uir{q" ijk i tirhg{x nd n{lgr hjkwq{rhib cnnkq* Jgirbx ibb irg

lhcl&firchj cnnkq khq{rhow{gk {lrnwcl {rijqji{hnjib qfwccbhjc jg{snr`qhjkggk {lgx irg

qfwccbgk ogaiwqg {lgx irg lhcl firchj* Qfwccbhjc" hj {wrj" argi{gq nuunr{wjh{hgq dnr arhfhjib

crnwuq {n nrcijh}g nr {i| {lg {rijqh{ nd {lgqg cnnkq* [grrnrhq{ anjjga{hnjq irg unqqhobg hj qwalanj{g|{q" ijk {lgrg hq gthkgjag {li{ {noiaan qfwccbhjc hj uir{hawbirhjagj{hth}gk ox lhcl

Gwrnugij ijk WQ {i|gq nj ahcirg{{gq ijk iog{{gk ox fimnr {noiaan anfuijhgqhq i qhcjhaij{

rgtgjwg qnwrag dnr {lg [ibhoij" {lg Anbwfohij DI_A" ijk {lg U@@ ,Shbbqnj ?558(*

Ircwhjc {li{ uhriax hq hj{gcrib {n qwal jg{snr`q fgijq hcjnrhjc {lg krifi{ha alijcgq

hj {lg {galjnbncx ijk nrcijh}i{hnjib q{rwa{wrg nd {lg uhri{g fir`g{ ntgr {lg uiq{ kgaikg*

Ox jgagqqh{x" gthkgj{hirx q{ijkirkq oganfg tgrx bnnqg* Kgaikgq&nbk q{nrhgq irg rgaxabgk iq

urnnd nd anj{gfunrirx {grrnrhq{ anjjga{hnjq" ijgakn{gq q{ijk hj iq gthkgjag nd shkgr qxq{gfha

bhj`icgq" ijk {lg {lrgqlnbk dnr sli{ anwj{q iq nrcijh}gk arhfg hq qg{ tgrx bns* [lg _IJK

q{wkx" slhal rgurhqgq ijk owhbkq nj girbhgr HDUH ijk Hj{grunb rgunr{hjc" hq anjq{rwa{gk ibfnq{

gj{hrgbx irnwjk qwal uria{hagq* Urnfhjgj{ q{nrhgq ionw{ H_I hjtnbtgfgj{ hj fnthg uhriax ijk

Lg}onbbil hjtnbtgfgj{ hj KTK ijk qnd{sirg uhriax ki{g" rgquga{htgbx" {n {lg 98


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[lg WQ rganrk hqj{ fnrg anjthjahjc hj {lhq rgcirk* Mgddrgx FaHbbsihj g|ifhjgk {lg

Kguir{fgj{ nd Mwq{hagq HU&rgbi{gk urnqgaw{hnjq og{sggj ?555 ijk ?55; ijk dnwjk {li{ njbx

;8 nw{ nd {lg 957 aiqgq ibbgcgk {li{ {lg kgdgjkij{ nugri{gk sh{lhj bircgr" nrcijh}gk jg{snr`q*

Jgirbx ibb nd {lgqg sgrg sirg} khq{rhow{hnj crnwuq dnr uhri{gk qnd{sirglia`gr anffwjh{hgq{li{ irg g|ubhah{bx ijk nd{gj gragbx jnj&anffgrahib hj nrhgj{i{hnj* FaHbbsihj dnwjk jn

ntgr{ rgdgrgjagq {n urndgqqhnjib nrcijh}gk arhfg crnwuq hj ijx nd {lg KNMq arhfhjib alircgq

,FaHbbsihj ?557=?3(* Hd nrcijh}gk arhfg hq i qgrhnwq urnobgf hj {lgqg anj{g|{q" h{ qlnwbk jn{ og

khdawb{ {n urnkwag i q{rnjcgr gthkgj{hirx rganrk*

Khqiccrgci{hjc Hjkwq{rx G|unqwrg

Uhriax hq cgjgribbx urgqgj{gk iq i wjhdnrf {lrgi{ {n {lg anuxrhcl{ hjkwq{rhgq" ow{ hj uria{hag {lgqg

hjkwq{rhgq litg shkgbx tirxhjc g|unqwrg {n uhriax" rgga{hjc khddgrgjagq hj lns fwqha" bf" ijk

qnd{sirg irg anjqwfgk ijk lns khddgrgj{ owqhjgqq q{ri{gchgq ijk anjqwfgr g|uga{i{hnjq litgqliugk fir`g{q dnr {lnqg cnnkq* [lg anrg anuxrhcl{ hjkwq{rhgq irg ibqn hj{grjibbx khtgrqg" sh{l

i tirhg{x nd rgtgjwg nsq ijk owqhjgqq fnkgbq {li{ anj{rhow{g {n {lg on{{nf bhjg*

Sg qgg anjqhkgriobg gthkgjag {li{ {lg khch{ib {rijqh{hnj hq alijchjc {lg fh| nd owqhjgqq

fnkgbq hj {lg fwqha" bf" ijk qnd{sirg owqhjgqqgqijk wjkgrfhjhjc qnfg tgrx urn{iobg

njgq" qwal iq {lg fir`g{q dnr AKq ijk KTKq* Ow{ sg qgg jn gthkgjag {li{ {lg hjkwq{rhgq

ntgribb litg khfhjhqlgk aiuiah{hgq {n hjjnti{g nr anffgrahibh}g jgs snr`* Ox fnq{ fgiqwrgq

{lhq liq oggj i tgrx urnqugrnwq kgaikg dnr {lg WQ anuxrhcl{ hjkwq{rhgqwu {n ijk" hj qnfg

qga{nrq" hjabwkhjc {lg awrrgj{ ganjnfha arhqhq* Ibb nd {lg WQ anuxrhcl{ hjkwq{rhgqbf"

owqhjgqq qnd{sirg" gj{gr{ihjfgj{ qnd{sirg" onn` uwobhqlhjc" ijk gtgj fwqha ,hjabwkhjc bhtg

ugrdnrfijag(crgs hj {n{ib rgtgjwgq {lrnwcl ?55


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crns{l ri{g hj {lg ugrhnk ,Qhsg` ?558(* Iaanrkhjc {n {lg Snrbk Iqqnahi{hnj nd Jgsquiugrq

ijk Jgsq Uwobhqlgrq" {n{ib fgkhi ijk gj{gr{ihjfgj{ qugjkhjc unq{gk ij ijjwib crns{l ri{g

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Documents

Chapter 1 (74 pp.): Rethinking Piracy - Media Piracy in Emerging Economies Report (by Joe Karaganis)