Vocabulary Focus Imperialism: domination by one country of the
political, economic, and cultural life of another country or region
Protectorate: country with its own government but under the control
of an outside power Sphere of Influence: area in which an outside
power claims exclusive investment or trading privileges
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Causes of Imperialism 1. Economics: Industrial Revolution
created needs/desires that caused want for overseas expansion want
for rubber, petroleum, manganese, palm oil Hoped for new markets to
sale manufactured goods Bankers invested for profits
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2. Political and Military motives: Ships needed ports around
the world to take on coal and supplies Nationalism played a role-
when one country moved into an area, other Euro countries countered
to prevent expansion
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3. Humanitarian and Religious Goals Missionaries, doctors,
& colonial officials believed they had a duty to spread the
blessings of Western culture 4. Social Darwinism Westerners
embraced ideas of natural selection and survival of the fittest
West was superior than other weaker races
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Spread of Western Imperialism Weakness of non-western states
Ottoman Turks, Mughal India, Qing China in decline Slave trade
weakened West Africa Western Advantages Strong economies,
well-organized governments, powerful militaries, superior
technology/medicine
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Resisting Imperialism: Africans and Asians especially tried to
resist Western expansion Western-educated Africans and Asians
organized nationalist movements to expel imperialist Facing
Criticisms at home Small group of anti-imperialists emerged Moving
toward greater democracy at home, but imposing undemocratic rule on
other peoples
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Forms of Imperial Rule 1. Direct rule - France Send officials
and soldiers to administer their colonies 2. Indirect Rule Great
Britain Used sultans, chiefs, or other local rulers to rule, and
encouraged the children to attend British schools- could still use
force if necessary
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3. Protectorate: Local rulers left in place but were expected
to follow the advice of Euro advisors Costs less to run than a
colony, usually did not require large commitment of military forces
4. Sphere of Influence: Area in which an outside power claimed
exclusive investment or trading privileges Carved these spheres in
China & other areas to prevent conflict among themselves
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Sec. 2
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Vocabulary Focus Paternalistic: the system of governing a
country as a father would a child Westerners saw Africans as
children in need of guidance Elite: upper class
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Africa early 1800s North Africa: Sahara and fertile land along
Mediterranean Remained under declining Ottoman rule (Muslims) West
Africa: Usman dan Fodio called for social and religious reforms
based on the sharia (Islamic law) Literacy increased, local wars
quieted, trade improved Inspired other Islamic reform
movements
Slide 14
East Africa: Islam was very influential where in port cities
there was profitable trade Slaves were often the cargo, but ivory
and copper were exchanged for cloth and firearms Southern Africa:
Zulus led by Shaka ruled much of the south Set off mass migrations
and wars- Boer Wars
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Sierra Leone 1787 British organized this colony in West Africa
for former slaves to live Later more freed blacks from US settled
in nearby Liberia- 1847 it had become an independent republic
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European Contact 1500-1700 Europeans traded on coast but did
not move interior 1800s with medical advancements and steamboat-
that changed Some wanted to map the interior- did not understand
the people they met Catholic and Protestant missionaries followed
Built schools, hospitals, churches- paternalistic view
Slide 17
Livingstone Blazes a Trail Crisscrossed Africa for 30 years
Wrote about people he met- more sympathy/ less bias To end slave
trade- open interior to Christianity and trade 1869- Henry Stanley
tracked him down Dr. Livingstone, I presume?
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Scramble for Colonies 1884 Berlin Conference No Africans were
invited to the conference Recognized King Leopolds claim to the
Congo- called for free trade along the Congo and Niger rivers
Agreed Euro power could not claim any part of Africa unless it had
an established government with an office Race to colonize Africa
had begun
Slide 19
European Colonies Belgians under King Leopold exploited the
riches of the Congo Brutalized the villagers and forced them to
work Leopold was forced to turn his colony over to the Belgium
government better treatment, still exploited France extended its
influence along Mediterranean into Tunisia, as well as West and
Central Africa
Slide 20
Britains land was scattered but was more heavily populated than
Frances West and East Africa, Egypt, and Sudan In south Africa,
Britain clashed with the Boers (decedents of Dutch settlers)-
forcing the Boers to move north Late 1800s: Boers found gold and
diamonds led to conflict with Britain- who won but at great cost
(Boer War) Led to Union of South Africa- racial segregation
Slide 21
Portuguese: Angola and Mozambique Italy: Libya and into the
horn Germany: eastern and southern lands- Cameroons and Togo
Slide 22
