Chapter 003 Basic Biomechanical Factors and Conceptsdrgenelmt.podbean.com/mf/web/qg4de9/chap003.doc · Web viewLast modified by lw Created Date 12/23/2009 11:01:00 AM Company lw Other

Chapter 003 Basic Biomechanical Factors and Concepts

True / False Questions

1. Kinematics is concerned with the description of motion and includes consideration of time, displacement, velocity, acceleration, and space factors of a system's motion. True False

2. The axis is the point of rotation around which the lever will not move. True False

3. To understand the leverage system, therapists must be familiar with the concept of torque. True False

4. Eccentric force is a force that is applied in a direction not in line with the center of rotation of an object with a fixed axis. True False

5. The perpendicular distance between the location of force application and the axis is known as the lever arm. True False

6. There are two types of motion: linear motion and angular motion. True False

7. The perpendicular distance between the location of force application and the axis is also known as the moment arm. True False

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8. The resistance arm is defined as the distance between the axis and the point of gravity. True False

9. Acceleration may be defined as the rate of change in velocity. To attain speed in moving the body, a strong muscular force is generally necessary. True False

10. The law of acceleration is as follows: A change in the acceleration of a body occurs in the same direction as the force that caused it. True False

Multiple Choice Questions

11. The amount of matter in a body that affects the speed and acceleration in physical movements is A. acceleration.B. reaction.C. mass.D. matter quantity.

12. The study of mechanics as it relates to the functional and anatomical analysis of biological systems is known as A. biomechanics.B. kinesiology.C. physics.D. physical therapy.

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13. Sherrington's law is A. a sarcomere as a unit shortens.B. the law of reciprocal innervations.C. the law involving energy production.D. for every action there is an opposite and equal reaction.

14. In the Laws of Motion, what term includes the direction and describes the rate of displacement? A. VelocityB. ForceC. Force armD. Displacement

15. The change in the position or location of an object from its original point of reference. A. Angle vectorB. PlacementC. DisplacementD. Distance

16. The ability to control equilibrium is known as A. zero acceleration.B. balance.C. stability.D. centering.

17. The study of forces associated with the motion of a body. A. KinematicsB. DisplacementC. DynamicsD. Kinetics

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18. The path of movement that is the actual sum length of measurement traveled. A. DistanceB. DisplacementC. TranslatoryD. Vector

19. The force that results from the resistance between the surfaces of two objects moving against one another. A. FrictionB. Reciprocal innervationC. Passive insufficiencyD. Sherrington's law

20. May be described as the resistance to action or change. A. FrictionB. VelocityC. InertiaD. D.Speed

21. This is the product of mass times acceleration. A. AccelerationB. ForceC. VelocityD. Mass

22. What is used to increase or multiply the applied force in performing a task or to provide a mechanical advantage? A. MeasurementsB. PhysicsC. MachinesD. Distance

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23. _________ is how fast an object is moving, or the distance an object travels in a specific amount of time. A. VelocityB. SpeedC. DisplacementD. Motion

24. A body in motion tends to remain in motion at the same speed in a straight line unless acted on by a force; a body at rest tends to remain at rest unless acted on by a force is which of Newton's laws? A. Law of InertiaB. Law of AccelerationC. Law of ReactionD. Law of Velocity

25. Newton's laws of motion apply in throwing because the individual's inertia and the ball's inertia must be A. moved by gravity.B. equally dispersed.C. displaced by vector forces.D. overcome by the application of force.

26. The Law of Reaction states that A. for every neural activation of a muscle, there is a corresponding inhibition of the opposing muscle.B. a change in the acceleration of a body occurs in the same direction as the force that caused it.C. for every action there is an opposite and equal reaction.D. for every reaction, there is a same reaction.

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27. In Laws of Motion, what component includes the direction and describes the rate of displacement? A. ForceB. SpeedC. MotionD. Velocity

28. Third-class levers, with force applied between the axis and the resistance, are designed to produce speed and A. some angular motion.B. range-of-motion movements.C. desired angle of pull.D. optimal force.

29. A typical physical example of a first-class lever is A. the triceps in overhead elbow extension.B. hip adduction.C. head circles.D. biceps brachii.

