CHANGES IN SOCIO-ECONOMIC FACTORS OF THE SIDR AFFECTED PEOPLE: A CASE STUDY ON KOLAPARA UPAZILLA IN PATUAKHALI DISTRICT

8/14/2019 CHANGES IN SOCIO-ECONOMIC FACTORS OF THE SIDR AFFECTED PEOPLE: A CASE STUDY ON KOLAPARA UPAZILLA

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PATUAKHALI SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY UNIVERSITY

CHANGES IN SOCIO-ECONOMIC FACTORS OF THE SIDR AFFECTEDPEOPLE: A CASE STUDY ON KOLAPARA UPAZILLA IN PATUAKHALI

DISTRICT

CHANGES IN SOCIO-ECONOMIC FACTORS OF THE SIDR AFFECTED PEOPLE

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Socio-Economic Study of Bangladesh

Course code: AES 326

SUBMISSION DATE: November 23, 2008

PATUAKHALI SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY UNIVERSITY

Acknowledgement

At first we desire to express our deepest sense of gratitude of almighty Allah.

With profound regard we gratefully acknowledge our respected course teacherM. Kazi Tamim Rahman, Lecturer, Department of Agricultural Economics andRural Sociology, Faculty of Business Administration and Management for hisgenerous help and day to day suggestion during the survey.

We like to give thanks especially to our friends and many individuals, for theirenthusiastic encouragements and helps during the preparation of this report us bysharing ideas regarding this subject and for their assistance in typing and proofreading this manuscript.


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Table of Contents


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CHAPTER -1 Page Number

Introduction 01

Cyclones in the Bay of Bengal 02

Summary about SIDR 04

Impact of SIDR 06 Aftermath 06

Relief for the SIDR Affected People 08

Objectives of the Study 11

Importance of the Study 11

CHAPTER -2

Review of Literature 12

CHAPTER-3

Methodology of the study 14 Limitation Faced in Data Collection 17

CHAPTER- 4

About Kalapara Upazilla 19Socio-Economic Profile of the Affected people

The Socio-Economic Background 21Sex-wise Classification 21

Age-Wise Classification 22

Classification of the Sample People According to Family Size 23

Classification of the Sample People According to Occupation Status 25

Classification of the Sample People According to EducationalQualification

Changes in Socio-Economic Factors

Classification of the Sample People According to Income Level

26

27 Classification of the Sample People According to their Assets

Changes in Re-habitation Program

Changes in the pattern of taking and non-taking of loans

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34

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Table of Contents (Continued)


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Analysis of other general questions Page No.

From who you have been benefited most? 37

Which is the more efficient in distributing relief? 38

Was there any corruption is distributing the relief? 39

CHAPTER- 5 Page No.

Summary of our Analyze 42

Other Findings 43

Recommendations 45

Conclusion 46

References 47

Appendix 48


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List of tables


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Particulars Page No.

1.1: Distributions of Relief Goods Among the Different District(Govt.)

09

1.2: Relief goods distributed in kalapara upazilla 10

3.1: Information on Selected Sample 15

4.1: Sex-Wise Classification of the Sample People 21

4.2: Age-Wise Classification of the Sample People 22

4.3: Classification of the Sample People According to Family Size 23

4.4: Classification of the Sample People According to OccupationStatus

25

4.5: Classification of the Sample People According to EducationalQualification

26

4.6: Classification of the Sample Consumers According to IncomeLevel

28

4.7: Classification of the Sample People According to their Assets 31

4.8: Aids received by the sample people of Kalapara Upazilla 33

4.9: Changes occur among the surveyed people about loan 35

4.10: Various sectors from where sample people are benefited 37

4.11: More efficient in distributing relief 38

4.12: Corruption occurred in distributing the relief 39


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List of graphs


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Particulars Page No.

4.1: Graphical presentation of Sex-wise classification of the samplepeople

224.2: Age-Wise Classification of the Sample People 23

4.3: Classification of the Sample People According to Family Size 24

4.4: Classification of the Sample People According to Occupation Status 25

4.5: Classification of the Sample People According to EducationalQualification

26

4.6: Classification of the Sample People According to Income Level 29

4.6.1: Net decrease or increase in Income 30

4.7: Classification of the Sample People According to their Assets 32

4.7.1: Classification of the Sample People According to their Assets 33

4.8: Aids received by the sample people of Kalapara Upazilla 35

4.10: various sectors from where sample people are benefited 37

4.11: More efficient in distributing relief 39

4.12: Corruption occurred in distributing the relief 40


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CHAPTER-1

INTRODUCTION

Bangladesh often suffers from many climate induced disasters such as flood,

drought, and cyclone. Among those natural hazards, cyclone is a tropical storm or

atmospheric instability involving circular motion of winds, occurs in Bangladesh

almost every year. About one tenth of the global tropical cyclone occurs in the Bay

of Bengal. The name SIDR was contributed by Oman; it is an Arabic name of a

tree belonging to the genus Ziziphus, specifically theZiziphusspina-christi. There

is another saying that it is derived from the Sinhalese Language where "SIDR"means 'hole' or 'eye.

On the morning of November 15, the cyclone intensified to reach peak winds of

215 km/h (135 mph) according to the IMD, and a peak of 250 km/h (155 mph)

according to the JTWC. SIDR officially made landfall around 1700 UTC later that

day, with sustained winds of 215 km/h (135 mph). It weakened quickly afterlandfall and the final advisories were issued early on November 16.The damage in

Bangladesh was extensive, including tin shacks flattened, houses and schools

blown away and enormous tree damage.

Some local officials have described the damage as being even worse than that

from the 1991 cyclone. At least 3,447 deaths have been reported. The entire citiesof Patuakhali, Barguna and Jhalokati District were hit hard by the storm surge of

over 5 meters (16 ft). About a quarter of the world heritage site Sunderbans were

damaged. Researchers said mangrove forest Sunderban will take at least 40 years

to recover itself from this catastrophe. Electricity and water service were cut and

significant damage was reported there due to winds and flooding. The local

agricultural industry was also devastated, as many rice crops - which have a

December harvest - were lost. Initial assessment of damage is come close to $450million.


