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Fiber Reinf. Compo Fiber Reinf. Compo site site Patrapon K. Patrapon K. 1 Chapter 1 1.4 Manufacturing

Chapter 1 1.4 Manufacturing

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Page 1: Chapter 1 1.4 Manufacturing

Fiber Reinf. CompositeFiber Reinf. Composite Patrapon K.Patrapon K. 11

Chapter 1

1.4 Manufacturing

Page 2: Chapter 1 1.4 Manufacturing

Fiber Reinf. CompositeFiber Reinf. Composite Patrapon K.Patrapon K. 22

การเลื�อกกระบวนการขึ้ �นร�ป การออกแบบชิ้��นงาน

การเลื�อกกระบวนการขึ้ �นร�ปต้�องเร�มพิ�จารณาต้��งแต้�ในขึ้��น ต้อนที่� ออกแบบชิ้��นงาน เพิ� อให้�ได้�ชิ้��นงานคอมโพิสิ�ต้ที่� สิามารถ

ขึ้ �นร�ปได้�โด้ยไม�ม�ขึ้�อบกพิร�องใด้ๆ เน� องจากที่*กกระบวนการม� ขึ้�อจ+าก�ด้ การร� �ขึ้�อจ+าก�ด้ขึ้องกระบวนการที่� จะใชิ้�ที่+าให้�เรา

สิามารถออกแบบชิ้��นงานที่� เอ��อต้�อการขึ้ �นร�ป ร�ปร�างขึ้องชิ้��นงาน

บางร�ปร�างเชิ้�น pressure vessel ขึ้ �นร�ปได้�จากว�ธี�การfilament winding เพิ�ยงว�ธี�เด้�ยวเที่�าน��น

บางร�ปร�างเชิ้�น drive shaft สิามารถขึ้ �นร�ปได้�ห้ลืายว�ธี�เชิ้�นfilament winding, pultrusion, roll wrapping,

ห้ร�อ resin transfer molding (RTM)

Page 3: Chapter 1 1.4 Manufacturing

Fiber Reinf. CompositeFiber Reinf. Composite Patrapon K.Patrapon K. 33

การเลื�อกกระบวนการขึ้ �นร�ป เป-าห้มายในการเลื�อกกระบวนการขึ้ �นร�ป

เพิ� อให้�ได้�ความห้นา fiber volume แลืะ fiber direction ขึ้องชิ้��นงานต้ามต้�องการ

เพิ� อให้�ม� void น�อยที่� สิ*ด้ เพิ� อให้�ม� internal residual stress น�อยที่� สิ*ด้ เพิ� อให้�ได้�กระบวนการที่� ม�ราคาเห้มาะสิมที่� สิ*ด้

การเลื�อกกระบวนการต้�องพิ�จารณาประเด้.นต้�อไปน�� ว�สิด้*ที่� ใชิ้�: prepreg vs.dry fiber, fiber tow vs.

fabric Tooling: สิ+าห้ร�บใชิ้�ขึ้ �นร�ปให้�ได้�ร�ปที่รงต้ามต้�องการ กระบวนการ

Page 4: Chapter 1 1.4 Manufacturing

Fiber Reinf. CompositeFiber Reinf. Composite Patrapon K.Patrapon K. 44

การเลื�อก Tooling Tooling ม�ความสิ+าค�ญมากในการขึ้ �นร�ปเพิ� อให้�ได้�ร�ป

ที่รงต้ามต้�องการ เน� องจากในกระบวนการขึ้ �นร�ป tooling ต้�องร�บที่��ง

ความด้�นแลืะความร�อนสิ�งแลืะต้+ าสิลื�บไปมา การเลื�อก tooling จ งต้�องพิ�จารณาประเด้.นต้�อไปน�� Dimensional stability and compatibility Light Cost Surface finished durability

Page 5: Chapter 1 1.4 Manufacturing

Fiber Reinf. CompositeFiber Reinf. Composite Patrapon K.Patrapon K. 55

การเลื�อก Tooling

Page 6: Chapter 1 1.4 Manufacturing

Fiber Reinf. CompositeFiber Reinf. Composite Patrapon K.Patrapon K. 66

กระบวนการขึ้ �นร�ป กระบวนการในการเอา fiber แลืะ polymeric matrix

มาอย��รวมก�นสิามารถที่+าได้� 2 ที่าง Fiber แลืะ matrix ถ�กน+ามารวมก�นในขึ้ณะขึ้ �นร�ปเป1นชิ้��นงานที่�

ต้�องการ ต้�วอย�างกระบวนการแบบน�� เชิ้�น filament winding แลืะ pultrusion.

