CH3: ENGINEERING ETHICSCH3: ENGINEERING ETHICS

SourcesSourcesMoral and professionalism,Moral and professionalism,What is Engineering Ethics What is Engineering Ethics Ethical theories, problems and ethical Ethical theories, problems and ethical problem solving techniquesproblem solving techniquesResponsibilities of engineers. obligations to Responsibilities of engineers. obligations to employer and society.employer and society.Professional Engineering Codes of Ethics Professional Engineering Codes of Ethics (BEM, IEM, IEEE)(BEM, IEM, IEEE)Textbook: ContentsTextbook: Contents

CH3: Sources with the CH3: Sources with the objective toobjective to regulate and guide regulate and guide peoplepeople

ReligionLawRegulationsRulesProceduresGuidelines

CH3: Sources with the CH3: Sources with the objective toobjective to regulate and guide regulate and guide peoplepeople (Cont…) (Cont…)

Standard (MS, BG, ISO, ASTM, IEC)Standard operating/Engineering ProcedureGood Mgmt/Engr/Manu PracticesMoral valuesEthicsCode of Ethics

CH3: What is morals CH3: What is morals ??

Center on rules of right conduct for individuals

Refer to generally accepted standards of right and wrong in a society

CH3: What is CH3: What is ethics ethics ??

Center on system of moral principles and rules of conduct for behavior of groups (engineering professional)

For instance, a set of standards and

rules of conduct (BEM Code of Ethics)

CH3: What are ethical CH3: What are ethical cases ?cases ?

Issues of practice, conduct and safety of publics

E.g: gift, bribery, fairness, honesty in approaching research problems, honesty in reporting research, COI (conflict of interests), and CBT (criminal breach of trust)

CH3: What is CH3: What is engineering engineering ethicsethics ? ?

The rules of conduct and

standards governing conduct

and practice involving

professional in engineering

CH3: Ethical AuthorityCH3: Ethical Authority

Sacred Scriptures Religious people Great Leaders Law of the Land Code of Ethics Customs and accepted practice One’s own conscience

CH3: Personal Ethics vs.CH3: Personal Ethics vs. Engineering Ethics Engineering Ethics

Personal ethics: Deal with how we treat others in our daily life

Engineering ethics: It is more on organizational requirement rather than

personal. Relationships of a two parties. BEM and registered engineers in Malaysia

CH3: Why Study CH3: Why Study EngineeringEngineering Ethics Ethics

To gain sense of professional responsibility

To better serve society To gain awareness and learn

from past engineering failure

CH3: Why Study CH3: Why Study EngineeringEngineering Ethics Ethics

To learn techniques for analyzing and resolving ethical problems

To foster ‘moral autonomy’ of future engineers.

CH3: Engineering is CH3: Engineering is managingmanaging the unknown the unknown

To engineer is to create new devices To engineer is to design an improved

devices No one is absolutely certain of its safety

to the user The test, probability prediction and

limited time and resources are the determining factors

Ability to foresee the possible consequences of his design is a must to engineers.

CH3: Ethics and LawCH3: Ethics and Law

The practice of engineer is governed by laws and regulations at the international, federal, state and local levels. These laws are based on ethical principles:

Clear distinction: Legal and ethical. Legal but unethical Illegal but ethical   No legal guidance and conflict of

ethics

CH3: Ethical Problems CH3: Ethical Problems and Engineering Design and Engineering Design ProblemProblem

Essentially ethical theories (ethics) and design specifications (standards) correlates

- Criteria for performance, aesthetics and price.

- Many corrects solutions to choose from- Safety of the design to the public is

essential and paramount.

CH3: RESPONSIBILITIES OFCH3: RESPONSIBILITIES OF ENGINEERS ENGINEERSa. Organization (Customers, a. Organization (Customers, Employees,Employees, Shareholders etc) Shareholders etc) - Organizational objectives, profit - Organizational objectives, profit and lossand loss and safety and safety b. Profession b. Profession - Codes of Ethics - Codes of Ethicsc. Societyc. Society - Protect the safety and well-being - Protect the safety and well-being of public of public d. Environmentd. Environment - Protect the environment and its - Protect the environment and its safety safety

Code of EthicsCode of EthicsAlso called:Also called: - Code of Professional Conduct- Code of Professional Conduct - Kod Etika Pertubuhan- Kod Etika Pertubuhan

