Chap 10: Community Health and Minorities

Instructor’s Name

Semester, 200_

Chap 10: Minorities

Chapter Objectives• Explain the concept of diversity as it

describes the American people.

• Explain the impact of a more diverse population in the United States as it relates to community health efforts.

• Explain the importance of the 1985 landmark report, The Secretary’s Task Force on Black and Minority Health.

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Chapter Objectives• List the racial and ethnic categories

currently used by the U.S. Government in statistical activities and programs administration reporting.

• List some limitations related to collecting racial and ethnic health data.

• Identify some of the sociodemographic and socioeconomic characteristics of minority groups in the United States.

Chap 10: Minorities

Chapter Objectives • List some of the beliefs and values

of minority groups in the United States.

• List and describe the six priority areas of the Race and Health Initiative.

• Define socioeconomic gradient and provide an example as it relates to minority health.

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Chapter Objectives• Define cultural sensitivity and

cultural competence and define the importance of each related to minority community health.

• Identify the three kinds of power associated with empowerment and explain the importance of each related to minority community health.

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Overview of Diversity• The strength and greatness of

America lies in the diversity of its people– President’s Initiative on Race– majority– minorities

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Documents• The Secretary’s Task Force Report

on Black and Minority Health

• Health People 2000

• Initiative to Eliminate Racial and Ethnic Minorities in Health– prevent disease– promote health– delivering care to racial and ethnic minority

communities

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Racial and Ethnic Classifications• U. S Office of Management and

Budget– operationalize race and ethnicity

• Five categories

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Health data sources and their limitations

• Gaps in the information system

• bias analysis

• self-reported data

• reliability

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Black Americans• Socioeconomic Characteristics

– education– lowest median income

• Vital Statistics– 34.5 million 12.3% of population

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Black Americans• Major community health problems

– Infant mortality– Sickle cell disease– HIV/AIDS– Violent Deaths

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Americans of Hispanic Origin• Vital Statistics

– 35.3 million 12.5% of population– education– income

• Religious beliefs

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Asian/Pacific Islanders• Vital Statistics

– 11.9 million 4.2% of the population– fastest growing ethnic population in the US– high school completion and income is highest

among the ethnic groups

• Consists of two distinct groups

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Native Americans• Demographic Characteristics

– 2.5 million nearly 1% of the population

• Vital Statistics– economic disadvantaged– poor health status– poverty rate of 25.9%– low high school completion rate

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Native Americans• Health care - Indian Health Service

– Established in 1954; 1st Federal Agency to address health

– Alcohol abuse #1 health problem– Intentional & Unintentional injuries

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U.S. Population 2000Pacific Islander

0.9%

White72%

Black12%

Hispanic12%

American Indian1%

Asian3%

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U.S. Population 2050 projected

White52%

Black14%

American Indian1%

Asian/Pacific8%

Hispanic25%

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Median household income 1999

$30,700

$51,200

$20,000

$27,900

$44,400

$0

$10,000

$20,000

$30,000

$40,000

$50,000

$60,000

WhiteBlackHispanic

Asian/PacificAmerican Indian

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Poverty rates 1999

9.80%

24%25.90%

10.70%

22.30%

0.00%

5.00%

10.00%

15.00%

20.00%

25.00%

30.00%

WhiteBlackHispanic

Asian/PacificAmerican Indian

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Refugees: New Immigrants• Refugees

• Immigrants

• Aliens

• Illegal aliens

• Special Concerns– poor– lower levels of education– few work skills– serious health problems

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Race and Health Initiative• Infant mortality

• Cancer screen

• Cardiovascular disease

• Diabetes

• HIV/AIDS

• Adult & child immunization

Chap 10: MinoritiesSocioeconomic Status & Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Health• Indirect causal associations

– level of education– level of income– poverty

• Group living circumstances

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Community Health Strategies for Achieving Equity in Minority Health• Cultural Competence

– A set of congruent behaviors, attitudes, and policies that come together in a system, agency, or among professionals that enables effective work in cross cultural situations.

• Empowering the Self and the Community– social power– political power– psychological power

Chap 10: Minorities

Race

Race&

Health Biological

Cultural

Socioeconomic

Racism

Political

Historical

Legal

Biologicalprocesses

Environmental stress - Residential - Occupational

Health practices - Smoking - Alcohol - Nutrition

Psychosocial resources

- Social ties - Perceptions of control - Coping patternsMedical care - Need - Access - Quality

Psychosocial stress - Smoking - Alcohol - Nutrition

Healthoutcomes

Healthoutcomes

Chap 10: Minorities

Chapter 10Chapter 10

Community Health Community Health

and Minoritiesand Minorities