African Resist Imperialism French fought Samori Toure who led
Algerians British battled Zulus in southern Africa and Asante in
the west Germans fought against the Yao and Herero Ethiopia
succeeded in resisting Euro colonization under Menelik II
Modernized Ethiopia and defeated Italians Only independent nation
besides Liberia
Slide 23
African Elite emerge Some Western-educated Africans admired
western ways and rejected their own culture Others valued their
African traditions and condemned Western societies By 1900s African
leaders were forging nationalist movements to pursue
self-determination and independence
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Section 3
Slide 25
Vocabulary Builder Pasha: provincial rulers Sultan: rulers of
the Ottoman Turkish empire Genocide: a deliberate attempt to
destroy a racial, political, or cultural group Concession: special
rights given to foreign powers
Slide 26
Muslim Regions West Africa to Southwest Asia Ottomans in Middle
East Safavids in Persia Mughals of India All on the decline by
1700s due to many causes Many Muslim reform movements to oppose
Westerners and imperialism
Slide 27
Muslim Reform Movements Muhammad Ahmad led the reform in the
Sudan announcing he was the Mahdi resisted British expansion
Wahhabi movement in Arabia Resisted theology and law that emerged
in Ottoman empire Wahhabi teachings remain in kingdom of Saudi
Arabia
Slide 28
Problems for the Ottoman Empire Early 1800s faced many
challenges- Pashas increased power, economic problems and
corruption Nationalist Revolts broke out Internal revolts spurred
by Western nationalism weakened Ottoman empire European Pressure
Increases Euro states noticed the decline and intended to gain more
Ottoman land
Slide 29
Efforts to Westernize Ottoman rulers attempted to modernize by
learning from Western ideas Sent young men to get educated, hired
Europeans to train their military, internal improvements based on
the West Increase of Western ideas increased tensions, some sultans
rejected reform and tried to rebuild autocratic power
Slide 30
Young Turks demand Reform 1890s group of young liberals formed
movement and overthrew the sultan in 1908 Armenian Genocide Tension
between Ottomans and minority groups erupted into Genocide-
targeting Armenians Accused Christian Armenians of supporting
Russian plans against Ottoman empire 600,000-1.5 mill killed in 25
years
Slide 31
Egypt Seeks to Modernize Escaped Ottoman rule- semi-
independent (early 1800s) Muhammad Ali- governor of Egypt by
Ottomans Ali- Father of Modern Egypt Modernized Egypt and set it on
road to become a Middle Eastern power- died 1849
Slide 32
Building the Suez Canal Muhammads successors lacked many of his
skills Ferdinand de Lesseps organized a company to build the Suez
Canal Europeans gained power over Ottomans by extending loans with
high interest rates they could not pay back
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1875 the ruler of Egypt sold his shares of the Canal to pay his
debt- British bought the canal Britain made Egypt a protectorate to
calm nationalist revolts Nationalists discontent simmered and
flared into protests and riots
Slide 34
Persia and the European Powers Like the Ottomans, Persia faced
major challenges in the 1800s Qajar shahs ruled with absolute power
Their reforms did not save Persia from Western imperialism Russia
and Britain set up spheres of influence Persian Government granted
them concessions Both sent in troops to cause confusion
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Sec. 4
Slide 36
Vocabulary Terms Sati: a Hindu custom that called for a widow
to join her husband in death by throwing herself on his funeral
pyre (fire) Sepoy: Indian soldier who served in an army set up the
French or English trading companies Viceroy: one who governed in
India in the name of the British monarch Deforestation: the
destruction of forest land Purdah: isolation of women in separate
quarters
Slide 37
East India Company and Rebellion Mid-1700s Mughal empire
collapsing from lack of strong rulers Early 1600s EIC won trading
rights on the outskirts of Mughal empire As that empire declined
EIC power increased Mid-1800s EIC controlled 3/5 of India EIC
successful by exploiting Indian diversity
Slide 38
EIC main goal: make money Did improve roads, preserve peace,
& reduce banditry By mid-1800s British had: introduced Western
education, missionaries tried to convert to Christianity, worked to
end slavery & caste system Banned sati to improve womens role
in the family 1850s: EIC made some unpopular moves
Slide 39
Discontent to Rebellion 1. British required sepoys to fight
anywhere Overseas travel was an offense to religion 2. EIC passed a
law that allowed Hindu widows to remarry Undermined Hindu religion
3. 1857, British issued new rifles to the sepoys Told to bite off
the tips of the cartridges to load rifle Tip of cartridge greased
in animal fat- cow or pig Sepoys that refused orders -
imprisoned
Slide 40
Rebellion and Aftermath Angry sepoys rose up against British
officers Sepoy Rebellion spread across northern and central India
Marched after Dehli (old capital) and hailed last Mughal ruler as
their leader Massacred British in some areas British eventually
crushed the revolt and retaliated- burned villages/ killed
Indians
Slide 41
Legacy of Rebellion 1858- Parliament ended EIC rule and put
India directly under British crown Sent more troops to India
Increased taxes to pay for troops Slowed the reforms that offended
Hindus/ Muslims but developed India for Britains economic
benefit
Slide 42
British view of Colonial Rule Parliament set up a system of
colonial rule in India called the British Raj A viceroy in India
governed in name of the queen Britain made India the brightest