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CYCLONESINTHE BAYOF BENGAL

Cyclones in the Bay of Bengal Because of the funnel shaped coast of the Bay of

Bengal, Bangladesh very often becomes the landing ground of cyclones formed in

the Bay of Bengal. The Bay cyclones also move towards the eastern coast of India,

towards Myanmar and occasionally into Sri Lanka. But they cause the maximum

damage when they come into Bangladesh, west Bengal and Orissa of India.

This is because of the low flat terrain, high density of population and poorly built

houses. Most of the damage occurs in the coastal regions of Khulna, Patuakhali,

Barisal, Noakhali and Chittagong and the offshore islands of Bhola, Hatiya,

Sandwip, Manpura, Kutubdia, Maheshkhali, Nijhum Dwip, Urir Char and othernewly formed islands. From 1981 to 1985, 174 severe cyclones (with wind speeds

of more than 54 km/hr) formed in the Bay of Bengal. The month-wise occurrence

is as follows: 1 in January, 1 in February, 1 in March, 9 in April, 32 in May, 6 in

June, 8 in July, 4 in August, 14 in September, 31 in October, 47 in November and

20 in December.


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It is apparent from the above figures that severe cyclones occur mostly during pre-

monsoon (April-May) and post-monsoon (September-December) periods and they

are the ones which cause the most destruction.

A detailed list of historical records of tropical cyclones made landfall at theBangladesh Coast is given in the appendix of this report (SMRC, 1991).


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Figure 2.1. Cyclone storm tracks over Bangladesh (Banglapedia, 2008)

2.2. Characteristics of SIDR Cyclone

2.2.1 Introduction

Cyclone SIDR is the fourth named storm of the 2007 North Indian Ocean cycloneseason. The storm formed in the central Bay of Bengal, and quickly


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Strengthened to reach peak sustained winds of 215 km/h (135 mp/h), which wouldmake it a Category-4 equivalent to tropical cyclone on the Saffir-Simpson Scale.The storm eventually made landfall near Bangladesh on November 15, 2007. As ofJanuary 20, 2008, about 3,447 deaths have been blamed on the storm.

SUMMARY ABOUT SIDR

On November 15, 2007, the SIDR cyclone hit the coast of south-west Bangladeshwith winds of up to 240 km per hour. Since then, more than 8.9 million people hadbeen directly affected by the cyclone which caused extensive damages to houses,water and sanitation infrastructures, harvests, food stocks and livelihoods,alsokilling livestock and destroying fishing material and other income generatingassets. Cyclone Sidr and two preceding floods resulted in at least 4,400 deathsdisrupting the lives of millions of people in some of the poorest and mostvulnerable areas of the country.


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Implementation of the shelter project has taken place. Priority will be given toincreasing the human resource capacity of the shelter team, selecting communitiesto work with and assessing shelter needs within and finalizing beneficiary lists.Priority will be given to the selection of communities, an assessment of shelterneeds and the finalization of beneficiary lists. A main priority includes increasingthe human resources capacity of the Shelter team.

External linkages with main stakeholders have been initiated, mostly in the area ofagriculture and livelihoods with United Nations agencies such as the InternationalLabor Organization (ILO) and the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) whoare leading the livelihood and agriculture national working groups, as well asmajor donors such as the Swiss development cooperation. Information on cashtransfer and selection have been shared and integrated in the BDRCS/IFRCstrategy. Progress has been achieved towards the implementation of the water andsanitation project. During this reporting period, the main focus has been onproviding the community access to clean water. Field surveys have identified over136 community-based water systems (arsenic-free tube wells) that requiremaintenance. Contractors have been selected and work has commenced inPatuakhali, Bagerhat and Pirojpur to restore all water systems.

With the arrival of the psychosocial support program (PSP) delegate variousmeetings has been held at the field level on the implementation of the psychosocialsupport activities in the communities. A draft program proposal and budget incollaboration with BDRCS have been made which is pending finalization andapproval. Since the launch of the Appeal, international response has been positive.However, there is still a need for further contributions to enableBDRCS/Federation to deliver the planned assistance as laid out in this Appeal. We

would like to take this opportunity to thank all of those who have contributed orpledged to this Appeal.

IMPACT OF SIDR


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Coastal districts of Bangladesh faced heavy rainfall as an early impact of thecyclone. Dhaka and other parts of Bangladesh experienced drizzle and gustywinds. Total damages came close to $450 million. Tidal waves reaching up to aheight of 3 meters (9.8 ft) were reported in the coastal areas of north Chennai in

southern state of Tamil Nadu in India, triggering panic among the fishingcommunity. The damage in Bangladesh was extensive, including tin shacksflattened, houses and schools blown away and enormous tree damage. Some localofficials have described the damage as being even worse than that from the 1991cyclone. The entire cities of Patuakhali, Barguna and Jhalokati District were hithard by the storm surge of over 5 meters (16 ft). About a quarter of the worldheritage site Sunder bans were damaged. Researchers said mangrove forest sunderbans will take at least 40 years to recover itself from this catastrophe. Much of the

capital city of Dhaka was also severely affected, as electricity and water servicewere cut and significant damage was reported there due to winds and flooding.The local agricultural industry was also devastated, as many ricecrops - whichhave a December harvest - were lost. 14 At least 3,447 deaths have been reported.The hardest-hit area was Barguna, where 423 people were reported to have beenkilled according to local officials. Patuakhali was also hard-hit, with 385 deathsreported. Most of the deaths confirmed thus far were due to the winds, although 13of them have been as a result of capsized boats in the Faridpur district of

Bangladesh. The head of the Red Crescent in Bangladesh expects the death toll toreach as high as 10,000. Over 3,000 other fishermen were reported missing onover 500 fishing boats.