Organisational Banner – PGSS-FKE Organisational Banner – PGSS-FKE

CH3: Code of Ethics (CodesCH3: Code of Ethics (Codes of Conduct) of Conduct)What is it?What is it?- It is - It is a framework for ethical judgment a framework for ethical judgment for a professionalfor a professional- It is - It is not a completely comprehensive guides not a completely comprehensive guides but canbut can serve a purpose for a professional to handle ethical serve a purpose for a professional to handle ethical situations he or she is likely to encounter in a coherent, situations he or she is likely to encounter in a coherent, comprehensive and accessible manner comprehensive and accessible manner- The - The commitments agreed on ethical conduct shared commitments agreed on ethical conduct shared by by members of a profession.members of a profession.

CH3: Code of Ethics (CodesCH3: Code of Ethics (Codes of Conduct) of Conduct)What is in it?What is in it?- It spells out the - It spells out the right, duties, right, duties, andand obligationsobligations of the members of the profession of the members of the profession

CH3: Code of Ethics (CodesCH3: Code of Ethics (Codes of Conduct) of Conduct)

In addition, the code is a guidelines that In addition, the code is a guidelines that

- Provide guidance and help professionals aware - Provide guidance and help professionals aware of the ethical contents of their work of the ethical contents of their work- Raise professional consciousness in an organization- Raise professional consciousness in an organization- Stimulate ethical behavior and on moral obligations- Stimulate ethical behavior and on moral obligations- Give moral, legal support to professionals- Give moral, legal support to professionals

DIFFERENCES BETWEEN COE AND LAW

2222

Contents Number of Items/Explanation

COE in textbook Page 158 - 163

Principles of Ethical Conduct

3

Revision on COE July 2007

Statement by NSPE Exec. Committee

With respect to US Supreme Court decision

on April 25, 1978

CH3: Example COE from CH3: Example COE from NSPENSPE

DIFFERENCES BETWEEN COE AND LAW

2323

Principles of Ethical Conduct

Number of Items

I. Fundamentals Canons 6

II. Rules of Practice5

III. Professional Obligations 9

CH3: NSPE – Principles of CH3: NSPE – Principles of Professional ConductProfessional Conduct

DIFFERENCES BETWEEN COE AND LAW

2424

1. Hold paramount the safety, health, and welfare of the public

2. Perform services only in areas of their competence

3. Issue public statements only in objective and truthful manners

4. Act for each employer or clients as faithful agents or trustees

5. Avoid deceptive acts

6. Conduct themselves honorably, responsibly, ethically, and lawfully so as to enhance the

honor, reputation, and usefulness of the profession

CH3: NSPE – Fundamental CH3: NSPE – Fundamental CanonsCanons

DIFFERENCES BETWEEN COE AND LAW

2525

CH3: Fundamental Canons - CH3: Fundamental Canons - ComparisonsComparisons

No. Fundamental Canons BEM IEEE ASME ASCE AICHE BES BEB BEI BEIn BEA

1 Hold paramount the safety, health and welfare of the public

X X X X X X X X X X

2 Perform services only in areas of their competence

X X X X X X O X X X

3 Issues public staement only in objective and truthful manner

X O X X X O O O O O

4 Act for each employer or client as faithful agents or trustees

X O X X X O X O X O

5 Avoid deceptive actsX O O X X X O X O O

6 Conduct themselves honorably, responsibly, ethically, and lawfully so as to enhance honor, reputation and usefulness of the profession

X X X X X X X X X X

CH3: Code of EthicsCH3: Code of Ethics

REGISTRATION OF ENGINEER REGISTRATION OF ENGINEER REGULATIONS 1990 REGULATIONS 1990 (Part IV - Code of Professional (Part IV - Code of Professional Conduct) – 10 items (Sections 23 to Conduct) – 10 items (Sections 23 to 33)33)

IEM Code Of Ethics - 8 itemsIEM Code Of Ethics - 8 items IEEE Code of Ethics – 10 itemsIEEE Code of Ethics – 10 items

REGISTRATION OF ENGINEER REGULATIONS 1990 REGISTRATION OF ENGINEER REGULATIONS 1990 (Part IV - (Part IV - Code of Professional Conduct)Code of Professional Conduct)

