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A D
IAM
-TU
DE
LF
T S
EM
INA
R
No
ve
mb
er
22
nd
, 2
01
2
Pro
fes
so
r F
uro
ng
Li
CH
AL
LE
NG
ES
IN
MO
DE
RN
LA
RG
E-S
CA
LE
PO
WE
R S
YS
TE
M
AN
AL
YS
IS
Fu
ture
Ch
all
en
ge
s
in M
od
eli
ng
Po
we
r S
yst
em
s
Ch
allen
ges in
Lo
w C
arb
on
Tra
nsit
ion
�C
ou
ntr
ies a
rou
nd
th
e w
orl
d f
acin
g t
wo
co
nfl
icti
ng
ob
jecti
ves in
red
ucin
g c
arb
on
co
nte
nt:
-g
rea
ter
ele
ctr
icit
y u
se
by
pro
mo
tin
g e
lec
trif
ica
tio
n o
f h
ea
t
an
d t
ran
sp
ort
Th
e U
K
2009 314T
Wh
2030 505T
Wh
2050 730T
Wh
-m
ore
in
term
itte
nt
low
-ca
rbo
n g
en
era
tio
n:
un
ce
rta
inti
es
�P
ote
nti
al C
on
seq
ue
nces:
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ub
sta
nti
al
ba
ck
up
pla
nts
to
mit
iga
te i
nte
rmit
ten
cy
,
sta
bili
ty a
nd
in
ert
ia,
or
su
pp
ly i
nte
rru
pti
on
s
Dem
an
d R
esp
on
se –
a k
ey e
nab
ler
�d
efe
r c
on
su
me
r e
ne
rgy
us
e t
o t
ime
s o
f h
igh
er
av
aila
bili
ty o
r
low
er
de
ma
nd
�lo
we
r c
on
su
me
rs e
xp
ec
tati
on
s o
n s
up
ply
se
cu
rity
wh
en
str
es
s i
n t
he
sy
ste
m i
s s
ev
ere
�lo
we
r th
e c
os
t o
f b
ac
ku
p g
en
era
tio
n a
nd
re
du
nd
an
cie
s i
n
infr
as
tru
ctu
re,
imp
rov
e s
up
ply
re
liab
ility
Dem
an
d R
esp
on
se –
Ch
allen
ges
�E
nco
ura
gin
g s
mart
co
nsu
mers
-e
arl
y a
do
pte
rs o
f n
ew
te
ch
no
log
ies
, s
uc
h a
s E
V,
ho
me
are
a E
MS
-g
en
era
te,
co
ns
um
er,
sto
re a
nd
co
nv
ert
(to
he
at
for
ex
am
ple
)
-m
ee
t lo
ca
l a
nd
wid
er
sy
ste
m n
ee
ds
�U
nd
ers
tan
d s
mart
co
nsu
mers
cap
ab
ilit
y
-fl
ex
ibili
ty o
ve
r ti
me
an
d s
pa
ce
-w
illin
gn
es
s t
o p
ay
fo
r h
igh
er
or
low
er
su
pp
ly s
ec
uri
ty
�B
uild
ing
co
nsu
mers
’cap
ab
ilit
y in
to
po
wer
flo
ws a
nd
sch
ed
uli
ng
-U
nd
ers
tan
d w
ho
le-s
ys
tem
in
tera
cti
on
s,
be
twe
en
de
ma
nd
re
sp
on
se
s
an
d
LV
, H
V,
EH
V,
tra
ns
mis
sio
n a
nd
ge
ne
rati
on
-p
rov
ide
rig
ht
ec
on
om
ic i
nc
en
tiv
es
(s
ma
rt p
ric
ing
)
-e
nc
ou
rag
e d
em
an
d t
o r
es
po
nd
at
the
rig
ht
tim
ea
nd
lo
ca
tio
n
Cu
rren
t p
osit
ion
in
syste
m m
od
ellin
g
Large Power Station
Substation
Bulk Supply Point
Substation
(GSP)
415V
syste
m
132kV
syste
m
33kV
syste
m
Primary
Substation
11kV
syste
mFactory
Homes