AFTERMATH

After the storm, five Bangladesh Navy ships were immediately dispatched withfood, medicine, and relief supplies for the hardest-hit areas. Saudi Arabia alsodonated US$100 million to the relief effort as the country's largest relief sum ever.The European Commission also released 1.5 million (US$2.4 million) inemergency relief to Bangladesh. The United States, through the U.S. Agency forInternational Development, has pledged more than US$14.4 million in emergency

assistance, including more than US$10 million in food assistance from the U.S.Food for Peace program.CHANGES IN SOCIO-ECONOMIC FACTORS OF THE SIDR AFFECTED PEOPLE

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The United States Navy also released over 3,500 Marines aboard USS Kearsargeand USS Wasp (located in the Gulf of Oman) and USS Tarawa (located in Hawaii)to aid in the recovery efforts. Other agencies quickly followed in providing aid.

World Vision released volunteers to help house more than 20,000 people lefthomeless. The Red Cross also brought a significant presence, while assessments ofthe damage were underway. Bangladesh Red Crescent Society initially asked 400million Bangladeshi Taka to the international community. People of the cycloneaffected area are having severe health problems as diseases like diarrhea spreaddue to shortage of drinking water. The landfall of SIDR had followed thedevastation caused by consecutive floods earlier in 2007.

Figure: TRMM real time monitoring of SIDR cyclone (TRMM, 2008). [Note:Satellite

Obs. Date/Time: Nov. 15, '07, 1359Z Lat/Lon: 15.9N -27.8N84.5E-96.3E Info. (Nov. 15,'07, 1200Z) Pressure: - hPa Winds: 130 kt]


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RELIEFFORTHE SIDR AFFECTED PEOPLE

Food and non-food items

Objective (Food)

Immediate needs for basic food rations for up to 100,000 cyclone-affectedfamilies in the south will be met by international and domestic assistance withinfour months following the cyclone.

Expected result

Supported cyclone affected families are able to focus on the sustainability of their

livelihood.

Objective (Non-food)

Basic non-food items are distributed to 100,000 families in 13 cyclone affecteddistricts within four months following the cyclone.

Expected result


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Targeted cyclone affected families have received essential non-food items lost ordestroyed during the cyclone As mentioned in the previous report, in addition tothe initial nine selected districts, four more have been added for distribution of

food and non-food which have been affected by the cyclone. These are the districtsof Faridpur, Madaripur, Gopalganj and Shariatpur, bringing the total number ofBDRCS/ International Federation assisted districts to 13 in total.

A short revision of the methodology and subsequent improvements of thedistribution mechanisms accompanied the preparations for more efficient and

timely pre-positioning of relief items in all 13 concerned districts by the end ofFebruary 2008. To date, 73,320 families in 13 districts have received food and nonfood assistance, with special emphasis given to pregnant or lactating mothers,single women-headed households, elderly people and families with fully orpartially damaged houses/shelter.

1.1: DISTRIBUTIONSOF RELIEF GOODS AMONGTHE DIFFERENT DISTRICT

(GOVT.)

District Food Items Non-Food Items

Bagerhat 1,500 1,500Barguna 3,400 1,232

Pirojpur 3,700 3,432Patuakhali 997 997


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Barisal 4,325 4,532Jholakathi 432 235Khulna 120 120Khulna City 1,920 1,920Bhola 100 100

Shatkhira 100 100Shatkhira 1,500 1,500Madaripur 4,700 4,700Gopalganj 2,400 2,400Shariatpur 4,000 4,000Total 24,437 24,437


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1.2: RELIEFGOODSDISTRIBUTEDIN KALAPARAUPAZILLA

ITEMS YES NO

Cash ----Rice ----Oil ----Drinking water ----Pulse ----Wheat ----Cloth ----Necessary house materials ---- Dry food ----House Boat ----

Net candle ---- Match ---- Bucket ----

First aid box Carbolic acid ---- Tooth pest/brush etc. ----


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OBJECTIVESOFTHE STUDY

The main objectives of the study can be stated as follows:

To identify the changes in socio-economic conditions of the SIDR affected

people in Kalapara upazilla under Patuakhali district

To identify the re-habitation program in this SIDR affected area

IMPORTANCEOFTHE STUDY

Our report shows the some important issue about the impact of SIDR on thepeople of the southern part of Bangladesh like Patuakhali district. In its first part it

shows us socio-economic factors of the SIDR affected people of Kalapara upazillain Patuakhali district.It also shows the changes in socio-economic conditions ofthe SIDR affected people, which are very important for deeming about the presentsituation of those affected people. It also important for indentify the socio-economic background of people.


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REVIEWOF LITERATURE

Review of literature is an attempt to search the research work relevant to the

proposed research for reviewing the findings which give a proper instruction indesigning the future research problem and validating the new finding. It also helps

to conduct the research work successfully by providing various knowledge and

information related to the proposed study. With this end in the view, literature and

research works in the line with the present study, were search in the relevant

libraries and research industries.

Cyclone is a tropical storm or atmospheric turbulence involving circular motion ofwinds, occurs in Bangladesh as a natural hazard. The tropics can be regarded asthe region lying between 30N latitude and 30S latitude. All the tropical seas ofthe earth with the exception of the south Atlantic and southeast Pacific give birthto deadly atmospheric phenomena known as tropical cyclones. On an average, 80tropical cyclones are formed every year all over the globe. The term cyclone isderived from the Greek word 'kyklos' meaning coil of snakes. Bangladesh is part

of the humid tropics, with the Himalayas on the north and the funnel shaped coasttouching the Bay of Bengal on the south. This peculiar geography of Bangladesh brings not only the life-giving monsoons but also catastrophic cyclones, Northwesters, tornadoes and floods. The Bay of Bengal is an ideal breedingground for tropical cyclones.

Cyclones are usually formed in the deep seas and hence their study has been very

difficult. It is only with the advent of the Space age that weather satellites have

provided valuable information about them. Direct studies of cyclones with aircraft

reconnaissance are also being carried out by advanced countries.

The most destructive element of a cyclone is its accompanying surge. There islittle that can withstand a great mass of onrushing water often as high as 6m. In

Bangladesh, cyclones occur in April-May and also in September-December. On anaverage, five severe cyclonic storms hit Bangladesh every year and the


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accompanying surge can reach as far as 200 km inland. Surge-heights increasewith the increase of wind speed.

