EVOLUTIONChange in populations over

time

108. Genetics Notebook Check (stamp)109. Genetics Unit Test110. Evolution Coach Notes: Lessons 20 and 21 (graded)111.Types of Evolution112. Evidence Evolution Occurred113. Cladogram Lab114.Biochemical Evolutionary Evidence 115. Natural Selection Notes116. Standardized Test Prep: Evolution (stamp on Thurs)117. Peppered Moths Lab – multiple pages (will be graded)118. Progress Report #8 – please get it signed!119. Lamarck vs. Darwin (graded, did you hand this in?)120. Evolution Practice Test121. Evolution Quiz (May 2nd and 3rd)122. Evolution Notebook Check

• Complete Lessons 20 and 21 in Coach according to the assignment guidelines below.• Take notes on each main idea in outline.• Define listed vocabulary words.• Write q&a for four questions at the end

of each less.

# 110 EVOLUTION COACH NOTES

•Divergent evolution : one species splits into two or more that become less alike as they evolve. •Convergent evolution: two dissimilar species come to look like each other. •Co-evolution: Two species evolve together, so that they eventually come to benefit each other (also called parallel evolution)

TYPES OF EVOLUTION #111

1. Fossils: traces of past life found in sedimentary rock– Relative dating: lowest layer of rock = oldest fossils– Absolute dating: uses radioactive isotopes,

determine half-lifeC-14’s half life = 5730 yearsIf 25% of C-14 is left in rock…½ 100% = 50% ½ 50% = 25%2 half-lives gone by (5730 X 2 = 11,460 years)

2. Comparing Anatomy of different organisms– Homologous structures: similar (= related)

Evidence Evolution Occurred #112

All similar in structure!!

NOT similar!

–Analogous structures: different (= NOT related)bird vs. insect wings

–Vestigial structures: no current purpose anymoreExamples: appendix, tailbone, wisdom teeth, muscles

that move ear bones

3. Embryology: compare stages of development

4. Comparing biochemicals (DNA, proteins) of different organisms–APE: TTA CCG GGA GTT AAA–SNAKE: CTA GCA GGA CCC GTC–HUMAN: TTA CCG GGA GCC AAA

What type of evolutionary evidence are these showing?

What type of evolutionary evidence are these showing?

Evolution Online ClassEvolution Practice Questions

•___________________________: the study of how groups of organisms are related to each other•Compare the ________________________________ of many different organisms•When different organisms share a large # of _________________________________ it is considered strong evidence that they are related to each other.•When organisms are related to each other, it means they must have had a common _____________________at some time in the past.•CLADOGRAM:

The more shared-derived structures two organisms share, the closer their

evolutionary relationship is!!

CLADOGRAM LAB

•PHYLOGENY: the study of how groups of organisms are related to each other•Compare the ANATOMICAL STRUCTURES of many different organisms•When different organisms share a large # of HOMOLOGOUS STRUCTURES it is considered strong evidence that they are related to each other.•When organisms are related to each other, it means they must have had a common ANCESTOR at some time in the past.•CLADOGRAM: a diagram of branching lines which connect different groups, showing their different degrees of relationship. • Also called "phylogenetic trees“ The more shared-derived structures two

organisms share, the closer their evolutionary relationship is!!

CLADOGRAM LAB

Has wings6 legs

Double set of wings

Curlyantennae

LegsSegmented

body

Jumping legs

Crushing mouthparts

SHARK BULLFROG

KANGAROO

HUMAN

VERTEBRAE

2 PAIRS OF LIMBS

MAMMARY GLANDS

PLACENTAX X X X

X X X

X X

X

Vertebrae

2 PairsOf Limbs

MammaryGlands

SHARK FROGKANGAROO

Placenta

HUMAN

Traits Kangaroo Lamprey RhesusMonkey

Bullfrog Human SnapTurtle

TunaFish

1 Dorsal nerve cord+ Notochord

2 Paired Appendages+ Backbone

3 Paired Legs

4 Amnion/Amniotic Sac

5 Mammary Glands

6 Placenta

7 Canine Teeth Short+ Foramen Magnum Forward

TOTAL # OF Xs

Traits Kangaroo Lamprey RhesusMonkey

Bullfrog Human SnapTurtle

TunaFish

1 Dorsal nerve cord+ Notochord

2 Paired Appendages+ Backbone

3 Paired Legs

4 Amnion/Amniotic Sac

5 Mammary Glands

6 Placenta

7 Canine Teeth Short+ Foramen Magnum Forward

TOTAL # OF Xs

X X X X X X XX X X X X XX X X X XX X X XX X X

X XX

5 1 6 3 7 4 2

DorsalNerve Cord

Paired Appendages

Paired Legs

Amnion

MammaryGlands

Placenta

CanineTeeth Short

LAMPREY TUNAHUMANBULLFROG

TURTLE MONKEYKANGAROO

GOLDFISH

IGUANA

RAT

1. Cladograms show relationships, common ancestors/origins, homologous structures

2. Human & Monkey

3. Human & Lamprey

4. Tuna Fish

Lesson 20• Darwin’s Theory of survival of the fittest!• How Evolution Occurs

1) Mutations2) Gene flow (bringing new traits into gene pool;

animals are more mobile than plants)3) Genetic drift (differences in reproduction)4) Bottleneck effect (natural disaster, etc decreases

population sizes.5) Nonrandom mating (courtship rituals, breeding

territorities, etc.)• Results of Evolution– extinction, gradualism, punctuated equilibrium

REVIEW OF #110 COACH

Lesson 21• Speciation = formation

of new species through evolution–occurs because of

Geographic, Parapatric and Behavioral (Reproductive) isolations.–Know the difference!

REVIEW OF #110 continued

1. D, a long, cumulative process of adaptive mutations

2. B, organisms best suited to their environment will survive & reproduce

3. B, all mutations occur randomly

4. A, gene pool

Lesson 201. A, oxygen2. D, Organic compounds

could form from simpler compounds

3. B, they photosynthesized

4. C, can breed to produce viable offspring

Lesson 21

•How evolution occurs•Charles Darwin traveled to Galapagos Island and noted…Finches on different

islands differed (beaks)LARGE fossils of many

small animals todayIsolated species became

different•Why does it occur?1) More offspring

reproduce than can survive

NATURAL SELECTION #115

2) There is competition for resources present3) Organisms show variation in DNA4) Certain variations (traits) are more favorable and

more often inherited and passed on to the next generation

= SURVIVAL OF THE FITTEST!!• Types of Natural Selection:– Stabilizing: allows for the average individuals to

flourish in an environment–Directional: allows one EXTREME to flourish over

the others in an environment (short, medium, tall)–Disruptive: occurs when two or more conditions are

favored in an environment (usually opposite extremes)

• Pesticide Resistance:– Some insects have slight mutations that make them

immune to pesticides– Others die from pesticides, while the immune ones

survive, flourish and reproduce.– Creates a major pesticide problem

• Antibiotic Resistance:– Antibiotics are used to treat bacterial infections– Some bacteria are resistant to them and produce

others that are also immune.– Antibiotics can become ineffective– Do not overuse or misuse antibiotics.

Examples of Directional Selection

PEPPERED MOTH LAB #117

Lamarck vs. Darwin

Which will get food and why?