Change in important traditional energy sources.docx

8/9/2019 Change in important traditional energy sources.docx

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• (he amount of natural gas in /orth *merica decreased y0+1%

• (he amount of has in the middle east ho,e$er# increased from35+9% to 41+0% and so did the amount of gas in *frica y0+!%

• n 2008# the gloal reser$es to production ratio of natural gas,as !0+4 years

•

• (he reser$es to production ratio in the iddle ast has morethan hal$ed in the last 30 years ut it is still signi.cantlyhigher than the other regions

• *s of 2013 the iddle ast had 141 more years ,hile thegloal a$erage of only 55 years ,ith /orth *merica ha$ing thelo,est of 13 years


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•

• *lthough the iddle ast has the highest reser$es toproduction ratio# urope and urasia produced the mostnatural gas ,hile the iddle at comes in 3rd producing only50 illion cuic metres &C ,hile urope and co producedalmost doule at 1033 &C

%eser&es to production ratio of 21'

• il production# the iddle ast had the highest reser$es toproduction ratio# almost doule of the other regions from 1982to 2000

• *s of 200 according to &# )outh and Central *merica hasthe highest reser$es to production ratio of 123+83 years ,hilethe iddle ast has decreased to 8+11 years

• 6o,e$er# the iddles ast still produces ma7ority of the,orlds oil# almost 25% of it


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B! Coal• Coal production is dominated y the *sia-aci.c region#

accounting for the gloal total of !1+1%

• a7ority of that is produced in China# ,hich alone mines42+5%2008 of the gloal total# the remaining coal is mined in')* 18+0%# *ustralia !+!%# ndia 5+8% andussia at 4+!%

Coal production

Country % of gloalproduction in % of gloalproduction in

• n 2008# Chinaconsumed 42+!%

of the ,orld coal,hich ,as aprolem ecausethey ,ere onlyroducin 42+5%


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2008 2013

China 42+5 4!+!(S" 18+0 11+

"ustralia

!+! 5+5

)ndia 5+8 +

)ndonesia 4+9

%ussia 4+! 4+5

E*tending the +ife of ,ossil ,uels• there are methods of e;tendedprolonging the life of fossil

fuels"! Coal gasi-cation

B! Clean coal technologies

• (he *sia aci.c

region stillproducesma7ority of coal

ut no, itcounts for morethan a third ofgloalproduction atmore than 2!00

• *s the *siaaci.c regionproduced thelargest amount of coal for morethan 3 decades#it currently2013 has the

lo,est reser$esto productionratio of 54 years#a 10 yeardecrease from !4years in 2008


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B! Clean coal technology

• (his ne, technology has de$eloped forms of coal that urns

,ith greater e=ciency and capture the coals pollutants eforethey are emitted into the atmosphere

• Could ring ac> the coal industry as more people might startto use it

• (he ne, coal stations can operate at higher pressures and

temperatures and at higher e=ciency le$els# 20% higher thancoal-.red po,er stations constructed in the 19!0s

• ;isting po,er stations can e upgraded to use the clean coaltechnology

C! (ncon&entional natural gas

Con$entional gas is usually found a fe, thousand metreselo, the surface of the arth and has accounted for ma7orityof the gloal supply

&ut recently# the uncon$entional deposits ha$e egun to

contriute more to supply# the main categories areo ?eep gaso (ight gaso @as-containing shales

o Coaled methaneo @eopressurised Aones

o *rtic and su-sea hydrates

(hey are more costly to e;tract as they are deeper

&ut rising energy prices coupled ,ith technological ad$ancescould mean that more and more of these deposits are

attracting the attention of go$ernments and energycompanies so the high cost of e;traction ,ould ecompensated y the high price that it is sold at to consumers


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#uclear Powerain concerns aout nuclear po,er:

