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Mary Ellen Guffey, Business English, 8e Ch. 7 - 2
Objectives• Make personal pronouns agree with
their antecedents in number and gender.
• Understand the traditional use of common gender and be able to use its alternatives with sensitivity.
Pronouns and Antecedents
Mary Ellen Guffey, Business English, 8e Ch. 7 - 3
• Make personal pronouns agree with subjects joined by or or nor.
• Make personal pronouns agree with indefinite pronouns, collective nouns, and organization names.
• Understand the functions of who and whom.
• Follow a three-step plan in selecting who or whom.
Pronouns and Antecedents
Mary Ellen Guffey, Business English, 8e Ch. 7 - 4
• A pronoun substituting for a noun must agree with that noun (its antecedent) in number (singular or plural) and gender (masculine, feminine, or neuter).
Pronouns and Antecedents
Mary Ellen Guffey, Business English, 8e Ch. 7 - 5
Clear Reference• Do not use pronouns unless the person or
thing referred to, the antecedent, is clear.
Don told Andrew that he was eligible. ^ antecedent = ?
In some restaurants they demand coats and ties. ^ antecedent = ?
Pronouns and Antecedents
Mary Ellen Guffey, Business English, 8e Ch. 7 - 6
Number Agreement• Pronouns must agree in number with the
nouns they represent.
One member of the girls’ team forgot her shoes. \______/ <-------antecedent----------------- \__/
Several candidates were given their tests at once.
\_________/<-antecedent--\___/
Pronouns and Antecedents
Mary Ellen Guffey, Business English, 8e Ch. 7 - 7
Plural Pronoun Agreement• If a pronoun refers to two nouns joined
by and, the pronoun must be plural.
The manager and the team discussed their plans. \_______/----------------\___/<-antecedents-\__/
Pronouns and Antecedents
Mary Ellen Guffey, Business English, 8e Ch. 7 - 8
Antecedent Location• Disregard phrases that come between
the pronoun and the word to which it refers.
Judy Ehresman, along with several staff members, took her vacation in August.
Pronouns and Antecedents
Mary Ellen Guffey, Business English, 8e Ch. 7 - 9
Antecedent Location• Disregard phrases that come between
the pronoun and the word to which it refers.
Judy Ehresman, along with several staff members, took her vacation in August.
Pronouns and Antecedents
Mary Ellen Guffey, Business English, 8e Ch. 7 - 10
Antecedent Location• Disregard phrases that come between
the pronoun and the word to which it refers.
One of the male employees had his merit review.
Pronouns and Antecedents
Mary Ellen Guffey, Business English, 8e Ch. 7 - 11
Antecedent Location• Disregard phrases that come between
the pronoun and the word to which it refers.
One of the male employees had his merit review.
Pronouns and Antecedents
Mary Ellen Guffey, Business English, 8e Ch. 7 - 12
Gender Agreement• Gender refers to whether a noun is
masculine (male), feminine (female), or neuter (neither male nor female).
Pronouns and Antecedents
Mary Ellen Guffey, Business English, 8e Ch. 7 - 13
• Pronouns must agree in gender with their antecedents.
Mrs. Cortez happily gave her approval. \___________/<----feminine---\__/
Jim hastened to park his car. \__/<------masculine--------\__/
Our office formerly had its own lunch room. \____/<------neuter-------\_/
Pronouns and Antecedents
Mary Ellen Guffey, Business English, 8e Ch. 7 - 14
Sexist Pronouns• In the past when the gender of the
antecedent was unknown, the use of common-gender, or masculine, pronouns was accepted. Sensitive writers today may wish to avoid common-gender pronouns, which sound sexist to some.
A student has his rights.
Pronouns and Antecedents
Mary Ellen Guffey, Business English, 8e Ch. 7 - 15
Pronouns and Antecedents
Common GenderEvery worker is trained for his job.
AlternativesAll workers are trained for their jobs.
Every worker is trained for a job.