The cyclone of 29 April 1991 hit Chittagong, Cox's Bazaar, Barisal, Noakhali,Patuakhali, Barguna and Khulna along with a tidal bore (6.1m to 7.6m), killing140,000 people.

Professors A.M. M. Safiullah, Vice chancellor of BUET to take initiatives to

conduct such study in the SIDR affected area like Patuakhali. Professor Rejaur

Rahman, Dr. Md Mansurul Amin, Dr. Md Shahidur Rahman Khan and Dr. Md

AlimulIslam jointly presented the keynote paper titled Field Investigation on the

Impact of Cyclone SIDR in the Coastal Region of Bangladesh.

Mansurul Amin, 2008, 19 May, Title: Bangladesh: Cyclone SIDR. In his reporthe represents about the socio-economic conditions of the SIDR affected people in

coastal area like, Patuakhali, Borguna, Khulna, etc.

Bangladesh is part of the humid tropics, with the Himalayas on the north and thefunnel- shaped coast touching the Bay of Bengal on the south. This peculiargeography of Bangladesh brings not only the life-giving monsoons but also

catastrophic cyclones, Northwesters, tornadoes and floods. The Bay of Bengal isan ideal breeding ground for tropical cyclones. Cyclones are usually formed in thedeep seas and hence their study has been very difficult. It is only with the adventof the Space age that weather satellites have provided valuable information aboutthem. Direct studies of cyclones with aircraft reconnaissance are also being carriedout by advanced countries. However, only a beginning has been made inBangladesh towards the understanding of cyclones.


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CHAPTER -3

METHODOLOGY OF THE STUDY

Introduction

Importance of methodology in conducting any research hardly is over emphasized.

The reliability of research depends to a great extend on the appropriatemethodology used in the research. Improper methodology varies often leads to an


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erroneous result. So, methodology in any systematic study deserves careful

consideration. The researcher gave a careful consideration to flow a scientific and

logical methodology for caring out this research.

Selection of the Study Area

Field research where the collection of primary is involved requires selection of an

area which would offer a scope to fulfill the objective of the study. Keeping in

mind the main objective of the present study, cyclone SIDR affected area

KALAPARA upazilla in Patuakhali district is selected for the following reasons

01. Most of people of this area was damaging by the cyclone SIDR

02. This area was one of the significant areas which was injurious by the cyclone

SIDR

03. This area is less distance from our campus, less expensive as well as less timeconsuming in conducting to the study.

04. The selected area covers the sample people of both urban and rural areas.

05. The selected area covers the sample people of different group of people like,illiterate, primary, secondary, higher secondary and higher educated people.


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Selection of the Sample

In a complete survey, the required information is collected from each and everyelements of the population. Thus it becomes costly and time consuming. On the

other hand, in a sample survey, required information is collected from selected

elements only. For this reason, it has some basic advantages over complete survey

in the sense that it reduces cost, saves times offer greater scope and accuracy of

data. But it is necessary that the selected samples should represent a reasonable

true picture of the entire population.

In this study people were randomly selected for collecting data. The selected

samples consisted of 8% illiterate people, 28% primary educated people, 36%

secondary educated people, 16% higher secondary educated people and 12%

higher educated people. The total sample size of the present study was thus 25.

3.1: Information on Selected Sample Sample Type: Kalapara

Sex

Male Female76% 24%


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Family Size

Small Medium Large

24% 68% 8%

Occupation

Service Business Agriculture Fisheries Others8% 16% 12% 20% 44%

Education

Illiterate Primary Secondary Higher Secondary

HigherEducation

8% 28% 36% 16% 12%

Preparation of Interview Schedule

Keeping in view of the objective of the study, one interview schedule was

prepared to collect the expected information from consumers. Before peppering

the final interview schedule, draft scheduled were pre-to verify relevance of the

questions and nature of the response from consumers. After pretesting andcollection, modification and adjustment, final survey scheduled were developed.

The final interview schedule contained the following major items of information

01. Socio-economic profiles of the consumers


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02. Changes in socio-economic factors such as income, occupation, education, aid,

loan, etc. before cyclone SIDR and after SIDR

03. The present conditions of the SIDR affected people of Kalapara upazilla in

Patuakhali district.

Collection of Data

Collection of accurate and reliable date and other necessary information from thefield level is not an easy task. It must be done properly since the success of the

survey depends on reliability of data. Data were collected both from primary and

secondary sources for the present study. We collected primary data through direct

personal interview with the respondents in the study areas. Before asking the

individual question, each responded was explained in brief the aims and objective

of the present study. To attain accuracy and reliability of data, care and caution

were taken in the data collection. Attention was paid to the mood of the responded

and a congenial relationship is maintained with them.

The secondary data were collected from various sources like internet, journals,

reports, newspapers, government official reports and magazines etc.

Period of the Study

The period of the present study is one month. Primary data for this is collected

in October- 2008. The secondary data were collected as and when necessary

during the whole period of the study.


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Processing and Tabulation of Data

For achieving the objectives of the study processing and tabulation are necessary.

All collected primary data for the present data for the present study were coded,tabulated, summarized and processed for analysis after collection of data form

field level. The first step was taken to scrutinize the data of each and every

schedule to find out any inconsistency or omission in the data collection and to

avoid irrelevant information. After completing the pre-tabulating task, actual

tabulation was stared. Processed data were transferred to a master sheet and

compiled with a view of facilitating tabulation

Analysis of Data

The data were analyzed on the basis of the objectives of the study. In the present

study tabular and descriptive techniques were mainly used for analysis of data.

Tabulation techniques were applied with the help of average, percentage etc. tofind out the meaningful results.

Limitation Faced in Data Collection

In collection data, following problems and difficulties were faced by us

01. There was the limitation of the time and for this, data and other necessaryinformation had to be collected within the shortest possible time.

02. Most of the respondents in the study areas did not have an idea about a

research study and it was therefore difficult to explain the purpose of thisresearch of convince them.


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03. In many occasions consumers were not available at home and in such cases,we had to give extra effort and time to collect the information from them.