Fiber แลืะ matrix ถ�กน+ามารวมก�นในลื�กษณะเป1นแผ่�นพิร�อมที่� จะขึ้ �นร�ป แลืะสิามารถเก.บไว�ระยะห้น งก�อนที่� จะน+ามาขึ้ �นร�ปเป1นชิ้��น

งานที่� ต้�องการ โด้ยในการขึ้ �นร�ปอาจใชิ้�กระบวนการ autoclave molding ห้ร�อ compression molding ก.ได้� แผ่�นที่� พิร�อมที่�

จะขึ้ �นร�ปน��สิามารถแบ�งออกเป1น 2 ชิ้น�ด้ ค�อ prepregs (preimpregnation) แลืะ sheet molding compounds.

Page 7: Chapter 1 1.4 Manufacturing

Fiber Reinf. CompositeFiber Reinf. Composite Patrapon K.Patrapon K. 77

Filament Winding: Wet Filament Winding: Wet WindingWinding

Page 8: Chapter 1 1.4 Manufacturing

Fiber Reinf. CompositeFiber Reinf. Composite Patrapon K.Patrapon K. 88

Filament WindingFilament Winding

Page 9: Chapter 1 1.4 Manufacturing

Fiber Reinf. CompositeFiber Reinf. Composite Patrapon K.Patrapon K. 99

Page 10: Chapter 1 1.4 Manufacturing

Fiber Reinf. CompositeFiber Reinf. Composite Patrapon K.Patrapon K. 1010

Mechanical Properties of Filament-Wound Mechanical Properties of Filament-Wound PartsParts

Page 11: Chapter 1 1.4 Manufacturing

Fiber Reinf. CompositeFiber Reinf. Composite Patrapon K.Patrapon K. 1111

Filament WindingFilament Winding

Page 12: Chapter 1 1.4 Manufacturing

Fiber Reinf. CompositeFiber Reinf. Composite Patrapon K.Patrapon K. 1212

Filament WindingFilament Winding

Page 13: Chapter 1 1.4 Manufacturing

Fiber Reinf. CompositeFiber Reinf. Composite Patrapon K.Patrapon K. 1313

PultrusionPultrusion Pultrusion is a

continuous process for producing long, straight structural members of constant cross-sectional area.

Polyester and vinyl ester resins are used as the matrix material. Epoxies have also been used; however, they required longer cure times and do not release easily from the pultrusion die.

The total fiber content may be as high as 70% by weight.

Wet and dry processes exist. In dry process, preimpregnated material is used.

Page 14: Chapter 1 1.4 Manufacturing

Fiber Reinf. CompositeFiber Reinf. Composite Patrapon K.Patrapon K. 1414

PultrusionPultrusion

Page 15: Chapter 1 1.4 Manufacturing

Fiber Reinf. CompositeFiber Reinf. Composite Patrapon K.Patrapon K. 1515

Page 16: Chapter 1 1.4 Manufacturing

Fiber Reinf. CompositeFiber Reinf. Composite Patrapon K.Patrapon K. 1616

Ready-to-Mold Sheets: Ready-to-Mold Sheets: PrepregsPrepregs

Preimpregnations (Prepregs) are thin sheets of fibers impregnated with predetermined amount of uniformly distributed polymeric matrix.

Fibers may be in the form of continuous rovings, mat, or woven fabric.

Epoxy is the primary matrix material. The width of the prepreg sheets may vary from

less than 25mm to over 457mm. The thickness of a ply cured from prepreg sheets

is normally in the range of 0.13-0.25mm. Resin content in commercially available prepregs

is between 30-45% by weight.

Page 17: Chapter 1 1.4 Manufacturing

Fiber Reinf. CompositeFiber Reinf. Composite Patrapon K.Patrapon K. 1717

Prepreg ManufacturingPrepreg Manufacturing

Page 18: Chapter 1 1.4 Manufacturing

Fiber Reinf. CompositeFiber Reinf. Composite Patrapon K.Patrapon K. 1818

Prepreg SheetPrepreg Sheet

Page 19: Chapter 1 1.4 Manufacturing

Fiber Reinf. CompositeFiber Reinf. Composite Patrapon K.Patrapon K. 1919

Sheet Molding Compound Sheet Molding Compound (SMC)(SMC) SMC are thin sheets of fibers precompounded

with a thermoset resin and are used primarily in compression molding processes.

Common thermoset resins are polyesters and vinyl esters. The longer cure time for epoxies has limited their use in SMC.

