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CH 5010:History of Christianity
Dr. Scott Manetsch
I. IntroductionA. History and Christianity
I.B. Why Study Church History?
I.B. Why Study Church History?
1. All History is God’s History
I.B. Why Study Church History?
1. All History is God’s History2. Historical Memory is a Gift of
God
I.B. Why Study Church History?
1. All History is God’s History2. Historical Memory is a Gift of
God3. History Deepens our
Understanding of Christianity
I.B. Why Study Church History?
1. All History is God’s History2. Historical Memory is a Gift of
God3. History Deepens our
Understanding of Christianity4. Historical Study Inspires ...
and Warns Us
I.C. What are Historians Interested
In?
Change – Context – Causality –
Contingency – Complexity
II. The Birth of the Christian ChurchA. Context: Classical World
1. Hellenization: Alexander the Great
(336 - 323 BC)Antigonus (Macedonia);
Ptolemy (Egypt); Seleucus (Syria & Mesopotamia)
II.A.
2. Roman Ascendance: Caesar Augustus- Third Punic War: 149-
146 BC- Caesar Augustus (from
27 BC): Imperator; Princeps Civitatis; Pontifex Maximus
II.B. Factors Advantageous to Rise of Christianity
1. Political Factors: Pax Romana
II.B. Factors Advantageous to Rise of Christianity
1. Political Factors: Pax Romana2. Communication Factors
II. B. Factors Advantageous to Rise of Christianity
1. Political Factors: Pax Romana2. Communication Factors3. Linguistic Factors
II.B. Factors Advantageous to Rise of Christianity
1. Political Factors: Pax Romana2. Communication Factors3. Linguistic Factors4. The Jewish Diaspora
II.B. Factors Advantageous to Rise of Christianity
1. Political Factors: Pax Romana2. Communication Factors3. Linguistic Factors4. The Jewish Diaspora5. Spiritual Hunger?
II.C. The Beginnings of the New Testament Church
1. Acts of the Apostles
II.C. The Beginnings of the New Testament Church
1. Acts of the Apostles2. Council of Jerusalem (AD 49)
II.C. The Beginnings of the New Testament Church
1. Acts of the Apostles2. Council of Jerusalem (AD 49)3. Evangelizing the World
a. Paul’s Missionary Strategy
b. The Forgotten Missionary Legacy
c. Word of Mouth!
II.D. Christianity’s Appeal
II.D. Christianity’s Appeal
1. Compelling Message
II.D. Christianity’s Appeal
1. Compelling Message2. Christian Heroism
II.D. Christianity’s Appeal
1. Compelling Message2. Christian Heroism3. Removal of Social Barriers
II.D. Christianity’s Appeal
1. Compelling Message2. Christian Heroism3. Removal of Social Barriers4. Moral Example of Christians
II.D. Christianity’s Appeal
1. Compelling Message2. Christian Heroism3. Removal of Social Barriers4. Moral Example of Christians5. Transformed Christian
Communities
III. Apostolic Fathers
Bart Ehrman, ed. The New Testament and Other Early Christian Writings (Oxford, 1998)
W. H. C. Frend, The Rise of Christianity (Fortress, 1984)Ivor Davidson, The Birth of the Church (Baker, 2004)Robert Wilken, The First Thousand Years (Yale, 2012)
III. Apostolic FathersA. Introduction: Who were the Apostolic Fathers?
III. Apostolic FathersA. Introduction: Who were the Apostolic Fathers?B. Clement of Rome (bishop c. 90-95)
III. Apostolic FathersA. Introduction: Who were the Apostolic Fathers?B. Clement of Rome (bishop c. 90-95)C. Ignatius of Antioch (died c. 117)
III. Apostolic FathersA. Introduction: Who were the Apostolic Fathers?B. Clement of Rome (bishop c. 90-95)C. Ignatius of Antioch (died c. 117)D. Polycarp of Smyrna (died c. 165)
III. Apostolic FathersA. Introduction: Who were the Apostolic Fathers?B. Clement of Rome (bishop c. 90-95)C. Ignatius of Antioch (died c. 117)D. Polycarp of Smyrna (died c. 165)E. The Didache (c. 110)
IV. Christianity Under the Cross: The External ThreatA. Introduction: “The blood of the martyrs is the seed of the Church.” (Tertullian)
IV. Christianity Under the Cross: The External ThreatA. Introduction: “The blood of the martyrs is the seed of the Church.” (Tertullian)B. The Jews as Persecutors
IV. C. The Emperors as Persecutors
IV. C. The Emperors as Persecutors
1. Persecution of Nero (AD 64)
IV. C. The Emperors as Persecutors
1. Persecution of Nero (AD 64)2. Persecution of Domitian (AD
95)
IV. C. The Emperors as Persecutors
1. Persecution of Nero (AD 64)2. Persecution of Domitian (AD
95)3. Persecution of Marcus Aurelius
(161-180)
IV. C. The Emperors as Persecutors
1. Persecution of Nero (AD 64)2. Persecution of Domitian (AD
95)3. Persecution of Marcus Aurelius
(161-180)4. Dangerous Precedents:
Septimus Severus (193-211) and Imperial Edict of 202.
IV.D. Reasons for Persecution
IV.D. Reasons for Persecution
1. Christians seen as enemies of civic religion.
IV.D. Reasons for Persecution
1. Christians seen as enemies of civic religion.
2. Christians seen as enemies of Roman state.
IV.D. Reasons for Persecution
1. Christians seen as enemies of civic religion.
2. Christians seen as enemies of Roman state.
3. Christians seen as anti-social.
IV.D. Reasons for Persecution
1. Christians seen as enemies of civic religion.
2. Christians seen as enemies of Roman state.
3. Christians seen as anti-social.4. Christians become scapegoats.
IV.D. Reasons for Persecution
1. Christians seen as enemies of civic religion.
2. Christians seen as enemies of Roman state.
3. Christians seen as anti-social.4. Christians become scapegoats.
E. Formulating Imperial Policy: Pliny-Trajan Correspondence
V. Christianity and Heresy: The Internal ThreatA. The Nature of Gnosticism
V. Christianity and Heresy: The Internal ThreatA. The Nature of Gnosticism
1. Problems of Definition
V. Christianity and Heresy: The Internal ThreatA. The Nature of Gnosticism
1. Problems of Definition Definition: “A mind-body
dualism that affirmed the inherent evil of the created material world (often ascribed to evil
Jewish god), affirming instead the value of the non-material mind or soul that could merge with God through a secret path of knowledge.”