• o,er plant accidents could release radiation into the air# land and

sea• adioacti$e ,aste storage disposal is reBuired

• ogue state or terrorist use of nuclear fuel for ,eapons

• "ast-reeder reactor technology are $ery e=cient at manufacturingplutonium fuel from their original uranium fuel load ,hich couldgreatly increase energy production ut plutonium is the >eyingredient for nuclear ,eapons

• 6igh construction costs

• (he possile increase in certain types of cancer in areas near thenuclear plants

• n 2008# the ')* had the most numer of nuclear plants# 103 of

them and ,as producing 20% of the ,orlds total# although theyha$e the most numer of nuclear plants and thus the largest ailityto produce nuclear energy# they do not and thus their output hasfallen to 19+4% of the ,orlds total

• "rance is 2nd in capacity to produce nuclear energy and accounts for3+3% of the ,orlds total

• a7or consumers of nuclear energy are ')* 31% "rance 9+2%and apan 1!+1%

Ranked by capacity Capacity (MW) Nuclear share ofenergy production

1 United States 99,081 19.4%

2 France 63,130 73.3%

3 Japan 42,388 1.7%

4 Russia 23,643 17.5%

5 South Korea 20,721 27.6%

6 China 17,978 2.1%

Ranked by production Capacity (MW)Nuclear share of

energy production

2 France 63,130 73.3%

13 Belgium 5,927 52.1%

23 Slovakia 1,815 51.7%

20 Hungary 1,889 50.7%

8 Ukraine 13,107 43.6%

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_power_in_the_United_Stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_power_in_Francehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_power_in_Japanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_power_in_Russiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_power_in_South_Koreahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_power_in_Chinahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_power_in_Francehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_power_in_Belgiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_power_in_Slovakiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_power_in_Hungaryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_power_in_Ukrainehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_power_in_the_United_Stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_power_in_Francehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_power_in_Japanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_power_in_Russiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_power_in_South_Koreahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_power_in_Chinahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_power_in_Francehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_power_in_Belgiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_power_in_Slovakiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_power_in_Hungaryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_power_in_Ukraine


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• Chernoyl disaster nuclear plant e;ploded in the '>raine in198! and the accident at (hree ile sland nearly halted thegro,th of the industry

• *nd the "u>ishima disaster in arch 2011

• (he ad$antages of nuclear energy are:o 0 emissions of greenhouse gaseso reduced reliance on imported fossil fuels

o sort of rene,ale

• egions ,ith the largest consumers of nuclear energy

Case Study

• The earthquake and tsunami of March 11, 2011 were natural disasters of a

magnitude that shocked the entire world. Although triggered by these cataclysmic

events, the subsequent accident at the ukushima !aiichi "uclear #ower #lant

cannot be regarded as a natural disaster

• The $reat %ast &a'an %arthquake of magnitude (.0 at 2.)* 'm on riday 11 March

2011 did considerable damage in the region

• The large tsunami it created caused much more damage, the1+metre tsunami

disabled the 'ower su''ly and cooling of three ukushima !aiichi reactors,

causing a nuclear accident on 11 March 2011. All three cores largely melted in thefirst three days

• The earthquake was centred 1-0 km offshore the city of endai in Miyagi

'refecture on the eastern cost of /onshu sland the main 'art of &a'an, and was a

rare and com'le3 double quake giving a severe duration of about - minutes. &a'an

moved a few metres east and the local coastline subsided half a metre.

• The accident was rated 4 on the "% scale, due to high radioactive releases over

days ) to *, eventually a total of some ()0 #5q.

• our reactors were written off due to damage in the accident

• A'art from cooling, the basic ongoing task was to 'revent release of radioactive

materials, 'articularly in contaminated water leaked from the three units.

• %leven reactors at four nuclear 'ower 'lants in the region were o'erating at the time


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and all shut down automatically when the quake hit.

• The reactors 'roved robust seismically earthquake resistant, but vulnerable to the

tsunami.

• The three units lost the ability to maintain 'ro'er reactor cooling and water

circulation functions.

