Chapter 1 1896-1945: Nationalisms and the … Nationalisms and the Autonomy of Canada Section 4: Immigration to Canada in the late 19 th-early 20 centuries Pages that correspond to

Chapter 2 1896-1945: Nationalisms and the

Autonomy of Canada Section 4: Immigration to Canada in the late 19th-early 20th centuries

Pages that correspond to this presentation

Immigration policy: Pages 122-123

Impacts on immigration to Western Canada: Pages 124-125

Emigration of French Canadiens to the United States/ New Areas of Colonization: Page 124

Was immigration promoted?

• Yes!.... Why?.... • When Wilfred Laurier

took over as Prime Minister Canada was doing well in terms of economic growth

• There was a need for: – workers, – people to buy Canadian

goods, – people to settle

Western Canada

Source: The Canadian Encyclopedia. <http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/sir-wilfrid-laurier/#>

Wilfred Laurier delivering a speech around 1896

How did Canada promote immigration in the late 1800s/early 1900s?

• The Wilfred Laurier Federal Liberal government used the same sorts of tactics/measures/strategies as John A. Macdonald

• Laurier may have stepped up the promoting however: – Many published brochures handed out in Europe to

promote Canada – Printed posters displayed in European cities to

promote Canada – Canadian immigration offices established in many

European countries/cities AND in the United States – Offered free land to immigrants – Paying for travel by boat to Canada (for immigrants)


Canadian Immigration poster promoting immigration to Canada from the United States

Source: Archives Canada Online. <http://collectionscanada.gc.ca/pam_archives/index.php?fuseaction=genitem.displayItem&lang=eng&rec_nbr=2837964>


Canadian Immigration poster (In Dutch) promoting

immigration to Canada from the Netherlands (In Europe)

Source: Archives Canada Online. <http://collectionscanada.gc.ca/pam_archives/index.php?fuseaction=genitem.displayItem&rec_nbr=2837963&lang=eng>

Why did immigrants choose to leave their homeland(s) to come to Canada?

• To improve economic opportunities (jobs)

• To improve their quality of life

• Escape from oppression or persecution because of race, religion or political views

• They were attracted to the possibility of adventure starting a new life in Canada after visiting a Canadian immigration agency

Where did immigrants come from in the late 1800s/early 1900s?

• Wilfred Laurier and the Liberal government made a man named Clifford Sifton the Minister of the Interior of Canada basically, he was in charge of overseeing Canada’s immigration policy

• Immigration policy = which people Canada would allow to move to/ live in Canada

• Laurier and Sifton focused on promoting the settlement of Western Canada between 1896 and 1905

• Sifton thought that a ‘specific type of people’ were suited for settling Western Canada

Clifford Sifton around 1910

Source: Wikipedia. <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clifford_Sifton#/media/File:Clifford_Sifton.jpg>


• Sifton thought that people from Eastern European countries like Ukraine, Romania, Austria-Hungary, Russia AND religious groups like Mennonites and Russian Doukhobors were the perfect fit for Western Canada they were farmers

• Why? • Sifton believed that settling Western Canada was

going to be a difficult task hard work, harsh climate, rural lifestyle

• Sifton believed that these groups were a good fit NOT urbanites form the United Kingdom (England)


What did Clifford Sifton mean when he said:

“a stalwart peasant in a sheep-skin coat, born on the soil, whose forefathers have been farmers for ten generations, with a stout wife and a half dozen children, is a good quality.”

Source: Sir Clifford Sifton, “The Immigrants Canada Wants,” Maclean’s Magazine, April 1, 1922, 16.


Galician (Ukrainian) immigrants arrive in Quebec City- around 1910

Source: Archives Canada. <http://collectionscanada.gc.ca/pam_archives/index.php?fuseaction=genitem.displayItem&rec_nbr=3193424&lang=eng&rec_nbr_list=3193424,3368047,102340,102303,102683,106947,3531288,3531275,4118418,107006>


Ukrainian Pioneer man taking care of his hay field around 1907 in Lamont, Alberta



Man in front of his sod house in Mankota, Saskatchewan around 1906

Source: Saskatchewan Settlement Experience. <https://saskarchives.com/sasksettlement/display.php?cat=Life%20on%20the%20Prairies&subcat=Sod%20Houses&id=869>.


