149

Appendix 13

Miscellaneous Chemical Information

Conversion | Quantum | Gas Laws | Fpt-Bpt | VSEPR | Solubility | Solution | Colligative |

Equilibrium | Acid-Base | Kinetics | Thermo-Electro | Inorganic | Organic | Periodic Table Conversion information

System Pressure: LENGTH: VOLUME MASS Temperature English: 760 mmHg = 14.7 psi

1 atm = 101.3 KPa 1 ft = 12 in 1 mile = 5280 ft

1 gal = 4 qt 32oz = 1 qt 1 qt = 57.75 in3

1 lb = 16 oz 1 ton = 2000lb

SI- English:

1 atm = 760 torr 1atm = 760 mmHg

1 in = 2.54 cm 1 mi = 1.609 km

1 L = 1.057 qt 1 qt = 0.946 L

1 lb = 453.6 g 1 oz = 28.35 g

Misc. info 1 J = 1 kg m2 / s2 1 mole = 6.02•1023 Density H2O: 1.0 g/mL

Quantum Equations Electromagnetic Radiation

, h = 6.63 • 10 -34 J•s , c = 3.0 •108 m/s

Energy for H-like atom

Rydberg Equation

RH(E) = 2.18 • 10-18 J RH (l) = 1.097 • 107 m-1

Gas law equations

Ideal Gas Law PV = nRT

Real Gas Vander Waal Equation

STP P = 1 atm, T = 0°C, 1mole = 22.4 L Dalton's Law of Partial Pressure PT = Pa + Pb + Pc + ... .

Pa = ca • PT Pb = cb • PT .ca = na / nT cb = nb / nT Speed of Gas particles

Graham's Law of effusion

Calorimetry qp = DH = m Cs DT where DT = Tf - Ti, Cs (H2O) = 4.184 J/g•K

TF= 1.8T

C+32

T C=(T

F−32)

1.8

E = h •ν = h cλ

E = Z 2 Rh

1n2

!

"##

$

%&&

ΔE = RH 1ni2

- 1nf2

"

#

$$

%

&

''

1λ= R

H (λ) 1ni2

- 1nf2

!

"

##

$

%

&&

Denstiy(D) = m • Pn R T

, m= mass R = 0.08206 L • atmmol • K

P+ a •n2

V2

!

"##

$

%&& V-n•b( )= nRT

PT=

(na+n

b+n

c+...)R •T

VT

KE= 12

mu2 urms

=3RTM

R = 8.314 Jmol • K

ratea

rateb

=time

b

timea

=M

b

Ma

150

Valence Shell Electron-Pair Repulsion Theory (VSEPR) e-

Domain

AEn Electronic Geometry Bond atoms

Lone - pairs

AEnBm Molecular Geometry Bond angle Hybrid

Examples

2 AE2

Linear

2 0 AB2 Linear

180° sp

BeH2

CO2

3

AE3 Trigonal

3 0 AB3

Trigonal

120°

sp2

BF3 BCl3

2 1 AB2E

Bent

< 120°

sp2

NO2

4

AE4

Tetrahedral

4 0 AB4

Tetrahedral

109.5°

sp3

CH4

NH4+

3 1 AB3E

Pyramidal

< 109.5°

sp3

NH3

2 2 AB2E2

Bent

< 109.5°

sp3

H2O

5

AE5

Trig Bipyramidal

5 0 AB5

Trig Bipyramidal

180° 120° 90°

sp3d

P I5

4 1 AB4E

See-saw

180° 90° <120°

sp3d

S F4

3 2 AB3E2

T-shape

180° 90°

sp3d

Cl F3

2 3 AB2E3

Linear

180°

sp3d

Xe F2

6

AE6

Octahedral

6 0 AB6

Octahedral

90°

sp3d2

S F6

5 1 AB5E

Square Pyramidal

90° < 90°

sp3d2

Br F5

4 2 AB4E2

Square planar

90°

sp3d2

Xe F4

EE A B A B

EE

EA B A

B

B

AB

B

..

A EEE

E

BA

BB

B

BA

BB

..

AB

B..

..

A EEE

E

E

B A B

B

B

B

A B

B

B

B

... .A B

B

B

....

. .AB

B

..

E EEA

E

EE

B A B

B

B

BB

B A B

BB

B

..

B A B

BB ..

. .