V. Christianity and Heresy: The Internal ThreatA. The Nature of Gnosticism
1. Problems of Definition Definition: “A mind-body
dualism that affirmed the inherent evil of the created material world (often ascribed to evil
Jewish god), affirming instead the value of the non-material mind or soul that could merge with God through a secret path of knowledge.”
2. Origins of Gnosticism
V. Christianity and Heresy: The Internal ThreatA. The Nature of Gnosticism
1. Problems of Definition Definition: “A mind-body
dualism that affirmed the inherent evil of the created material world (often ascribed to evil
Jewish god), affirming instead the value of the non-material mind or soul that could merge with God through a secret path of knowledge.”
2. Origins of Gnosticism3. General Principles of
Gnosticism
V.B. Different “Schools” of Gnosticism: E.g. MarcionC. Reasons for Success of GnosticismD. General Principles of Gnosticism
VI.Christian ApologistsA. Justin Martyr (c. 100-165)
- Dialogue with Trypho - Apology (153)
VI.B. Irenaeus of Lyons (c. 150-200)
- Demonstration of the Apostolic Preaching (early 190s)
- Against All Heresies
VI.B. Irenaeus of Lyons (c. 150-200)
- Demonstration of the Apostolic Preaching (early 190s)
- Against All Heresies1. Defense of Christian
Scriptures
VI.B. Irenaeus of Lyons (c. 150-200)
- Demonstration of the Apostolic Preaching (early 190s)
- Against All Heresies1. Defense of Christian
Scriptures2. Defense of Christian Tradition.
Tradition: traditional way of interpreting Scripture within the community of faith.
VI.B. Irenaeus of Lyons (c. 150-200)
- Demonstration of the Apostolic Preaching (early 190s)
- Against All Heresies1. Defense of Christian
Scriptures2. Defense of Christian Tradition.
Tradition: traditional way of interpreting Scripture within the community of faith.
3. The Rule of Faith (regula fidei)
VI.B. Irenaeus of Lyons (c. 150-200)
- Demonstration of the Apostolic Preaching (early 190s)
- Against All Heresies1. Defense of Christian
Scriptures2. Defense of Christian Tradition.
Tradition: traditional way of interpreting Scripture within the community of faith.
3. The Rule of Faith (regula fidei)
4. Doctrine of Christ
VI.C. The Alexandrian School: Clement and Origen
1. Clement of Alexandria (c. 155-220)
Stromateis (Miscellanies; c. 200)
Paedogogos (Tutor)
VI.C.
2. Origen (c. 185 - 253)a. Biblical Studies:
Hexapala
VI.C.
2. Origen (c. 185 - 253)a. Biblical Studies:
Hexapalab. Hermeneutics: Literal,
Moral, Spiritual Sense
VI.C.
2. Origen (c. 185 - 253)a. Biblical Studies:
Hexapalab. Hermeneutics: Literal,
Moral, Spiritual Sensec. Theology: De Principiis
(pre 231)
VI.C.
2. Origen (c. 185 - 253)a. Biblical Studies:
Hexapalab. Hermeneutics: Literal,
Moral, Spiritual Sensec. Theology: De Principiis
(pre 231)d. Apologetics: Against
Celsus (c. 246)
VI.C.
2. Origen (c. 185 - 253)a. Biblical Studies:
Hexapalab. Hermeneutics: Literal,
Moral, Spiritual Sensec. Theology: De Principiis
(pre 231)d. Apologetics: Against
Celsus (c. 246)e. Problems with Platonism
VI.D. Tertullian (c. 160-225)
VI.D. Tertullian (c. 160-225)
1. Philosophy vs. Revelation: “What has Athens to do with Jerusalem?”
VI.D. Tertullian (c. 160-225)
1. Philosophy vs. Revelation: “What has Athens to do with Jerusalem?”
2. Christian Asceticism & Canonical Penance
VI.D. Tertullian (c. 160-225)
1. Philosophy vs. Revelation: “What has Athens to do with Jerusalem?”
2. Christian Asceticism & Canonical Penance
3. Rejection of Infant Baptism: De Baptismo (c. 200)
VI.D. Tertullian (c. 160-225)
1. Philosophy vs. Revelation: “What has Athens to do with Jerusalem?”
2. Christian Asceticism & Canonical Penance
3. Rejection of Infant Baptism: De Baptismo (c. 200)
4. Christology: Against Praxeas (213)
VI.D. Tertullian (c. 160-225)
1. Philosophy vs. Revelation: “What has Athens to do with Jerusalem?”
2. Christian Asceticism & Canonical Penance
3. Rejection of Infant Baptism: De Baptismo (c. 200)
4. Christology: Against Praxeas (213)
5. Montanisma. Who was Montanus?b. Aspects of
Montanists’ Teaching
VII. The Canon of the New TestamentA. Apostolic Writings as Scriptures
VII. The Canon of the New TestamentA. Apostolic Writings as Scriptures
1. Scriptural Evidence
VII. The Canon of the New TestamentA. Apostolic Writings as Scriptures
1. Scriptural Evidence2. Apostolic Fathers
VII. The Canon of the New TestamentA. Apostolic Writings as Scriptures
1. Scriptural Evidence2. Apostolic Fathers3. Apologists
VII. B. Recognition of the New Testament Canon
1. Factors Promoting Formation of Canon
VII. B. Recognition of the New Testament Canon
1. Factors Promoting Formation of Canon
2. Muratorian Canon (c. 200?)
VII. B. Recognition of the New Testament Canon
1. Factors Promoting Formation of Canon
2. Muratorian Canon (c. 200?)3. Origen (early 3rd century)
VII.B.
4. Eusebius of Caesaria, Ecclesiastical History
- Universally acknowledged books
- Debated books- Spurious books- Heretical books
VII.B.