• Despite Sifton’s preferences immigrants came from all over Europe and the United States

• Not all immigrants settled on farms in Western Canada some settled in cities in Eastern Canada (Maritimes) and in Central Canada (Quebec/Ontario)

• Some did congregate into urban areas in Western Canada (example: Winnipeg)

–Winnipeg grew from 20,000 people in 1886 to 150,000 in 1911


Main Street, Winnipeg, Manitoba - 1887

Source: Wikipedia. <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winnipeg_Route_52#/media/File:Main_Street,_Winnipeg,_MB,_1887.jpg>


Portage Avenue, Winnipeg, Manitoba - 1910

Source: University of Alberta Peel Library. <http://peel.library.ualberta.ca/postcards/PC002041.html>


• Okay, but WHERE did they come from?

• Approximately 1/3 of the immigrants between 1896-1914 came from the United Kingdom (England, Ireland, Scotland, Wales)

• Approximately 1/3 of the immigrants between 1896-1914 came from the United States

• A little less than 1/3 of the immigrants between 1896-1914 came from other parts of Europe

• A SMALL portion of immigrants came from other parts of the world like Asia


Source: Oxford University Press. <http://global.oup.com/us/companion.websites/9780199389315/map/maps/mapsch19/>

World map around 1910


Source: Maps ETC. <https://etc.usf.edu/maps/pages/2100/2149/2149.htm>

Map of Europe around 1910

What made it possible for Canada to settle Western Canada?

• There were a few factors that allowed the Federal government to get immigrants to Western Canada:

– The Transcontinental Railway allowed the government to transport immigrants to Western Canada

– The Dominion Lands Act of 1872 land was divided up by the government to make settlement easier

– The North-West Mounted Police to keep the peace in the West

– The Canadian Office of the Interior to help promote Canada as a destination for immigrants

– Canada took the proper precautions to keep the population safe quarantine stations like Grosse Ile


Source: Archives Canada. <https://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/education/008-3060-e.html>

Canadian Pacific Railway Advertisement ALSO promoting immigration to Western Canada


Part of a pamphlet from the North Atlantic Trading Company – advertising immigration to Canada

Source: Archives Canada. <https://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/education/008-3060-e.html>


North West Mounted Police in 1910 and Barracks- Regina, Saskatchewan- around 1910

Source: Archives Canada.


North West Mounted Police officers in 1910- Regina, Saskatchewan



Office of the Interior immigration office in London, England - 1911

Source: Archives Canada. <https://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/canadian-west/052920/05292044_e.html>


Google Map view of Grosse Ile, Quebec


https://www.google.ca/maps/@47.0204419,-70.6723904,2a,75y,136.79h,86.57t/data=!3m6!1e1!3m4!1sSP60yinsOgJ5VgijXqdgJA!2e0!7i13312!8i6656




Brick hospital building on Grosse Ile, Quebec between 1900 and 1905



Ambulance for the quarantine station on Grosse Ile, Quebec – between 1900 and 1910

Source: Archives Canada. <http://collectionscanada.gc.ca/pam_archives/index.php?fuseaction=genitem.displayItem&rec_nbr=3624489&lang=eng&rec_nbr_list=3223361,3309070,3309076,3624489,3194184,3309068,3192438,3309075,3309073,3309072l>

What effect did immigration have on Canada between 1896-1914?

• Demographically (what the population looked like) Canada became more diverse

• The percentage of the population that was not British origin, French origin or Aboriginal grew

• Territory more of Canada’s territory was settled especially in the Prairies (Western Canada)

• The Prairies grew so much in terms of population Federal government created 2 NEW PROVINCES in 1905 Alberta & Saskatchewan

• Cities grew in terms of population many immigrants chose to live in cities jobs

Source: MELS

Origin of immigrants to Canada around 1900


Source: Fortin, S., Lapointe, D., Lavoie, R. & Parent, A. Reflections.qc.ca.: 1840 to Our Times. Cheneliere Education. 2017. Page 124



Territorial map of Canada in 1898



Territorial map of Canada in 1905

Notice the difference between the 1898 map and the 1905: The establishment of Alberta and Saskatchewan

A closer look at the effects of immigration on Western Canada

• Migration flows towards Western Canada really transformed the Prairies

• Land made available by the Federal government for immigrants townships increase in farmable land

