Essentials of Anatomy and PhysiologyEssentials of Anatomy and PhysiologyFifth editionFifth edition

Seeley, Stephens and TateSeeley, Stephens and Tate

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Chapter 5: Integumentary System

Skin and Body MembranesSkin and Body Membranes

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Function of body membranes Line or cover body surfaces

Protect body surfaces

Lubricate body surfaces

Classification of Body MembranesClassification of Body Membranes

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Epithelial membranes

Cutaneous membrane

Mucous membrane

Serous membrane

Connective tissue membranes

Cutaneous MembraneCutaneous Membrane

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Cutaneous membrane = skin A dry membrane

Outermost protective boundary

Superficial epidermis Keratinized stratified

squamous epithelium

Underlying dermis Mostly dense

connective tissue

Figure 4.1a

Mucous MembranesMucous Membranes

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Surface epithelium

Underlying loose C.T. (lamina propria)

Lines body cavities that open to the exterior

Function in absorption or secretion

Figure 4.1b

Serous MembranesSerous Membranes

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Surface: simple squamous epithelium

Underlying loose C.T.

Lines body cavities that are closed

Serous layers separated by serous fluid

Figure 4.1c

Serous MembranesSerous Membranes

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Specific serous membranes Peritoneum

Abdominal cavity

Pleura Around the

lungs

Pericardium Around the

heart

Figure 4.1d

Connective Tissue MembraneConnective Tissue Membrane

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Synovial membrane

Connective tissue only

Lines fibrous capsules surrounding joints

Figure 4.2

Integumentary SystemIntegumentary System

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Skin (cutaneous membrane)

Skin derivatives

Sweat glands

Oil glands

Hairs

Nails

Skin FunctionsSkin Functions

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Protects deeper tissues from:

Mechanical damage

Chemical damage

Bacterial damage

Thermal damage

Ultraviolet radiation

Desiccation

Skin FunctionsSkin Functions

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Aids in heat regulation

Aids in excretion of urea and uric acid

Synthesizes vitamin D

Skin StructureSkin Structure

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Epidermis – outer layer

Stratified squamous epithelium

Often keratinized (hardened by keratin)

Dermis

Dense irregular connective tissue

Skin StructureSkin Structure

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Figure 4.4

Skin StructureSkin Structure

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Deep to dermis is the hypodermis

Not “part” of the skin

Termed “subcutaneous tissue”

Anchors skin to underlying organs

Composed mostly of adipose tissue

Skin StructureSkin Structure

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Figure 4.4

DermisDermis

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Two layersPapillary layer

Projections called dermal papillae Pain receptors Capillary loops

Reticular layer Blood vessels Glands Nerve receptors

Skin StructureSkin Structure

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Figure 4.4

Normal Skin Color DeterminantsNormal Skin Color Determinants

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Melanin Yellow, brown or black pigments Produced by melanocytes

Carotene Orange-yellow pigment from some

vegetables

Normal Skin Color DeterminantsNormal Skin Color Determinants

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Hemoglobin Red coloring from blood cells in dermis

capillaries

Oxygen content determines the extent of red coloring

Appendages of the SkinAppendages of the Skin

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Sebaceous glands

Produce oil

Most with ducts that empty into hair follicles

Glands are activated at puberty

Sweat glands

Widely distributed in skin

Skin StructureSkin Structure

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Figure 4.4

Sweat and Its FunctionSweat and Its Function

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Composition Mostly water Some metabolic waste

Function• Helps dissipate excess heat• Excretes waste products• Low pH inhibits bacterial growth

Hair StructuresHair Structures

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Hair follicle

Dermal and epidermal sheath surround hair root

Arrector pilli

Smooth muscle

Sebaceous gland

Sweat glandFigure 4.7a

Skin Homeostatic Imbalances: FYISkin Homeostatic Imbalances: FYI

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Infections Athletes foot

Caused by fungal infection

Boils and carbuncles

Caused by bacterial infection

Cold sores

Caused by virus

Skin Homeostatic Imbalances: FYISkin Homeostatic Imbalances: FYI

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Infections and allergies Contact dermatitis

Exposures cause allergic reaction

Impetigo

Caused by bacterial infection

Psoriasis

Cause is unknown

Triggered by trauma, infection, stress

Skin Homeostatic Imbalances: FYISkin Homeostatic Imbalances: FYI

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Burns

Tissue damage and cell death caused by heat, electricity, UV radiation, or chemicals

Associated dangers

Dehydration

Electrolyte imbalance

Circulatory shock

Severity of Burns: FYISeverity of Burns: FYI

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First-degree burns Only epidermis is damaged Skin is red and swollen

Second degree burns Epidermis and upper dermis are damaged Skin is red with blisters

Third-degree burns Destroys entire skin layer Burn is gray-white or black

Skin Cancer: FYISkin Cancer: FYI

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Cancer – abnormal cell mass

Two types Benign

Does not spread (encapsulated)

Malignant

Metastasized (moves) to other parts of the body

Skin cancer is the most common type of cancer

Skin Cancer Types: FYISkin Cancer Types: FYI

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Basal cell carcinoma Least malignant

Most common type

Squamous cell carcinoma Metastasizes to lymph nodes

Early removal allows a good chance of cure

Skin Cancer Types: FYISkin Cancer Types: FYI

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Malignant melanoma Most deadly of skin cancers

Cancer of melanocytes

Metastasizes rapidly to lymph and blood vessels

Detection uses ABCD rule

ABCD Rule: FYIABCD Rule: FYI

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A = Asymmetry Two sides of pigmented mole do not match

B = Border irregularity Borders of mole are not smooth

C = Color Different colors in pigmented area

D = Diameter Spot is larger than 6 mm in diameter