Every worker is trained for his or her job.
Mary Ellen Guffey, Business English, 8e Ch. 7 - 16
Or and Nor• When antecedents are joined by or or
nor, the pronoun should agree with the antecedent closer to it.
Either Matthew or Kevin offered his seat.
Pronoun-Antecedent Agreement Problems
Mary Ellen Guffey, Business English, 8e Ch. 7 - 17
Or and Nor• When antecedents are joined by or or
nor, the pronoun should agree with the antecedent closer to it.
Either Matthew or Kevin offered his seat. ^closer antecedent
Pronoun-Antecedent Agreement Problems
Mary Ellen Guffey, Business English, 8e Ch. 7 - 18
Or and Nor• When antecedents are joined by or or
nor, the pronoun should agree with the antecedent closer to it.
Neither the supervisor nor the workers expected to see their salaries increased this year.
Pronoun-Antecedent Agreement Problems
Mary Ellen Guffey, Business English, 8e Ch. 7 - 19
Or and Nor• When antecedents are joined by or or
nor, the pronoun should agree with the antecedent closer to it.
Neither the supervisor nor the workers expected to see their salaries increased this year.
Pronoun-Antecedent Agreement Problems
Mary Ellen Guffey, Business English, 8e Ch. 7 - 20
Indefinite Pronouns• When pronouns function as
antecedents, some indefinite pronouns are always singular and others are always plural.
Pronoun-Antecedent Agreement Problems
Mary Ellen Guffey, Business English, 8e Ch. 7 - 21
Singular Indefinite Pronounsanybody everythinganyone neitheranything nobodyeach no oneeither somebodyeveryone someone
Pronoun-Antecedent Agreement Problems
Mary Ellen Guffey, Business English, 8e Ch. 7 - 22
Plural Indefinite Pronouns both
few many several
Pronoun-Antecedent Agreement Problems
Mary Ellen Guffey, Business English, 8e Ch. 7 - 23
Indefinite PronounsEveryone in the men’s chorus wore his robe.
^singular indefinite pronoun
Somebody left his or her car lights on. ^singular indefinite pronoun
A few have their own Web sites. ^plural indefinite pronoun
Pronoun-Antecedent Agreement Problems
Mary Ellen Guffey, Business English, 8e Ch. 7 - 24
Collective Nouns• Words such as jury, faculty, committee,
and group are considered singular when they function as a unit.
The faculty turned its attention to salary issues. ^singular collective noun
The steering committee must give its approval. ^singular collective noun
Pronoun-Antecedent Agreement Problems
Mary Ellen Guffey, Business English, 8e Ch. 7 - 25
Pronoun-Antecedent Agreement Problems
The jury were divided in their opinions. ^plural collective noun
The jury members were divided in their opinions.
(Improved version.)
Mary Ellen Guffey, Business English, 8e Ch. 7 - 26
Company and Organization Names• These antecedents are generally
considered singular.
Pacific Air is expanding its Asian routes. \ singular /
Sloan & Simpson changed its name. \ singular /
Pronoun-Antecedent Agreement Problems
Mary Ellen Guffey, Business English, 8e Ch. 7 - 27
Each, Every, and Many a(n)• If these limiting adjectives describe
compound nouns, the antecedent is considered to be singular.
Every mother and daughter had received her invitation to the banquet.
Many an intern and new employee values his or her computer training.
Pronoun-Antecedent Agreement Problems
Mary Ellen Guffey, Business English, 8e Ch. 7 - 28
Case• Who and whoever are nominative
case forms and are used as subjects and subject complements.
• Whom and whomever are objective case forms and are used as objects of verbs and prepositions.
Advanced Pronoun Usage: Who/Whom
Mary Ellen Guffey, Business English, 8e Ch. 7 - 29
Who/Whom ProcedureFollow these steps in selecting who or whom:1. Isolate the who/whom clause.
