Upload
geonyzl
View
38
Download
1
Tags:
Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Chapter 1Lecture
PowerPoint
Introduction to Human Anatomy & Physiology
2
Anatomy and Physiology
• Anatomy – study of structure (Greek – “a cutting up”)
• Physiology – study of function (Greek – “relationship to nature”)
“Structure dictates function.”
Levels of Organization
Subatomic particles
Atom
Molecule
Macromolecule
Organelle
Cell
Tissue
Organ
Organ system
Organism
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
4
1.3: Levels of OrganizationChemical
• Atoms– made up of
subatomic particles
• Molecules– 2 or more atoms
• Macromolecules– small molecules
joined together
5
1.3: Levels of OrganizationCellular
• Macromolecules combine to form cells
• Basic structural and functional unit of the body
6
1.3: Levels of OrganizationTissue
• Group of cells working together to perform a function
• 4 basic types– epithelial (epi)– connective tissue (CT)– muscle (mm)– nerve (n)
7
1.3: Levels of OrganizationOrgan
• 2 or more tissues joined together with a specific function and shape
8
1.3: Levels of OrganizationSystems
• Related organs with a common function
• 11 systems
9
Organ Systems Integumentary system
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
• Components– skin– hair – glands
• Functions– protection– regulates body
temperature– eliminates waste– vitamin D– sensations
10
Organ SystemsSkeletal system
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
• Components– Bones– Joints– Cartilage
• Functions– Support– Protection– Body movement– Produces blood cells– Stores minerals & fats
11
Organ Systems
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Muscular system
• Components– skeletal muscles
• Functions– body movement– posture– generates heat
12
Organ SystemsNervous system
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
• Components– brain– spinal cord– nerves– special sense organs
• Functions– action potentials
(nerve impulses)– detects, interprets, and
responds to changes in environment
13
Organ SystemsEndocrine system
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
• Components– hormone-producing
glands and cells
• Functions– regulates body
activities
14
Organ SystemsCardiovascular system
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
• Components– blood – heart– blood vessels
• Functions– pumps blood
– carries O2 and nutrients to cells and wastes away
– regulates temperature, acid-base balance, and H2O
15
Organ Systems
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Lymphatic system
• Components– lymph fluid & vessels– spleen– thymus– lymph nodes– tonsils
• Functions– transports dietary
lipids– protection
16
Organ SystemsRespiratory system
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
• Components– lungs– pharynx– larynx– trachea– bronchial tree
• Functions– exchange of gases– acid-base balance– sound production
17
Organ Systems
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Digestive system
• Components– mouth– pharynx– esophagus– stomach– small intestines– large intestines– salivary glands– liver– gallbladder– pancreas
• Functions– breakdown of food– absorption of food– eliminates wastes
18
Organ Systems
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Urinary system
• Components– kidneys– ureters– urinary bladder– urethra
• Functions– eliminates waste– regulates blood
composition & volume– acid-base balance
19
Organ SystemsReproductive system
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
• Components– ovaries– testes– associated structures
• Functions– produce gametes– hormone regulation of
reproduction
20
1.3: Levels of OrganizationOrganism
21
1.4: Characteristics of Life (10)
• Movement – change in position; motion
• Responsiveness – reaction to a change
• Growth – increase in body size; no change in shape
• Respiration – obtaining oxygen; removing carbon dioxide; releasing energy from foods
• Reproduction – production of new organisms and new cells
•Differentiation – unspecialized to specialized
22
Characteristics of Life Continued
• Absorption – passage of substances through membranes and into body fluids
• Circulation – movement of substances in body fluids
• Assimilation – changing of absorbed substances into chemically different forms
• Excretion – removal of wastes produced by metabolic reactions
• Digestion – breakdown of food substances into simpler forms
23
1.5: Maintenance of Life
• Life depends on five (5) environmental factors:• Water• Food• Oxygen• Heat• Pressure
24
Requirements of Organisms
• Water- most abundant substance in body- required for metabolic processes- required for transport of substances- regulates body temperature
• Food- provides necessary nutrients- supplies energy- supplies raw materials
25
Requirements of Organisms
• Oxygen (gas)- one-fifth of air- used to release energy from nutrients
• Heat- form of energy - partly controls rate of metabolic reactions
• Pressure - application of force on an object - atmospheric pressure – important for breathing - hydrostatic pressure – keeps blood flowing
26
Homeostasis*
* Maintaining of a stable internal environment
• “physiological normal”• dynamic• involves maintaining
the volume and composition of body fluids– intracellular (ICF)– extracellular (ECF)
Homeostatic Control Mechanisms
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
27
• components– receptor
• monitors changes• input to control
center
– control center• evaluates input and
generates output
– effector• receives output from
control center• produces a response
28
Homeostatic Control MechanismsCopyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
• continually disrupted by internal and external environments
• balance regulated by– nervous
• action potentials• rapid
– endocrine• hormones• slow
29
Homeostatic Control Mechanisms
ReceptorsThermoreceptorssend signals to thecontrol center.