Local effects• ome of the Te'co staff had lost homes, and even families, in the tsunami, and were

initially living in tem'orary accommodation under great difficulties and 'rivation,

with some 'ersonal risk. A hardened emergency res'onse centre on site was unable

to be used in gra''ling with the situation due to radioactive contamination.

• Three Te'co em'loyees at the !aiichi and !aini 'lants were killed directly by the

earthquake and tsunami, but there have been no fatalities from the nuclearaccident.

• The tsunami inundated about +*0 sq km and resulted in a human death toll of over

1(,000 and much damage to coastal 'orts and towns with over a million buildings

destroyed or 'artly colla'sed.

• There have been no deaths or cases of radiation sickness from the nuclear accident,

but over 100,000 'eo'le had to be evacuated from their homes to ensure this.

$overnment nervousness delays their return.

• 6fficial figures show that there have been well over 1000 deaths from maintaining

the evacuation, in contrast to little risk from radiation if early return had been

allowed.

• The ukushima nuclear disaster showed us that nuclear reactors are fundamentally

dangerous.

• cause significant damage to the environment

• the health of 'o'ulations and to national economies, the heavy financial cost of a

meltdown is inevitably borne by the 'ublic, Millions of 'eo'le who live near

nuclear reactors are at risk.

• The lives of hundreds of thousands of 'eo'le continue to be affected by the

ukushima nuclear disaster, es'ecially the 1*0,000 who fled their homes because

of radioactive contamination

• They have only a false ho'e of returning home, yet the &a'anese government is

eagerly 'ushing to restart reactors, against the will of its 'eo'le, and without

learning true lessons from ukushima.

• A year after the Wall Street Journal re'ort, T%#76 announced that the !aiichi

'lant8s meltdown had released 2.+ times more radiation into the atmos'here than

initially estimated.

• The utility cited broken radiation sensors within the 'lant as the main reason for

this deficit and, claimed that (( 'ercent of the total radiation released from the

!aiichi 'lant occurred during the last three weeks of March 2011.

• A year later, in &une 201-, T%#76 admitted that almost 90,000 gallons of

contaminated water had been leaking into the #acific 6cean every day since the

meltdown.• And last month, T%#76 told re'orters that 1) different rice 'addies outside

http://www.nytimes.com/2012/05/25/world/asia/radioactive-release-at-fukushima-plant-was-underestimated.html?_r=0http://www.nytimes.com/2012/05/25/world/asia/radioactive-release-at-fukushima-plant-was-underestimated.html?_r=0http://rt.com/news/fukushima-radioactive-puddle-leakage-710/http://rt.com/news/fukushima-radioactive-puddle-leakage-710/http://rt.com/news/fukushima-radioactive-puddle-leakage-710/http://rt.com/news/fukushima-radioactive-puddle-leakage-710/http://rt.com/news/173048-tepco-disclose-fukushima-contamination-agriculture/http://www.nytimes.com/2012/05/25/world/asia/radioactive-release-at-fukushima-plant-was-underestimated.html?_r=0http://www.nytimes.com/2012/05/25/world/asia/radioactive-release-at-fukushima-plant-was-underestimated.html?_r=0http://rt.com/news/fukushima-radioactive-puddle-leakage-710/http://rt.com/news/fukushima-radioactive-puddle-leakage-710/http://rt.com/news/fukushima-radioactive-puddle-leakage-710/http://rt.com/news/173048-tepco-disclose-fukushima-contamination-agriculture/


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ukushima8s e3clusion :one were contaminated in August 201-

• Meaning almost a year had 'assed since emissions had begun to accumulate at

dangerous levels in &a'an8s most sacred food.

• ;&a'an 'roduces 'arts for nuclear reactors, like reactor containment vessels,; she

said in an interview with kraine a level of e3'erience in handling nuclear failures that

stands a'art from most of the world.

• After the 2011 magnitude 9.( earthquake and resultant tsunami, the stricken

ukushima !aiichi #ower #lant in "orth %ast &a'an has suffered core meltdowns,

leaked thousands of tonnes of radioactive water into the ground water of &a'an and

the #acific 6cean, and a series of other calamities.