Distribution
Transform
er
400/2
75kV
sys
tem
Ph
ys
ica
lly,
inte
gra
ted
an
d i
nte
rde
pe
nd
en
t
Co
mm
erc
ially
, b
oth
co
mp
ete
an
d c
oo
pe
rate
-C
o-o
pe
titi
on
Sophisticated
Separate
transmission
and
distribution
modelling
No large
scale
modelling
tool
Transmission
EHV
HV
LV
Cu
rren
t p
osit
ion
in
syste
m m
od
ellin
g
�S
ep
ara
te m
od
elli
ng
fo
r tr
an
sm
iss
ion
, E
HV
dis
trib
uti
on
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ste
ms
, o
fte
n f
rom
ge
ne
rati
on
sc
he
du
ling
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o l
arg
e s
ca
le m
od
elli
ng
fo
r H
V/L
V
�C
an
no
t re
fle
ct
DG
im
pa
cts
on
tra
ns
mis
sio
n
�C
an
no
t re
fle
ct
DR
im
pa
cts
on
LV
, H
V,
EH
V a
nd
tra
ns
mis
sio
n
�W
ho
le –
sy
ste
m i
nte
rac
tiv
e s
imu
lati
on
no
n-e
xis
t
�A
gg
reg
ati
on
is
co
mm
on
ly p
rac
tic
e
Co
ns
eq
uen
ces
�N
etw
ork
co
mp
an
ies
fin
d i
nc
rea
sin
gly
dif
fic
ult
to p
red
ict
loa
d (
wit
h D
G,
DR
eff
ec
ts)
�D
iffi
cu
lt t
o i
nte
rpre
t o
dd
ph
en
om
en
a (
hig
h
vo
lta
ge
at
ea
rly
mo
rnin
gs
-tr
ou
gh
s )
�C
an
no
t ta
ke
fu
ll a
dv
an
tag
e o
f D
Gs
an
d
fle
xib
ility
in
de
ma
nd
�C
on
tin
ue
to
ex
pa
nd
fo
ss
il g
en
era
tio
n f
or
ba
ck
up
s a
nd
in
ve
st
red
un
da
nc
ies
in
th
e s
ys
tem
to
ma
inta
in s
ec
uri
ty o
f s
up
ply
Sc
ale
of
UK
po
we
r s
ys
tem
s
Researc
h a
t B
ath
�D
G im
pacts
on
LV
/HV
/EH
V a
nd
tra
nsm
issio
n (
peak a
nd
ye
ar
rou
nd
)
�Im
pro
vin
g c
on
verg
en
ce f
or
EH
V m
od
el w
ith
su
bsta
nti
al
DG
s
�D
S i
mp
act
on
gen
era
tio
n m
ixes,
em
issio
ns
�N
etw
ork
pri
cin
g f
or
tran
sm
issio
n a
nd
dis
trib
uti
on
wit
h
DG
san
d D
Rs
Researc
h a
t B
ath
�V
isu
alise a
nd
mo
dellin
g L
V s
yste
m i
n s
cale
–W
PD
Sm
art
gri
d d
em
on
str
ati
on
pro
ject
�M
itig
ati
on
LV
netw
ork
pre
ssu
re p
oin
ts u
sin
g
ho
useh
old
en
erg
y s
tora
ge
-W
PD
Sm
art
gri
d
dem
on
str
ati
on
pro
ject
Lo
w C
arb
on
Ne
two
rk F
un
dP
roje
cts
Ofg
em
se
ts £
50
0m
ov
er
5 y
rs t
o:
-p
rom
ote
th
e g
row
th o
f s
ma
rt g
rid
s
-e
nc
ou
rag
e i
nn
ov
ati
ve
ne
two
rk o
pe
rati
on
,
pla
nn
ing
, a
nd
no
ve
l c
om
me
rcia
l a
rra
ng
es
We
ste
rn P
ow
er
Dis
trib
uti
on
(W
PD
)
-L
V N
etw
ork
Te
mp
late
s (
20
10
)
* Id
en
tify
LV
ne
two