04. It was difficult to collect data necessary data from the intermediaries especially

in Patuakhali district, as well as Kalapara upazilla. Because, many people of

those areas are not highly educated.

05. Sometime the respondent did not cooperate willingly with the researcherbecause they did not find any benefits to provide information to the researcher.

The data are collected by the two ways first one of them is survey is conductedwith the people of SIDR affected people of Kalapara upazilla, and second on of

them is Internet. The data are collected from the people by interview schedule.During the field visit the major emphasis was given on the following points whileinterviewing local people Accessibility to the cyclone shelter, Socio-economicconditions, Operation throughout the year, Operation during the disaster,Dissemination of cyclone warning, Water supply and sanitation, Power supply,fuel and energy source, Damage, surge height and wind direction, Activity duringdisaster, Occupation of local people, Damage to livelihood, Damage toenvironment, Modes of local transport, Pattern of local household, Damage to

vegetation, Location of neighboring cyclone shelter, Food availability, Livestock,Post disaster activities, Socio economic condition of the people before affected bycyclone SIDR and the present social economic condition of the people,Conclusions from the field interview.


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CHAPTER 4


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KALAPARA UPAZILLA

Barisal is one of the oldest divisions of Bangladesh. This division is almost

surrounded by the rivers. Megna, Kirtonkhola, Arialkha, Tatulia, Bishkhali,

Kalabodor all are the rivers which are flowing over the Barisal Division. Because

of the surroundings of river, here communication conditions very poor than the

other division of our country. Kalapara upazilla is one of the biggest upazilla of

Patuakhali district. This upazilla surrounded by the river of Andermanik. More

than 35 thousand people are living in this upazilla with its nine unions.

Economic condition of this upazilla is not satisfactory. Most of the people are

living below the poverty line because of their backward inefficiency in business,agriculture, fishing and other professions.

Most of the peoples common profession is fishing. They use the traditional boat

and net for fishing. Paddy is produced here as the first crop and a good number of

farmers are related with this profession. The condition of business in this upazilla

is relatively poor, because of the poor living conditions of the people.


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SOCIO-ECONOMIC PROFILES OF THE SIDR

AFFECTED PEOPLE

The Socio-Economic Background

The socio-economic background discuss with the socio-economic conditions.Particularly in regards to age, sex, family size, occupation, monthly income andeducation qualification of the sampled people. These aspects have influence onchanges the socio-economic conditions of the SIDR affected people. These factorsbring out changes among the societys people regarded as conditions of beforeSIDR and conditions of the people after SIDR. There are numerous interrelatedand constituent attributes those characteristics on person and profoundly influencedevelopment of his or her behavior and personality. These interrelate andconstituent attributes which are explained below


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Sex-Wise Classification of the Sample People

We made our survey over 25 SIDR affected people on Kalapara Upazilla underPatuakhali District. From this sample people, 19 people are male and the rest arefemale.

Table 4.1: Sex-Wise Classification of the Sample People

The sex-wise classification of these people are shown below-

Sex No. of People Percentage (%)

Male 19 76%

Female 6 24%

Total 25 100%

Graph 4.1: Graphical presentation of Sex-wise classification of the sample people


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In this evident from the table that the sample is taken from 76% male and 24% female. Inour survey most of people are male because it is easy to collect date form male, andfemale are want to avoid information. We try to collect date form such person, who arereally affected by the cyclone SIDR.

Age-Wise Classification

To describe the socio-economic conditions of the SIDR affected people it is necessary todescribe the people as age-wise classification from whom the data are collected. Theclassification the sample people according to various is groups according to various age

groups in important to identify the major are group that has been affected by the cycloneSIDR. In the present study, sample people were classified into 5 age group such as


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from 15 years to 25 years, from 26 years to 35 years, from 36 to 45 years, from 46 yearsto 55 years, and above of 55years.

4.2 Table: Age-Wise Classification of the Sample People

Age Range (years) No. of Consumer Percentage15 year 25 year 09 36%26 years 35 year 05 20%

36 years 45 year 06 24%

46 years 55 year 03 12%

56 years Above 02 8%Total 25 100%

4.2 Graph: Age-Wise Classification of the Sample People

The age-wise classification of the sample people are shown in the following graph.


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Classification of the Sample People According to Family Size

SIDR affected peoples are largely influence by its family size. So, it is necessary to see

the effect of SIDR on affected peoples family size. The family size of the respondents

was classified into 3 categories such as small (2- 3 person), medium (4 5 person), and

large (5+persons).

4.3 Table: Classification of the Sample People According to Family Size

Family size Range (people) No. of Sample PercentageSmall 2 3 6 24%Medium 4 5 17 68%

Large 5+ 2 08%CHANGES IN SOCIO-ECONOMIC FACTORS OF THE SIDR AFFECTED PEOPLE

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Total 25 100%

Table 1.3 shows that 24% respondents had small family size, 68% respondents had

medium family size while 8% respondents had large family size. In our survey area most

of the families are medium then small family due to modernization and small number are

large family due to urban area.

4.3 Graph: Classification of the Sample People According to Family Size


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Classification of the Sample People According to Occupation Status

A persons occupation affects his or her choice of goods and services. The type of

occupation depends on the level of education of the individual and also defines his or her

social status. Occupation of the respondent who provide data are shown in given below

table and graph.

4.4. Table: Classification of the Sample People According to Occupation Status

Occupation No. of consumer PercentageCHANGES IN SOCIO-ECONOMIC FACTORS OF THE SIDR AFFECTED PEOPLE

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Service 2 8%Business 4 16%Agriculture 3 12%Fishing 5 20%Other 11 44%

Total 25 100%

The sample people are divided into 5 types such as - service holder; business,

Agriculture, fishing and others which are respectively 8%, 16%, 12%, 20% and 44% of

total occupation mainly include student and housewife. Others column includes the

student and the housewife as the occupation as a result its percentage is higher than the

all others.