• The Tokyo %lectric #ower 7om'any T%#76 res'onsible for the 'lant has

a''eared unfit to manage the most com'le3 cleanu' o'eration in the history of

nuclear 'ower. T%#76 are about to engage in the removal of highly radioactive,

unstable fuel rods. f they make a mistake, we would witness the worst

radiological disaster in history.

• T%#76Bs cleanu' is estimated to take )0 years and cost C*2bn. =orse, it is still

the best case scenario. The &a'anese government has Dust admitted to the 1*0,000 evacuees of the 12 mile e3clusion :one that they will likely never return home.

http://rt.com/news/173048-tepco-disclose-fukushima-contamination-agriculture/http://blog.rmi.org/blog_2014_07_08_opposite_energy_policies_turned_fukushima_disaster_into_a_loss_for_japan_and_a_win_for_germanyhttp://blog.rmi.org/blog_2014_07_08_opposite_energy_policies_turned_fukushima_disaster_into_a_loss_for_japan_and_a_win_for_germanyhttp://fukushimavoice-eng2.blogspot.com/2014/01/tokyo-shimbun-article-regarding.htmlhttp://rt.com/shows/big-picture/161892-fukushima-plant-radiation-us/http://rt.com/shows/big-picture/161892-fukushima-plant-radiation-us/http://fukushimavoice-eng2.blogspot.com/2014/05/seventeen-more-confirmed-cases-50.htmlhttp://www.nytimes.com/2014/03/17/world/asia/concerns-over-measurement-of-fukushima-fallout.html?_r=0http://www.nytimes.com/2014/03/17/world/asia/concerns-over-measurement-of-fukushima-fallout.html?_r=0http://america.aljazeera.com/watch/shows/the-stream/the-stream-officialblog/2013/12/16/uss-reagan-sailorsreportcancersafterfukushimarescuemission.htmlhttp://www.foxnews.com/science/2014/07/25/fukushima-monkeys-blood-shows-signs-radiation-exposurehttp://www.foxnews.com/science/2014/07/25/fukushima-monkeys-blood-shows-signs-radiation-exposurehttp://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/03/11/japan-earthquake-tsunami_n_834380.htmlhttp://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/03/11/japan-earthquake-tsunami_n_834380.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fukushima_Daiichi_nuclear_disasterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fukushima_Daiichi_nuclear_disasterhttp://www.globalresearch.ca/japans-triple-meltdown-tour-of-fukushima-daiichi-nuclear-power-plant/5353516http://www.globalresearch.ca/japans-triple-meltdown-tour-of-fukushima-daiichi-nuclear-power-plant/5353516http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-24739264http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-24739264http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-24739264http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-24739264http://www.theguardian.com/environment/2013/nov/12/fukushima-daiichu-residents-radiation-japan-nuclear-powerhttp://www.theguardian.com/environment/2013/nov/12/fukushima-daiichu-residents-radiation-japan-nuclear-powerhttp://www.theguardian.com/environment/2013/nov/12/fukushima-daiichu-residents-radiation-japan-nuclear-powerhttp://rt.com/news/173048-tepco-disclose-fukushima-contamination-agriculture/http://blog.rmi.org/blog_2014_07_08_opposite_energy_policies_turned_fukushima_disaster_into_a_loss_for_japan_and_a_win_for_germanyhttp://blog.rmi.org/blog_2014_07_08_opposite_energy_policies_turned_fukushima_disaster_into_a_loss_for_japan_and_a_win_for_germanyhttp://fukushimavoice-eng2.blogspot.com/2014/01/tokyo-shimbun-article-regarding.htmlhttp://rt.com/shows/big-picture/161892-fukushima-plant-radiation-us/http://fukushimavoice-eng2.blogspot.com/2014/05/seventeen-more-confirmed-cases-50.htmlhttp://www.nytimes.com/2014/03/17/world/asia/concerns-over-measurement-of-fukushima-fallout.html?_r=0http://america.aljazeera.com/watch/shows/the-stream/the-stream-officialblog/2013/12/16/uss-reagan-sailorsreportcancersafterfukushimarescuemission.htmlhttp://www.foxnews.com/science/2014/07/25/fukushima-monkeys-blood-shows-signs-radiation-exposurehttp://www.foxnews.com/science/2014/07/25/fukushima-monkeys-blood-shows-signs-radiation-exposurehttp://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/03/11/japan-earthquake-tsunami_n_834380.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fukushima_Daiichi_nuclear_disasterhttp://www.globalresearch.ca/japans-triple-meltdown-tour-of-fukushima-daiichi-nuclear-power-plant/5353516http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-24739264http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-24739264http://www.theguardian.com/environment/2013/nov/12/fukushima-daiichu-residents-radiation-japan-nuclear-powerhttp://www.theguardian.com/environment/2013/nov/12/fukushima-daiichu-residents-radiation-japan-nuclear-power