30. In baseball, hockey, golf, field hockey, and other sports, long levers similarly produce A. less force.B. more equal forces.C. more linear force and thus better performance.D. uneven forces that must be corrected.

31. What is a factor in throwing when the body is rotated to the rear in the beginning of the throw? A. PostureB. Muscle loadingC. Balance, or equilibriumD. Reflex

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32. Mechanics, the study of physical actions of forces, can be subdivided into A. statics and dynamics.B. levers and angles.C. gravity and forces.D. muscle pull and insertion.

33. Motion cannot occur unless there is a ________ behind it. A. leverB. torqueC. resistanceD. force

34. Defined as a rigid bar that turns around an axis of rotation, or fulcrum. A. Force barB. LeverC. JointD. Femur

35. Statics involves the study of systems that are in a A. constant state of motion.B. state of inertia.C. rotational movement.D. static cycle.

36. Machines are used to increase or multiply the applied force in performing a task or to provide a A. mechanical disadvantage.B. means of force.C. mechanical advantage.D. stable body.

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37. There are two types of motion, which are A. angular and translatory.B. convex and concave.C. rectilinear and convex.D. linear and angular.

38. Only muscles can actively generate A. heat.B. internal force.C. energy.D. power.

39. An example of sports that use the Law of Acceleration is A. football.B. basketball.C. track.D. all of the above

40. Friction may be further characterized as either A. rolling or kinetic.B. sliding or static.C. static or kinetic.D. heavy or dynamic.

41. For a person to control equilibrium and, hence, achieve balance, he needs to A. do strength training.B. adjust position.C. control movements.D. maximize stability.

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42. What contributes to balance? A. Kinesthetic physiologic functionsB. Core strength onlyC. Number of pacinian reflexesD. GTO

43. The greater the mass of an object, the greater its A. performance.B. inertia.C. torque.D. weight.

44. The body's anatomical levers cannot be changed, but when the system is properly understood, they can be used more efficiently to A. overcome balance issues.B. build muscular strength.C. maximize muscular efforts.D. increase power in the legs.

45. The body's ________________ can be used to gain a mechanical advantage that will improve simple or complex physical movements. A. anatomical leverage systemB. angle of pullC. muscular systemD. pulley system

46. If the application of force is reversed so that it is applied to the axle, the mechanical advantage results from the wheel's A. speed slowing down.B. turning a greater distance and speed.C. rotation reversed.D. torque increasing.

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47. Displacement is known as a(n) ____ quantity. A. linearB. angularC. rotaryD. vector

48. A sprinter in the starting blocks must apply considerable force to overcome A. gravity.B. vector forces.C. resting inertia.D. forces.

49. The coefficient of friction is the ratio of the force needed to overcome the friction to the force A. breaking the surfaces apart.B. holding the surfaces together.C. of gravity.D. that is most powerful.

50. Stability is the resistance to a change in the body's A. torque.B. position.C. angle.D. acceleration.

Fill in the Blank Questions

51. _________ is the point at which all of the body's mass and weight is equally balanced or equally distributed in all directions. ________________________________________

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52. ___________ may be enhanced by increasing the friction between the body and the surfaces it contacts. ________________________________________

53. The greater the __________, the greater the resistance to change in the inertia or state of motion. ________________________________________

54. The stronger and healthier a person is, the more likely that she is able to withstand excessive __________ and the resultant excessive tissue deformation. ________________________________________

55. The _____________ is very important in throwing a ball or an object. ________________________________________

56. The study of ___________ as it relates to the functional and anatomical analysis of biological systems is known as biomechanics. ________________________________________

57. The human body's system of leverage is built for speed and range of movement at the expense of _________. ________________________________________

58. _________ are used primarily to enhance range of motion and speed of movement in the musculoskeletal system. ________________________________________

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59. Without forces acting on an object, there is no _________. ________________________________________

60. When one throws a ball, the force applied to the ball is equal to the mass of the arm times the ___________. ________________________________________

61. Torque, or moment of force, is the turning effect of a(n) ________. ________________________________________

62. Machines function in ______ ways. ________________________________________

63. The _______ is the most common form of simple machine found in the human body. ________________________________________

64. Third-class levers are designed to produce ___________. ________________________________________

65. The human body's system of leverage is built for _____. ________________________________________

66. The longer the lever, the more effective it is in imparting ________. ________________________________________

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67. The center of the wheel and the axle both correspond to the _________. ________________________________________