rk s
tre
ss
at
larg
e s
ca
le
-P
roje
ct
Bri
sto
l (
20
11
, a
wa
itin
g d
ec
isio
n)
* M
itig
ate
LV
ne
two
rk s
tre
ss
-P
roje
ct
Fa
lco
n (
20
11
, a
wa
itin
g d
ec
isio
n)
* Id
en
tify
an
d m
itig
ate
HV
ne
two
rk s
tre
ss
His
tori
cal C
ity o
f B
ath
Th
e U
niv
ers
ity
ra
nk
ed
Third
by
th
e T
ime
s H
igh
er
Ed
uc
ati
on
20
12
LR
IC C
ha
rge
s w
ith
Dif
feri
ng
Gro
wth
Ra
tes
(1
%-1
0%
)
LR
IC C
ha
rge
s w
ith
Dif
feri
ng
Gro
wth
Ra
tes
(1
%-1
0%
)
LR
IC C
ha
rge
s w
ith
Dif
feri
ng
Gro
wth
Ra
tes
(1
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0%
)
LR
IC C
ha
rge
s w
ith
Dif
feri
ng
Gro
wth
Ra
tes
(1
%-1
0%
)
Imp
rovin
g c
on
verg
en
ce f
or
EH
V m
od
el
wit
h s
ub
sta
nti
al D
Gs
•P
rob
lem
:-
Ide
nti
fy t
he
ma
xim
um
additional
po
we
r a
cir
cu
it o
r tr
an
sfo
rme
r h
as
to
ca
rry
in
a o
uta
ge
: N
-1&
N-2
co
nti
ng
en
cie
s
•C
hall
en
ge 1
-co
nti
ng
en
cie
s :
-S
ys
tem
co
nfi
gu
rati
on
ch
an
ge
s,
ca
us
ing
Ja
co
bia
n
ma
trix
to
ch
an
ge
-N
ee
d t
o r
un
th
ou
sa
nd
s o
f ti
me
s,
de
pe
nd
ing
on
th
e
nu
mb
er
of
co
nti
ng
en
cy
ev
en
ts
[]
∆∆⋅
=
∆∆⋅
∂∂
∂∂∂∂
∂∂
=
∆∆
VJ
V
VQQ
VPP
QPθ
θ
θθ
•C
hall
en
ge 2
–vo
ltag
e i
ssu
es
-B
us
ba
rv
olt
ag
es
sh
ou
ld
be
ke
pt
wit
hin
ac
ce
pta
ble
ra
ng
e
-O
n-l
oa
d t
ap
ch
an
ge
r tr
an
sfo
rme
rs a
re u
se
d,
an
d t
he
tap
s c
an
on
ly b
e m
ov
ed
dis
cre
tely
(in
ea
ch
Ne
wto
n
ite
rati
on
)
-R
ea
cti
ve
po
we
r re
so
urc
es
(s
hu
nts
, d
istr
ibu
ted
ge
ne
rato
rs)
are
sc
he
du
led
to
su
pp
ort
no
da
l v
olt
ag
es
(ou
tsid
e N
ew
ton
ite
rati
on
)
-M
ore
ite
rati
on
s n
ee
de
d t
o c
on
ve
rge
an
d m
igh
t d
ive
rge
Increase computational time by at least 10 tim
es
Imp
rovin
g c
on
verg
en
ce f
or
EH
V
mo
del w
ith
su
bsta
nti
al D
Gs
•C
hall
en
ge 2
-vo
ltag
es
Imp
rovin
g c
on
verg
en
ce f
or
EH
V
mo
del w
ith
su
bsta
nti
al D
Gs
Init
ialis
e
Ne
wto
n m
eth
od
: w
ith
tra
ns
form
er
tap
ch
an
ag
ab
le
in e
ac
h i
tera
tio
n
Co
nverg
e a
nd
vo
ltag
es
are
in
lim
its
Su
cc
ee
d
Div
erg
e
Fa
ilC
on
ve
rge b
ut
vo
ltag
es a
re n
o
in lim
its
Sc
he
du
le g
en
era
tio
n
rea
cti
ve
po
we
r a
nd
sh
un
ts
1.
Co
nv
erg
e a
nd
div
erg
e a
ss
es
sm
en
t a
re t
hro
ug
h e
xte
ns
ive
ta
p
se
ttin
g a
nd
Va
ro
pti
mis
ati
on
2.