too high
too low
Normal bodytemperature37°C (98.6°F)
Control centerThe hypothalamusdetects the deviationfrom the set point andsignals effector organs.
Control centerThe hypothalamusdetects the deviationfrom the set point andsignals effector organs. If body temperature
continues to drop,control center signalsmuscles to contractInvoluntarily.
StimulusBody temperaturerises above normal.
EffectorsSkin blood vesselsdilate and sweat glandssecrete.
ResponseBody heat is lost tosurroundings, temperaturedrops toward normal.
ReceptorsThermoreceptorssend signals to thecontrol center.
EffectorsSkin bloodvessels constrictand sweat glandsremain inactive.
StimulusBody temperaturedrops below normal.
EffectorsMuscleactivitygeneratesbody heat.
ResponseBody heat is conserved,temperature rises toward normal.
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
30
• There are two (2) types:
• Negative feedback mechanisms
• Positive feedback mechanisms
Homeostatic Control Mechanisms
31
Negative feedback summary:
• Prevents sudden, severe changes in the body
• Reduces the actions of the effectors
• Corrects the set point
• Causes opposite of bodily disruption to occur, i.e. the ‘negative’
• Limits chaos in the body by creating stability
• Most common type of feedback loop
• Examples: body temperature, blood pressure & glucose regulation
Homeostatic Control Mechanisms
32
Positive feedback summary:
• Increases (accelerates) the actions of the body
• Produces more instability in the body
• Produces more chaos in the body
• There are only a few types necessary for our survival
• Positive feedback mechanisms are short-lived
• Controls only infrequent events that do not require continuous adjustments
• Considered to be the uncommon loop
• Examples: blood clotting and child birth
Homeostatic Control Mechanisms
33
Animation:Positive and Negative Feedback
Please note that due to differing operating systems, some animations will not appear until the presentation is viewed in Presentation Mode (Slide Show view). You may see blank slides in the “Normal” or “Slide Sorter” views. All animations will appear after viewing in Presentation Mode and playing each animation. Most animations will require the latest version of the Flash Player, which is available at http://get.adobe.com/flashplayer.
34
1.6: Organization of the Human Body
• Body cavities
Thoracic cavity
Abdominopelviccavity
Abdominalcavity
Diaphragm
Pelvic cavity
Cranial cavity
Vertebral canal
(a)
Thoracic cavity
Abdominopelviccavity
Abdominalcavity
Pelvic cavity
Right pleuralcavity
Mediastinum
Left pleural cavityPericardialcavity
Diaphragm
Vertebral canal
Cranial cavity
Thoraciccavity
(b)
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
35
Thoracic & Abdominal Serous Membranes
Thoracic Membranes• Visceral pleura• Parietal pleura• Visceral pericardium• Parietal pericardium
• Visceral layer – covers an organ• Parietal layer – lines a cavity or body wall
Abdominopelvic Membranes• Parietal peritoneum• Visceral peritoneum
36
Thoracic Serous Membranes
Vertebra
Aorta
Esophagus
Right lung
Visceral pleura
Pleural cavity
Parietal pleura
Sternum
Plane ofsection
Spinal cord
Mediastinum
Left lung
Rib
Left ventricleof heart
Visceral pericardium
Pericardial cavity
Parietal pericardiumAnterior
Azygos v.