23. Every Registered Engineer shall at all times uphold the dignity, high 23. Every Registered Engineer shall at all times uphold the dignity, high standing and reputation of his profession.standing and reputation of his profession.24. A Registered Engineer in his responsibility to his employer, client or the 24. A Registered Engineer in his responsibility to his employer, client or the profession shall have full regard to the public interest.profession shall have full regard to the public interest.25. (1) A Registered Engineer shall discharge his duties to his employer25. (1) A Registered Engineer shall discharge his duties to his employer or client as the case may be with complete fidelity. or client as the case may be with complete fidelity. (2) Except with the permission of his employer, a Registered Engineer shall (2) Except with the permission of his employer, a Registered Engineer shall not accept any remuneration for services rendered other than from his not accept any remuneration for services rendered other than from his employer.employer.26. A registered Engineer shall not maliciously injure or attempt to maliciously 26. A registered Engineer shall not maliciously injure or attempt to maliciously injure whether directly or indirectly, the professional reputation, prospects or injure whether directly or indirectly, the professional reputation, prospects or business of another Registered Engineer.business of another Registered Engineer.27. A registered Engineer shall not;27. A registered Engineer shall not;(a) canvass or solicit professional employment(a) canvass or solicit professional employment(b)offer to make by way of commission or any other payment for the (b)offer to make by way of commission or any other payment for the introduction of his professional employment; orintroduction of his professional employment; or(c) except as permitted by the Board, advertise in any manner or form in (c) except as permitted by the Board, advertise in any manner or form in connection with his profession.connection with his profession.

28. A Professional Engineer in private practice shall not practice engineering 28. A Professional Engineer in private practice shall not practice engineering with any person whose registration has been cancelled.with any person whose registration has been cancelled.29. A Professional Engineer in private practice shall not be a medium of 29. A Professional Engineer in private practice shall not be a medium of payment made on his client’s behalf unless he is so requested by his client nor payment made on his client’s behalf unless he is so requested by his client nor shall he, in connection with work on which he is employed, place contracts or shall he, in connection with work on which he is employed, place contracts or orders except with the authority of and on behalf of his client.orders except with the authority of and on behalf of his client.30. A Professional Engineer in private practice shall not without the approval of 30. A Professional Engineer in private practice shall not without the approval of the Board enter into professional partnership with any person other than a the Board enter into professional partnership with any person other than a Professional Engineer in private practice, a Registered Architect, a Registered Professional Engineer in private practice, a Registered Architect, a Registered Quantity Surveyor or a Licensed Land Surveyor.Quantity Surveyor or a Licensed Land Surveyor.31. A Professional Engineer in private practice shall not directly or indirectly-31. A Professional Engineer in private practice shall not directly or indirectly- a. supplant or attempt to supplant another Professional Engineer in private a. supplant or attempt to supplant another Professional Engineer in private practice; practice; b. intervene or attempt to intervene in or in connection with engineering b. intervene or attempt to intervene in or in connection with engineering work of any kind which to his knowledge has already been entrusted to work of any kind which to his knowledge has already been entrusted to another Professional Engineer in private practice; or another Professional Engineer in private practice; or c. take over any work of that other Professional Engineer in private practice c. take over any work of that other Professional Engineer in private practice acting for the same client unless he has- acting for the same client unless he has-

i. obtained the consent of that other Engineer; or i. obtained the consent of that other Engineer; or ii. been formally notified by the client that the service of that other ii. been formally notified by the client that the service of that other

Engineer have been terminated in accordance with the provisions of Engineer have been terminated in accordance with the provisions of any contract entered into between that other Engineer and the client.any contract entered into between that other Engineer and the client.

32. (1) Except with the prior approval of the board, a Professional 32. (1) Except with the prior approval of the board, a Professional Engineer in private practice shall not be a director or executive Engineer in private practice shall not be a director or executive of or substantial shareholder in or agent for any contracting or of or substantial shareholder in or agent for any contracting or manufacturing company or firm or business related to building manufacturing company or firm or business related to building or engineering.or engineering.

(2) If such approval is given, such Professional Engineer shall not (2) If such approval is given, such Professional Engineer shall not undertake any contract work wherein he is engaged as a undertake any contract work wherein he is engaged as a consulting engineer in such project unless it is in respect of a consulting engineer in such project unless it is in respect of a “design and build” project.“design and build” project.