4. Eusebius of Caesaria, Ecclesiastical History
- Universally acknowledged books
- Debated books- Spurious books- Heretical books
5. Definitive Recognition: Athanasius’ Easter Letter (367) in East. Synods of Hippo (393) and Carthage (397) in the West.
VII.C. Three Observations
VIII. The Era of ConstantineA. Final Struggles:
Decius (249-251) Valerian (253-260)Diocletian (284-305) Maximin (311-312)
“Death by Wild Beasts in the Ampitheatre,” from a mosaic found in a villa near Leptis Magna, North Africa
VIII. B. Constantine’s Conquest
1. Battle of Milvian Bridge (312)
VIII. B. Constantine’s Conquest
1. Battle of Milvian Bridge (312)2. Edict of Milan (313)
VIII. B. Constantine’s Conquest
1. Battle of Milvian Bridge (312)2. Edict of Milan (313)
C. Constantine’s Religious Policy
VIII. B. Constantine’s Conquest
1. Battle of Milvian Bridge (312)2. Edict of Milan (313)
C. Constantine’s Religious PolicyD. Constantine’s Legacy: Positives and
Negatives
IX. The Great Age of Councils and Creeds.A. Introduction: Major Questions
- Is the Son co-essential with the Father? homoousion, homoiousion, heteroousion
- Is the Son co-eternal with the Father? - Is the Son essentially subordinate to
the Father?
- In what manner is the Son distinct from the Father?
The Trinity: Seven Statements(1)There is only one God.(2) The Father is God.(3) The Son is God.(4) The Holy Spirit is God.(5) The Father is not the Son.(6) The Son is not the Holy Spirit.(7) The Holy Spirit is not the Father.
IX.B. Early “Trinitarian” Formulations
1. The Rule of Faith: Apostolic Fathers
IX.B. Early “Trinitarian” Formulations
1. The Rule of Faith: Apostolic Fathers
2. Hippolytus’ Apostolic Tradition (c. 200)
IX.C. Ante-Nicene Fathers
1. Logos Theories: e.g. Irenaeus2. Beyond Orthodoxy:
Adoptionism and Sabellianism (both forms of
Monarchianism)3. Origen4. Tertullian, Against Praxeas
(213). Substantia, Persona, Trinitas
IX.D. The Arian Controversy: Arius vs. Alexander
IX.D. The Arian Controversy: Arius vs. AlexanderE. The Council of Nicaea (325)
IX.D. The Arian Controversy: Arius vs. AlexanderE. The Council of Nicaea (325)
1. Factions present: Alexandrian Party; Arians; Majority Party (“semi-Arians”)
IX.D. The Arian Controversy: Arius vs. AlexanderE. The Council of Nicaea (325)
1. Factions present: Alexandrian Party; Arians; Majority Party (“semi-Arians”)
2. Conclusion of Nicaea: The Creed of Nicaea
IX.F. Athanasius Against the World
IX.F. Athanasius Against the WorldG. Council of Constantinople (381) & the Niceno-Constantinopolitan Creed
IX.H. The Council of Chalcedon (451)
1. Background
IX.H. The Council of Chalcedon (451)
1. Background2. Unorthodox “Stumblings”:
- Apollinarianism
IX.H. The Council of Chalcedon (451)
1. Background2. Unorthodox “Stumblings”:
- Apollinarianism- Nestorianism
IX.H. The Council of Chalcedon (451)
1. Background2. Unorthodox “Stumblings”:
- Apollinarianism- Nestorianism- Eutychianism
3. The “Definition of Chalcedon”4. Dissent: The Coptic Church
X. Augustine (354-430) and his LegacyPeter Brown, Augustine of Hippo (rev. ed. 1984)Allan Fitzgerald, Augustine through the Centuries (1999)
X. Augustine (354-430) and his LegacyA. Survey of the Augustine’s Life
1. The Struggles of Youth
X. Augustine (354-430) and his LegacyA. Survey of the Augustine’s Life
1. The Struggles of Youth2. Augustine’s Conversion (386)
X. Augustine (354-430) and his LegacyA. Survey of the Augustine’s Life
1. The Struggles of Youth2. Augustine’s Conversion (386)3. Augustine the Churchman
X.B. Augustine’s View of History
1. Historical context: two important dates:
- AD 391 B Paganism outlawed- AD 410 B Alaric sacks Rome
X.B. Augustine’s View of History
1. Historical context: two important dates:
- AD 391 B Paganism outlawed- AD 410 B Alaric sacks Rome
2. The City of God (c. 413-27)
X.B. Augustine’s View of History
1. Historical context: two important dates:
- AD 391 B Paganism outlawed- AD 410 B Alaric sacks Rome
2. The City of God (c. 413-27)
X.C. The Pelagian Controversy & the Nature of Grace
1. The Pelagian protest
X.C. The Pelagian Controversy & the Nature of Grace
1. The Pelagian protest2. Augustine’s response
a. Original sinb. incurvata in terramc. The power of graced. Importance of faithe. The Christian life
X.C. The Pelagian Controversy & the Nature of Grace
1. The Pelagian protest2. Augustine’s response
a. Original sinb. incurvata in terramc. The power of grace
3. The aftermath: the Synod of Orange (529)
X.D. Dark Shadows of Augustine’s Legacy
1. “Compel them to come in”
X.D. Dark Shadows of Augustine’s Legacy
1. “Compel them to come in” 2. View of Women and Sexuality
X.D. Dark Shadows of Augustine’s Legacy
1. “Compel them to come in” 2. View of Women and Sexuality3. View of the Jews: The
Argumentum Augustinianum
XI.Christian MonasticismA. IntroductionB. The Ascetic Life: Definitions and (Possible)
Motivations1. Types of Asceticism:
Anchoretism, Cenobitsm2. Possible Motivations
XI.C. The Benedictine Way
1. Benedict of Nursia (480-c. 550)
XI.C.
2. Characteristics of Benedictine Monasticism
- Three-fold vow
XI.C.
2. Characteristics of Benedictine Monasticism
- Three-fold vow- Monastery as a garrison of
soldiers
XI.C.
