Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall What Is Climate? Weather is the
day-to-day condition of Earth's atmosphere at a particular time and
place. Climate refers to the average year-after-year conditions of
temperature and precipitation in a particular region.
Slide 3
What Is Climate? Climate is caused by: trapping of heat by the
atmosphere latitude transport of heat by winds and ocean currents
amount of precipitation shape and elevation of landmasses Copyright
Pearson Prentice Hall http://www.windows.ucar.edu/earth/climate
/images/ucar_model_input_sm.jpg
Slide 4
The Greenhouse Effect Atmospheric gases that trap the heat
energy of sunlight and maintain Earth's temperature range include:
carbon dioxide methane water vapor Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
http://www.koshland-science-museum.org/exhibitgcc/images/causes02.jpg
Slide 5
The Greenhouse Effect The natural situation in which heat is
retained in Earths atmosphere by this layer of gases is called the
greenhouse effect. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
Slide 6
The Effect of Latitude on Climate Solar radiation strikes
different parts of Earths surface at an angle that varies
throughout the year. At the equator, energy from the sun strikes
Earth almost directly. At the North and South Poles, the suns rays
strike Earths surface at a lower angle. Copyright Pearson Prentice
Hall
http://kentsimmons.uwinnipeg.ca/16cm05/1116/50-11-LatitudeSolarRad-L.gif
Slide 7
The Effect of Latitude on Climate As a result of differences in
latitude and thus the angle of heating, Earth has three main
climate zones: Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall 1 2 3
Slide 8
The Effect of Latitude on Climate The polar zones are cold
areas where the sun's rays strike Earth at a very low angle.
Located in the areas around the North and South poles, between 66.5
and 90 North and South latitudes. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
http://www.wildcarnivore.com/images/antarctic.jpg
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The Effect of Latitude on Climate The temperate zones sit
between the polar zones and the tropics. They are more affected by
the changing angle of the sun over the course of a year. The
climate in these zones ranges from hot to cold, depending on the
season. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
http://i.ehow.com/images/a05/5s/6l/types-forest-ecosystems-800X800.jpg
Slide 10
The Effect of Latitude on Climate The tropical zone, or
tropics, is near the equator, between 23.5 North and 23.5 South
latitudes. The tropics receive direct or nearly direct sunlight
year-round, making the climate almost always warm. Copyright
Pearson Prentice Hall
http://www.buzzle.com/img/articleImages/344049-2719-52.jpg
Slide 11
Heat Transport in the Biosphere Unequal heating of Earths
surface drives winds and ocean currents, which transport heat
throughout the biosphere. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
http://www.noao.edu/education/gsmtf/img/winds.gif
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Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Heat Transport in the Biosphere
Warm air over the equator rises, while cooler air over the poles
sinks toward the ground. The upward and downward movement of air
creates air currents, or winds, that move heat throughout the
atmosphere.
http://kentsimmons.uwinnipeg.ca/16cm05/1116/50-13-GlobalCircPrecip-L.gif
Slide 13
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Heat Transport in the Biosphere
Similar patterns of heating and cooling occur in Earths oceans.
Cold water near the poles sinks, then flows parallel to the ocean
bottom, and rises in warmer regions. Water is also moved at the
surface by winds. https://courseware.e-
education.psu.edu/courses/earth540/GlobalSurfaceCurrents.png
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Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Heat Transport in the Biosphere
The movement of the water creates ocean currents, which transport
heat energy throughout the biosphere. Surface ocean currents warm
or cool the air above them, affecting the weather and climate of
nearby landmasses.
Slide 15
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall The Earths polar zones are cold
because a)they are never heated by the sun. b)at the poles, the
sun's rays are at a very low angle. c)the greenhouse effect does
not occur at the poles. d)heat is transported from the poles to the
equator.
Slide 16
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall The upward movement of warm air
and the downward movement of cool air creates a)upwellings. b)air
currents. c)ocean currents. d)the greenhouse effect.
Slide 17
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Earth's temperature range is
maintained by a)the greenhouse effect. b)climate zones. c)ocean
currents and winds. d)latitude differences.
Slide 18
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Variation of temperature in the
temperate zone is due primarily to a)air and ocean currents. b)the
greenhouse effect. c)variation in the suns energy production.
d)latitude and season.
