Chapter-03 - Plant Histology and Anatomy

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B3. Plant Histology And AnatomyMultiple choice questions.

1. Which of the following tissues is exclusively absent in roots?a) Parenchymab) Collenchymac) Sclerenchymad) Phloem2 . In hydrophytes like Eichhomia, buoyancy is due to the presence ofa) chlorenchymab) sclerenchymac) aerenchymad) phloem3 . Tyloses are formed ina) epidermisb) endoderm isc) pericycled) stele4 . Which of the following groups of plants contains xylem vessels?a) Pteridophytesb) Angiospermsc) Algaed) Bryophytes5 . De-differentiation isa) conversion of parenchyma into meristemb) conversion ofmeristem into parenchymac) conversion of sclerenchyma into meristemd) conversion of meristem into permanent tissue6. Albumum isa) non-conducting part of xylemb) conducting part of xylemc) inner part of xylemd) pigmented part of xylem

Obj!Act. Verb!Diff. LevelKRecallsEasy

KIdentifiesEasy

KRecallsEasy

KIdentifiesEasy

UDefinesAverage

KRecallsEasy

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7. Sclerenchyma is a dead mechanical tissue because ofa) presence of cytoplasmb) presence of vacuolec) presence of lignind) presence of cell wall

8. Osteosclerides area) star shapedb) rod shapedc) bone shapedd) hair like9. In dicot stem, the pericycle is situateda) above the epidermis

b) below the cortexc) above the endoderm isd) below the endoderm is10. Protoderm differentiates intoa) cortexb) endoderm isc) pericycled) epidermis11. In lacunar collenchyma wall thickenings appeara) all around the cellb) only on radial walls of cellsc) in the intercellular spacesd) only on tangential walls12. Conjoint, collateral and open vascular bundles are found ina) monocotsb) dicotsc) fernsd) gymnosperms

Very short answer questions13. Name the branch of Biology which deals with the study oftissues.

14. Define meristem.

KRecallsEasy

KRecallsEasy

UIdentifiesEasy

KRecallsEasy

KRecallsAverage

KRecallsEasy

KRecallsEasyKDefines,Easy

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15. Name the tissue located at the growing tips of the plant body. UEstablishesrelationshipAverage16. Name the type of meristem present at the nodes of certain monocots Ulike grasses. Establishesrelationship

Average17. Name the primary meristems of the plant body. KRecallsAverage18. How does aerenchyma tissue help hydrophytes to float? AReasons outDifficult19. Which type of parenchyma carries out photosynthesis in green stems Kand branches? RecallsDifficult20. Why is collenchyma called living mechanical tissue? UReasons outAverage21. Which permanent tissue is usually absent in roots? KRecalls

Average22. Name the secondary wall material of sclerenchyma. KRecalls

Easy23. Name the living components of xylem. KRecalls

Average24. Name the dead components of phloem? KRecallsAverage25. Define a fascicle. KDefinesAverage26. Why are vascular bundles of monocot stem referred to as closed? AReasons outDifficult27. Where do you find Iysigenous cavity ? KRecallsAverage

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28. Name the cell which controls the function of sieve tube cell. KRecallsAverage

29. What is meant by endarch xylem? . UExplainsAverage30. Which group of plants contain conjoint, collateral and open vascular Kbundles? RecallsDifficult31. What are annual rings? KDefines

Difficult

32. What is the term which implies the estimation of age of trees? KRecallsAverage33. What is the location of intrafascicular cambium? KRecallsAverage34. Which part of dicot stem gives rise to interfascicular cambium? UCorrelatesAverage35. What is the name generally given to all tissues outside the cambial Uring in a dicot stem? CorrelatesDifficult36. Where would you come across complementary cells? KMentions

Average37. Name the water conducting elemen5s in xylem. KRecallsEasy38. What is perforation plate and where is it present? KDefines

Average

Short answer questions39. Write four characteristics of meristema tic tissue. KLists out

Easy40. Draw a neat labeled diagram of meristematic tissue. SDraws

Average

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41. What is a primary meristem? Give an example.

42. Mention four structural differences between meristematic tissue andpermanent tissue.43. Name meristems based on their position in the plant body.Draw a diagram and indicate their locations.44. Why is xylem called a complex tissue? List the components of

xylem tissue.45. What are sclereids? Mention four types of sclereids.