2. Invert the clause, if necessary, to restore normal subject-verb-object order.
3. Substitute he for who or him for whom.
4. Equate.
5. Complete the clause.
Advanced Pronoun Usage: Who/Whom
Mary Ellen Guffey, Business English, 8e Ch. 7 - 30
Example: He is the one who/whom we want.
1. Isolate clause:
2. Invert:
3. Substitute:
4. Equate:
5. Complete:
Advanced Pronoun Usage: Who/Whom
Mary Ellen Guffey, Business English, 8e Ch. 7 - 31
Example: He is the one who/whom we want.
1. Isolate clause: who/whom we want
2. Invert:
3. Substitute:
4. Equate:
5. Complete:
Advanced Pronoun Usage: Who/Whom
Mary Ellen Guffey, Business English, 8e Ch. 7 - 32
Example: He is the one who/whom we want.
1. Isolate clause: who/whom we want
2. Invert: we want who/whom
3. Substitute:
4. Equate:
5. Complete:
Advanced Pronoun Usage: Who/Whom
Mary Ellen Guffey, Business English, 8e Ch. 7 - 33
Example: He is the one who/whom we want.
1. Isolate clause: who/whom we want
2. Invert: we want whom
3. Substitute: we want he/him
4. Equate:
5. Complete:
Advanced Pronoun Usage: Who/Whom
Mary Ellen Guffey, Business English, 8e Ch. 7 - 34
Example: He is the one who/whom we want.
1. Isolate clause: who/whom we want
2. Invert: we want whom
3. Substitute: we want he/him
4. Equate:
5. Complete:
Advanced Pronoun Usage: Who/Whom
Mary Ellen Guffey, Business English, 8e Ch. 7 - 35
Example: He is the one who/whom we want.
1. Isolate clause: who/whom we want
2. Invert: we want whom
3. Substitute: we want him
4. Equate: we want whom
5. Complete:
Advanced Pronoun Usage: Who/Whom
Mary Ellen Guffey, Business English, 8e Ch. 7 - 36
Advanced Pronoun Usage: Who/Whom
Example: He is the one who/whom we want.
1. Isolate clause: who/whom we want
2. Invert: we want whom
3. Substitute: we want him
4. Equate: we want whom
5. Complete: He is the one whom we want.
Mary Ellen Guffey, Business English, 8e Ch. 7 - 37
Select the correct pronoun.
He is the applicant (who/whom) applied last week.
1. Isolate clause:
2. Invert:
3. Substitute:
4. Equate:
5. Complete:
Check your skill . . .
Mary Ellen Guffey, Business English, 8e Ch. 7 - 38
Select the correct pronoun.
He is the applicant (who/whom) applied last week.
1. Isolate clause: (who/whom) applied last week
2. Invert:
3. Substitute:
4. Equate:
5. Complete:
Check your skill . . .
Mary Ellen Guffey, Business English, 8e Ch. 7 - 39
Select the correct pronoun.
He is the applicant (who/whom) applied last week.
1. Isolate clause: (who/whom) applied last week
2. Invert: (who/whom) applied last week
3. Substitute:
4. Equate:
5. Complete:
Check your skill . . .
Mary Ellen Guffey, Business English, 8e Ch. 7 - 40
Select the correct pronoun.
He is the applicant (who/whom) applied last week.
1. Isolate clause: (who/whom) applied last week
2. Invert: (who/whom) applied last week
3. Substitute: he/him applied last week
4. Equate:
5. Complete:
Check your skill . . .
Mary Ellen Guffey, Business English, 8e Ch. 7 - 41
Select the correct pronoun.
He is the applicant (who/whom) applied last week.
1. Isolate clause: (who/whom) applied last week
2. Invert: (who/whom) applied last week
3. Substitute: he/him applied last week
4. Equate:
5. Complete:
Check your skill . . .
Mary Ellen Guffey, Business English, 8e Ch. 7 - 42
Select the correct pronoun.
He is the applicant (who/whom) applied last week.