jewel in the crown of their empire Policies were designed to
incorporate India into the overall British economy British felt
they were modernizing India
Slide 43
Impact of Colonial Rule Unequal partnership India to Britain
was a market and source of raw materials Did improve railroad and
road systems British flooded Indian markets with cheaply made goods
ruining their trade system Introduced to medical improvements and
new farming methods Led to population growth- deforestation and
great famines across India
Slide 44
Benefits of Colonial rule Brought some degree of peace to
Indian countryside British revised legal system to promote justice
for Indians regardless of class or caste Railroads helped Indians
move around country Telegraph and postal system helped improve
communications Helped to build a sense of unity Upper-classes
benefited the most
Slide 45
Different Views of Western Culture Some western-educated
Indians impressed by British power and technology Urged India to
follow Western progress Others felt the answer to change was within
their own Hindu or Muslim culture Ram Mohun Roy led nationalist
movement by compromising both ideas for India Condemned some
traditions and modernized others Founder of Indian nationalism
Slide 46
Western Attitudes British had conflicting views about India Few
admired Indian theology and philosophy, writings, and heritage Most
dismissed Indian culture with contempt
Slide 47
Indian Nationalism Grows 1885 nationalist leaders organized the
Indian Nationalist Congress- became known as Congress party
Believed in peaceful protest to gain their ends Called for greater
democracy Looked forward to self-rule but supported Western-style
modernization Muslims grew to resent Hindu domination Developed
Muslim League to pursue own goals
Slide 48
Sec. 5
Slide 49
Vocabulary Words Balance of Trade: difference between how much
a country imports and how much it exports trade surplus: situation
in which a country exports more than it imports Trade deficit:
situation in which a country imports more than it exports
Indemnity: payment for losses in war Extraterritoriality: right of
foreigners to be protected by the laws of their own nation Open
Door Policy: American approach to China around 1900, favoring open
trade relations between China and other nations
Slide 50
Chinese Trade Regulations had ensured China had a favorable
balance of trade Strict limits on foreign trade Euro merchants
restricted to a small area Sold them silk, porcelain, & tea for
gold & silver China= trade surplus/ Westerners= trade
deficit
Slide 51
Opium War Late 1700s: British merchants traded opium for
Chinese tea- popular in Britain Chinese began to buy opium with
silver enough to disrupt the economy Chinese government outlawed
opium and executed drug dealers Called on Britain to end the trade
which British refused
Slide 52
1839: Chinese warships clashed with British merchants-
triggered Opium War British gunboats bombarded Chinese coastal
ports Chinese easily defeated 1842: Chinese forced to sign Treaty
of Nanjing Britain received huge indemnity British gained island of
Hong Kong China had to open 5 ports to trade Chinese grated British
citizens extraterritoriality
Slide 53
Slide 54
Taiping Rebellion Weakens China 1800s: Qing dynasty in decline
Irrigation systems & canals poorly maintained Population
explosion created hardships for Chinas peasants Extravagant court/
tax evasion/ widespread corruption 1850-1864 Taiping Rebellion Hong
Xiuquan called for end to Qing dynasty Rebels won control of large
parts of China for 14 years
Slide 55
Rebellion almost toppled Qing dynasty Qing government survived
but had to share power with regional commanders Europeans continued
pressure and Russia seized lands in the north
Slide 56
Launching Reform Efforts Most Chinese rejected Western views
Empress Ci Xi surrounded herself with advisors deeply committed to
Confucian tradition Self-Strengthening Movement- converted western
ideas to apply to China Set up factories and shipyards Made limited
progress
Slide 57
War with Japan Japan imperializing- Sino-Japanese war Disaster
for China/ Japan gained Taiwan Chinas defeat showed their
weaknesses- Europeans began to carve out spheres of influence Led
to Open Door Policy Hundred Days of Reform 1898: Guan Xu launched
the reform Affected schools, military, and the bureaucracy
Conservatives rallied and imprisoned him- Ci Xi reasserted the
throne
Slide 58
Qing Dynasty Falls Boxer Uprising- 1899 a secret society known
as Righteous Harmonious Fists trained in martial arts (Boxers)
Their goal: drive out foreign devils 1900: Boxers attacked
foreigners across China Europe/ Japan crushed the Boxers and
rescued foreigners Ci Xi originally supported them but not after
their retreat
Slide 59
Slide 60
Aftermath of the Uprising China had to make concessions to
foreigners Chinese conservatives now supported Westernization New
Reforms: women were educated, more students sent abroad to study
China expanded economically Industry developed Business class
emerged, new urban working class pressed for rights
Slide 61
Three Principles of the People Boxer Uprising failed, but
nationalism spread By 1900s reformers wanted a republic over the
new constitutional monarchy Sun Yixian organized the Revolutionary
Alliance to rebuild China- Three Principles of the People
Nationalism: freeing China from foreign domination Democracy:
representative government Livelihood: economic security of all
Chinese
Slide 62
Birth of a Republic Ci Xi died 1908: a 2 year-old boy inherited
the throne- China slipped into chaos 1911: uprisings spread-
toppled Qing dynasty Dec. 1911: Sun Yixian named president of the
new Chinese Republic Faced many problems: constantly at war with
itself and foreign invaders