68. In many ways, the humerus acts as the ______. ________________________________________

69. If the motion is along a straight line, it is _______. ________________________________________

70. Inertia is resistance to _______. ________________________________________

71. To attain _______ in moving the body, a strong muscular force is generally necessary. ________________________________________

72. The force of the surface reacting to the force placed on it is referred to as ________. ________________________________________

73. When the biceps brachii contracts, the triceps muscle ________. ________________________________________

74. Static friction is always greater than _________. ________________________________________

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75. _________ may be enhanced by determining the body's center of gravity and changing it appropriately. ________________________________________

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Chapter 003 Basic Biomechanical Factors and Concepts Key

True / False Questions

1. Kinematics is concerned with the description of motion and includes consideration of time, displacement, velocity, acceleration, and space factors of a system's motion. TRUE

Bloom's: ApplicationBloom's: KnowledgeDifficulty: EasyLearning Outcome: 3-1Learning Outcome: 3-2Learning Outcome: 3-6

2. The axis is the point of rotation around which the lever will not move. FALSE

The lever rotates around the axis as a result of the force (sometimes referred to as effort, or E) applied to it to cause its movement against a resistance or weight.


3. To understand the leverage system, therapists must be familiar with the concept of torque. TRUE

Bloom's: KnowledgeDifficulty: EasyLearning Outcome: 3-1Learning Outcome: 3-3Learning Outcome: 3-4

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4. Eccentric force is a force that is applied in a direction not in line with the center of rotation of an object with a fixed axis. TRUE

Bloom's: ApplicationBloom's: KnowledgeDifficulty: MediumLearning Outcome: 3-1Learning Outcome: 3-4Learning Outcome: 3-6

5. The perpendicular distance between the location of force application and the axis is known as the lever arm. FALSE

The perpendicular distance between the location of force application and the axis is known as the force arm.


6. There are two types of motion: linear motion and angular motion. TRUE


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7. The perpendicular distance between the location of force application and the axis is also known as the moment arm. TRUE


8. The resistance arm is defined as the distance between the axis and the point of gravity. FALSE

The resistance arm is defined as the distance between the axis and the point of resistance application.

Bloom's: ComprehensionBloom's: KnowledgeDifficulty: DifficultLearning Outcome: 3-1Learning Outcome: 3-3Learning Outcome: 3-6

9. Acceleration may be defined as the rate of change in velocity. To attain speed in moving the body, a strong muscular force is generally necessary. TRUE

Bloom's: KnowledgeDifficulty: MediumLearning Outcome: 3-1Learning Outcome: 3-4

10. The law of acceleration is as follows: A change in the acceleration of a body occurs in the same direction as the force that caused it. TRUE


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Multiple Choice Questions

11. The amount of matter in a body that affects the speed and acceleration in physical movements is A. acceleration.B. reaction.C. mass.D. matter quantity.

A much greater force is required from the muscles to accelerate an 80-kilogram man than to accelerate a 58-kilogram man to the same running speed.

Bloom's: ComprehensionBloom's: KnowledgeDifficulty: EasyDifficulty: MediumLearning Outcome: 3-1Learning Outcome: 3-4Learning Outcome: 3-6

12. The study of mechanics as it relates to the functional and anatomical analysis of biological systems is known as A. biomechanics.B. kinesiology.C. physics.D. physical therapy.

Studying movement requires analyzing biomechanics.


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13. Sherrington's law is A. a sarcomere as a unit shortens.B. the law of reciprocal innervations.C. the law involving energy production.D. for every action there is an opposite and equal reaction.

It essentially states that for every neural activation of a muscle, there is a corresponding inhibition of the opposing muscle.

Bloom's: ComprehensionBloom's: KnowledgeDifficulty: MediumLearning Outcome: 3-1Learning Outcome: 3-4

14. In the Laws of Motion, what term includes the direction and describes the rate of displacement? A. VelocityB. ForceC. Force armD. Displacement

A brief review of Newton's laws of motion will indicate velocity.