2. Characteristics of Benedictine Monasticism
- Three-fold vow- Monastery as a garrison of
soldiers- ora et labora
XI.C.
2. Characteristics of Benedictine Monasticism
- Three-fold vow- Monastery as a garrison of
soldiers- ora et labora- via securior
XI.C.
2. Characteristics of Benedictine Monasticism
- Three-fold vow- Monastery as a garrison of
soldiers- ora et labora- via securior- stabilitas loci
XI.C.
2. Characteristics of Benedictine Monasticism
- Three-fold vow- Monastery as a garrison of
soldiers- ora et labora- via securior- stabilitas loci
3. Women in the Benedictine Movement
XI.C.
2. Characteristics of Benedictine Monasticism
- Three-fold vow- Monastery as a garrison of
soldiers- ora et labora- via securior- stabilitas loci
3. Women in the Benedictine Movement
4. “Paradise Lost?”: The Trials of the
Benedictine Way
XI.D. Irish Monasticism and Christianity
1. Saint Patrick (389-c. 461)
XI.D. Irish Monasticism and Christianity
1. Saint Patrick (389-c. 461)2. Distictives of Irish Christianity
XI.E. Breaking out of the Monastery Walls: Mendicant Orders
Franciscans: Founded by St. Francis in 1209
Dominicans: Founded by St. Dominic in 1216
XII. The Growth of Roman PrimacyA. Definitions
- Pope/Pontiff- Apostolic Succession- Collegio-Episcopacy- Mono-Episcopacy- Roman Primacy / Papal Monarchy
XII.B. The Emergence of Episcopal Government
1. New Testament Practice: elders = bishops (see Acts 20:17, 28; Titus 1:5, 7)
XII.B. The Emergence of Episcopal Government
1. New Testament Practice: elders = bishops (see Acts 20:17, 28; Titus 1:5, 7)
2. Bishops - elders - deacons
XII.B. The Emergence of Episcopal Government
1. New Testament Practice: elders = bishops (see Acts 20:17, 28; Titus 1:5, 7)
2. Bishops - elders - deaconsC. The Special Status of Rome
XII.B. The Emergence of Episcopal Government
1. New Testament Practice: elders = bishops (see Acts 20:17, 28; Titus 1:5, 7)
2. Bishops - elders - deaconsC. The Special Status of RomeD. Catholic Understanding of Roman Primacy
XII.E. Papal Authority in Early Centuries: Some
(Admittedly) Protestant Reflections1. Early Church
XII.E. Papal Authority in Early Centuries: Some
(Admittedly) Protestant Reflections1. Early Church2. Use of Matthew 16:18
XII.E. Papal Authority in Early Centuries: Some
(Admittedly) Protestant Reflections1. Early Church2. Use of Matthew 16:183. Special Honor but not
Supreme Authority
XII.F. Emergence of Roman Primacy (in the West)
1. Conciliar Decisions: Councils of Sardica (343), Constantinople (381), Chalcedon (451)
XII.F. Emergence of Roman Primacy (in the West)
1. Conciliar Decisions: Councils of Sardica (343), Constantinople (381), Chalcedon (451)
2. The Donation of Constantine (c. 700)
XII.F. Emergence of Roman Primacy (in the West)
1. Conciliar Decisions: Councils of Sardica (343), Constantinople (381), Chalcedon (451)
2. The Donation of Constantine (c. 700)
3. The New Breed of Pope: Leo the Great (440-461): primum omnium episcoporum, plenitudo potestatis, solicitudo omnium pastorum, communis cura universalis ecclesiae
XII.G. The “Birth” of Medieval Papacy: Gregory the Great (590-604)
1. Background
XII.G. The “Birth” of Medieval Papacy: Gregory the Great (590-604)
1. Background2. Gregory’s Chief Works
- Dialogues on the Life ... of the Saints
- Moralia- Book of Pastoral Care
XII.G. The “Birth” of Medieval Papacy: Gregory the Great (590-604)
1. Background2. Gregory’s Chief Works
- Dialogues on the Life ... of the Saints
- Moralia- Book of Pastoral Care
3. Gregory on Roman Primacy
XII.H. Papal Revolution of the High Middle Ages
1. Leo IX’s strategic reforms (1048-54)
XII.H. Papal Revolution of the High Middle Ages
1. Leo IX’s strategic reforms (1048-54)
2. Gregory VII’s Vaunted Claims:Dictatus Papae (1075)
XII.H. Papal Revolution of the High Middle Ages
1. Leo IX’s strategic reforms (1048-54)
2. Gregory VII’s Vaunted Claims:Dictatus Papae (1075)
3. Innocent III and Lateran IV (1215)
a. Papal Authority in theory and practice.
Sicut universitatis conditor (1198)
XII.H. Papal Revolution of the High Middle Ages
1. Leo IX’s strategic reforms (1048-54)
2. Gregory VII’s Vaunted Claims:Dictatus Papae (1075)
3. Innocent III and Lateran IV (1215)
a. Papal Authority in theory and practice.
Sicut universitatis conditor (1198)
b. Fourth Lateran Council (1215)
*** A Brief Excursus: Sacrament of Penance
1. Contrio Cordis2. Confessio Oris
- Absolution Granted -
3. Satisfactio Operis
XIII. The Christian World DividedJ. M. Hussey, The Orthodox Church in the Byzantine Empire (1986)John Meyendorf, Byzantine Theology (1974)Daniel Clendenin, Eastern Orthodox Christianity (1994)
XIII. The Christian World DividedA. The Growing Divide Between East and West
1. Different Languages
XIII. The Christian World DividedA. The Growing Divide Between East and West
1. Different Languages2. Different Theological
Authorities
XIII. The Christian World DividedA. The Growing Divide Between East and West
1. Different Languages2. Different Theological
Authorities3. Different Spiritual and
Theological Accents
XIII. The Christian World DividedA. The Growing Divide Between East and West
1. Different Languages2. Different Theological
Authorities3. Different Spiritual and
Theological Accents4. Practical Differences
XIII. The Christian World DividedA. The Growing Divide Between East and West
1. Different Languages2. Different Theological
Authorities3. Different Spiritual and
Theological Accents4. Practical Differences5. Church Leadership: Roman
Primacy vs.Caesaropapism
XIII. The Christian World DividedA. The Growing Divide Between East and West
1. Different Languages2. Different Theological
Authorities3. Different Spiritual and
Theological Accents4. Practical Differences5. Church Leadership: Roman
Primacy vs.Caesaropapism
6. The filioque Controversy
XIII.B. The Great Schism of 1054
XIII.B. The Great Schism of 1054C. The Third Rome
XIII.D. Orthodox Christianity Today
1. Locus of Authority
XIII.D. Orthodox Christianity Today
1. Locus of Authority2. Leadership in the Church
XIII.D. Orthodox Christianity Today
1. Locus of Authority2. Leadership in the Church3. Sacraments
XIII.D. Orthodox Christianity Today
1. Locus of Authority2. Leadership in the Church3. Sacraments4. Icons in Worship
XIII.D.