De
term
inis
tic
ap
pro
ac
h i
s d
es
ire
d t
o d
ete
rmin
e i
f it
is
po
ss
ible
to
ha
ve
vo
lta
ge
s w
ith
in t
he
lim
its
wit
h t
he
av
aila
ble
re
so
urc
es
Increase
computational time
by 10 tim
es
A p
racti
cal d
em
on
str
ati
on
•S
ou
thw
es
t te
rrit
ory
of
WP
D:
-2
00
0 b
us
ba
rs(2
2k
V t
o 1
32
KV
)
-4
00
0 b
ran
ch
es
an
d t
ran
sfo
rme
rs
•C
on
tin
ge
nc
y n
um
be
r
-N
-1:
40
00
-N
-2:
79
98
00
0
•C
om
pu
tati
on
tim
e:
-P
ow
er
flo
w:
4 s
ec
on
ds
-N
-1:
4.5
ho
urs
-N
-2:
88
8h
ou
rs
1.
Th
e i
nit
ialis
ati
on
of
all
co
nti
ng
en
cie
s a
re f
rom
th
e
res
ult
s o
f b
as
e p
ow
er
flo
w
2.
If i
t d
oe
s n
ot
co
nv
erg
e,
the
n i
nit
ialis
e w
ith
0s
an
d 1
s
3.
Re
du
ce
co
nti
ng
en
cie
s
Lo
w V
olt
ag
e N
etw
ork
Te
mp
late
sV
isu
alise a
nd
mo
dellin
g L
V s
yste
m in
scale
Mo
nit
ori
ng
70
00
dis
trib
uti
on
su
bs
tati
on
s
(11
/0.4
15
KV
) fr
om
Ne
wp
ort
to
Sw
an
se
a
•N
ee
d t
o i
de
nti
fy
LV
str
es
se
s o
ve
r ti
me
an
d o
n a
la
rge
sc
ale
fro
m i
ntr
od
uc
ing
low
ca
rbo
n t
ec
hn
olo
gie
s
•In
sta
llin
g m
on
ito
rin
g d
ev
ice
s a
t e
ve
ry
sin
gle
dis
trib
uti
on
su
bs
tati
on
is
ex
pe
ns
ive
, in
eff
icie
nt
an
d u
nn
ec
es
sa
ry
•If
ty
pic
al
ne
two
rk t
em
pla
tes
ca
n b
e
de
ve
lop
ed
to
ec
on
om
ica
llya
nd
eff
icie
ntl
yid
en
tify
LV
str
es
s?
Ho
w m
an
y p
att
ern
s a
re s
uff
icie
nt
an
d h
ow
th
ey
lo
ok
lik
e?
(WP
D,
Ba
th U
niv
, N
Po
we
r, G
E,
We
lsh
Go
ve
rnm
en
t, 2
01
0-2
01
3)
-s
till
a g
oo
d f
it f
or
su
bs
tati
on
s w
ith
hig
h c
us
tom
er
po
pu
lati
on
-c
an
no
t d
isti
ng
uis
h d
iffe
rin
g n
etw
ork
de
sig
ns
an
d v
olt
ag
e p
rofi
les
-c
an
no
t re
fle
ct
low
ca
rbo
n e
ffe
cts
Dra
wb
acks w
ith
th
e C
urr
en
t A
pp
roach
-u
sin
g E
lex
on
’s8
typ
ica
l c
us
tom
er
pro
file
s5222
54
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Nu
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Nu
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Profile 1
213
Profile 2
4
Profile 3
1
Profile 4
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Profile 5
0
Profile 6
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Profile 7
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Profile 8
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Pro
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Mit
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nc
il,
loc
al
Sc
ho
ols
, 2
01
1-2
01
4)
Pro
ject
Bri
sto
l-
Wh
y D
C n
etw
ork
?
