Changes and Counterculture

APUSH 10.3Changes and CountercultureEarly 1960s Civil Rights1960 Greensboro Woolworth Sit-in1961 Freedom RidersCORE Congress of Racial EqualityAttacks on people brought national attention1962 James Meredith enrolls at Ole MissWhy is this a big deal?

Election EqualityBaker v. Carr (1961- Warren Court) declared that State House districts must be based on population counts- Shifted political power away from rural areas- Gave urban and suburban areas more political representation- One-person, One-vote concept

1963 Civil RightsApril Birmingham Marches.MLK jailed. TV cameras caught Bull Connors police actionsJune Gov. George Wallaces Doorstep speech at BamaJune NAACP leader Medgar Evers murderedJune JFK asks for Civil Rights Bill. What does Congress do?August March on Washington I have a dream speech

196424th Amendment Outlawed Poll taxesCivil Rights Act signed by President JohnsonOutlawed segregation (De jure by law)How did he use the death of JFK?Heart of Atlanta Motel vs. U.SUpholds Civil Rights Act using Commerce ClauseMLK wins Nobel Peace prizeFreedom SummerStudent volunteers went to South to register voters

1965Selma March (Alabama) garners national attentionbloody SundayVoting Rights ActEliminates many barriers to votingMonitors many areas known to suppress the vote1963-1965 was basically the height of the Civil Rights movement

Late 60s Civil Rights Northern problemsUrban Riots mainly in northern citiesHarlem 64, Watts 65, 43 in 1966, 8 major ones in 67 (Detroit)1968, MLK assassinated by James Earl Ray (over 60 cities riot)Kerner Commission established by Congress to study whyConclusion- racism/segregationDe Facto Segregation by practice/customWhite flight, redlining, police brutalityCivil Rights Act 1968Aimed to end discrimination in housingHow can the Civil Rights Act of 1964 be seen as a battle against South racism and the Civil Rights Act of 1968 against northern racism?

If it does not change fast enoughMany blacks felt that civil rights progress was too slow with passive resistance. Some groups advocated self-defense and racial pride.Nation of IslamElijah Muhammad, Malcolm (Little) XBlack PanthersHuey Newton and Bobby SealeBlack Power Stokely CarmichaelUrban riots, Idea of Separate Nation, Reparations

FirstsFirst African-American Senator Hirem Revels (1870)Second Blanche BruceFirst African-American Cabinet Member Robert Weaver (1966)First African-American Supreme Court Justice Thurgood Marshall (1967)What did he do before?Second Clarence Thomas

Counter-Culture MovementStarted in 1950s with Beatniks Haight-Ashbury district in San Fran, Greenwich Village in NYCFlower Children to later hippiesMovement marked by rock-n-roll, hallucinogenic drugs, and their hope for and idyllic community (communes)Tim Learys Credo Tune in, Turn on, Drop out.Culture declined, but left its mark with the sexual revolution and changed attitudes (do your own thing).

MusicFolk Songs Vietnam Protests1969 WoodstockIdealist festival soon challenged by violence at Altamont (SF) festivalJanis Joplin, Joan Baez, Bob Dylan, Beatles, Jimi Hendrix

The New Left emerges in the 1960sMixture of groupsAnti-Vietnam (SDS Students for Democratic Society)Anti-war / Anti-NukesFree Speech Movement Berkley (Peoples Park)FeministsCivil Rights African-American, Native American, HispanicsEnvironmentalistsGay Liberation1968 ElectionRichard Nixon campaigns as Law and Order ManRFKs assassination / Democratic Convention in Chicago

FeminismBetty Friedans book The Femine Mystique launches movementNOW National Organization for Woman created in 1966Fought for Equal Pay ActFought for ERA Equal Rights AmendmentNever ratified by the 38 required states by the 1982 deadline. Why not?Pro-Choice Roe v. Wade (1973)Title IX equality in school programs

Other women to knowGloria Steinem journalist, voice in feminist movementPhyllis Schlafly conservative woman who opposed ERAThose who broke the glass ceilingSandra Day OConnor first female Supreme Court JusticeRuth Bader Ginsberg - secondSally Ride first female astronautGeraldine Ferrero 1st female on major party ticket (84 Dems VP)Sarah Palin - second

Other MovementsStonewall 1969Stonewall Club Riots (NY)Started the Gay Liberation frontBy mid-1970s, Homosexuality no longer classified as mental illnessEnvironmental MovementInspired by Rachel Carsons Silent Spring1st Earth Day 1970Environment Protection Agency (EPA) started in 1970Clean Water Act 1972Clean Air Acts

Latinos / HispanicsCesar Chavez started the United Farm Workers (1975)Led boycottsWon rights for bilingual educationNative AmericansAIM American Indian Movement (1968)Militant actionsOccupied Alcatraz (1969)Indian Bureau (1972)Wounded Knee (1973)Won many rights in the 70s and 80s

Conservative Reaction1968 Election and 1980 Election Nixon and Reagan gather support in reaction to the New Left GroupsNeo Cons (New Conservatives)Pro-family movementNixon Silent MajorityMoral Majority by Jerry FarwellChristian Coalition Pat RobertsonReagan tried to change policies with appointments to federal courtsJudicial Federalism

Correcting HistoryAffirmative Action ProgramsStarted in the 1960s to help minoritiesNot supposed to use quotas, but why did some use them?Regents of the University of California v. Bakke (1978)University could use race as a factor, but not quotasReverse DiscriminationProposition 209 (California- 1996) Prohibited govt agencies from considering race, gender, or ethnicity in hiring or admissions

Reflection QuestionsHow can the Civil Rights Act 64, Voting Rights Act, and the Civil Rights Act 68 be considered turning points in U.S. history?Why and how did the Civil Rights movement change in the latter part of the 1960s?What success and failures did the feminist movement have?How did the changes by the New Left cause a reaction to conservatives?

Linkshttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WpJ4JKIdr0s&list=UUZYs757tACChkS-vjS1m66Q&index=38 civil rights review