Current use of SMC can be classified into 3 types: SMC-R contains randomly oriented discontinuous fiber. SMC-R30 means the fiber content in SMC is 30% by weight.

Page 20: Chapter 1 1.4 Manufacturing

Fiber Reinf. CompositeFiber Reinf. Composite Patrapon K.Patrapon K. 2020

Sheet Molding Compound Sheet Molding Compound (SMC)(SMC)

SMC-CR contains a layer of unidirectional continuous fibers on top of a layer of randomly oriented discontinuous fibers. SMC-C40R30 means the nominal contents are 40% by weight of unidirectional continuous fibers and 30% by weight of random discontinuous fibers.

Page 21: Chapter 1 1.4 Manufacturing

Fiber Reinf. CompositeFiber Reinf. Composite Patrapon K.Patrapon K. 2121

Sheet Molding Compound (SMC)

XMC contains continuous fibers arranged in an X pattern. It may also contain interspersed randomly oriented discontinuous fiber. The angle between interlaced fibers is between 5-7 degrees. XMC sheets are manufactured by a filament winding process.

Page 22: Chapter 1 1.4 Manufacturing

Fiber Reinf. CompositeFiber Reinf. Composite Patrapon K.Patrapon K. 2222

Sheet Molding Compound

Page 23: Chapter 1 1.4 Manufacturing

Fiber Reinf. CompositeFiber Reinf. Composite Patrapon K.Patrapon K. 2323

Sheet Molding Compound

Page 24: Chapter 1 1.4 Manufacturing

Fiber Reinf. CompositeFiber Reinf. Composite Patrapon K.Patrapon K. 2424

Compression Molding

Page 25: Chapter 1 1.4 Manufacturing

Fiber Reinf. CompositeFiber Reinf. Composite Patrapon K.Patrapon K. 2525

Resin Transfer Molding (RTM)

Dry fiber preform infiltrated with resin

Cost reduction Low Inj. Pres. Lower cost tooling Produce large

parts Produce complex

parts Reduce

production time Lower cost

Page 26: Chapter 1 1.4 Manufacturing

Fiber Reinf. CompositeFiber Reinf. Composite Patrapon K.Patrapon K. 2626

Resin Transfer Molding (RTM)

Dry fiber preform infiltrated with resin

Infiltration must occur before cross linking of the resin occurs.

The mold should have vent so that air is expelled from the mold as it fills with resin.

Page 27: Chapter 1 1.4 Manufacturing

Fiber Reinf. CompositeFiber Reinf. Composite Patrapon K.Patrapon K. 2727

Autoclave Process An autoclave is a pressurized oven that provides

the proper levels of heat and pressure to solidify and consolidate the structure.

The structure components are fabricated by hand or automated techniques on to the tool, replica of the desired structure shape. Usually the tools are made of steel, aluminum, plaster.

Pressure and temperature are then applied to the structure.

The pressure takes two forms: Actual pressure, ideally hydrostatic, to consolidate the

tows and layers. A vacuum to remove air entrapped between the layers

and to reduce the amount of unwanted gases given off by the resin as it cures.

Page 28: Chapter 1 1.4 Manufacturing

Fiber Reinf. CompositeFiber Reinf. Composite Patrapon K.Patrapon K. 2828

Autoclave Process: Materials In addition to the fiber-matrix material,

there are other material used in the process of the composite structure. These are: Release coating, release film: prevent the

composite material from bonding to the tool.

Page 29: Chapter 1 1.4 Manufacturing

Fiber Reinf. CompositeFiber Reinf. Composite Patrapon K.Patrapon K. 2929

Autoclave Process : Materials

Peel plies: protected surface from contamination, normally are removed from the composite just before secondary operation. User preference of the surface texture after the removal of the peel ply dictates the choice of a specific type.

Page 30: Chapter 1 1.4 Manufacturing

Fiber Reinf. CompositeFiber Reinf. Composite Patrapon K.Patrapon K. 3030

Autoclave Process : Autoclave Process : MaterialsMaterials

Bleeder plies are porous and used to absorb resin during processing.

Breather plied are used to provide a vacuum pathway into the composite laminate.

Page 31: Chapter 1 1.4 Manufacturing

Fiber Reinf. CompositeFiber Reinf. Composite Patrapon K.Patrapon K. 3131

Autoclave Process : Autoclave Process : MaterialsMaterials

Bagging film is used for making vacuum bag.

Sealant tape is used to seal around the bagging film.