5. Deification of Theosis: “This is the purpose of life: that we are to be participants, sharers in the nature of god and in the life of Christ, communicants of divine grace and
energy B to become just like God, true gods.” (Christophoros Stavropoulos)
XIV. Catholic Theology in the Middle AgesA. Introduction: the Medium Aevum
Three Periods: Early Middle Ages (c. 500- 1050); High Middle Ages (1050-1350); Late Middle Ages (1350-1500)
XIV. Catholic Theology in the Middle AgesA. Introduction: the Medium Aevum
Three Periods: Early Middle Ages (c. 500- 1050); High Middle Ages (1050-1350); Late Middle Ages (1350-1500)
Three Regions in Europe: West Francia,
Lotharingia, East Francia
XIV.A.
Three Stages of Education: Monastery Schools (up to 1150), Cathedral Schools (c. 1000-1200), Universities (beginning around 1100)
XIV.B. Universities and the Development of Catholic Theology
1. Early Universities: Salerno, Bologna, Paris
XIV.B. Universities and the Development of Catholic Theology
1. Early Universities: Salerno, Bologna, Paris
2. Course of Study: Trivium: grammar, rhetoric, dialectic. Quadrivium: music, geometry, arithmetic, astronomy
XIV.B.
3. Scholasticism in the Middle Ages
a. Definition: “a method of discovering and illustrating philosophical truth by means of a dialectic based on Aristotelian logic” (Knowles)
XIV.B.
3. Scholasticism in the Middle Ages
a. Definition: “a method of discovering and illustrating philosophical truth by means of a dialectic based on Aristotelian logic” (Knowles)
b. Method of Scholasticism: Quaestio,
Disputatio, SententiaLombard’s Sentences (c.
1157)
XIV.C. Anselm and the Atonement (1033-1109)
1. Background
XIV.C. Anselm and the Atonement (1033-1109)
1. Background2. Credo ut intelligam
XIV.C. Anselm and the Atonement (1033-1109)
1. Background2. Credo ut intelligam3. Ontological Proof for God’s
Existence (Proslogion)
XIV.C. Anselm and the Atonement (1033-1109)
1. Background2. Credo ut intelligam3. Ontological Proof for God’s
Existence (Proslogion)4. Satisfaction Theory of
Atonement (Cur deus homo)
XIV.D. Thomas Aquinas (1225-1274) and the Five “Ways”
1. Background
XIV.D. Thomas Aquinas (1225-1274) and the Five “Ways”
1. Background2. “Rediscovery” of Aristotle -
Grace does not abolish nature, but completes it.
XIV.D. Thomas Aquinas (1225-1274) and the Five “Ways”
1. Background2. “Rediscovery” of Aristotle -
Grace does not abolish nature, but completes it.
3. Proofs for God’s Existence: Summa Theologiae
XIV.D. Thomas Aquinas (1225-1274) and the Five “Ways”
1. Background2. “Rediscovery” of Aristotle -
Grace does not abolish nature, but completes it.
3. Proofs for God’s Existence: Summa Theologica
4. Aquinas’s Legacy
XIV.E. Bernard of Clairvaux (1090-1153) and Monastic Theology
- Sermons on the Song of Songs
- De Consideratione
XV. The Waning of the Middle Ages?Johann Huizinga, Waning of the Middle Ages (1924)Francis Oakley, The Western Church in the Later Middle Ages (1979)Steven Ozment, Age of Reform, 1250-1550 (1980)
XV. The Waning of the Middle Ages?A. Religious Vitality in the Later Middle Ages
1. Monastic Reform Movements
XV. The Waning of the Middle Ages?A. Religious Vitality in the Later Middle Ages
1. Monastic Reform Movements2. Preaching: Dominicans &
Franciscans
XV. The Waning of the Middle Ages?A. Religious Vitality in the Later Middle Ages
1. Monastic Reform Movements2. Preaching: Dominicans &
Franciscans3. Lay Devotion: devotional
literature, pilgrimages, endowed masses
XV.A.
4. Lay Movements: Devotio Moderna.
Thomas à Kempis, Imitation of Christ (1420)
XV.A.
4. Lay Movements: Devotio Moderna.
Thomas à Kempis, Imitation of Christ (1420)
5. Prophetic Voices for Change: Wyclif & Hus
XV.A.
4. Lay Movements: Devotio Moderna.
Thomas à Kempis, Imitation of Christ (1420)
5. Prophetic Voices for Change: Wyclif & Hus
Wyclif’s Chief Works:On Civil Lordship (1376)On the Church (1378)The Truth of Holy Scripture
(1378)The Power of the Papacy
(1379)On the Eucharist (1379)
XV.B. Persistent Problems in Late Medieval Religion
1. Environmental Disaster: Black Death
XV.B.
2. Failure of Papal Leadership: See Eamon
Duffy, Saints and Sinners (1997)
- Babylonian Captivity of the Church (1309-1377)
XV.B.
2. Failure of Papal Leadership: See Eamon
Duffy, Saints and Sinners (1997)
- Babylonian Captivity of the Church (1309-1377)
- The Great Schism (1378-1417) - Resolved at the Council of Constance (1415-17)
XV.B.