• Because many immigrants that settled the Prairies were from Eastern European countries such as Ukraine, Romania, Iceland and Austria-Hungary block settlements were formed

• Block settlement = an area populated with one specific ethnic group

• Evidence of Eastern European settlement in Western Canada is evident today

https://cnuf.ca/photo-gallery/


Irrigated ‘sugar beet’ field in Raymond, Alberta - 1904



Preparing hay to be gathered on a Saskatchewan farm- 1910



Ukrainian wedding in Samburg, Saskatchewan - 1917

Source: Archives Canada. <http://collectionscanada.gc.ca/pam_archives/index.php?fuseaction=genitem.displayItem&lang=eng&rec_nbr=3624270>


• However many English Canadians already living in Western Canada DID NOT fully accept the arrival of immigrants from different origins

• We begin to see the rise of XENOPHOBIA

• XENOPHOBIA= fear/anger/hostility towards people who are ethnically/culturally different

• English Canadians were at time xenophobic of Eastern European immigrants moving to rural areas in Western Canada


• Eastern Europeans were not the only immigrants to feel the effects of xenophobia in the late 1800s/early 1900s

• Asian immigrants (Chinese/Japanese) and immigrants from India also felt the effects

• Many English Canadians in Western Canada felt threatened by the number of Asian immigrants coming to Canada some people even took up violent measures such as destroying businesses owned by individuals of Chines/Japanese origin

• Vancouver 1907 ’Anti-Asian Riots’ destroying Chinese owned shops

•


Chinese shops on Carrall Street in Vancouver's ‘Chinatown’- 1906

Canadian Encyclopedia Online. <http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/chinese-canadians/>


‘Chinese Arch’ in Vancouver, British Columbia - 1906

Canadian Encyclopedia Online. <http://collectionscanada.gc.ca/pam_archives/index.php?fuseaction=genitem.displayItem&rec_nbr=3400485&lang=eng&rec_nbr_list=3366111,3385624,3400485,3601932,3601927,3596865,3845861,3385625,3385623,3385621>


Vandalized Chinese shops in Vancouver after the Anti-Asian riots - 1907

Harper’s Weekly Magazine. <http://www.oldmagazinearticles.com/article-summary/canadian_anti-asian_racism_vancouver_riots_1907#.WhzWFFWnHIU>


• This xenophobia was also seen at the Federal level…

• Starting in 1885 Chinese ‘head tax’ on Chinese immigrants $50 cost per Chinese immigrant- paid by the individual

• In 1900 the tax was $100

• In 1903 the tax was increased to $500

• In 1908 Canada limited the number of Japanese immigrants to 400 per year

•


Chinese ‘head tax’ certificates –Left: 1913/ Right: 1919

Source: Collections Canada. <https://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/obj/021013/f1/nlc008663-v6.jpg>

Canadian Encyclopedia Online. <http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/chinese-head-tax-in-canada/>


• ‘The Komagata Maru Incident’

• Vancouver 1914

• Ship named Komagata Maru arrived with 376 passengers from India (mostly Sikhs) wanting to immigrate to Canada

• Canada & India both Commonwealth countries should have made for ‘easy immigration’

• All but 20 passengers turned away

• Xenophobic immigration policies of the Federal government

• Eventually the ship was turned away and escorted back to sea by a Canadian navy ship

• Justin Trudeau apologized for the incident in 2016

https://www.pier21.ca/explore/online/tell-me-more-about/komagata-maru






https://globalnews.ca/news/2708127/komagata-maru-apology-to-be-offered-by-pm-justin-trudeau-today/

Emigration of French Canadians from Quebec in the late 1800s-early 1900s

• Emigration = leaving

• Many French Canadiens left Quebec for the United States (New England)

• Vermont, Maine, New Hampshire, Massachusetts, Rhode Island



• Why did French Canadiens leave?