Bloom's: ApplicationBloom's: KnowledgeDifficulty: EasyDifficulty: MediumLearning Outcome: 3-4

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15. The change in the position or location of an object from its original point of reference. A. Angle vectorB. PlacementC. DisplacementD. Distance

A vector quantity such as displacement is direction-aware, meaning that when an object changes direction of motion, displacement takes this change into consideration.

Bloom's: KnowledgeDifficulty: MediumLearning Outcome: 3-1Learning Outcome: 3-4Learning Outcome: 3-5

16. The ability to control equilibrium is known as A. zero acceleration.B. balance.C. stability.D. centering.

Equilibrium may be either static or dynamic.

Bloom's: KnowledgeDifficulty: EasyLearning Outcome: 3-1Learning Outcome: 3-5

17. The study of forces associated with the motion of a body. A. KinematicsB. DisplacementC. DynamicsD. Kinetics

Additional components of biomechanical study include kinematics and kinetics.


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18. The path of movement that is the actual sum length of measurement traveled. A. DistanceB. DisplacementC. TranslatoryD. Vector



19. The force that results from the resistance between the surfaces of two objects moving against one another. A. FrictionB. Reciprocal innervationC. Passive insufficiencyD. Sherrington's law

Depending on the activity involved, an athlete might require increased or decreased friction.

Bloom's: KnowledgeDifficulty: EasyLearning Outcome: 3-1Learning Outcome: 3-6Learning Outcome: 3-7

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20. May be described as the resistance to action or change. A. FrictionB. VelocityC. InertiaD. D.Speed

In terms of human movement, inertia is resistance to acceleration or deceleration. Inertia is the tendency for the current state of motion to be maintained, regardless of whether the body segment is moving at a particular velocity or is motionless.

Bloom's: KnowledgeDifficulty: EasyLearning Outcome: 3-1Learning Outcome: 3-6

21. This is the product of mass times acceleration. A. AccelerationB. ForceC. VelocityD. Mass

The mass of a body segment or the entire body times the speed of acceleration determines the force.


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22. What is used to increase or multiply the applied force in performing a task or to provide a mechanical advantage? A. MeasurementsB. PhysicsC. MachinesD. Distance

The mechanical advantage provided by machines enables the body to apply a relatively small force, or effort, to move a much greater resistance.

Bloom's: ApplicationBloom's: KnowledgeDifficulty: EasyDifficulty: MediumLearning Outcome: 3-1Learning Outcome: 3-6

23. _________ is how fast an object is moving, or the distance an object travels in a specific amount of time. A. VelocityB. SpeedC. DisplacementD. Motion

Newton's laws explain all the characteristics of motion, and they are fundamental to understanding human movement.

Bloom's: ComprehensionBloom's: KnowledgeDifficulty: EasyLearning Outcome: 3-1Learning Outcome: 3-4

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24. A body in motion tends to remain in motion at the same speed in a straight line unless acted on by a force; a body at rest tends to remain at rest unless acted on by a force is which of Newton's laws? A. Law of InertiaB. Law of AccelerationC. Law of ReactionD. Law of Velocity

Inertia is the tendency for the current state of motion to be maintained, regardless of whether the body segment is moving at a particular velocity or is motionless.


25. Newton's laws of motion apply in throwing because the individual's inertia and the ball's inertia must be A. moved by gravity.B. equally dispersed.C. displaced by vector forces.D. overcome by the application of force.

The body's muscles provide the force to move the body parts and the ball held in the hand.

Bloom's: ApplicationBloom's: KnowledgeDifficulty: MediumLearning Outcome: 3-4Learning Outcome: 3-5Learning Outcome: 3-6Learning Outcome: 3-7

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26. The Law of Reaction states that A. for every neural activation of a muscle, there is a corresponding inhibition of the opposing muscle.B. a change in the acceleration of a body occurs in the same direction as the force that caused it.C. for every action there is an opposite and equal reaction.D. for every reaction, there is a same reaction.

As a person places force on a supporting surface by walking over it, the surface provides an equal resistance back in the opposite direction to the soles of the feet.

Bloom's: ApplicationBloom's: KnowledgeDifficulty: MediumLearning Outcome: 3-1Learning Outcome: 3-4

27. In Laws of Motion, what component includes the direction and describes the rate of displacement? A. ForceB. SpeedC. MotionD. Velocity

Newton's laws explain all the characteristics of motion, and they are fundamental to understanding human movement.


