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7/28/2019 Ch 4 Biodiversity Evolution
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Biodiversity and Evolution
Chapter 4
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Core Case Study: Why Should We Careabout the American Alligator?
Largest reptile in North America
1930s: Hunters and poachers
Importance of gator holes and nesting mounds
1967: endangered species
1977: comeback, threatened species
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The American Alligator
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4-1 Wh at Is B iod ivers i ty and Wh y Is It Im po rtant?
Con cept 4-1 The biodiversity found in genes,species, ecosystems, and ecosystem processesis vital to sustaining life on earth.
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Natural Capital: Major Components of the Earths Biodiversity
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4-2 Wh ere Do Species Co m e Fro m ?
Con cept 4-2A The scientific theory of evolutionexplains how life on earth changes over timethrough changes in the genes of populations.
Con cept 4-2B Populations evolve when genesmutate and give some individuals genetic traitsthat enhance their abilities to survive and to
produce offspring with these traits (natural selection).
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Biological Evolution by Natural SelectionExplains How Life Changes over Time
Biological evolution
Natural selection Charles Darwin Alfred Russel Wallace
Tree of Life
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CenozoicMesozoic
Paleozoic
Precambrian M i l l i o n s o
f y e a r s
a g o
First humansExtinction of dinosaurs
Plantscolonize land
Origin of multicellular organisms
Oldesteukaryotic fossils
Accumulation of O 2 in atmospherefrom photosyntheticcyanobacterium
Prokaryotes Eukaryotes
Origin of Earth
Earth cool enoughfor crust to solidify
Oldest prokaryoticfossils
AnimalsFungiPlantsProtistsArchaebacteriaEubacteria
0
500
4,500
4,000
3,500
3,000
2,500
2,000
1,500
1,000
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The Fossil Record Tells Much of theStory of Evolution
Fossils Physical evidence of ancient organisms Reveal what their internal structures looked
like
Fossil record is incomplete: why?
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Fossilized Skeleton of an Herbivore thatLived during the Cenozoic Era
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The Genetic Makeup of a PopulationCan Change
Populations evolve by becoming geneticallydifferent
Genetic variations First step in biological evolution Occurs through mutations in reproductive cells
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Individuals in Populations with BeneficialGenetic Traits Can Leave More Offspring
Natural selection: acts on individuals Second step in biological evolution Adaptation may lead to differential reproduction
Genetic resistance
When environmental conditions change,populations
Adapt Migrate Become extinct
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Most of the normalbacteria die
The geneticallyresistant bacteriastart multiplying
Eventually the
resistant strainreplaces the strainaffected bythe antibiotic
A group of bacteria,
including geneticallyresistant ones, areexposed to anantibiotic
Normalbacterium
Resistantbacterium
Stepped Art
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Adaptation through Natural SelectionHas Limits
Genetic change must precede change in theenvironmental conditions
Reproductive capacity
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Three Common Myths about Evolutionthrough Natural Selection
Survival of the fittest is not survival of thestrongest
Organisms do not develop traits out of need or want
No grand plan of nature for perfect adaptation
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4-3 How Do Geolo gic al Pro cess es and Cl im ate Change Affec t Evolu t ion ?
Con cept 4-3 Tectonic plate movements,volcanic eruptions, earthquakes, and climatechange have shifted wildlife habitats, wiped out large numbers of species, and created opportunities for the evolution of new species.
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Geologic Processes Affect NaturalSelection
Tectonic plates affect evolution and the locationof life on earth
Location of continents and oceans
Species physically move, or adapt, or form newspecies through natural selection
Earthquakes
Volcanic eruptions
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225 million years ago 135 million years ago
65 million years ago Present
Stepped Art
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Climate Change and Catastrophes AffectNatural Selection
Ice ages followed by warming temperatures
Collisions between the earth and large asteroids New species Extinction
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18,000years beforepresent
Modern day(August)
Northern HemisphereIce coverage
LegendContinental ice
Sea ice
Land above sea level
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Science Focus: Earth Is Just Rightfor Life to Thrive
Certain temperature range
Dependence on water
Rotation on its axis
Revolution around the sun
Enough gravitational mass
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4-4 Ho w Do Speciat ion , Ext inc t ion , and Hum an A ct iv i ti es A ffec t B iod ivers i ty?
Con cept 4-4A As environmental conditionschange, the balance between formation of new species and extinction of existing speciesdetermines the earths biodiversity.
Con cept 4-4B Human activities can decreasebiodiversity by causing the premature extinction
of species and by destroying or degrading habitats needed for the development of new species.
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How Do New Species Evolve?