Page 32: Chapter 1 1.4 Manufacturing

Fiber Reinf. CompositeFiber Reinf. Composite Patrapon K.Patrapon K. 3232

Autoclave Process: Autoclave Process: FabricationFabrication

Lay –up Select tool, prepare

surface Cut prepregs to size

Page 33: Chapter 1 1.4 Manufacturing

Fiber Reinf. CompositeFiber Reinf. Composite Patrapon K.Patrapon K. 3333

Autoclave ProcessAutoclave Process

Page 34: Chapter 1 1.4 Manufacturing

Fiber Reinf. CompositeFiber Reinf. Composite Patrapon K.Patrapon K. 3434

Autoclave ProcessAutoclave Process

Lay-up Apply peel plies and breeder plies

Page 35: Chapter 1 1.4 Manufacturing

Fiber Reinf. CompositeFiber Reinf. Composite Patrapon K.Patrapon K. 3535

Autoclave ProcessAutoclave Process

Page 36: Chapter 1 1.4 Manufacturing

Fiber Reinf. CompositeFiber Reinf. Composite Patrapon K.Patrapon K. 3636

Autoclave ProcessAutoclave Process

Page 37: Chapter 1 1.4 Manufacturing

Fiber Reinf. CompositeFiber Reinf. Composite Patrapon K.Patrapon K. 3737

Autoclave ProcessAutoclave Process

Page 38: Chapter 1 1.4 Manufacturing

Fiber Reinf. CompositeFiber Reinf. Composite Patrapon K.Patrapon K. 3838

Autoclave ProcessAutoclave Process

Page 39: Chapter 1 1.4 Manufacturing

Fiber Reinf. CompositeFiber Reinf. Composite Patrapon K.Patrapon K. 3939

Autoclave ProcessAutoclave Process

Page 40: Chapter 1 1.4 Manufacturing

Fiber Reinf. CompositeFiber Reinf. Composite Patrapon K.Patrapon K. 4040

Autoclave ProcessAutoclave Process

Page 41: Chapter 1 1.4 Manufacturing

Fiber Reinf. CompositeFiber Reinf. Composite Patrapon K.Patrapon K. 4141

Autoclave ProcessAutoclave Process

Put into vacuum bag

Put into autoclave

Page 42: Chapter 1 1.4 Manufacturing

Fiber Reinf. CompositeFiber Reinf. Composite Patrapon K.Patrapon K. 4242

Autoclave ProcessAutoclave Process

Page 43: Chapter 1 1.4 Manufacturing

Fiber Reinf. CompositeFiber Reinf. Composite Patrapon K.Patrapon K. 4343

Autoclave ProcessAutoclave Process

Autoclave process Vacuum pump Pressure gage

Page 44: Chapter 1 1.4 Manufacturing

Fiber Reinf. CompositeFiber Reinf. Composite Patrapon K.Patrapon K. 4444

Autoclave ProcessAutoclave Process

Let it cures according to the recommended conditions.

Curing pressure profiles.

Page 45: Chapter 1 1.4 Manufacturing

Fiber Reinf. CompositeFiber Reinf. Composite Patrapon K.Patrapon K. 4545

Autoclave Process: Autoclave Process: ProcessingProcessing

เม� อ fiber แลืะ matrix มารวมเขึ้�าด้�วยก�นเป1นร�ปร�างที่� ต้�องการแลื�วซึ่ งเราเร�ยกว�าการ fabrication ขึ้��นต้�อไปค�อขึ้��นต้อนการ processing ซึ่ งเป1นขึ้��นต้อนที่� ม�การให้�ความร�อนแลืะความด้�นที่� เห้มาะสิมภายในระยะเวลืาที่� เห้มาะสิมสิ+าห้ร�บการ cure แลืะ compact ต้�วขึ้องแต้�ลืะ matrix

โด้ยที่� วไป กระบวนการ cure ขึ้อง thermosetting PMC จะแบ�งออกได้�เป1น 2 ขึ้��นต้อน (two-step cure cycle): first dwell period แลืะ second dwell period ห้ลื�งจากน��อ*ณห้ภ�ม�ลืด้ลืงจนเที่�าอ*ณห้ภ�ม�ห้�อง

Page 46: Chapter 1 1.4 Manufacturing

Fiber Reinf. CompositeFiber Reinf. Composite Patrapon K.Patrapon K. 4646

Autoclave Process: Autoclave Process: ProcessingProcessing

First dwell period ม�เพิ� อให้�อากาศ ไอน+�า แลืะก7าซึ่ต้�างๆ ห้ลื*ด้ออกจาก matrix ในขึ้ณะที่� matrix ก.ก+าลื�งไห้ลืเพิ� อให้�ชิ้��นงานเก�ด้การ compact ความห้น�ด้ขึ้อง matrix ในระยะน��ต้�องม�ค�าน�อย