4.4. Graph: Classification of the Sample People According to Occupation Status

Classification of the Sample People According to Educational

Qualification


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One of the most significant parts of socio-economic conditions of the people is theeducational qualification. In our surveyed people we classified them in five categories.These are illiterate, primary, secondary, higher secondary, and higher education. In oursurveyed most of the people are involved in the range of secondary education, there are36%. 28% people are qualified as primary education, 8% are illiterate, 16% are highersecondary, and 12% are involved in higher education. Which are shown in the followingtable

Table 4.5: Classification of the Sample People According to EducationalQualification

Level of Education No. of Sample People Percentage

Illiterate 2 8Primary 7 28

Secondary 9 36

Higher Secondary 4 13

Higher Education 3 12Total 25 100

Graph 4.5: Classification of the Sample People According to EducationalQualification


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A persons income level profoundly affects his product choice. Basically the incomelevel is highly affected by the occupation. Most of the people who are employed beforeSIDR are lost their employment because of this SIDR. Huge numbers of people do notfind any work for their livelihood. A good number of people lost or change their businessafter SIDR. In Kalapara Upazilla the common professions are agriculture, fishing,

business, poultry, cattle bearing, services and others. The people who are related withagriculture are lost their crops. Family which are depends on cattle are highly affected bySIDR Fisherman lost their boats. Some fisher lost their boat which is purchased by loans.So the living standard of this areas people is gone down after SIDR. But the hope word isthat both Government and Non-government Organization try their level best to bring outthe affected people from this deadly situation.

4.6. Table: Classification of the Sample Consumers According to Income

Level

Sample No. Income Before SIDR Income After SIDR Changes

Increase Decrease No Change


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4.6. Graph: Classification of the Sample People According to Income Level

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4.6.1 Graph: Net decrease or increase in Income

Classification of the Sample People According to their Assets

To live with minimum standard in the society every man must need to have some asserts.Our surveyed people have more or less assets of their own to maintain their life. But the

pity matter is that most of the persons assets is decrease after SIDR. The affected losttheir house, boat, tree, cash money, golds, shop, cattle, etc. Even after SIDR someestablished businessmen lost everything and now their income level and the amount ofassets is almost zero. Our survey result regarding this aspect is shown under the table and

the graph below-


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Table: 4.7: Classification of the Sample People According to their Assets

Sample No. Income

Before SIDR

Income

After SIDR

Changes

Increase Decrease No Change

1 985,500 720,000 265,5002 155,000 90,000 65,0003 271,000 266,000 5,0004 250,000 220,000 30,0005 445,000 275,000 170,0006 112,000 124,000 12,0007 190,000 142,000 48,0008 42,000 86,000 44,0009 115,000 278,000 163,000

10 91,000 85,000 6,00011 955,000 865,000 90,00012 102,000 62,000 40,00013 415,000 330,000 85,000

14 285,000 285,000 15 335,000 250,000 85,00016 515,000 440,000 75,000


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17 65,000 74,000 9,00018 605,000 555,000 50,00019 142,000 105,000 37,00020 850,000 400,000 450,00021 1,560,000 1,570,000 10,000

22 1,170,000 1,150,000 20,00023 425,000 425,000 24 550,000 500,000 50,00025 385,000 381,000 4,000

Total 11,015,500 9,678,000 238,000 1,240,000

Through the table it is clear that the assets of the general people are highly decreased bythe affect of SIDR. Before SIDR our sample peoples total amount to assets is tk.11,015,500 and after SIDR this amount is decreased to tk. 9,678,000. So in overall the netdecrease in assets is by tk.1, 337,500. With the decrease of net assets the overalleconomic condition of this upazilla is also gone under. So the people go more under the

poverty line. Government and the Non-Government are trying their level best to recoverythe people from this situation.


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Graph: 4.7: Classification of the Sample People According to their Assets



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CHANGESIN RE-HABITATION PROGRAM

Kalapara is one of the smallest Upazilla of Bangladesh. The peoples of this area aremainly associated with the profession of fishing and farming. But after SIDR most ofthem are negatively affected by both economically and physically. To back their generalwork life they need to re-habitation program. Both government and the NGO aresupporting the people in these aspects. Under this program they get basically rice, oil,

pulse, ready food, house, blanket, financial supports, others. But in the time of providingthose aids inequality is occurred among the affected and non affected people in this area.For our easy presentation of this report we divided the re-habitation program into two

parts- aid and loans. Condition of providing aid and loans in this area are shown by tableand graph below-

Table: 4.8:Aids received by the sample people of Kalapara Upazilla

Aids Received (person) Percentage

Rice, oil, pulse 22 88%

Ready food 10 44%

House 8 32%

Blanket 12 48%

Others 19 76%

From this table we see that, the sample receive different kind of relief products. From the25 survey people 22 received rice, oil pulse, 1o got ready food. The received number ofCHANGES IN SOCIO-ECONOMIC FACTORS OF THE SIDR AFFECTED PEOPLE

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people of house, blanket and others product are sequentially 8, 12, 19. Here the otherproducts different products such as match, candle, cloth, dry food, biscuit, necessarythings for cooking, and living etc. Here people got relief many time from the bothgovernment and the NGO.

Graph: 4.8:Aids received by the sample people of Kalapara Upazilla


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Changes in the pattern of taking and non-taking ofloans

After SIDR dramatic change is incurred among the people of this area in the matter oftaking loans. The general number of taking loan in highly increased from the before anyother time. Basically most of the people of the poor family take loan in this crisis

moment. Government and NGO both providing loans here with no or little interest. So itis the way to come out form this deadly situation by utilizing the loans properly. Thenumber of surveyed loan taking and the non taking people are shown with their

percentage in the following table -

Table: 4.9: Changes occur among the surveyed people about loan

Surveyed People Before SIDR After SIDR Change

increase decrease

Loan taken 5 12 7

Loan do not taken 20 13 7

Total 25 25 7 7


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From the table we easily realize the general condition of the about financial conditionafter the deadly affect of SIDR. The number of loan taking person is highly increasedfrom the before situation of SIDR attract. The increased number of loan taker isincreased because of the making their living standard normal. After SIDR a good numberof people in this area are lost their only way of income and they have no way to do

something for their livelihood. According to our survey we seem that the number of loantaking person is dramatically increased after the SIDR.


