Chapter 1

WHAT IS ART?

1.1 LEONARDO DA VINCI. Mona Lisa (c. 1503–1505). Oil on wood panel. 30

1/4” x 21”.

1.2 Kenyan woman, Masai tribe. Standards for beauty can differ from

culture to culture.

1.5 French performance artist Orlan, who has dedicated herself to embodying Western classicbeauty as found in the works of Leonardo, Botticelli, and Boucher through multiple plastic surgeries.

Here Orlan is being “prepped” for one in a series of operations.

1.6 SANDRO BOTTICELLI. The Birth of Venus (1486). Detail. Tempera on canvas. 5’8 7⁄8” x 9’1 1⁄7”.

1.37 JOYCE KOZLOFF. Galla Placidia in Philadelphia (1985). Mosaic installation. 13’ x 16’

1.37 DALE CHIHULY. Fioridi Como (1998). 70’ x 30’ x 12’.

1.7 FRIDA KAHLO. Diego in My Thoughts (Diego y yo) (1949). Oil on canvas, mounted on Masonite.

24” x 36”.

1.9 ANDY WARHOL. Four Marilyns (1962). Synthetic polymer paint and

silkscreen ink on canvas. 30" × 23⅞".

1.11 Column of Trajan, Forum of Trajan, Rome, dedicated 112. 128 feet high.

1.13 JESSIE OONARK. A Shaman’s Helping Spirits (1971). Stonecut and

stencil. 37 1⁄6” x 25 1⁄6”.

1.14 AARON DOUGLAS. Noah’s Ark (c. 1927). Oil on

masonite. 48” x 36”.

1.17 SUZANNE VALADON. Adam and Eve (1909). Oil on

canvas. 63¾ × 51⅝.

1.18 Marc Chagall I and the Village. (1911). Oil on canvas. 6’3-5/8” x 4’11-5/8”.

1.19 Max Beckmann. The Dream (1921). Oil on canvas. 73-1/8” x 3

5”.

1.21 Ryoanji Zen Temple, Japanese sand garden, Kyoto, Japan.

1.23 HENRI MATISSE. Piano Lesson (1916). Oil on canvas. 8’1⁄2” x 6’11 3⁄4”.1.24 ROMARE BEARDEN. Piano Lesson (1983). Oil with Collage. 29» x 22’

1.22 LAURIE SIMMONS. Red Library #2 (1983). Color photograph. 48 1⁄2” x 38 1⁄4”.

1.25 JAUNE QUICK-TO-SEE SMITH. Eclipse (1987). Oil on canvas. 60” x 60”.

1.26 LOUISA CHASE. Storm (1981). Oil on canvas. 90” x 120”.

1.27 ALFRED STIEGLITZ. The Steerage (1907). Photograph.

1.28 FAITH RINGGOLD. Tar Beach (1988). Acrylic paint on canvas and pieced fabric. 74” x 68-1⁄2”.

1.29 EDWARD HOPPER. Nighthawks (1942). Oil on canvas. 30” x 60”.

1.30 RICHARD HAMILTON. Just What Is It That Makes Today’s Homes So Different, So Appealing? (1956). Collage. 10-1⁄4” x 9-3⁄4”.

1.31 ZAHA HADID. Sheikh Zayed Bridge, Abu Dhabi. 2006.

1.32 EUGÈNE DELACROIX. Liberty Leading the People (1830). Oil on canvas. 8’6” x 10’10”.

1.33 SUZANNE LACY AND LESLIE LABOWITZ. In Mourning and in Rage (1977). Performance at Los Angeles City Hall.

1.34 BETYE SAAR. The Liberation of Aunt Jemima (1972). Mixed media. 11-3⁄4” x 8” x

2-3⁄4”.

1.35 MIRIAM SCHAPIRO. Wonderland (1983). Acrylic and fabric collage on canvas. 90” x 144” (framed)

1.36 MARCEL DUCHAMP. Fountain (1917). 1951 version after

lost original. Porcelain urinal. H: 24".

1.39 JOSÉ CLEMENTE OROZCO. Epic of American Civilization: Hispano-America (c. 1932–1934). Fresco. 10” x 9’11”.