Slide 19
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall The tropical zone is warm all
year long because a)the suns angle changes the most in that part of
Earth. b)ocean water is warmest near the equator. c)it receives
direct or nearly direct sunlight year-round. d)landmasses in the
tropic latitudes hold on to heat.
Slide 20
END OF SECTION
Slide 21
What Shapes an Ecosystem? 4-2 Biology Copyright Pearson
Prentice Hall
Slide 22
Biotic and Abiotic Factors Ecosystems are influenced by a
combination of biological and physical factors. Copyright Pearson
Prentice Hall
http://www.sciencebitz.com/wp-content/uploads/2007/06/biotic-abiotic.gif
Slide 23
Biotic and Abiotic Factors The biological influences on
organisms within an ecosystem are called biotic factors. Biotic
factors include all the living things with which an organism might
interact. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
http://www.sciencebitz.com/wp-content/uploads/2007/06/biotic-abiotic.gif
Slide 24
Biotic and Abiotic Factors Physical, or nonliving, factors that
shape ecosystems are called abiotic factors. Abiotic factors
include: temperature precipitation humidity wind nutrient
availability soil type sunlight Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
http://www.sciencebitz.com/wp-content/uploads/2007/06/biotic-abiotic.gif
Slide 25
Biotic and Abiotic Factors Biotic and abiotic factors determine
the survival and growth of an organism and the productivity of the
ecosystem in which the organism lives. Copyright Pearson Prentice
Hall
Slide 26
Biotic and Abiotic Factors The area where an organism lives is
called its habitat. A habitat includes both biotic and abiotic
factors. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
http://www.sciencedaily.com/images/2008/02/080217102153-large.jpg
Slide 27
Which animals would live in this habitat?
http://www.creativevisionary.com/img/adv/underwater/oceanlife.jpg
http://www.rockingham.k12.va.us/resources/elementary/files/4Animal_Habitats.jpg
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Which animals would live in this habitat?
http://www.rockingham.k12.va.us/resources/elementary/files/4Animal_Habitats.jpg
http://open.live.bbc.co.uk/dynamic_images/
Slide 29
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall The Niche A niche is the full
range of physical and biological conditions in which an organism
lives and the way in which the organism uses those conditions.
Slide 30
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall The Niche The range of
temperatures that an organism needs to survive and its place in the
food web are part of its niche. The combination of biotic and
abiotic factors in an ecosystem often determines the number of
different niches in that ecosystem.
Slide 31
The Niche No two species can share the same niche in the same
habitat. Different species can occupy niches that are very similar.
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
Slide 32
Community Interactions When organisms live together in
ecological communities, they interact constantly. Community
interactions, such as competition, predation, and various forms of
symbiosis, can affect an ecosystem. Copyright Pearson Prentice
Hall
Slide 33
Community Interactions Competition Competition occurs when
organisms of the same or different species attempt to use an
ecological resource in the same place at the same time. A resource
is any necessity of life, such as water, nutrients, light, food,
space, or mates. http://www.tiderip.com/images/bears-dance-jason-
op.jpg
Slide 34
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Community Interactions Direct
competition in nature often results in a winner and a loserwith the
losing organism failing to survive. The competitive exclusion
principle states that no two species can occupy the same niche in
the same habitat at the same time.
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Community Interactions Some
competition leads to resource partitioning. The distribution of
these warblers avoids direct competition, because each species
feeds in a different part of the tree.
Slide 37
Community Interactions Predation An interaction in which one
organism captures and feeds on another organism is called
predation. The organism that does the killing and eating is called
the predator, and the food organism is the prey. Copyright Pearson
Prentice Hall
http://tiee.ecoed.net/vol/v4/experiments/insect_predation/img/dragonfly%5BHR%5D.jpg
Slide 38
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Community Interactions
Symbiosis Any relationship in which two species live closely
together is called symbiosis. Symbiotic relationships include:
mutualism commensalism parasitism
Slide 39
Community Interactions Mutualism: both species benefit from the
relationship. Example: Anemones provide the Clown Fish with
protection from predators whilst Clown fish defend the Anemones
from Butterfly fish who like to eat Anemones Copyright Pearson
Prentice Hall http://www.asknature.org/images/uploads/strateg
y/fb410d8500af30a5daf5b647954b7fa5/846cc9a9f
6b1e83dad47d5dc38372998.jpg
Slide 40
Community Interactions Commensalism: one member of the
association benefits and the other is neither helped nor harmed.