46. Write four functions of parenchyma.

47. Name two types of secondary tissues formed during stellarsecondary growth.48. Sketch and label a lenticel.

49. Name the secondary wall material in xylem. Based on the pattern ofsecondary wall deposition, mention any four types of tracheids.50. Mention any four differences between parenchyma andsclerenchyma.51. Name two features of parenchyma. Mention two types ofparenchyma and their functions.52. Draw the L.S. of a sclerenchyma fibre and label its parts.

53. Write any four differences between alburnum and duramen.

K.UDefines, citesAverageUDifferentiatesAverageU,SLists, drawsAverageKListsEasyKMentionsAverageKListsAverageKNamesEasySDrawsAverageKNamesAverageADifferentiatesAverageKRecallsAverageSDrawsAverageUDifferentiatesAverage

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Long answer type questions54.

55.

Describe the structure of cortical parenchyma with the help ofa labeled diagram.Mention four characteristics of meristems. Classify meristemsbased on their location in the plant body and cite one examplefor each type.

56. With the help of a labeled sketch, explain the structure ofcollenchyma.57. Describe the structure of phloem with the help of a labeled

diagram.58. Describe the secondary growth in a dicot stem with a neatdiagram.59. Define secondary growth. Explain extrastelar secondarygrowth in dicots.

60. Give reasons for the following:a) Collenchyma is a living mechanical tissue.b) Companion cell is called 'sister cell' of the sieve tube.c) Tracheary elements are best suited for conduction ofwater.d) Secondary growth is absent in monocots.e) Differentiation must follow cell division in order tobring about growth.

U,SDraws and describesDifficultK,UMentions andclassifiesAverageU,SDraws and explainsAverageU,SDraws and describesDifficultU,SExplains, DrawsAverageK,UDefines andExplainsAverageAGives reasondifficult

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ANSWERS

Multiple choice - answers (one mark each)1. c2. c3 . d4 . b5 . a6 . b7 . c8 . c9 . d10. d1 1 . c12. bVery short answers (one mark each)13. Histology14. Group of similar, undifferentiated and actively dividing cells.15. Apical meristem16. Intercalary meristem17. Shoot meristem and root meristem I shoot tip and root tip.18. Aerenchyma has air-filled spaces.19. Chlorenchyma20. It has living protoplasm and a thick cellulosic-pectinised cell wall.21. Collenchyma I sclerenchyma22. Lignin23. Xylem parenchyma cells24. Phloem fibres, mature sieve cells and sieve tubes.25. Fascicle is a bundle with a compact mass of xylem and phloem with or withoutcambium.

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26. Because cambium is absent in them.27. Monocot vascular bundles or stem/leaf of monocot.28. Companion cell29. A vascular bundle (stele) in which the protoxylem is situated towards thecenter and metaxylem towards the periphery.30. Dicot stem IDicots31. Concentric rings of spring wood and autumn wood (secondary xylem) seen indicot stem/root.32. Dendrochronology33. Within the vascular bundle or between xylem and phloem of dicot stem.34. Medullary ray or primary medullary rays.35. Bark36. Lenticels37. Tracheids and trachea (vessels)38. The openings present in the end walls of vessel elements of xylem are calledperforation plates.Short answers39. 1. Compactly arranged cells without intercellular spaces.2. Thin cell walls with dense cytoplasm.3. Reserve food and vacuoles are absent.4. Prominent nucleus

5. Actively diving cells.(Y2 x 4 =2 marks)

40. Cell wall, cytoplasm, nucleus, plasma membrane.(2 labels x Y2=1mark)

41. Meristem derived from embryonic meristem which retains the capacity todivide throughout the life of a plant.eg : Apical meristem, intercalary meristem(Definition - 1, Example - 1)

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42. Meristematic Undifferentiated Intercellularabsent

Permanent Differentiatedspaces Intercellular spaces present Vacuole and reserve food

Vacuole and reserve food absent. Ability to divide Unspecialised( ~ x 4 =2 marks)

Present. Lost the ability to divide Specialised tissues

43. Apical meristem Intercalary meristem Lateral meristem(Diagram showing location - I, names of mer isterns (any two) x ~ = I)

44. Because it has more than one cell type.Components of Xylem: Tracheids Tracheae Xylem fibres Xylem parenchyma(Reason - I; types Y4x 4 = 1 ; Total =2 marks)

45. Sclereids are a type of sclerenchyma cells which are isodiametric. Types ofsclereids are:

Brachysclereids i\strosclereids OsteoscIereids Trichosclereids Macrosclereids Filiform scIereids(Definition - I; types Y4x 4 = I; Total =2 marks)