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ANALYSISOFOTHERGENERALQUESTIONS

Question no. 01.

From whom you have been benefited most?

The affected people are received sufficient relief from the both Government and NGO.They also got relief from other various sectors. But there stay unequal distribution of thisrelief among the affected and the non-affected people. Some surveyed sample peoplesaid that, sometime the non-affected got more relief than the affected people. VGF cardsare not always distributed according the right manner. Above it most of the people in this

area are happy over the both Government and Private organization because of their quickinitiative in this regard. Efficiency in providing relief among the affected people areshown through the table and graph below-CHANGES IN SOCIO-ECONOMIC FACTORS OF THE SIDR AFFECTED PEOPLE

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Table: 4.10: various sectors from where sample people are benefited

According to our survey we said that the general people of Kalapara Upazilla are highly

benefited from the NGO which percentage is equal to 64%, where as the contribution ofGovernment is only 32%. Not only in providing relief but also in distributing the reliefefficiency of NGO is higher than the Government Organization.

Graph: 4.10: various sectors from where sample people are benefited

Graph: various sectors from where sample people are benefited


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Organization No. of Sample Percentage

Government 8 32%NGO 16 64%

Other 1 4%

Total 25 100%


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Question no. 02.

Which is the more efficient in distributing relief?

Both Government and the Non-government Organization try there level best indistributing the relief among the affected people. But the question is arises about theirefficiency. Most of the people in this area comments that there is hedge amount of relief

but because of the inefficiency of the administration unequal distribution is occur amongthe affected and the non-affected people.

Table: 4.11: More efficient in distributing relief

Through the table we see, miserable performance show by the Government Organizationin distributing their relief among the affected people. Our surveyed people said that the

most efficient in distributing relief is the NGO. They are more cautious about thecorruption and take careful steps to stop or remove the biasness at the time of providingrelief. Bangladesh Army shows a high performance in distributing relief and a goodCHANGES IN SOCIO-ECONOMIC FACTORS OF THE SIDR AFFECTED PEOPLE

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Distributors Efficiency

Total out of 25 sample Percentage

Government Organization 2 8Non-Government Organization 9 36

Public Administration 0 0

Union Parishad 4 16

Army Administration 10 40


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Was there any corruption is distributing the relief?

Through our survey we see that in almost every time corruption is occur in distributing

relief. But in some situation the amount of this corruption is little and in very few areasthis rate is high. We got mixed answer about this question. Some time non-affectedpeople got more relief than the affected people. The opinion of the surveyed people aboutcorruption in distributing relies are analyzed below-

Table: 4.12: corruption occurred in distributing the relief

Corruption occurred No. of the Sample people percentage

Yes 13 52%

No 12 48%

Total 25% 100%

Almost same numbers of people are agreed and disagree with the question. Above it, thepercentage of the corruption occurred in distributing relief is 52%, which is greater thanthe percentage of people who are against the answer.

Graph: 4.12: corruption occurred in distributing the relief


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SUMMARYOFOURANALYZE

Cyclones in the Bay of Bengal Because of the funnel shaped coast of the Bay of Bengal,

Bangladesh very often becomes the landing ground of cyclones formed in the Bay of

Bengal. Most of the damage occurs in the coastal regions of Khulna, Patuakhali, Barisal,

Noakhali and Chittagong and the offshore islands of Bhola, Hatiya, Sandwip, Manpura,

Kutubdia, Maheshkhali, Nijhum Dwip, Urir Char and other newly formed islands. We

take Kalapara Upazilla as our sample area because it is an area which is highly affected

by SIDR. We made our survey over 25 affected People. Summary over the sample people

are given below-


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In our survey most of people are male because it is easy to collect date form male, and

female are want to avoid information. We try to collect date form such person, who are

really affected by the cyclone SIDR. In our survey area most of the families are medium

then small family due to modernization and small number are large family due to urban

area. The people who are taken as sample are involved in different profession-such as

service, business, fishing, owner of grocery shop, agriculture, farming etc. but hedge

change is occur in their occupation pattern after and the before SIDR.

Because of SIDR, in this Kalapara area the attitude and the pattern of the people towards

occupation have been dramatically changed. Some people lost everything for their

business; someone lost their only boat for fishing, someone lost their grocery shop etc.

As a result a great deal of change in occurs among the people of this area according to

their socio- economic factors. Most of the people who are employed before SIDR are lost

their employment because of this SIDR. A good number of people lost or change their

business after SIDR. So SIDR affect directly on the socio-economic factor of the people

of this area.

Through our analyze we see that most of the persons assets are decrease after SIDR. The

affected lost their house, boat, tree, cash money, golds, shop, cattle, etc. Even after SIDR

some established businessmen lost everything and now their income level and the

amount of assets is almost zero.

Both government and the NGO are supporting the people through their re-habitation

program. Under this program they get basically rice, oil, pulse, ready food, house,

blanket, financial supports, others. But in the time of providing those aids inequality is

occurred among the affected and non affected people in this area.


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After SIDR dramatic change is incurred among the people of this area in the matter of

taking loans. The general number of taking loan in highly increased from the before any

other time. Basically most of the people of the poor family take loan in this crisis

moment. Through our survey we see that in almost every time corruption is occur in

distributing relief. But in some situation the amount of this corruption is little and in very

few areas this rate is high. According to our survey we found that from the both

government and the non-government organization the most effectiveness and the

efficiency is the NGO side by side the contribution of Bangladesh Army is also very

circuital.


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OTHERFINDINGS

1. No fatality was reported around the shelter where storm surge was not occurred.But most of the crops and a few livestock are destroyed due to excessive wind.Some houses and electric poles are destroyed by the cyclone.

2. Many people died in shelters due to storm surge about 10 to 12 ft. height aboveembankment. Most of the crops and a few livestock are des0074royed duestorm surge.

3. The capacity of the shelters is inadequate.

4. The reasons behind neglecting the cyclone warning are found as follows.

5. There was a warning of Tsunami a few days ago but no Tsunami occurred.

During that warning many people went to the cyclone shelter. This falsewarning was stayed a longer time than it should be and it misleads people.