•3
0%
of
ou
r h
om
e c
on
su
mp
tio
n a
re
DC
, c
om
pu
ters
, c
on
su
me
r
ele
ctr
on
ics
•D
C c
om
po
ne
nts
ha
ve
to
be
co
nv
ert
ed
in
to A
C t
o a
cc
es
s m
ain
s’
su
pp
ly,
inc
urr
ing
40
%lo
ss
yD
C/A
C
co
nv
ers
ion
•1
1%
en
erg
y l
os
se
s i
n s
up
ply
sy
ste
m
•P
ho
tov
olt
aic
an
d E
V c
ha
rgin
g a
nd
dis
ch
arg
ing
are
in
he
ren
t D
C
•S
ign
ific
an
t e
ne
rgy
ca
n b
e s
av
ed
by
su
pp
ly l
oc
al
DC
co
ns
um
pti
on
wit
h
loc
al
ge
ne
rati
on
or
sto
rag
e
•H
igh
carb
on
su
pp
ly s
yste
m –
gen
era
tio
n f
ollo
w d
em
an
d
En
erg
y/n
etw
ork
co
nfo
rmin
g (
80
% i
n 2
010)
1).
Wh
en
de
ma
nd
hig
h,
pri
ce
is
hig
h
2).
Wh
en
de
ma
nd
re
sp
on
ds
to h
igh
pri
ce
, it
will
re
du
ce
pre
ss
ure
fo
r e
ne
rgy
/ne
two
rk
0.0
0
10
.00
20
.00
30
.00
40
.00
50
.00
60
.00
70
.00
80
.00
13
57
91
11
31
51
71
92
12
32
52
72
93
13
33
53
73
94
14
34
54
7
Se
ttle
me
nt
pe
rio
d
Energy price(£/MWh)
00.2
5
0.5
0.7
5
11.2
5
1.5
1.7
5
22.2
5
2.5
Load(kw)
En
erg
y P
ric
e (
£/M
Wh
)L
oa
d p
rofi
le(k
W)
En
erg
y/n
etw
ork
ma
y b
e
co
nfl
icti
ng
(20%
in
2010)
1).
Wh
en
de
ma
nd
is
hig
h,
pri
ce
is
lo
w
2).
De
ma
nd
re
sp
on
din
g t
o
pri
ce
s m
ay
ex
ce
ed
ne
two
rk l
imit
s
•L
ow
carb
on
su
pp
ly s
yste
m –
dem
an
d f
ollo
w g
en
era
tio
n
0.0
0
20
.00
40
.00
60
.00
80
.00
10
0.0
0
12
0.0
0
14
0.0
0
16
0.0
0
13
57
91
11
31
51
71
92
12
32
52
72
93
13
33
53
73
94
14
34
54
7
Se
ttle
me
nt
pe
rio
d
Energy price(£/MWh)
00.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
11.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
2Load(kw)
En
erg
y P
ric
e (
£/M
Wh
)L
oa
d p
rofi
le(k
W)
Peak Shaving
Peak Building
Key c
hallen
ges –
ho
w t
o r
eso
lve c
on
flic
ts
En
erg
y/n
etw
ork
ma
y b
e
co
nfl
icti
ng
(20%
in
2010)
1).
Wh
en
de
ma
nd
is
hig
h,
pri
ce
is
lo
w
2).
De
ma
nd
re
sp
on
din
g t
o
pri
ce
s m
ay
ex
ce
ed
ne
two
rk l
imit
s
•L
ow
carb
on
su
pp
ly s
yste
m –
dem
an
d f
ollo
w g
en
era
tio
n
0.0
0
20
.00
40
.00
60
.00
80
.00
10
0.0
0
12
0.0
0
14
0.0
0
16
0.0
0
13
57
91
11
31
51
71
92
12
32
52
72
93
13
33
53
73
94
14
34
54
7
Se
ttle
me
nt
pe
rio
d
Energy price(£/MWh)
00.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
11.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
2
Load(kw)
En
erg
y P
ric
e (
£/M
Wh
)L
oa
d p
rofi
le(k
W)
Ba
tte
ry s
ha
rin
g s
ch
em
es
cu
sto
me
rN
etw
ork
op
era
tor
Ne
two
rk c
om
po
ne
nts
ex
ten
d
to h
om
es
, s
ch
oo
ls,
da
ta
ce
nte
rs
DG
Im
pacts
on
Tra
nsm
issio
n
�L
arg
e i
mp
ac
ts o
n l
oa
d f
ore
ca
sti
ng
, g
en
era
tio