2. Failure of Papal Leadership: See Eamon
Duffy, Saints and Sinners (1997)
- Babylonian Captivity of the Church (1309-1377)
- The Great Schism (1378-1417) - Resolved at the Council of Constance (1415-17)
- Continued Problems: Alexander VI (1492-1503); Julius II (1503-13); Leo X (1513-1521)
XV.B.
3. Failure of Pastoral Care: Simony, Nepotism,Absenteeism, Pluralism,
Concubinage, Clerical ExemptionsE.g. Poem of Ulrich Wiest
(1450)
XV.B.
3. Failure of Pastoral Care: Simony, Nepotism,Absenteeism, Pluralism,
Concubinage, Clerical ExemptionsE.g. Poem of Ulrich Wiest
(1450)4. Indulgences and the
Penitential System
XV.B.
5. Late Medieval Nominalism: Gabriel Biel
Free Will - Facere quod in se est - Semi- Merit - Moral Cooperation - Full Merit - Reward of Eternal Life
XV.B.
5. Late Medieval Nominalism: Gabriel Biel
Free Will - Facere quod in se est - Semi- Merit - Moral Cooperation - Full Merit - Reward of Eternal Life
Biel: “If of our good merits would not complete those [merits] of Christ, the merits of Christ would be insufficient, indeed, nothing.”
XV.C. Northern Humanism & Renewed Calls for Reform
1. Humanism
XV.C. Northern Humanism & Renewed Calls for Reform
1. Humanism2. Northern Humanism
XV.C.
3. Erasmus (c. 1466-1536)Adagia (1500); Julius Exclusus
(1514); In Praise of Folly (1517); Novum Instrumentum (1516)
XVI. Martin Luther and the Protestant ReformationA. Introduction: The Seven-Headed Luther
- The German Hercules - Teacher of the Bible
- Scholar & Translator - Prophet- Seven-Headed Monster
XVI. B. Martin Luther (1483-1546): In Search of a Merciful God
1. Childhood
XVI. B. Martin Luther (1483-1546): In Search of a Merciful God
1. Childhood2. Monastic Life: Augustinian
Hermits
XVI. B. Martin Luther (1483-1546): In Search of a Merciful God
1. Childhood2. Monastic Life: Augustinian
Hermits3. Johann von Staupitz
XVI. C. Luther’s Reformation Discovery: sola fide, sola gratia
XVI.D. The Gathering Storm
1. Growing Disillusionment
XVI.D. The Gathering Storm
1. Growing Disillusionment2. Controversy with Johann
Tetzel: The Ninety Five Theses (1517)
XVI.D. The Gathering Storm
1. Growing Disillusionment2. Controversy with Johann
Tetzel: The Ninety Five Theses (1517)
3. Luther on Trial- Interview at Augsburg with
Cajetan (Oct. 1518)- Leipzig Disputation with Eck
(July 1519)
XVI.D.
4. Luther’s 1520 Reformation Treatises
- Address to the German Nobility
XVI.D.
4. Luther’s 1520 Reformation Treatises
- Address to the German Nobility
- Babylonian Captivity of the Church
XVI.D.
4. Luther’s 1520 Reformation Treatises
- Address to the German Nobility
- Babylonian Captivity of the Church
- Freedom of a Christian
XVI.E. The Great Divide: Diet of Worms (Spring 1521)F. The Conflict Spreads
1. The German Response: City Reformations
XVI.E. The Great Divide: Diet of Worms (Spring 1521)F. The Conflict Spreads
1. The German Response: City Reformations
2. 2nd Diet of Speyer and the birth of
“Protestantism”
XVI.G. Luther’s “Protestant” Theology
- Sola Scriptura- Sola Gratia, Sola Fide- Solus Christus- Priesthood of All Believers
XVI.H. Luther’s Legacy
- Political: Peace of Augsburg (1555): cuius regio, eius religio
XVI.H. Luther’s Legacy
- Political: Peace of Augsburg (1555): cuius regio, eius religio
- Religious: Augsburg Confession (1530); Book of Concord (1580)
XVII. Turning Swiss: Ulrich Zwingli and the Birth of AnabaptismA. City Reformations in Switzerland
XVII.B. Ulrich Zwingli (1484-1531) and Zurich
1. Zwingli’s Early Years. Priest at Einsiedeln.
XVII.B. Ulrich Zwingli (1484-1531) and Zurich
1. Zwingli’s Early Years. Priest at Einsiedeln.
2. Pastor at Grossmünster (1519-31)
XVII.B. Ulrich Zwingli (1484-1531) and Zurich
1. Zwingli’s Early Years. Priest at Einsiedeln.
2. Pastor at Grossmünster (1519-31)
3. Zurich’s “Political” Reformation: “The kingdom of Christ is also external.”
XVII.B.
4. The Power of the Word of God
XVII.B.
4. The Power of the Word of God5. Zwingli and Luther: the
“tragedy” of Marburg Colloquy (1529)
XVII.B.
4. The Power of the Word of God5. Zwingli and Luther: the
“tragedy” of Marburg Colloquy (1529)
6. Zwingli’s death (1531 in Second Kappel War)
XVII.C. The “Radical” Reformation
1. The “Magisterial Reformers” vs. the “Radical Reformers”
XVII.C. The “Radical” Reformation
1. The “Magisterial Reformers” vs. the “Radical Reformers”
- Greater freedom of religious expression
XVII.C. The “Radical” Reformation
1. The “Magisterial Reformers” vs. the “Radical Reformers”
- Greater freedom of religious expression
- Disappointment at magisterial reformation
XVII.C. The “Radical” Reformation
1. The “Magisterial Reformers” vs. the “Radical Reformers”
- Greater freedom of religious expression
- Disappointment at magisterial reformation
- Resist linking church-state
XVII.C. The “Radical” Reformation
1. The “Magisterial Reformers” vs. the “Radical Reformers”
- Greater freedom of religious expression
- Disappointment at magisterial reformation
- Resist linking church - state- Commitment to seeking root
(radix) ofBiblical Christianity
XVII.C.
2. Anabaptists: The Swiss Brethren
Conrad Grebel, Felix Manz, Georg Blaurock
XVII.C.