– Less available land on farms in rural Quebec Overcrowded

–Mechanization of farms less people needed to work on farms

– Large families a lot of sons/daughters had to make a decision to leave their family farms they all couldn’t take over parents’ farm

Emigration of French Canadians from Quebec in the late 1800s-early 1900s • Reasons for choosing the US:

– Work! – Many jobs available in factories

in New England (USA) – Factory workers did not need a

lot of education/training – Some French Canadiens

branched off and started farms in the USA

• Some French Canadiens chose to settle in other parts of Canada (Ontario, Western Canada) & Quebec (Mauricie region, Laurentians, Saguenay region)

French Canadien Potato farmers in New England- early 1900s

Children of French Canadien paper mill workers - early to mid 1900s

Emigration of French Canadians in the late 1800s-early 1900s

• Because of this emigration, Quebec’s population grew slowly, remained stagnant

• Net migration was negative (more people leaving than showing up)

• Net migration = people moving to a territory Vs. people leaving the same territory


Mid 1800s-1930s- Because of French Canadien EMIGRATION to the USA and other parts of Canada: • Population grow was slow or stagnant • Net migration was negative

Emigration of French Canadians in the late 1800s-early 1900s

• Both the Quebec government & the Catholic church in Quebec saw the French Canadien exodus as a problem

• How did they try and stop it?

• The government was convinced by the church that ‘agriculturalism’ was the answer

• People should live on farms

• So the Quebec government opened up new territory for farmers to move to and start new farms

• These were called ‘NEW AREAS OF COLONIZATION’

• Despite the efforts of the church and Quebec government people continued to leave in large numbers until the late 1930s


• Some regions that were used for NEW AREAS OF COLOIZATION

– Laurentians – Lac St. Jean Region – Outaouais – Abitibi

• Railway lines connecting cities like Montreal to these areas of colonization were needed in order to access them easily

• However, regions like Abitibi and the Laurentians did not have the appropriate soil conditions for agriculture other industries started mining


Top Left: raising a barn in Rawdon - 1920s Top Right: Lachute Train Station – early 1900s Bottom Right: Sun Valley Farms – late 1930s/early 1940s

‘Big Ideas/Take Aways’ from this PowerPoint:

1. Why did the Canadian government promote immigration- late 1800s/early 1900s?

I. Properitiy

II. Need for workers

III. Populating Western Canada

2. How did the Canadian government promote immigration- late 1800s/early 1900s?

I. Immigration office in Europe/USA

II. Immigration posters/brochures

III. The offer of free land in Western Canada


3. Why did immigrants leave their homeland? I. Try to improve their economic situation

II. Escape persecution (race, religion, political views)

III. Attracted to Canada adventure, hooked by advertising

4. Where did immigrants come from? I. Clifford Sifton wanted Eastern European

immigrant to settle Western Canada this happened.

II. Breakdown: 1/3 from the UK, 1/3 from the USA, 1/3 from other parts of Europe and Asia


5. What factors made it possible for Canada to settle all of these immigrants especially in Western Canada?

I. Transcontinental railway transport immigrants from Eastern Canada to Western Canada by train

II. Available land for immigrants

III. Police force in Western Canada

IV. Canadian Office of the interior promote immigration to Canada in European countries

V. Keeping the immigrant population healthy quarantine stations


6. What effect did immigration have on Canada between 1896-1914?

I. Canada became more diverse

II. Organization of the territory more settled land Western Canada

III. Creation of 2 new provinces Alberta & Saskatchewan (1905)

IV. Cities grew many immigrants chose to live in cities jobs


7. What effect did immigration have on WESTERN Canada between 1896-1914?

I. Many Eastern Europeans settled in Western Canada (Hungarians, Romanians, Ukrainians, etc.)

II. Block settlements

III. More settled territory in Western Canada farms!

IV. Xenophobia towards Eastern Europeans in rural areas/towards East Asian populations (Chinese, Japanese) in urban areas like Vancouver (anti-Asian riots in Vancouver in 1907)/ ‘Komagata Maru Incident’ / Chinese ‘head tax’


8. Why did French Candiens leave Quebec in the late 1800s/early 1900s?

I. Not enough land/jobs on farms overcrowded

II. Attracted to cities and work in the USA (factory jobs)

9. What happened to the population of Quebec?

I. Negative migration

II. Stagnant population growth


10. What did the Quebec government do to stop EMIGRATION?

I. Joined together with the Catholic Church to promote AGRICULTURALISM

II. Opened NEW AREAS OF COLONIZATION (Abitibi, Laurentians, etc.)

III. New areas for farming not always great some areas turned to mining regions

IV. Railways were built to access these regions

Connections to the Precisions of Learning

Documents

Chapter 1 1896-1945: Nationalisms and the … Nationalisms and the Autonomy of Canada Section 4: Immigration to Canada in the late 19 th-early 20 centuries Pages that correspond to