1. Isolate clause: (who/whom) applied last week
2. Invert: (who/whom) applied last week
3. Substitute: he/him applied last week
4. Equate: who applied last week
5. Complete:
Check your skill . . .
Mary Ellen Guffey, Business English, 8e Ch. 7 - 43
Select the correct pronoun.
He is the applicant (who/whom) applied last week.
1. Isolate clause: (who/whom) applied last week
2. Invert: (who/whom) applied last week
3. Substitute: he/him applied last week
4. Equate: who applied last week
5. Complete: He is the applicant who applied last week.
Check your skill . . .
Mary Ellen Guffey, Business English, 8e Ch. 7 - 44
Select the correct pronoun.
He is the old friend (who/whom) could not come.
1. Isolate clause:
2. Invert:
3. Substitute:
4. Equate:
5. Complete:
Check your skill . . .
Mary Ellen Guffey, Business English, 8e Ch. 7 - 45
Select the correct pronoun.
He is the old friend (who/whom) could not come.
1. Isolate clause: (who/whom) could not come
2. Invert:
3. Substitute:
4. Equate:
5. Complete:
Check your skill . . .
Mary Ellen Guffey, Business English, 8e Ch. 7 - 46
Select the correct pronoun.
He is the old friend (who/whom) could not come.
1. Isolate clause: (who/whom) could not come
2. Invert: (who/whom) could not come
3. Substitute:
4. Equate:
5. Complete:
Check your skill . . .
Mary Ellen Guffey, Business English, 8e Ch. 7 - 47
Select the correct pronoun.
He is the old friend (who/whom) could not come.
1. Isolate clause: (who/whom) could not come
2. Invert: (who/whom) could not come
3. Substitute: he/him could not come
4. Equate:
5. Complete:
Check your skill . . .
Mary Ellen Guffey, Business English, 8e Ch. 7 - 48
Select the correct pronoun.
He is the old friend (who/whom) could not come.
1. Isolate clause: (who/whom) could not come
2. Invert: (who/whom) could not come
3. Substitute: he/him could not come
4. Equate:
5. Complete:
Check your skill . . .
Mary Ellen Guffey, Business English, 8e Ch. 7 - 49
Select the correct pronoun.
He is the old friend (who/whom) could not come.
1. Isolate clause: (who/whom) could not come
2. Invert: (who/whom) could not come
3. Substitute: he/him could not come
4. Equate: who could not come
5. Complete:
Check your skill . . .
Mary Ellen Guffey, Business English, 8e Ch. 7 - 50
Select the correct pronoun.
He is the old friend (who/whom) could not come.
1. Isolate clause: (who/whom) could not come
2. Invert: (who/whom) could not come
3. Substitute: he/him could not come
4. Equate: who could not come
5. Complete: He is the old friend who could not come.
Check your skill . . .
Mary Ellen Guffey, Business English, 8e Ch. 7 - 51
Select the correct pronoun.
Did the visitor say (who/whom) she wanted to see?
1. Isolate clause:
2. Invert:
3. Substitute:
4. Equate:
5. Complete:
Check your skill . . .
Mary Ellen Guffey, Business English, 8e Ch. 7 - 52
Select the correct pronoun.
Did the visitor say (who/whom) she wanted to see?
1. Isolate clause: who/whom she wanted to see
2. Invert:
3. Substitute:
4. Equate:
5. Complete:
Check your skill . . .
Mary Ellen Guffey, Business English, 8e Ch. 7 - 53
Select the correct pronoun.
Did the visitor say (who/whom) she wanted to see?
1. Isolate clause: who/whom she wanted to see
2. Invert: she wanted to see who/whom
3. Substitute:
4. Equate:
5. Complete:
Check your skill . . .
Mary Ellen Guffey, Business English, 8e Ch. 7 - 54
Select the correct pronoun.
Did the visitor say (who/whom) she wanted to see?