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28. Third-class levers, with force applied between the axis and the resistance, are designed to produce speed and A. some angular motion.B. range-of-motion movements.C. desired angle of pull.D. optimal force.

Most of the levers in the human body are of this type and require a great deal of force to move even a small resistance.


29. A typical physical example of a first-class lever is A. the triceps in overhead elbow extension.B. hip adduction.C. head circles.D. biceps brachii.

A first-class lever is designed basically to produce balanced movements when the axis is midway between the force and the resistance (e.g., a seesaw).


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30. In baseball, hockey, golf, field hockey, and other sports, long levers similarly produce A. less force.B. more equal forces.C. more linear force and thus better performance.D. uneven forces that must be corrected.

For example, a baseball catcher attempting to throw a runner out at second base does not have to throw the ball so that it travels as fast as it may when the pitcher is attempting to throw a strike.


31. What is a factor in throwing when the body is rotated to the rear in the beginning of the throw? A. PostureB. Muscle loadingC. Balance, or equilibriumD. Reflex

This motion moves the body nearly out of balance to the rear and then balance changes again in the body with the forward movement.


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32. Mechanics, the study of physical actions of forces, can be subdivided into A. statics and dynamics.B. levers and angles.C. gravity and forces.D. muscle pull and insertion.

Statics involves the study of systems that are in a constant state of motion, whether at rest with no motion or moving at a constant velocity without acceleration.


33. Motion cannot occur unless there is a ________ behind it. A. leverB. torqueC. resistanceD. force

Motion includes many levers, torque, and pulleys that all exist as force is applied.


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34. Defined as a rigid bar that turns around an axis of rotation, or fulcrum. A. Force barB. LeverC. JointD. Femur

The axis is the point of rotation around which the lever moves.

Bloom's: ApplicationBloom's: KnowledgeDifficulty: EasyLearning Outcome: 3-2Learning Outcome: 3-3

35. Statics involves the study of systems that are in a A. constant state of motion.B. state of inertia.C. rotational movement.D. static cycle.

Statics involves the balance of all forces acting on the body, resulting in the body maintaining a state of equilibrium.


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36. Machines are used to increase or multiply the applied force in performing a task or to provide a A. mechanical disadvantage.B. means of force.C. mechanical advantage.D. stable body.

The mechanical advantage provided by machines enables the body to apply a relatively small force, or effort, to move a much greater resistance.


37. There are two types of motion, which are A. angular and translatory.B. convex and concave.C. rectilinear and convex.D. linear and angular.

Linear motion, or translatory motion, is motion along a line. If the motion is along a straight line, it is rectilinear motion, whereas motion along a curved line is curvilinear motion. Angular motion, or rotary motion, involves rotation around an axis.

Bloom's: ApplicationBloom's: KnowledgeDifficulty: MediumLearning Outcome: 3-6

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38. Only muscles can actively generate A. heat.B. internal force.C. energy.D. power.

External forces are produced from outside the body and originate from gravity, inertia, or direct contact.


39. An example of sports that use the Law of Acceleration is A. football.B. basketball.C. track.D. all of the above

Acceleration may be defined as the rate of change in velocity.


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40. Friction may be further characterized as either A. rolling or kinetic.B. sliding or static.C. static or kinetic.D. heavy or dynamic.

Friction is the force that results from the resistance between the surfaces of two objects moving against one another.


41. For a person to control equilibrium and, hence, achieve balance, he needs to A. do strength training.B. adjust position.C. control movements.D. maximize stability.

Stability is the resistance to a change in the body's acceleration, or, more appropriately, it is the resistance to a disturbance of the body's equilibrium.


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42. What contributes to balance? A. Kinesthetic physiologic functionsB. Core strength onlyC. Number of pacinian reflexesD. GTO

The semicircular canals of the inner ear, vision, touch (pressure), and kinesthetic sense all provide balance information to the performer.


43. The greater the mass of an object, the greater its A. performance.B. inertia.C. torque.D. weight.

The greater the mass, the more force needed to significantly change an object's inertia.


44. The body's anatomical levers cannot be changed, but when the system is properly understood, they can be used more efficiently to A. overcome balance issues.B. build muscular strength.C. maximize muscular efforts.D. increase power in the legs.