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Contaminating Groundwater and the Pacific Ocean

• The disaster in March 2011 'um'ed 4--,000 7uries of radioactive caesium into the

#acific, the largest discharge of radioactive material into the ocean in history.

ifteen months later, +*E of all fish catches off Da'an were contaminated. ince

then, matters have steadily worsened.

• =hen 'ower was cut off during the tsunami, these 'um's were lost. o, ever

since, groundwater runs down from the higher land behind the reactors, throughthe basements and contaminated groundwater around the tanks, and, this newly

highly contaminated water, then runs straight into the #acific 6cean.

• n efforts to refill the fuel 'ools and cool the 'lant, T%#76 workers 'oured

thousands of tonnes of water onto the reactors. This water then became radioactive

and needed to be stored until it was decontaminated. T%#76 now has 1,000 tanks

and other containers, holding -40,000 tonnes of highly contaminated water on site.

• trontium(0 a radioactive by 'roduct that is easily absorbed by the human body

and causes bone cancer has been found at 40 times higher than legal limits.

• The tanks continue to leak.

•5eaches surrounding the area have been closed and all fishing has sto''ed in thisformer fishing region. 5ut concerns are that the contamination is being carried well

beyond the e3clusion :one, making it into the drinking water and food being

consumed in &a'an by rain water. adiation has been found in waters off Alaska

and the =est coast of the >, having s'read over 2000 miles across the #acific.

• Evacuation issues

• ome residents were evacuated to high dosage areas because radiation monitoring

information was not 'rovided.

• failure over the years to im'lement adequate measures against a nuclear disaster, as

well as a lack of action by 'revious governments and regulators focused on crisismanagement.

• The central government... failed to convey the severity of the accident... 6nly 20E

of the residents of the town hosting the 'lant knew about the accident when

evacuation from the -km :one was ordered at 21F2- on the evening of March 11.

• There was great confusion over the evacuation, caused by 'rolonged shelterin

'lace orders and voluntary evacuation orders.

• Continuing public health and welfare issues

• esidents in the affected area are still struggling from the effects of the accident.

They continue to face grave concerns, including the health effects of radiation

e3'osure, dis'lacement, the dissolution of families, disru'tion of their lives and

lifestyles and the contamination of vast areas of the environment.

What is the main difference between the two accidents?

• At 7hernobyl, e3'losions destroyed a reactor, releasing a cloud of radiation that

contaminated large areas of %uro'e.