1. Isolate clause: who/whom she wanted to see
2. Invert: she wanted to see who/whom
3. Substitute: she wanted to see he/him
4. Equate:
5. Complete:
Check your skill . . .
Mary Ellen Guffey, Business English, 8e Ch. 7 - 55
Select the correct pronoun.
Did the visitor say (who/whom) she wanted to see?
1. Isolate clause: who/whom she wanted to see
2. Invert: she wanted to see who/whom
3. Substitute: she wanted to see he/him
4. Equate:
5. Complete:
Check your skill . . .
Mary Ellen Guffey, Business English, 8e Ch. 7 - 56
Select the correct pronoun.
Did the visitor say (who/whom) she wanted to see?
1. Isolate clause: who/whom she wanted to see
2. Invert: she wanted to see who/whom
3. Substitute: she wanted to see he/him
4. Equate: she wanted to see whom
5. Complete:
Check your skill . . .
Mary Ellen Guffey, Business English, 8e Ch. 7 - 57
Select the correct pronoun.
Did the visitor say (who/whom) she wanted to see?
1. Isolate clause: who/whom she wanted to see
2. Invert: she wanted to see who/whom
3. Substitute: she wanted to see he/him
4. Equate: she wanted to see whom
5. Complete: Did the visitor say whom she wanted to see?
Check your skill . . .
Mary Ellen Guffey, Business English, 8e Ch. 7 - 58
Intervening Phrases• Mentally ignore parenthetical
phrases such as I believe, you think, we know, and we are sure.
Advanced Pronoun Usage: Who/Whom
Mary Ellen Guffey, Business English, 8e Ch. 7 - 59
Hire a clerk (who/whom) you think is good.
1. Isolate clause: who/whom you think is good
2. Ignore phrase: who/whom you think is good
3. Substitute: he/him is good
4. Equate: who is good
5. Complete: Hire a clerk who you think is good.
Advanced Pronoun Usage: Who/Whom
Mary Ellen Guffey, Business English, 8e Ch. 7 - 60
Clauses• Clauses containing whoever/
whomever often function as subjects or objects in sentences.
• When the entire clause acts as a subject or object, determine how whoever/whomever functions within the clause.
Advanced Pronoun Usage: Who/Whom
Mary Ellen Guffey, Business English, 8e Ch. 7 - 61
The supplies are for (whoever/whomever) ordered them.
1. Isolate clause: whoever/whomever ordered them
2. Substitute: he/him ordered them
3. Equate: whoever ordered them
4. Complete: The supplies are for whoever ordered them.
Advanced Pronoun Usage: Who/Whom
Mary Ellen Guffey, Business English, 8e Ch. 7 - 62
Correct any errors in the following sentence. (The sentence may already be correct.)
1. Please ensure that Mrs. Weber and Ms. Franklin have given her approval.
Chapter 7 - Quiz
Mary Ellen Guffey, Business English, 8e Ch. 7 - 63
Correct any errors in the following sentence. (The sentence may already be correct.)
1. Please ensure that Mrs. Weber and Ms. Franklin have given their approval.
Chapter 7 - Quiz
Mary Ellen Guffey, Business English, 8e Ch. 7 - 64
Correct any errors in the following sentence. (The sentence may already be correct.)
2. The human resources manager informed each job candidate of their opportunity for promotion within the company.
Chapter 7 - Quiz
Mary Ellen Guffey, Business English, 8e Ch. 7 - 65
Correct any errors in the following sentence. (The sentence may already be correct.)
2. The human resources manager informed each job candidate of his or her opportunity for promotion within the company.
Chapter 7 - Quiz
Mary Ellen Guffey, Business English, 8e Ch. 7 - 66
Correct any errors in the following sentence. (The sentence may already be correct.)
2. The human resources manager informed each job candidate of his or her opportunity for promotion within the company.
OR
Chapter 7 - Quiz
Mary Ellen Guffey, Business English, 8e Ch. 7 - 67
Correct any errors in the following sentence. (The sentence may already be correct.)