Second dwell period ม�เพิ� อให้� matrix crosslink เพิ� อให้�ความแขึ้.งแรงแลืะค*ณสิมบ�ต้�ที่างกลืขึ้อง composite พิ�ฒนาไปต้ามที่� ต้�องการ

Page 47: Chapter 1 1.4 Manufacturing

Fiber Reinf. CompositeFiber Reinf. Composite Patrapon K.Patrapon K. 4747

Autoclave ProcessAutoclave Process

After fully cured Out of vacuum bag

Page 48: Chapter 1 1.4 Manufacturing

Fiber Reinf. CompositeFiber Reinf. Composite Patrapon K.Patrapon K. 4848

Autoclave ProcessAutoclave Process

Resin was bled into

the bleeder plies

Index fiber

Page 49: Chapter 1 1.4 Manufacturing

Fiber Reinf. CompositeFiber Reinf. Composite Patrapon K.Patrapon K. 4949

Autoclave ProcessAutoclave Process

Finished parts Angle bracket U-shape

Page 50: Chapter 1 1.4 Manufacturing

Fiber Reinf. CompositeFiber Reinf. Composite Patrapon K.Patrapon K. 5050

Composite Lab.Composite Lab.

Composite racing cars

Page 51: Chapter 1 1.4 Manufacturing

Fiber Reinf. CompositeFiber Reinf. Composite Patrapon K.Patrapon K. 5151

Fiber Content and DensityFiber Content and Density

Theoretical calculation for strength, modulus, and other properties of a fiber reinforced composite are based on the fiber volume fraction in the material.

The fiber volume fraction ( ) and composite density ( ) can be determined from the fiber weight fraction ( )

fv

fv

fw

Page 52: Chapter 1 1.4 Manufacturing

Fiber Reinf. CompositeFiber Reinf. Composite Patrapon K.Patrapon K. 5252

Fiber Content and DensityFiber Content and Density Fiber volume fraction

Composite density

f f

ff f f

wv

w 1 w / m

f f f

1

w 1 w /cm

f f m fv 1-vc

Page 53: Chapter 1 1.4 Manufacturing

Fiber Reinf. CompositeFiber Reinf. Composite Patrapon K.Patrapon K. 5353

Void ContentVoid Content

During the incorporation of fibers into the matrix or during the manufacturing of laminates, air or other volatiles may be trapped in the material in the form of microvoids which may significantly affect some of its mechanical properties.

A high void content (over 2% by volume) usually leads to lower fatigue resistance, greater susceptibility to water diffusion, and increased variation in mechanical properties.

The void content can be estimated by:c

vc

v

Page 54: Chapter 1 1.4 Manufacturing

Fiber Reinf. CompositeFiber Reinf. Composite Patrapon K.Patrapon K. 5454

Void Content vs. Shear Void Content vs. Shear StrengthStrength

Page 55: Chapter 1 1.4 Manufacturing

Fiber Reinf. CompositeFiber Reinf. Composite Patrapon K.Patrapon K. 5555

Example 1.1Example 1.1

Calculate and for a composite laminate containing 30 wt.% of E-glass fibers in a polyester resin.

Assume =2.54 g/ml and =1.1 g/ml.

fv c

mf

Page 56: Chapter 1 1.4 Manufacturing

Fiber Reinf. CompositeFiber Reinf. Composite Patrapon K.Patrapon K. 5656

Example 1.2Example 1.2 Assume that the fibers in a

composite laminas are arranged in rectangular array as shown in the figure. Determine the maximum fiber volume fraction that can be packed in this arrangement.

Page 57: Chapter 1 1.4 Manufacturing

Fiber Reinf. CompositeFiber Reinf. Composite Patrapon K.Patrapon K. 5757

Page 58: Chapter 1 1.4 Manufacturing

Fiber Reinf. CompositeFiber Reinf. Composite Patrapon K.Patrapon K. 5858

Nylon with 35% Nylon with 35% GFGF

Page 59: Chapter 1 1.4 Manufacturing

Fiber Reinf. CompositeFiber Reinf. Composite Patrapon K.Patrapon K. 5959

Weight reduction is Weight reduction is more than 65%.more than 65%.

Provide excellent Provide excellent stiffness, strength, stiffness, strength, dimentional stability.dimentional stability.

Nanoclay platelets/ Nanoclay platelets/ SMC achieves a SMC achieves a 25% weight 25% weight reduction below reduction below standard SMC.standard SMC.