While most people might not think of the body as a machine in a literal sense, human movement is possible through the organized use of a system of levers.


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45. The body's ________________ can be used to gain a mechanical advantage that will improve simple or complex physical movements. A. anatomical leverage systemB. angle of pullC. muscular systemD. pulley system

Some individuals unconsciously develop habits of using human levers properly, but frequently this is not the case.


46. If the application of force is reversed so that it is applied to the axle, the mechanical advantage results from the wheel's A. speed slowing down.B. turning a greater distance and speed.C. rotation reversed.D. torque increasing.

Using the same example, if the wheel radius is five times greater than the radius of the axle, the outside of the wheel will turn at a speed five times that of the axle.


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47. Displacement is known as a(n) ____ quantity. A. linearB. angularC. rotaryD. vector



48. A sprinter in the starting blocks must apply considerable force to overcome A. gravity.B. vector forces.C. resting inertia.D. forces.

Inertia may be described as the resistance to action or change.


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49. The coefficient of friction is the ratio of the force needed to overcome the friction to the force A. breaking the surfaces apart.B. holding the surfaces together.C. of gravity.D. that is most powerful.

To determine the amount of friction forces, it is necessary to consider both of the forces pressing the two objects together and the coefficient of friction, which depends on the hardness and roughness of the surface textures.

Bloom's: ApplicationBloom's: KnowledgeDifficulty: DifficultDifficulty: MediumLearning Outcome: 3-6Learning Outcome: 3-7

50. Stability is the resistance to a change in the body's A. torque.B. position.C. angle.D. acceleration.

More appropriately, it is the resistance to a disturbance of the body's equilibrium.


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Fill in the Blank Questions

51. _________ is the point at which all of the body's mass and weight is equally balanced or equally distributed in all directions. The center of gravity

Bloom's: ApplicationBloom's: KnowledgeDifficulty: EasyLearning Outcome: 3-5

52. ___________ may be enhanced by increasing the friction between the body and the surfaces it contacts. Equilibrium


53. The greater the __________, the greater the resistance to change in the inertia or state of motion. momentum


54. The stronger and healthier a person is, the more likely that she is able to withstand excessive __________ and the resultant excessive tissue deformation. mechanical loading


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55. The _____________ is very important in throwing a ball or an object. leverage factor


56. The study of ___________ as it relates to the functional and anatomical analysis of biological systems is known as biomechanics. mechanics


57. The human body's system of leverage is built for speed and range of movement at the expense of _________. force


58. _________ are used primarily to enhance range of motion and speed of movement in the musculoskeletal system. Wheels and axles


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59. Without forces acting on an object, there is no _________. motion


60. When one throws a ball, the force applied to the ball is equal to the mass of the arm times the ___________. arm's speed of acceleration.


61. Torque, or moment of force, is the turning effect of a(n) ________. eccentric force


62. Machines function in ______ ways. four

Bloom's: KnowledgeDifficulty: MediumLearning Outcome: 3-2

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63. The _______ is the most common form of simple machine found in the human body. lever


64. Third-class levers are designed to produce ___________. speed


65. The human body's system of leverage is built for _____. speed


66. The longer the lever, the more effective it is in imparting ________. velocity


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67. The center of the wheel and the axle both correspond to the _________. fulcrum


68. In many ways, the humerus acts as the ______. axle


69. If the motion is along a straight line, it is _______. rectilinear motion

Bloom's: ApplicationBloom's: ComprehensionBloom's: KnowledgeDifficulty: MediumLearning Outcome: 3-4

70. Inertia is resistance to _______. acceleration or deceleration


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71. To attain _______ in moving the body, a strong muscular force is generally necessary. speed


72. The force of the surface reacting to the force placed on it is referred to as ________. ground reaction force


73. When the biceps brachii contracts, the triceps muscle ________. relaxes


74. Static friction is always greater than _________. kinetic friction


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75. _________ may be enhanced by determining the body's center of gravity and changing it appropriately. Stability


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Documents

Chapter 003 Basic Biomechanical Factors and Conceptsdrgenelmt.podbean.com/mf/web/qg4de9/chap003.doc · Web viewLast modified by lw Created Date 12/23/2009 11:01:00 AM Company lw Other