2. Anabaptists: The Swiss Brethren
Conrad Grebel, Felix Manz, Georg Blaurock
3. The Schleitheim Confession (1527)
XVIII. John Calvin and the Reformation of the Refugees
A. Calvin’s Reticence
B. Calvin and his ConversionNovember 1, 1533 - Nicolas Cop’s
SermonApril 1534 - Attends Clandestine
Lord’s SupperMay 1534 - Retires his Benefices
XVIII.C. Calvin’s First Protestant Writings
Preface to Olivetan’s Bible (1534)Institutes of the Christian Religion
(1st ed., 1536)
XVIII.D. Calvin and the Genevan Reformation
XVIII.D. Calvin and the Genevan ReformationE. Calvin: The Organizer of the Genevan Church
- Preaching the Unerring Word (Sermons)
XVIII.D. Calvin and the Genevan ReformationE. Calvin: The Organizer of the Genevan Church
- Preaching the Unerring Word (Sermons)
- Catechizing the Young
XVIII.D. Calvin and the Genevan ReformationE. Calvin: The Organizer of the Genevan Church
- Preaching the Unerring Word (Sermons)
- Catechizing the Young- Disciplining the People of God
(Consistory)
XVIII.D. Calvin and the Genevan ReformationE. Calvin: The Organizer of the Genevan Church
- Preaching the Unerring Word (Sermons)
- Catechizing the Young- Disciplining the People of God
(Consistory)- Directing the Global Church
(Company of Pastors)
XVIII.D. Calvin and the Genevan ReformationE. Calvin: The Organizer of the Genevan Church
- Preaching the Unerring Word (Sermons)
- Catechizing the Young- Disciplining the People of God
(Consistory)- Directing the Global Church
(Company of Pastors)- Equipping the Next Generation
(Genevan Academy, 1559)
XVIII.F. Calvin’s Theological Distinctives
1. Worship: Soli Deo gloria; Finitum non est capax infiniti
XVIII.F. Calvin’s Theological Distinctives
1. Worship: Soli Deo gloria; Finitum non est capax infiniti
2. God’s Absolute Sovereignty
XVIII.F. Calvin’s Theological Distinctives
1. Worship: Soli Deo gloria; Finitum non est capax infiniti
2. God’s Absolute Sovereignty3. Third Use of the Law
XVIII.F. Calvin’s Theological Distinctives
1. Worship: Soli Deo gloria; Finitum non est capax infiniti
2. God’s Absolute Sovereignty3. Third Use of the Law4. Ecclesiastical Discipline
XVIII.F. Calvin’s Theological Distinctives
1. Worship: Soli Deo gloria; Finitum non est capax infiniti
2. God’s Absolute Sovereignty3. Third Use of the Law4. Ecclesiastical Discipline5. Sacramental View
XVIII.G. Calvin’s Legacy: The Reformation of the Refugees
1. Reformed Confessions:* Belgic Confession: Guido de
Brès (1561)* Heidelberg Catechism:
Caspar Olevianus and Zachariah Ursinus(1563)
* Westminster Larger Catechism (1647)
XVIII.G.
2. Jacob Arminius (1559-1609) and the Remonstrants:
- Prevenient Grace- Conditional Election- Unlimited Atonement- Resistible Grace,
- Perseverance of Saints (?)
XVIII.G.
2. Jacob Arminius (1559-1609) and the Remonstrants:
3. Canons of Dort (1619): - Total Depravity - Unconditional Election - Limited Atonement - Irresistible Grace - Preservation of Saints
XIX. The Catholic Church: Reaction and ReformA. The Problem of Definition: Catholic
Reformation or Counter Reformation?
XIX. The Catholic Church: Reaction and ReformA. The Problem of Definition: Catholic
Reformation or Counter Reformation?B. Pope Adrian VI (1522-23)
XIX. C. The Council of Trent (1545-63)
1. Purpose of the Council
XIX. C. The Council of Trent (1545-63)
1. Purpose of the Council2. Dogmatic Pronouncements of
the Council
XIX. C. The Council of Trent (1545-63)
1. Purpose of the Council2. Dogmatic Pronouncements of
the Council3. Reform Pronouncements of the
Council
XIX.D. New Religious Orders: The Society of Jesus
1. Ignatius of Loyola (1491-1556)2. Commitment to Education3. Commitment to Missions
XIX.E. Roman Catholicism After Trent
1. Pope Piux IX (1846-78)
XIX.E. Roman Catholicism After Trent
1. Pope Piux IX (1846-78)a. Immaculate Conception
of Mary
XIX.E. Roman Catholicism After Trent
1. Pope Piux IX (1846-78)a. Immaculate Conception
of Maryb. Syllabus of Errors (1864)
XIX.E. Roman Catholicism After Trent
1. Pope Piux IX (1846-78)a. Immaculate Conception
of Maryb. Syllabus of Errors (1864)c. Vatican I (1869-70)
XIX.E.
2. Vatican II (1962-65)a. Ecumenical Concerns
XIX.E.
2. Vatican II (1962-65)a. Ecumenical Concernsb. Liturgical Reforms
XIX.E.
2. Vatican II (1962-65)a. Ecumenical Concernsb. Liturgical Reformsc. Economic Justice
XIX.E.
2. Vatican II (1962-65)a. Ecumenical Concernsb. Liturgical Reformsc. Economic Justiced. Political Vision
XIX.E.
2. Vatican II (1962-65)a. Ecumenical Concernsb. Liturgical Reformsc. Economic Justiced. Political Visione. Reaffirmed Papal
Infallibility
XX. Puritanism and PietismA. Puritanism
1. The English Reformation:Henry VIII (1509-47)Edward VI (1547-53)Mary (1553-58)
XX.A.
2. The Elizabethan Settlement (1558-1603)
XX.A.
2. The Elizabethan Settlement (1558-1603)
3. English Puritanisma. Critique of Religious
Practice and Episcopal Form of Government
XX.A.
2. The Elizabethan Settlement (1558-1603)
3. English Puritanisma. Critique of Religious
Practice and Episcopal Form of Government
b. Critique of Anglican Clergy
XX.A.