46. Storage offood Packaging I ground tissue Photosynthesis Buoyancy in hydrophyte Covering of the plant body

(Y2x 4=2 marks)47. Secondary xylem

Secondary phloem Secondary medullary rays.(Full mark each (any 2) = 2 marks)

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48. Phellodenn Phellogen Phellem Complementary cells Epidermis Periderm(Diagram - 1mark; Labels (any two) ~ x 2 =1; Total 2 marks)

49. Annular Spiral Reticulate Scalarifonn Pitted~ x 4=2 marks

50. Parenchyma Living Protoplasm present Vacuole present Isodiametric Not lignified Does not provideMechanical support (~x 4 =2)

Sclerenchyma Dead at maturity Protoplast absent Vacuole absent Generally elongated or fibre like Lignified Provides mechanical support

51. Parenchyma cells are living! thin-walled! occur in leaf, stem, roots, flowers!wall composed of chiefly cellulose and pectin.Palisade - PhotosynthesisChlorenchyma - PhotosynthesisAerenchyma - Floating and exchange of gasesPith - storage(Any 2 features - ~ + Yl- 1; 2 types with functions Yl+ Yl- 1=2 marks)

52. Lumen, lignin, pits.(Diagram -1, any 2 labels ~ + Yl - 1=2 marks)53. Alburnum Duramen

central part of xylem non-conducting I vascular sap absent resin, pigments and gum present tyloses present darker

outer layer of xylem conducting I vascular sappresent resin, pigments and gumabsent no formation of tyloses lighterAny two differences (Ylx 4 =2 marks)

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Long answers54. Labelled diagram showing

intercellular space vacuole cell wall, cell membrane, cytoplasm.

Any four points loosely arranged with intercellular space. Only cellulosic cell wall without secondary wall layers Vacuolated cytoplasm Nucleus towards the periphery Reserve food materials are present Isodiametric cells.

(Diagram - 2, labels (any two) Y 2 x 2 - 1, points (any four)~ x 4 - 2=5 marks)55. Any four of the following characteristics.

Undifferentiated / compactly arranged cells. The cells are actively dividing. Cells contain dense protoplasm without vacuoles. Prominent nucleus located at the center of the cell. Thin primary cell walls. Small and isodimetric cells

Classification :Apical meristem e.g. stem tip/ root tipIntercalary meristem e.g. grass internodesLateral meristem e.g. vascular cambium! cork cambium(Characteristic features Y : z x 4 - 2, 3 types - Y : z x 3 - 1 Y : z ,examples - 3 x Y 2 - 1 Y 2 =5 marks)

56. Diagram and any 2 labels - primary cell wall/ cytoplasm/ nucleus! cellulosiccell wall.Any four of the following points:

isodiametric in shape may be spherical or oval. Compactly arranged cells. Intercellular spaces filled by cellulose and pectin. Vacuolated cytoplasm. Nucleus towards periphery Wall deposits may be lamellar, lacunar or angular.(Diagram - 2, labels (any two)-l, explanation (4 points) - 2 =5 marks)

57. Diagram with following labels: sieve cell, sieve tube, companion cell, phloemparenchyma, phloem fibres.(Diagram - 2, labels (any two) - 1, components and their features -2 =5

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marks)58. Diagram with labels: Interfascicular cambium, intrafascicular cambium,cambial ring, secondary xylem, secondary phloem, medullary rays. Formation of interfascicular cambium and cambial ring.

Formation of secondary phloem and secondary xylem. Formation of annual rings. Formation of heart wood and sap wood. Increase in diameter of the stem.

(Diagram - 2 , Labels (any four) - 1 , explanation (4 points) x Y2- 2 = 5 marks)59. Definition.Increase in girth or thickness by the addition of secondary tissues due toactivity of the cambium.

Diagram with following labels and their explanation.Phelloderm, phellem, phellogen, lenicels, complementary cells.(Definition -1 ,diagram - 1,labels (any four) - 1,explanation - 2 =5 marks)60. a) Because it has living protoplasm but thick cellulosic-pectin cell wall.b) Because sieve tube cell and companion cells are derived from acommon mother cell.c) Because they are long cylindrical with wide lumend) Because cambium is absent.e) Because after division, differentiation leads to formation of permanenttissues! specialized cells and results in growth.(1 mark each)

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Chapter-03 - Plant Histology and Anatomy