2. The human resources manager informed job candidates of their opportunities for promotion within the company.
Chapter 7 - Quiz
Mary Ellen Guffey, Business English, 8e Ch. 7 - 68
Correct any errors in the following sentence. (The sentence may already be correct.)
3. Neither of the men had completed their application properly.
Chapter 7 - Quiz
Mary Ellen Guffey, Business English, 8e Ch. 7 - 69
Correct any errors in the following sentence. (The sentence may already be correct.)
3. Neither of the men had completed his application properly.
Chapter 7 - Quiz
Mary Ellen Guffey, Business English, 8e Ch. 7 - 70
Correct any errors in the following sentence. (The sentence may already be correct.)
4. The faculty agreed that their opposition to tuition increases must be unified.
Chapter 7 - Quiz
Mary Ellen Guffey, Business English, 8e Ch. 7 - 71
Correct any errors in the following sentence. (The sentence may already be correct.)
4. The faculty agreed that its opposition to tuition increases must be unified.
Chapter 7 - Quiz
Mary Ellen Guffey, Business English, 8e Ch. 7 - 72
Correct any errors in the following sentence. (The sentence may already be correct.)
5. For whom were these reference books ordered?
Chapter 7 - Quiz
Mary Ellen Guffey, Business English, 8e Ch. 7 - 73
Correct any errors in the following sentence. (The sentence may already be correct.)
5. For whom were these reference books ordered?
Correct
Chapter 7 - Quiz
Mary Ellen Guffey, Business English, 8e Ch. 7 - 74
Correct any errors in the following sentence. (The sentence may already be correct.)
6. Neither Jim nor Mike would agree to having their work schedule changed.
Chapter 7 - Quiz
Mary Ellen Guffey, Business English, 8e Ch. 7 - 75
Correct any errors in the following sentence. (The sentence may already be correct.)
6. Neither Jim nor Mike would agree to having his work schedule changed.
Chapter 7 - Quiz
Mary Ellen Guffey, Business English, 8e Ch. 7 - 76
Correct any errors in the following sentence. (The sentence may already be correct.)
7. The pizza will be charged to whomever placed the order.
Chapter 7 - Quiz
Mary Ellen Guffey, Business English, 8e Ch. 7 - 77
Correct any errors in the following sentence. (The sentence may already be correct.)
7. The pizza will be charged to whoever placed the order.
Chapter 7 - Quiz
Mary Ellen Guffey, Business English, 8e Ch. 7 - 78
Correct any errors in the following sentence. (The sentence may already be correct.)
8. Each of the new companies wanted their announcement placed first on the sign listing new occupants.
Chapter 7 - Quiz
Mary Ellen Guffey, Business English, 8e Ch. 7 - 79
Correct any errors in the following sentence. (The sentence may already be correct.)
8. Each of the new companies wanted its announcement placed first on the sign listing new occupants.
Chapter 7 - Quiz
Mary Ellen Guffey, Business English, 8e Ch. 7 - 80
Correct any errors in the following sentence. (The sentence may already be correct.)
9. The professor to whom you referred is Dr. Clark.
Chapter 7 - Quiz
Mary Ellen Guffey, Business English, 8e Ch. 7 - 81
Correct any errors in the following sentence. (The sentence may already be correct.)
9. The professor to whom you referred is Dr. Clark.
Correct
Chapter 7 - Quiz
Mary Ellen Guffey, Business English, 8e Ch. 7 - 82
Correct any errors in the following sentence. (The sentence may already be correct.)
10. Do you know whom the caller is?
Chapter 7 - Quiz
Mary Ellen Guffey, Business English, 8e Ch. 7 - 83
Correct any errors in the following sentence. (The sentence may already be correct.)
10. Do you know who the caller is?
Chapter 7 - Quiz
Mary Ellen Guffey, Business English, 8e Ch. 7 - 84
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