151

Boiling Points of Liquids Liquid Boiling Point

(°C) 1 Acetone 56.5 2 Carbon disulfide 46.3 3 Carbon tetrachloride 76.8 4 Chloroform 61.3 5 Ethanol 78.5 6 Ether 34.6 7 Methanol 64.6 8 Water 100.0

Solubility rules

Soluble substances with - Exceptions Insoluble substances with - Exceptions

(NO3-) (ClO3-)

(ClO4-) (CH3COO-)

None

(S2-), (CO32-),

(CrO42-), (PO4

3-)

Grp1A, NH4+

X- = Cl-, Br-, I- Ag, Hg, Pb (OH-) Grp1A, NH4+, Sr, Ba, Ca

(SO42-) Sr, Ca, Ba, Hg, Pb Soluble - dissolve, no precipitate (aq -phase)

Alkali & NH4+ None insoluble (or slightly soluble) - does not dissolve,

precipitate forms. (s-phase)

Solubility Table

C2H3O2- AsO4 3- Br - CO3 2- Cl - CrO4 2- OH - I - NO3 - C2O4 2- O 2- PO4 3- SO4 2- S 2- SO3 2-

Al +3 S I S - S - I S S - I I S d -

NH4 + S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S

Ba 2+ S I S I S I s S S I s S S S S

Bi 3+ - s d I d - I I d I I s d I -

Ca 2+ S I S I S S I S S I I I I d I

Co 2+ S I S I S I I S S I I I S I I

Cu 2+ S I S I S I I - S I I I S I -

Fe 2+ S I S s S - I S S I I I S I s

Fe 3+ I I S I S - I - S S I I S I -

Pb 2+ S I I I I I I I S I I I I I I

Mg 2+ S d S I S S I S S I I I S d s

Hg 2+ S I I I S s I I S I I I d I -

K + S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S

Ag + s I I I I I - I S I I I I I I

Na + S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S

Zn 2+ S I S I S I I S S I I I S I I

S = Soluble in water I = Insoluble in water (less than 1 g./100 g H2O) s = slightly soluble in water d = Decomposes in water

152

Solution and Concentration equations: Concentrations M, molarity = moles solute / liter solution

N , normality = eq solute / liter solution m , molality = moles solute / Kg solvent % m, percent by mass = (mass solute / mass solution)*100 c , mole fraction = moles a / moles a + moles b ...

Solution Dilution C1V1 = C2V2 (moles before dilution = moles after dilution)

Solubility and Colligative Properties

Pressure effects; Henry's Law P = c / k where c = solubility Raoult's Law Psolv = P csolvent • P°solvent DPsolv = P°solv - Psolv = Psolute • P°solv

Boiling Point Elevation DTb = m Kb

Freezing Point Depression DTf = m Kf

Osmotic Pressure P = MRT (R = 0.08206 L•atm / mol•K) Van't Hoff Factor i

Equilibrium

Equilibrium constant Kp & Kc Kp = Kc(RT)Dn Kc = Kp(RT)-Dn

Quadratic Eqn : ax2 + bx + c = 0

Acid Base

pX and [X] Relationship pH = -log [H3O+] pOH = -log [OH-] pKa = -log [Ka]

[H3O+]= 10-pH [OH-]= 10-pOH [Ka]= 10-pKa Kw Kw = 1•10-14 @ 25°C Kw = Ka•Kb 14 = pH + pOH Henderson - Hasselbalch Equation

pH = pKa + log [Cb/Ca] pOH = pKb + log [Ca/Cb]

i =moles particles solution (expt)

moles solute dissolved (calculated conc)

x = −b± b2 − 4ac2a

153

Kinetics Rates of Reaction Rate = D[A] /D t = - D [react] /D t = D [prod] /Dt

Rate laws (Order of reaction)

Initial rate = k [A]x [B]y [C]z ...

Overall order = x + y + z + ...

Conc. vs. Time

dependence

Equations

Graph Relationship

Zeroth Order rate = k

[A] = [A]o - kt Conc. vs. Time c straight line.

Half life; t1/2 = [A]o / 2 k

First Order rate = k [A]

[A]= [A]o exp {- kt)

Ln[A] = Ln[A]o - kt

Ln[Conc.] vs. Time c straight line

Half life; t1/2 = 0.693 / k

Second Order rate = k [A]2 or k [A] [B]

1/[A] = 1/[A]o + kt

1/[Conc.] vs. Time c straight line

Half life; t1/2 = 1 / k [A]o

Temperature vs. Rate

dependence

k= A exp {-Ea /RT}

Ln(k) = Ln(A) - (Ea/R)•1/T

Ln(k) vs. 1/T c straight line.

