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Ch. 22 Chest and Abdomen
Objectives Describe the anatomy of the thoracic cavity. Describe the structures and functions of the
organs and respiration. Explain the breathing and respiratory process. Discuss the significance of chest and
abdominal injuries. List and describe the various injuries
associated with the thoracic cavity. List and describe the various injuries
associated with abdominal cavity.
Thoracic Cavity Diaphragm up,
sternum to vertebrae Left and right pleural
cavity Tissue and organs
Esophagus Bronchi Lungs Trachea Thymus gland Heart—Pericaridal
cavity
Ribs and Sternum Sternum
Manubrium, body, Xiphoid process
Ribs (12 pairs total) 7 pairs of true ribs
Connected by cartilage to the sternum
3 pairs of false ribs Connected to the 7th rib
by cartilage 2 pairs of floating ribs
Respiratory System Structures
responsible for the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide
Also responsible for the production of sound through the vocal cords
Respiratory System Nasal Cavity: intakes air, filtered by cilia Pharynx: throat, common passageway for food
and air Epiglottis
Larynx: voice box Trachea: windpipe Bronchi: tubes that bring air to lungs Alveolar Sacs: oxygen and carbon dioxide
exchange occurs
Lungs 2 lungs Right lung is larger
Divided into superior, middle, and inferior lobes
Left lung is smaller Divided into superior
and inferior lobes
Asthma Muscles around the airways spasm and lining
inside the airway swells Make it difficult to move air in and out Triggered by environmental factors or exercise S/S: coughing, wheezing, dyspnea Treat with bronchodilators such as albuterol
Asthma
Rib Contusion Caused by forceful
blow to ribcage that bruises intercostal muscles
Pain with inhalation and exhalation
Must monitor athlete and check for signs of shock
Flail Chest Caused by 3 or more
consecutive rib fx on the same side
Movements of breathing will be paradoxical
Fractured ribs could puncture organs
Refer to dr immediately
Sudden Death Syndrome Usually caused by
some form of heart disease
Most common is hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, Marfan’s syndrome, and congenital heart disease
Give CPR until EMS arrives
Pneumothorax Air enters thoracic
cavity between chest wall and lung
Difference in pressure causes lung to collapse
Occurs when something penetrates the skin or lung tears from intense impact
Spontaneous and tension
Tension Pneumothorax Air enters but cannot
exit. Air accumulates with
each breath Lung will begin
pressing on other lung and heart
Sucking Chest Wound Air moves through
the space outside the lung
As air passes wound, it makes a sucking sound
Treatment: seal wound on three sides with occlusive dressing