33. Every Registered Engineer while acting in his professional capacity 33. Every Registered Engineer while acting in his professional capacity shall disclose in writing to his client of the fact if he is a director or shall disclose in writing to his client of the fact if he is a director or member of a substantial shareholder in or agent for any contracting or member of a substantial shareholder in or agent for any contracting or manufacturing company or firm or business or has any financial manufacturing company or firm or business or has any financial interest in any such company or firm or business, with which he deals interest in any such company or firm or business, with which he deals

on behalf of his client.on behalf of his client.

IEM Code Of EthicsIEM Code Of Ethics

1. members shall at all times place their responsibility for the welfare, health and1. members shall at all times place their responsibility for the welfare, health and safety of the community before their responsibility to sectional private interests, safety of the community before their responsibility to sectional private interests, or to other members or to other members2. members shall act in order to merit the trust of the community and membership2. members shall act in order to merit the trust of the community and membership in the honour, integrity and dignity of the members and the profession in the honour, integrity and dignity of the members and the profession3. members shall offer services, or advise on or undertake engineering3. members shall offer services, or advise on or undertake engineering assignments, only in areas of their competence and shall practice in a careful assignments, only in areas of their competence and shall practice in a careful and diligent manner and diligent manner4. members shall act with fairness, honesty and in good faith towards all in the4. members shall act with fairness, honesty and in good faith towards all in the community including clients, employers and colleagues community including clients, employers and colleagues5. members shall apply their skill knowledge in the interest employer or client for5. members shall apply their skill knowledge in the interest employer or client for whom they shall act as faithful agents or advisers, without compromising the whom they shall act as faithful agents or advisers, without compromising the welfare, health and the safety of the community welfare, health and the safety of the community6. members shall take all responsible steps to inform themselves, their clients and6. members shall take all responsible steps to inform themselves, their clients and employers and the community of the social and environmental consequences of employers and the community of the social and environmental consequences of the actions and projects in which they are involved the actions and projects in which they are involved7. members shall express opinions, make statements or give evidence with7. members shall express opinions, make statements or give evidence with fairness and honesty and on the basis of adequate knowledge fairness and honesty and on the basis of adequate knowledge8. members shall continue to develop relevant knowledge, skill and expertise8. members shall continue to develop relevant knowledge, skill and expertise throughout their careers and shall actively assist and encourage those under throughout their careers and shall actively assist and encourage those under their direction to do likewise, and members shall not assist, induce or be their direction to do likewise, and members shall not assist, induce or be involved in a breach of these tenets and shall support those who seek to uphold involved in a breach of these tenets and shall support those who seek to uphold them them

IEEE Code of EthicsIEEE Code of Ethics We, the members of IEEE, in recognition of the importance of our technologies We, the members of IEEE, in recognition of the importance of our technologies affecting affecting the quality of lifethe quality of life throughout the world, and in accepting a personal obligation to our throughout the world, and in accepting a personal obligation to our profession, its members and the communities we serve, do hereby commit our selves to profession, its members and the communities we serve, do hereby commit our selves to the highest ethical and professional conductthe highest ethical and professional conduct and agree: and agree:1. To accept responsibility in making Engineering decisions consistent with the safety,1. To accept responsibility in making Engineering decisions consistent with the safety, health, and welfare of the public, and to disclose promptly factors that might endanger health, and welfare of the public, and to disclose promptly factors that might endanger the public or the environment. the public or the environment.2. to avoid real or perceived conflicts of interest whenever possible, and to disclose them2. to avoid real or perceived conflicts of interest whenever possible, and to disclose them to effected parties when they do exist; to effected parties when they do exist;3. to be honest and realistic in stating claims or estimates based on available data;3. to be honest and realistic in stating claims or estimates based on available data;4. to reject bribery in all its forms;4. to reject bribery in all its forms;5. to improve the understanding of technology, its appropriate application, and potential5. to improve the understanding of technology, its appropriate application, and potential consequences; consequences;6. to maintain and improve our technical competence and to undertake technological6. to maintain and improve our technical competence and to undertake technological tasks for others only if qualified by training or experience, or after full disclosure of tasks for others only if qualified by training or experience, or after full disclosure of pertinent limitations; pertinent limitations;7. to seek, accept, and offer honest criticism of technical work, to acknowledge and7. to seek, accept, and offer honest criticism of technical work, to acknowledge and correct errors, and to credit properly the contributions of others; correct errors, and to credit properly the contributions of others;8. to treat fairly all persons regardless of such factors as race, religion, gender, disability,8. to treat fairly all persons regardless of such factors as race, religion, gender, disability, age, or national origin; age, or national origin;9. to avoid injuring others, their property, reputation, or employment by false or malicious9. to avoid injuring others, their property, reputation, or employment by false or malicious action; action;10. to assists colleagues and co-workers in their professional development and to10. to assists colleagues and co-workers in their professional development and to support them in following this code of ethics. support them in following this code of ethics.