Geographic isolation
Reproductive isolation
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Geographic Isolation Can Lead toReproductive Isolation
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Extinction is Forever
Extinction
Endemic species Particularly vulnerable
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Golden Toad of Costa Rica, Extinct
ff
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Extinction Can Affect One Species or Many Species at a Time
Background extinction
Mass extinction How numbered is debated: 3 5
S i F W H T W
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Science Focus: We Have Two Ways toChange the Genetic Traits of Populations
Artificial selection
Genetic engineering, gene splicing
Consider Ethics
Morals Privacy issues Harmful effects
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Genetically Engineered Mice
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Transferring genes into plants
4 5Wh I S i Di i dWh
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4-5 What Is Species Divers i ty an d Wh y Is It Im po rtant?
Con cept 4-5 Species diversity is a major component of biodiversity and tends to increasethe sustainability of ecosystems.
S i Di it V i t Ab d f
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Species Diversity: Variety, Abundance of Species in a Particular Place
Species diversity Species richness Species evenness
Diversity varies with geographical location Most species-rich communities
Tropical rain forests Coral reefs Ocean bottom zone Large tropical lakes
V i ti i S i Ri h d
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Variations in Species Richness andSpecies Evenness
S i Ri h E t T d t B
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Species-Rich Ecosystems Tend to BeProductive and Sustainable
Species richness seems to increase productivityand stability or sustainability
Rivet theory
4 6Wh tR l D S i Pl i
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4-6 Wh at Roles Do Species Play in Ecosys tems?
Con cept 4-6A Each species plays a specific ecological role called its niche.
Con cept 4-6B Any given species may play oneor more of five important roles native,nonnative, indicator, keystone, or foundationroles in a particular ecosystem.
Each Species Pla s a Uniq e Role
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Each Species Plays a Unique Rolein Its Ecosystem
Ecological niche, niche Pattern of living
Generalist species Broad niche
Specialist species Narrow niche
Specialist Species and Generalist
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Specialist Species and GeneralistSpecies Niches
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Cockroach
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Fig. 4-13, p. 93
Black skimmer
seizes small fishat water surfaceBlack skimmer seizes small fishat water surface
Brown pelican divesfor fish, which itlocates from the air
Avocet sweeps billthrough mud andsurface water in searchof small crustaceans,insects, and seeds
Dowitcher probesdeeply into mud insearch of snails,marine worms, andsmall crustaceans Herring gull
is a tirelessscavenger
Ruddy turnstonesearches under shells and pebblesfor smallinvertebrates
Flamingo feedson minute
organisms inmud
Scaup and other diving ducks feed
on mollusks,crustaceans, andaquatic vegetation
Louisianaheron wades
into water toseize smallfish
Oystercatcher feedson clams, mussels,
and other shellfishinto which it priesits narrow beak
Knot (sandpiper)picks up worms
and smallcrustaceansleft by recedingtide
Piping plover feeds on
insects andtinycrustaceanson sandybeaches
Niches Can Be Occupied by Native and
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Niches Can Be Occupied by Native andNonnative Species
Native species
Nonnative species; invasive, alien, or exotic
species May spread rapidly Not all are villains
Indicator Species Serve as Biological
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Indicator Species Serve as BiologicalSmoke Alarms
Indicator species Can monitor environmental quality
Trout Birds Butterflies Frogs
Case Study: Why Are Amphibians
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Case Study: Why Are AmphibiansVanishing? (1)
Habitat loss and fragmentation
Prolonged drought
Pollution
Increase in UV radiationParasites
Viral and fungal diseases
Climate change
Overhunting
Nonnative predators and competitors
Case Study: Why Are Amphibians
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Case Study: Why Are AmphibiansVanishing? (2)
Importance of amphibians Sensitive biological indicators of environmental
changes Adult amphibians
Important ecological roles in biologicalcommunities
Genetic storehouse of pharmaceutical products
waiting to be discovered
f
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Fig. 4-14, p. 94
Sexualreproduction
Adult frog(3 years) Young frog
Tadpole developsinto frog
Tadpole
Egg hatches
Organ formation
Fertilized eggdevelopment
Eggs
Sperm
Keystone Foundation Species Determine
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Keystone, Foundation Species DetermineStructure, Function of Their Ecosystems
Keystone species Pollinators Top predator
Foundation species Create or enhance their habitats, which benefit
others Elephants Beavers
Case Study: Why Should We
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Case Study: Why Should WeProtect Sharks?
Keystone species Eat dead and dying fish in the ocean Strong immune systems
Wounds do not get infected Almost never get cancer Could help humans if we understood their immune
system