Thermodynamics - Electrochemistry

Thermodynamics Standard Conditions: 1 atm, 25°C Universe = surroundings + system State Function (X) where X = E, H, S or G DXrxn = S n DX°prod - S n DX°react w = -P DV DE = q + w DH = DE + P DV DH = qp

DS°univ = DS°surr + DS°sys

DS°surr = - DH°sys / T DG = DH - TDS DG = DG° + RT Ln(Q) DG° = - RT Ln(Keq) Keq = exp {-DG° /RT}

Ln(Keq) = (DS°/ R) - (DH°/ RT)

Cell Potential, DG and Keq DG = - nFE DG° = - nFE° E° = (0.05916 / n ) log Keq E°cell = E°red(cathode) - E°red(anode) E°cell = E°red + E°ox Cell concentration and the Nernst equation E° = (RT/ nF) Ln(Keq) E° = (0.05916/ n) log(Keq)

E = E° - (0.05916 / n) log(Q) 2H2O (l) + 2e- g H2 (g) + 2OH- (aq)

E° = - 0.83 V O2(g) + 4H+ (aq) + 2e- g 2H2O (l) E° = +1.23V

Constants R = 8.314 J / mol•K

F = 96,485 C / mol e-

154

Inorganic Spectro-chemical Series: I-- < Br- < Cl- < NO3- < F- < CO32- < OH- < C2O4

2- < H2O < NH3 = en < NO2- < phen < bpy < SCN- < CN- < CO < ppy- f Weak Field Ligands Strong Field Ligands g

Bidentate Ligands

phen bpy ppy -

Abbreviation Ox2- (oxalato), en (ethylenediamine), phen (1,10-phenathroline), ppy – (2-phenylpyridine), bpy (2,2’-bipyridine), EDTA (ethylenediaminetetraacetate)

Color Wheel

Organic: Nomenclature

155

Periodic Table

1

IA

18 VIIIA

1 1 H

1.00797

2

IIA

13

IIIA

14

IVA

15 VA

16

VIA

17

VIIA

2 He

4.0026

2 3 Li

6.939

4 Be

9.0122

5 B

10.811

6 C

12.0112

7 N

14.0067

8 O

15.9994

9 F

18.9984

10 Ne

20.179

3 11 Na

22.9898

12 Mg

24.305

3

IIIB

4

IVB

5

VB

6

VIB

7

VIIB

8

9

VIIIB

10

11 IB

12

IIB

13 Al

26.9815

14 Si

28.086

15 P

30.9738

16 S

32.064

17 Cl

35.453

18 Ar

39.948

4 19 K

39.102

20 Ca

40.08

21 Sc

44.956

22 Ti

47.90

23 V

50.942

24 Cr

51.996

25 Mn

54.9380

26 Fe

55.847

27 Co

58.9332

28 Ni

58.71

29 Cu

63.54

30 Zn

65.37

31 Ga

65.37

32 Ge

72.59

33 As

74.9216

34 Se

78.96

35 Br

79.909

36 Kr

83.80

5 37 Rb

85.47

38 Sr

87.62

39 Y

88.905

40 Zr

91.22

41 Nb

92.906

42 Mo

95.94

43 Tc [99]

44 Ru

101.07

45 Rh

102.905

46 Pd

106.4

47 Ag

107.870

48 Cd

112.40

49 In

114.82

50 Sn

118.69

51 Sb

121.75

52 Te

127.60

53 I

126.904

54 Xe

131.30

6 55 Cs

132.905

56 Ba

137.34

57 * La

138.91

72 Hf

178.49

73 Ta

180.948

74 W

183.85

75 Re

186.2

76 Os

190.2

77 Ir

192.2

78 Pt

195.09

79 Au

197.0

80 Hg

200.59

81 Tl

204.37

82 Pb

207.19

83 Bi

208.980

84 Po

[210]

85 At

[210]

86 Rn

[222]

7 87 Fr

[223]

88 Ra

[226]

89 ‡ Ac

[227]

104 Rf

[261]

105 Db

[262]

106 Sg

[263]

107 Bh

[262]

108 Hs

[265]

109 Mt

[266]

110

[269]

111

[272]

112

[277]

* Lanthanide Series

58 Ce

140.115

59 Pr

140.9077

60 Nd

144.24

61 Pm (145)

62 Sm

150.368

63 Eu

151.965

64 Gd

157.25

65 Tb

158.9254

66 Dy

162.50

67 Ho

164.9303

68 Er

167.26

69 Tm

168.9342

70 Yb

173.04

71 Lu

174.967

‡ Actinide Series

90 Th

232.0381

91 Pa

231.0359

92 U

238.0289

93 Np

237.048

94 Pu

[244]

95 Am [260]

96 Cm

[247]

97 Bk

[247]

98 Cf

[251]

99 Es

[252]

100 Fm

[257]

101 Md [258]

102 No

[259]

103 Lr

[260]

Links to Periodic Table on the Web: 1. http://www.webelements.com/ 2. http://pearl1.lanl.gov/periodic/default.htm 3. http://www.chemicalelements.com/ 4. http://chemlab.pc.maricopa.edu/periodic/periodic.html 5. http://www.chemsoc.org/viselements/ Useful Chemistry Links 1. Vernier Download Page: http://www.vernier.com/downloads/index.html