Example: Remora fish use stickers on their heads to attach to shark
underbelly. Benefits by getting food scraps. Copyright Pearson
Prentice Hall
Slide 41
Community Interactions Parasitism: one organism lives on or
inside another organism and harms it.
http://www.solarnavigator.net/animal_kingdom/animal_images/insect_mosquit
o_aedes_aegypti_biting_human_arm.jpg
http://wpcontent.answers.com/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Aphids_
feeding_on_fennel.jpg/250px-Aphids_feeding_on_fennel.jpg
Slide 42
Ecological Succession Ecosystems are constantly changing in
response to natural and human disturbances. As an ecosystem
changes, older inhabitants gradually die out and new organisms move
in, causing further changes in the community. Copyright Pearson
Prentice Hall
http://www.restoringearth.co.uk/education/science/geography/ecology/successio
n/success1.gif
Slide 43
Ecological Succession This series of predictable changes that
occurs in a community over time is called ecological succession. An
ecosystem changes in response to an abrupt disturbance. Or change
occurs as a more gradual response to natural fluctuations in the
environment. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
http://www.ccs.k12.in.us/chsteachers/byost/biology%20notes/secondarysuccession.jpg
Slide 44
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Ecological Succession Primary
Succession On land, succession that occurs on surfaces where no
soil exists is called primary succession. For example, primary
succession occurs on rock surfaces formed after volcanoes erupt.
The first species to populate the area are called pioneer
species.
Slide 45
Ecological Succession In this example, a volcanic eruption has
destroyed the previous ecosystem. Copyright Pearson Prentice
Hall
Slide 46
Ecological Succession The first organisms to appear are
lichens. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
Slide 47
Ecological Succession Mosses soon appear, and grasses take root
in the thin layer of soil. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
Slide 48
Ecological Succession Eventually, tree seedlings and shrubs
sprout among the plant community.
Slide 49
Ecological Succession Secondary Succession Components of an
ecosystem can be changed by natural events, such as fires. When the
disturbance is over, community interactions tend to restore the
ecosystem to its original condition through secondary succession.
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
http://www.restoringearth.co.uk/education/science/geography/ecology/successio
n/success2.gif
Slide 50
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Ecological Succession Healthy
ecosystems usually recover from natural disturbances, but may not
recover from long-term, human-caused disturbances.
Slide 51
Mt. St. Helen 1980 Eruption
http://denali.gsfc.nasa.gov/research/volc2/MSHreflection.gif
MSH80_st_helens_spirit_lake_before_may_18_1980.jpg
http://www.jqjacobs.net/photos/volcano/st_helens.html
Slide 52
Mt. St. Helen Secondary Succession Red alder disperses easily
and is capable of rapid growth on the nutrient-poor, volcanic
deposits. A red-legged frog one of the creatures living in one of
the dozens of ponds created after the eruption. 70 species of
birds, including hummingbirds, western meadowlarks and Savannah
sparrows http://www.kgw.com/news-
local/stories/L_IMAGE.101688cd0b5.93.88.fa.7c.279 13b573.jpg
www.kgw.com/news-local/stories/kgw_051505_env...
Slide 53
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Which of the following is a
biotic factor in a bullfrog's niche? a)water b)a heron c)climate
d)day length
Slide 54
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall An organisms niche is different
from its habitat because a)The niche does not include the place
where the organism lives. b)the niche includes all the conditions
under which the organism lives. c)the niche includes only abiotic
factors. d)the niche includes only biotic factors.
Slide 55
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall The attempt by organisms of the
same or different species to use a resource at the same time in the
same place is called a)competition. b)predation. c)symbiosis.
d)cooperation.
Slide 56
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall An association between two
species in which one species benefits and the other is neither
helped nor harmed is called a)symbiosis. b)mutualism.
c)commensalism. d)parasitism.
Slide 57
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall When a volcano erupts and
completely destroys an ecosystem, the first species to populate the
area are usually a)grasses and shrubs. b)pioneers such as lichens.
c)small plants such as mosses. d)small animals such as
rodents.
