Chap. i. the Origin of Language Psycholinguistic

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Welcome toWelcome to

PSYCHOLINGUISTIC ClassPSYCHOLINGUISTIC Class

Even Semester

Academic Year 2012/2013

By: Anggiat Mananda Hutabarat


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Chapter 1:Chapter 1:

What isWhat is PsycholinguisticsPsycholinguistics??

Introduction to PsycholinguisticsIntroduction to Psycholinguistics

Psycholinguistics isPsycholinguistics is the study of language in relation to mind.the study of language in relation to mind.


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1.1. Are human beings born equipped with some kind ofAre human beings born equipped with some kind of

language knowledge?language knowledge?2.2. Do the grammars proposed by linguists genuinelyDo the grammars proposed by linguists genuinely

reflect a persons mental grammar?reflect a persons mental grammar?

Focuses of Study:Focuses of Study:

3.3. How do people recognize and produce utterances?How do people recognize and produce utterances?


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TRACING THE ATTEMPTS ONTRACING THE ATTEMPTS ON

REVEALING LANGUAGE ORIGINREVEALING LANGUAGE ORIGIN

I. The Origin of LanguageI. The Origin of Language

II. Human and Animal LanguagesII. Human and Animal Languages

III. Studies on Humans MindIII. Studies on Humans Mind


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I. The Origin of LanguageI. The Origin of Language

A. Studies on the Origin of LanguageA. Studies on the Origin of Language

1.1. Written recordsWritten records

2.2. Archeological fieldArcheological field

3.3. Chomskys assumptionChomskys assumption

a.a. Fossilized remains ofFossilized remains of

pre-historic humanspre-historic humans

b.b. Culture and social organizationCulture and social organization

Mouths/jawsMouths/jaws ThroatsThroats TeethTeeth

Human all share the same genetic programs for language.Human all share the same genetic programs for language. ??????


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1.1. Divine TheoryDivine Theory

B. Theories of the Origin of LanguageB. Theories of the Origin of Language

2.2. Natural Sound TheoryNatural Sound Theory

3.3. Oral-Gesture TheoryOral-Gesture Theory

4.4. Physiological Adaptation TheoryPhysiological Adaptation Theory


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1.1. Divine TheoryDivine Theory= Language is the gift of= Language is the gift of

God.God.

a.a. BeliefsBeliefs

b.b. Magical propertiesMagical properties

Judeo-Christians belief (Adam through God)Judeo-Christians belief (Adam through God)

Egyptians belief (by Thoth)Egyptians belief (by Thoth)

Babylonians belief (by Nabu)Babylonians belief (by Nabu)

Hindus belief (by Sarasvati)Hindus belief (by Sarasvati)

(Prayers and ritual(Prayers and ritual

ceremonies)ceremonies)

Hindu priests (1500 BC)Hindu priests (1500 BC)

Panini (400 BC)Panini (400 BC)

The original pronunciation inThe original pronunciation in

Vedic Sanskrit.Vedic Sanskrit.

Sanskrit phonological rulesSanskrit phonological rules

in pronouncing words forin pronouncing words for

religious worships.religious worships.


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ExperimentsExperiments to prove the Divineto prove the Divine TTheoryheory

Hypothesis:Hypothesis:

If infants were allowed to grow up without hearing anyIf infants were allowed to grow up without hearing any

language, then they would spontaneously begin using thelanguage, then they would spontaneously begin using the

original-given language.original-given language.

a.a. Psammetichus (600 BC)Psammetichus (600 BC)

b.b. James IV of Scotland (1500 AD)James IV of Scotland (1500 AD)

The babys first word is The babys first word is bekosbekosof Phrygianof Phrygian (bread).(bread).

The baby started speaking Hebrew.The baby started speaking Hebrew.


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2.2. Natural Sound TheoryNatural Sound Theory

a.a. OnomatopoeicOnomatopoeic through the imitation of soundsthrough the imitation of soundscaw-caw, ding dong, bang, etc.caw-caw, ding dong, bang, etc.

b.b. Symbolic soundsSymbolic sounds through spontaneous sounds ofthrough spontaneous sounds ofobjects or feelingsobjects or feelings

ouch, thump, clump, slump, etc.ouch, thump, clump, slump, etc.

c.c. Yo heave -hoYo heave -ho through the sounds people involved inthrough the sounds people involved inphysical efforts.physical efforts.

grunts, groans, swear words, etc.grunts, groans, swear words, etc.


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3.3. Oral-Gesture TheoryOral-Gesture Theory

Words derived from the physical or organs of humans.Words derived from the physical or organs of humans.

MouthMouth

LipsLips TongueTongue

Physical organs (Physical organs (specialized pantomimespecialized pantomimeof the tongue and lips)of the tongue and lips)


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4.4. Physiological Adaptation TheoryPhysiological Adaptation Theory

The development of language is linked to the evolutionaryThe development of language is linked to the evolutionarydevelopment of the speech production and perceptiondevelopment of the speech production and perception

apparatus; simultaneously to changes in brain and nerveapparatus; simultaneously to changes in brain and nerve

systems to greater complexity.systems to greater complexity.

a.a. teethteeth

b.b. lipslips

c.c. mouthmouth

d.d. vocal cordsvocal cords

e.e. larynx and pharynxlarynx and pharynx

f.f. brainbrain


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1.1. teethteeth

2.2. lipslips

3.3. mouthmouth

4.4. vocal cordsvocal cords

5.5. larynx andlarynx andpharynxpharynx

6.6. brainbrain

PhysiologyPhysiology HumansHumans ChimpanzeesChimpanzees

uprightupright

((sound productionsound production))

flexible muscleflexible muscle

((sound productionsound production))

relatively small withrelatively small with

flexible tongueflexible tongue

((shape a wideshape a widevariety of soundsvariety of sounds))

flexibleflexible

((allow variety ofallow variety of

sound productionssound productions))

with longer pharynxwith longer pharynx((allowallowa largea large

number of speechnumber of speech

soundssounds))

slantslant

((eatingeating))

inflexible muscleinflexible muscle

((not allownot allowsoundsound

productionproduction))

Large and withLarge and with

inflexible tongueinflexible tongue((sound, notsound, not

speech soundsspeech sounds))

inflexibleinflexible

((simplesimplesoundsound

productionproduction))with shortwith short

pharynxpharynx

((simplesimplesoundsound

productionproduction))

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Chap. i. the Origin of Language Psycholinguistic