• ukushima, was damaged by an earthquake, the reactors still have mostly intact

containment vessels surrounding their nuclear cores. &a'anese officials 'oint out

that at 7hernobyl, the reactor itself e3'loded while still active. At ukushima, the

magnitude nine earthquake and tsunami cri''led the 'lant8s cooling system,

leading to a 'artial meltdown of the reactor. %arlier attem'ts to cool the reactor by

hosing water from fire engines and helico'ters left 'ools of contaminated water

and flooded basements, ham'ering the containment o'eration and efforts to restartthe cooling 'um's.

http://www.psr.org/environment-and-health/environmental-health-policy-institute/responses/costs-and-consequences-of-fukushima.htmlhttp://www.psr.org/environment-and-health/environmental-health-policy-institute/responses/costs-and-consequences-of-fukushima.htmlhttp://www.ctvnews.ca/sci-tech/slipshod-tanks-at-fukushima-raise-concern-about-more-leaks-contamination-1.1533606http://www.ctvnews.ca/sci-tech/slipshod-tanks-at-fukushima-raise-concern-about-more-leaks-contamination-1.1533606http://www.ctvnews.ca/sci-tech/slipshod-tanks-at-fukushima-raise-concern-about-more-leaks-contamination-1.1533606http://www.ctvnews.ca/sci-tech/slipshod-tanks-at-fukushima-raise-concern-about-more-leaks-contamination-1.1533606http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-24606357http://www.esquire.com/blogs/politics/fukushima-radiation-arrives-in-alaska-111213http://www.esquire.com/blogs/politics/fukushima-radiation-arrives-in-alaska-111213http://www.esquire.com/blogs/politics/fukushima-radiation-arrives-in-alaska-111213http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2011/apr/04/japan-nuclear-plant-release-radioactive-waterhttp://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2011/apr/04/japan-nuclear-plant-release-radioactive-waterhttp://www.psr.org/environment-and-health/environmental-health-policy-institute/responses/costs-and-consequences-of-fukushima.htmlhttp://www.psr.org/environment-and-health/environmental-health-policy-institute/responses/costs-and-consequences-of-fukushima.htmlhttp://www.ctvnews.ca/sci-tech/slipshod-tanks-at-fukushima-raise-concern-about-more-leaks-contamination-1.1533606http://www.ctvnews.ca/sci-tech/slipshod-tanks-at-fukushima-raise-concern-about-more-leaks-contamination-1.1533606http://www.ctvnews.ca/sci-tech/slipshod-tanks-at-fukushima-raise-concern-about-more-leaks-contamination-1.1533606http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-24606357http://www.esquire.com/blogs/politics/fukushima-radiation-arrives-in-alaska-111213http://www.esquire.com/blogs/politics/fukushima-radiation-arrives-in-alaska-111213http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2011/apr/04/japan-nuclear-plant-release-radioactive-waterhttp://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2011/apr/04/japan-nuclear-plant-release-radioactive-water


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Area affected ""icials sa areas e#tendingmore than 60km ,6 miles/ to thenorth-west o" the plant and a%out0km to the south-southwestha$e seen radiation le$else#ceed annual limits

3ontamination o" an area as "ar as 00km ,00 miles/ "rom the plant!according to the 45. ut animals andplants were also a""ected much "urtherawa

Evacuation zone 20km* 20-,0km $oluntar 7one.+i$e communities %eond thee#isting e$acuation 7one ha$ealso %een e$acuated

,0km

eople evacuated ens o" thousands he authorities e$acuated! in 1986!a%out 11!000 people "rom areassurrounding the reactor andsu%sequentl relocated! a"ter 1986!a%out 220!000 people "rom elarus! theussian +ederation and 4kraine

Related deaths 5o deaths so "ar due to radiation A 45 report places the total con"irmeddeaths "rom radiation at 6 as o" 2008.:isputes continue a%out how man wille$entuall die

!ong"term healthdamage

5ot et known! %ut risks tohuman health are thought to %elow

Among the residents o" elarus! theussian +ederation and 4kraine! therehad %een more than 6!000 cases o"throid cancer reported in children andadolescents who were e#posed at thetime o" the accident! and more casescan %e e#pected during the ne#tdecades

Current status ;ngineers ha$e %rought theplant to a %ringing it under control. =t willtake decades to dismantle itcompletel howe$er.

he damaged reactor is now encasedin a concrete shell. A new containmentstructure is due to %e completed %

201

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Change in important traditional energy sources.docx