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6. Last devastating cyclone was occurred in 1991, which was about 16 years fromnow. That may make people a bit lavish and neglect to take precautions.

7. Some people are afraid of steeling of their daily household goods such asbedding, cooking pots and cloths. They remain home to avoid chances ofsteeling.

8. There was no shelter for livestock and that makes people also resultant to leavetheir home.

9. The cyclone shelter was over crowded during that night and some people werenot able to enter the shelter.

10. NGO and government officials and army reached immediate if the area is closeto city center. In some remote areas it takes about two days due to blockage ofroad from fallen trees. Post relief activities were found continuing for thecyclone victims.

11. Local fisherman was reluctant to take precautions against cyclone warning.They are continuing fishing in the river until evening. Some people did not go

to shelter due to fear of stealing of their daily household goods.

12. Embankments are damaged in many places. A cross dam was found failed due

to excessive pressure of retained water. The trees on the downstream side of

the embankment increase velocity of the surge water and cause destruction ofthe embankment.


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13. Field sample of salinity of water shows that it increases towards the coast.

Water quality of some ponds is found not suitable for drinking.


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RECOMMENDATIONS

More shelters at dense spatial frequency are proposed.

Considering the budget constraint, more shelters of smaller size will be better than lessnumber of larger sized ones.

Provision for livestock in the shelter premises.

Better water supply and sanitation system.

Management of the shelter should be institutionalized during non disaster period.

Better system for dissemination of disaster information. Warning system should bemore understandable to the people. Present system (based on signal) is designed

primarily for navigation.

No plantation should be allowed on the embankment.


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Water in the cyclone affected ponds should be purified using lime, chlorine or otherwater purified agents.

Post rehabilitation should focus on creating job opportunities and provide micro creditfor housing, agriculture, livestock and fisheries.

CONCLUSION

Cyclone is a tropical storm or atmospheric turbulence involving circular motion ofwinds, occurs in Bangladesh as a natural hazard. Bangladesh is part of the humid tropics,with the Himalayas on the north and the funnel-shaped coast touching the Bay of BengalCHANGES IN SOCIO-ECONOMIC FACTORS OF THE SIDR AFFECTED PEOPLE

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on the south. This peculiar geography of Bangladesh brings not only the life-givingmonsoons but also catastrophic cyclones, Northwesters, tornadoes and floods. Cyclonesare usually formed in the deep seas and hence their study has been very difficult. Directstudies of cyclones with aircraft reconnaissance are also being carried out by advancedcountries. However, only a beginning has been made in Bangladesh towards the

understanding of cyclones. Both Government and the Non-government Organization trythere level best in distributing the relief among the affected people. Through theirunlimited effort the affected people are now seeing the dream of raise up from theirmiserable condition.


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REFERENCES

Banglapedia (2008) at http://banglapedia.search.com.bd/HT/C_0397.htm

GOB, UNDP, World Bank (1993) Multipurpose cyclone Shelter Programme. ExecutiveSummary of Final Report.

MODIS (2008) MODIS Data products at

http://lpdaac.usgs.gov/modis/dataproducts.asp#mod09

NASA (2008) Hurricane Season 2007: SIDR (Indian) at


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http://www.nasa.gov/lb/mission_pages/hurricanes/archives/2007/h2007_sidr.html

NOAA (2008) NOAA Researchers Warning Helps Save Lives in Bangladesh at

http://www.oar.noaa.gov/spotlite/2007/spot_cyclone.html

SMRC (998), The impact of tropical cyclones on the coastal regions of SAARCcountries and their influence in the region, SAARC Meteorological Research Center(SMRC),

1998.

TRMM (2008) TRMM real time monitoring of tropical cyclones. at

http://www.eorc.jaxa.jp/TRMM/NRTtyphoon/asia_e.htm

Wikipedia (2008) Cyclone SIDR at http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclone_SIDR

Zafanoor (2008), BREAKING: Deadly SIDR on the Way at

http://keepmehonest.wordpress.com/2007/11/13/breaking-deadly-sidr-on-the-way/


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APPENDIX

Department of Agricultural Economics and Rural Sociology

Faculty of Business Administration and Management

Patuakhali Science and Technology University

An Interview Schedule on:

CHANGES IN SOCIO-ECONOMIC FACTORS OF THE SIDR AFFECTED PEOPLE:

A CASE STUDY ON KALAPARA UPAZILLA IN PATUAKHALI DISTRICT

Sample No: Sample type:

Name : ...........

Village/Road No. : ....... Union :.

Upazila : ... District: ....

Contact No :.

1. Sex :....

2. Age : ........... year

3.Family size :......... person


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4.Occupation :.........

5. Monthly income :..........Tk.

6. Educational qualification :.......

Part-1

Changes in Socio Economic Factors

1. Main Body

Name Age Relationshipwith respondent

Profession Education Working area/migration

BS AS BS AS BS AS

2. Income

Source Description Income per year BS AS BS AS

AgricultureFisheriesPoultryCattle bearingBusinessServiceOthers

3. Assets

Types Description ValueBS AS BS AS

House holdAgricultural landPond


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HouseCattlePoultryTreeBoat and NetCash taka

Part-2

Rehabitation programs

1. Aid

Types of aid Source Amount Person/ family Market price (tk)

2. Loan

Types Source Purpose Amount Terms andconditions

Usingpatterns

Other general questions

1. From whom you have been benefited most?

a. GovernmentCHANGES IN SOCIO-ECONOMIC FACTORS OF THE SIDR AFFECTED PEOPLE

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b. NGO

c. Person

d. Others

2. Which is the more efficient in distributing relief?

a. GO

b. NGO

c. Public administration

d. Union parishad

e. Army administration

3. Was there any corruption in distributing relief?

Yes NO

4. Description of corruption


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Signature of theinterviewer

Name :

Roll No :

Reg. No:

Date:


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Documents

CHANGES IN SOCIO-ECONOMIC FACTORS OF THE SIDR AFFECTED PEOPLE: A CASE STUDY ON KOLAPARA UPAZILLA IN PATUAKHALI DISTRICT