Right atriumof heart
Right ventricleof heart
Fibrous pericardium
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
37
Abdominal Serous Membranes
Vertebra
Right kidney
Pancreas
LargeintestineLiver
Gallbladder
Duodenum
Peritoneal cavity
Parietal peritoneum
Plane ofsection
Leftkidney
Spinal cord
Spleen
Rib
Small intestine
Large intestine
Stomach
Anterior
Visceral peritoneum
Costal cartilage
Aorta
Inferiorvena cava
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
38
1.8: Anatomical Terminology
Anatomical Position – standing erect, facing forward, upper limbs at the sides, palms facing forward and thumbs out
Integumentary system
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
39
Anatomical Terminology:Orientation and Directional Terms
• Terms of Relative Position (based on anatomical position):
• Superior versus Inferior• Anterior versus Posterior• Medial versus Lateral• Ipsi-lateral versus Contra-lateral• Proximal versus Distal (only in the extremities)• Superficial versus Deep• Internal versus External
40
Body Sections or Planes (3)
• Sagittal or Median – divides body into left and right portions• Mid-sagittal – divides body into equal left and right portions
• Transverse or Horizontal – divides body into superior and inferior portions
• Coronal or Frontal – divides body into anterior and posterior portions
41
Body Sections
A section along a frontalplane
A section along a transverseplane
A section along themedian plane
Transverse(horizontal)plane
Frontal(coronal)plane
Parasagittalplane
Median(midsagittal)plane
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
© McGraw-Hill Higher Education, Inc./Joe De Grandis, photographer
Body Sections
42(a) (b) (c)
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
a: © Patrick J. Lynch/Photo Researchers, Inc.; b: © Biophoto Associates/Photo Researchers, Inc.; c: © A. Glauberman/Photo Researchers, Inc.
43
Other Body Sections
(a) (b) (c)
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
44
Abdominal Subdivisions (2)
• Regions (9)
• Quadrants (4)
Righthypochondriacregion
Rightlumbarregion
Rightiliacregion
Epigastricregion
Umbilicalregion
Hypogastricregion
Lefthypochondriacregion
Leftlumbarregion
Leftiliacregion
(a)
Right upperquadrant (RUQ)
Left upperquadrant (LUQ)
Right lowerquadrant (RLQ)
Left lowerquadrant (LLQ)
(b)
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
45
Body Regions
Otic (ear)
Cervical (neck)
Acromial(point of shoulder)
Mammary (breast)
Brachial(arm)
Antecubital(front of elbow)
Antebrachial(forearm)
Genital(reproductive organs)
Cephalic (head)
Orbital (eye cavity)
Mental (chin)
Sternal
Pectoral(chest)
Inguinal(groin)
Coxal(hip)
Umbilical(navel)
Pedal (foot)
Occipital(back of head)
Acromial(point of shoulder)
Brachial (arm)
Dorsum (back)
Cubital (elbow)
Gluteal (buttocks)
Perineal
Femoral (thigh)
Popliteal (back of knee)
Plantar (sole)(a) (b)
Patellar(front of knee)
Vertebral(spinal column)
Sacral (between hips)
Lumbar(lower back)Abdominal
(abdomen)
Carpal (wrist)
Palmar (palm)
Digital (finger)
Nasal (nose)
Oral (mouth)
Frontal (forehead)
Buccal (cheek)
Tarsal (instep)
Digital (toe)
Axillary (armpit)
Crural (leg)
Sural (calf)
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
46
1.7: Lifespan Changes
Aging occurs from the microscopic level to the whole-body level.