n/r
es
erv
e
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iffe
ren
t c
om
pa
nie
s h
av
e d
iffe
rin
g a
pp
roa
ch
es
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he
re i
s n
o a
pp
roa
ch
th
at
are
co
mm
on
ly a
cc
ep
tab
le
�N
o a
gre
em
en
t o
n w
he
n D
Gs
sh
ou
ld b
e t
rea
ted
as
ne
ga
tiv
e d
em
an
d,
wh
en
as
ge
ne
rato
rs
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arg
e E
mb
ed
de
d G
en
era
tor
in G
B w
ill b
e m
od
ele
d a
s
ge
ne
rati
on
. T
he
se
will
be
pre
se
nt
in t
he
ra
nk
ing
ord
er
DG
Im
pacts
on
Tra
nsm
issio
n Gri
d
Su
pp
ly
Po
int
DG
Im
pacts
on
Tra
nsm
issio
n
Th
e t
hre
e c
rite
ria u
sed
fo
r esti
mati
ng
EG
co
ntr
ibu
tio
n b
y
dis
trib
uti
on
in
du
str
y (
these m
ay c
han
ge a
s r
es
earc
h
develo
ps)
1)
Siz
e o
f in
div
idu
al
EG
2)
Fa
ult
-rid
e t
hro
ug
h c
ap
ab
ility
3)
Ge
ne
rati
on
Av
aila
bili
ty -
typ
ica
l a
va
ilab
iliti
es
fo
r g
en
eri
c
pla
nt
DG
Im
pacts
on
Tra
nsm
issio
n
1)
Siz
e o
f in
div
idu
al
EG
�5
% o
f G
rou
p D
em
an
d =
5.3
MW
DG
Im
pacts
on
Tra
nsm
issio
n
2)
Fa
ult
-rid
e t
hro
ug
h c
ap
ab
ility
As
su
mp
tio
ns
(N
-1):
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ind
an
d C
HP
re
ma
in c
on
ne
cte
d
-L
an
dfi
ll g
as
dis
co
nn
ec
ts b
ut
rec
on
ne
cts
aft
er
30
min
s
DG
Im
pacts
on
Tra
nsm
issio
n
3)
Ge
ne
rati
on
Av
aila
bili
ty -
typ
ica
l a
va
ilab
iliti
es
fo
r g
en
eri
c
pla
nt
Op
po
rtu
nit
ies i
ntr
od
uced
by
sm
art
gri
ds
�Q
uic
kly
assessin
g c
urr
en
t an
d f
utu
re
netw
ork
co
nd
itio
ns
-lim
ita
tio
ns
ov
er
tim
e a
nd
sp
ac
e c
los
e t
o r
ea
l-ti
me
-g
en
era
tio
n s
ho
rtfa
lls,
loa
d f
ore
ca
sti
ng
err
ors
-c
on
se
qu
en
ce
s:
co
st
of
co
ng
es
tio
ns
, s
up
ply
inte
rru
pti
on
, lo
ss
es
�M
itig
ati
on
s
-
Wh
ole
-syste
m in
tera
cti
on
–th
e
mis
sin
g lin
k�
Sm
art
pri
cin
g, su
pp
lier,
cit
izen
an
d s
ma
rt g
rid
-S
ma
rt p
ric
ing
: re
fle
cti
ng
de
fic
its
or
su
rplu
s i
n e
ne
rgy
ge
ne
rati
on
an
d
su
pp
ly i
nfr
as
tru
ctu
re
-S
ma
rt s
up
plie
r :
tim
ely
co
mm
un
ica
te s
ys
tem
ne
ed
s t
o c
on
su
me
rs,
an
d
co
ns
um
ers
’w
illin
gn
es
s t
o c
ha
ng
e t
o t
he
sy
ste
m
-S
ma
rt c
itiz
en
: re
sp
on
sib
le a
nd
re
sp
on
siv
e t
o s
ys
tem
de
ma
nd
-s
ma
rt g
rid
: fa
cili
tate
in
tera
cti
on
s b
etw
ee
n c
itiz
en
, s
up
plie
s a
nd
su
pp
liers
wit
h
two
-wa
y i
nfo
rma
tio
n
�T
he m
issin
g lin
k:
wh
ole
-sy
ste
m s
imu
lati
on
an
d
inte
rac
tio
n,
wh
en
th
ey
sh
ou
ld b
e a
gg
reg
ate
d,
wh
en
th
ey
sh
ou
ld b
e m
od
elle
d i
n d
eta
il
