1 CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1. Background Respiratory diseases account for the most frequent admission of the newborns to the intensive care unit (ICU) in the hospital. The etiology is varied, depends on the etiology of diseases. The most common etiology of neonatal respiratory distress is transient tachypnea of the newborn; this is triggered by excessive lung fluid, and symptoms usually resolve spontaneously. Respiratory distress syndrome can occur in premature infants as a result of surfactant deficiency and underdeveloped lung anatomy. Intervention with oxygenation, ventilation, and surfactant replacement is often necessary. Prenatal administration of corticosteroids between 24 and 34 weeks’ gestation reduces the risk of respiratory distress syndrome of the newborn when the risk of preterm delivery is high. Meconium aspiration syndrome is thought to occur in utero as a result of fetal distress by hypoxia. The incidence is not reduced by use of amnioinfusion before delivery nor by suctioning of the infant during delivery. Treatment options are resuscitation, oxygenation, surfactant replacement, and ventilation. Other etiologies of respiratory distress include pneumonia, sepsis, pneumothorax, persistent
1CHAPTER 1INTRODUCTION1.1. BackgroundRespiratory diseases
account for the most frequent admission of the newbornsto the
intensive care unit (ICU) in the hospital. The etiology is varied
depends on theetiology of diseases. The most common etiology of
neonatal respiratory distress istransient
tachypneaofthenewborn!thisistriggeredbye"cessivelungfluid
andsymptoms usually resolve spontaneously. Respiratory distress
syndrome can occur inpremature infants as a result of surfactant
deficiencyandunderdevelopedlunganatomy.Interventionwitho"ygenation
ventilation andsurfactantreplacementisoften necessary.#renatal
administration of corticosteroids between $% and &% wee's(
gestationreduces the ris' of respiratory distress syndrome of the
newborn when the ris' ofpreterm delivery is high. )econium
aspiration syndrome is thought to occur in uteroasaresult of fetal
distressbyhypo"ia. Theincidenceisnot reducedbyuseofamnioinfusion
before deliverynor bysuctioning of the infant during
delivery.Treatment options are resuscitation o"ygenation surfactant
replacement andventilation. *ther etiologies of respiratory
distress include pneumonia sepsispneumothora" persistent
pulmonaryhypertension andcongenital malformations!treatment
isdiseasespecific. Initial evaluationforpersistent
orsevererespiratorydistress may include complete blood count with
differential chest radiography andpulse o"imetry.+urthermore
theprevalenceof all of etiologies of respiratorydistress
innewbornshospitali,edinneonatal unit at the-epartment of
.ealthChild .a/i0dam )ali' 1eneral .ospital is high enough. *ne of
them is respiratory distresssyndrome (R-2) or used to be 'nown as
hyaline membrane disease (.)-). 3y herethewriterintendstoreport
acasewithR-2inoneofnewbornshospitali,edinneonatal unit at the
-epartment of .ealth Child .a/i 0dam )ali' 1eneral .ospital.1.2.
Objectie!The ob/ectives of this paper are42 To reportacase
occurring atthe -epartmentof.ealthChild.a/i0dam )ali' 1eneral
.ospital )edan Tofurther studyabout the respiratorydistress
affectingneonatesespecially respiratory distress syndrome
(R-2).
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