2. The Elizabethan Settlement (1558-1603)
3. English Puritanisma. Critique of Religious
Practice and Episcopal Form of Government
b. Critique of Anglican Clergy
c. Reform Program
XX.A.
2. The Elizabethan Settlement (1558-1603)
3. English Puritanisma. Critique of Religious
Practice and Episcopal Form of Government
b. Critique of Anglican Clergy
c. Reform Programd. Varieties of English
Puritans
XX.A.
4. John Smyth (1554-1612) and the Modern Baptist Movement
XX.B. Pietism
1. Historical Context: Era of Protestant Scholasticism
XX.B. Pietism
1. Historical Context: Era of Protestant Scholasticism
2. Jacob Spener and the Pietist movement
a. Spener (1633-1705)
XX.B. Pietism
1. Historical Context: Era of Protestant Scholasticism
2. Jacob Spener and the Pietist movement
a. Spener (1633-1705)b. Pia Desideria (1675)
XX.B.
3. Characteristics of Pietisma. Emphasis on Religion of
the Heart
XX.B.
3. Characteristics of Pietisma. Emphasis on Religion of
the Heartb. Biblical Focus
XX.B.
3. Characteristics of Pietisma. Emphasis on Religion of
the Heartb. Biblical Focusc. Personal and Social
Renewal
XX.B.
3. Characteristics of Pietisma. Emphasis on Religion of
the Heartb. Biblical Focusc. Personal and Social
Renewald. Missions
XXI. Science and SkepticsA. The Scientific Revolution
Copernicus, On the Revolution of the Heavenly Orbs (1543)
XXI. Science and SkepticsA. The Scientific Revolution
Copernicus, On the Revolution of the Heavenly Orbs (1543)
Francis Bacon, The Advancement of Learning (1605)
XXI. Science and SkepticsA. The Scientific Revolution
Copernicus, On the Revolution of the Heavenly Orbs (1543)
Francis Bacon, The Advancement of Learning (1605)Descartes, Discourse Concerning
Method (1637)
XXI. Science and SkepticsA. The Scientific Revolution
Copernicus, On the Revolution of the Heavenly Orbs (1543)
Francis Bacon, The Advancement of Learning (1605)Descartes, Discourse Concerning
Method (1637)Isaac Newton, Mathematica
Principia (1687)
XXI. B. War Against Tradition
1. Early Challenges to Biblical Authority:
Thomas Hobbes, Isaac de la Peyrère, Baruch Spinoza
XXI.B.
2. English Deists (e.g. Herbert of Cherbury, John Toland,
Matthew Tindal, Anthony Collins)
(1) There is a supreme and good God.
XXI.B.
2. English Deists (e.g. Herbert of Cherbury, John Toland,
Matthew Tindal, Anthony Collins)
(1) There is a supreme and good God.
(2) This God must be worshiped.
XXI.B.
2. English Deists (e.g. Herbert of Cherbury, John Toland,
Matthew Tindal, Anthony Collins)
(1) There is a supreme and good God.
(2) This God must be worshiped.
(3) God is worshiped through virtue.
XXI.B.
2. English Deists (e.g. Herbert of Cherbury, John Toland,
Matthew Tindal, Anthony Collins)
(1) There is a supreme and good God.
(2) This God must be worshiped.
(3) God is worshiped through virtue.
(4) People must repent of their sins.
XXI.B.
2. English Deists (e.g. Herbert of Cherbury, John Toland,
Matthew Tindal, Anthony Collins)
(1) There is a supreme and good God.
(2) This God must be worshiped.
(3) God is worshiped through virtue.
(4) People must repent of their sins.
(5) God rewards the virtuous and punishes the wicked in the afterlife.
XXI.B.
3. The Enlightenment: philosophes such as Voltaire, Denis Diderot, Jean d’Alembert
XXII. The Evangelical AwakeningA. Definitions of Evangelicalism
XXII. The Evangelical AwakeningA. Definitions of Evangelicalism
1. Theological Definition (David Bebbington):- Conversion- Biblical Authority / Inerrancy- Activism- Centrality of the Cross
XXII. The Evangelical AwakeningA. Definitions of Evangelicalism
1. Theological Definition (David Bebbington):- Conversion- Biblical Authority / Inerrancy- Activism- Centrality of the Cross
2. Historical Definition: “Classic Protestantism with an 18th
century twist.”
XXII.B. The North American Phase: Jonathan Edwards and George Whitefield
XXII.C. The European Phase
1. John (1703-91) and Charles (1707-88) Wesley
XXII.C. The European Phase
1. John (1703-91) and Charles (1707-88) Wesley
2. The Methodist Movement
XXII.C. The European Phase
1. John (1703-91) and Charles (1707-88) Wesley
2. The Methodist Movement3. Wesley’s Theology
a. Opposition to Deismb. Evangelical Arminianismc. Three Graces: the grace
that is prevenient, that saves, that sanctifies
XXII.E. Social Concern and World Missionary Movement
1. Social Reform: William Wilberforce
XXII.E. Social Concern and World Missionary Movement
1. Social Reform: William Wilberforce
2. World Missionary Movement: William Carey and the birth of Protestant Missionary Movement
XXIII.Prospects for the Future: The Shift of Balance
2006 Estimated 1993 Change
Europe 450 million 440 million -2%Latin America 470 million 590 million
+26%North America 220 million 225 million
+2%Africa 310 million 530 million +71%South Asia 160 million 245 million
+53%Former USSR 120 million 160 million
+33%East Asia 120 million 170 million
+42%Oceana 20 million 20 million 0%
Size and Projected Growth of World’s Religious Groups (Pew Research Center, 2015)
2010 pop. % pop 2010 % pop 2050
Christians 2.1 billion 31.4% 31.4%Muslims 1.6 billion 23.2% 29.7%Unaffliated 1.1 billion 16.4% 13.2%Hindus 1.0 billion 15.0% 14.9%Buddhists 487 million 7.1% 5.2%Folk Religions 404 million 5.9% 4.8%Other Religions 58 million .8% .8%Jews 13 million .2% .2%