CH3: Text Engineering Ethics CH3: Text Engineering Ethics by Fleddermann: Contentsby Fleddermann: ContentsCHAPTER 1 – INTRODUCTION & The CHAPTER 1 – INTRODUCTION & The Space Shuttle Challenger AccidentSpace Shuttle Challenger AccidentPresents role of the engineer when safety Presents role of the engineer when safety issues are concern. issues are concern.

CHAPTER 2 – PROFESSIONALISM AND CHAPTER 2 – PROFESSIONALISM AND CODE OF ETHICSCODE OF ETHICSCriteria to determine professional and non-Criteria to determine professional and non-professional job. professional job. The professionalismThe professionalismDefine code of ethics, Define code of ethics, elements of COE elements of COE

CHAPTER 3CHAPTER 3 – UNDERSTANDING – UNDERSTANDING ETHICAL PROBLEMSETHICAL PROBLEMSEthical theories: Utilitarianism, Duty Ethical theories: Utilitarianism, Duty ethics, Rights ethics and Virtue ethicsethics, Rights ethics and Virtue ethics

CH3: Text Engineering Ethics CH3: Text Engineering Ethics by Fleddermann: Contents by Fleddermann: Contents (Cont…)(Cont…)

CHAPTER 4CHAPTER 4 – ETHICAL PROBLEM – ETHICAL PROBLEM SOLVING TECHNIQUESSOLVING TECHNIQUESEthical issues (factual, conceptual and Ethical issues (factual, conceptual and moral)moral)Ethical problem solving techniques: Line Ethical problem solving techniques: Line Drawing and Flow Charting.Drawing and Flow Charting.

CH3: Text Engineering Ethics CH3: Text Engineering Ethics by Fleddermann: Contents by Fleddermann: Contents (Cont…)(Cont…)

CHAPTER 5CHAPTER 5 - RISK, SAFETY - RISK, SAFETY AND ACCIDENTSAND ACCIDENTS- Risk – Define and know its 6 types- Risk – Define and know its 6 types -Accidents – Define and know its 3 types: Accidents – Define and know its 3 types: procedural, engineered and systemicprocedural, engineered and systemic

- 6 steps for designing for safety- 6 steps for designing for safety

- Criteria to ensure a safe design (5 - Criteria to ensure a safe design (5 criteria): criteria): (1) Minimum requirement a design must (1) Minimum requirement a design must comply with the applicable law, comply with the applicable law, (2) Design must meet acceptable (2) Design must meet acceptable engineering practice, engineering practice, (3) Safer alternative design must be (3) Safer alternative design must be explored, explored, (4) Engineer must foresee potential misuse (4) Engineer must foresee potential misuse of the product by the consumers, and find of the product by the consumers, and find solution to avoid it.solution to avoid it.(5) Test the product rigorously(5) Test the product rigorously

CH3: Text Engineering Ethics CH3: Text Engineering Ethics by Fleddermann: Contents by Fleddermann: Contents (Cont…)(Cont…)CHAPTER 6CHAPTER 6 – THE RIGHTS AND – THE RIGHTS AND RESPONSIBILITIES OF RESPONSIBILITIES OF ENGINEERSENGINEERSRights and professional responsibilities of Rights and professional responsibilities of engineersengineersWhistle blowingWhistle blowing

CHAPTER 7CHAPTER 7 – ETHICS IN – ETHICS IN RESEARCH AND RESEARCH AND EXPERIMENTATIONEXPERIMENTATIONMajor issues in research: Honesty in Major issues in research: Honesty in approaching or formulating the research approaching or formulating the research problem and honesty in reporting the problem and honesty in reporting the resultsresultsPathological sciencePathological science

CHAPTER 8CHAPTER 8 – DOING THE RIGHT – DOING THE RIGHT THINGTHINGHow to go about doing the right thing How to go about doing the right thing

Thank youThank you