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Ch. 18 : Classification of Living Organisms
Millions of organisms Only thousands named and studied Grouping makes its easier to study TAXONOMY = the branch of biology
that names and groups organisms according to their characteristics and evolutionary history.
taxonomy Aristotle ; plants or animals, animals where
either land-dwellers, water-dwellers or air-dwellers.
Carolus Linnaeus ; Swedish naturalist, mid 1770’s, realized that every area had their own name/language for organisms. Converted everything to latin so that names were universal.
Linnaeus’s system used morphology( form and structure) to classify organisms.
Today we are reclassifying some organisms based on their DNA sequences.
Levels of classification Domain – largest level of classification based on cell type
(eukaryotic and prokaryotic) Eukarya, Eubacteria and Archeobacter
Kingdom – big groups based on cell type, cell number, nutrition and reproduction
Animalia, Plantae, Protista, Fungi, and Bacterias Phylum – kingdoms are subdivided
animal kingdom is divided into vertebrates and invertebrates Class – smaller groups Order – more similar
There are orders of birds Family – still smaller and more similar
You are familiar with families like feline, canine, equine, bovine, etc Genus – like a last name Species – very specific, each organism belongs to its own
species
Levels of classification Domain - Kingdom - Animalia Phylum - chordata Class - mammalia Order - carnivora Family – felidae Genus - Panthera Species – P. leo Scientific name = Panthera leo
terms Phylogeny: using evidence and
hypotheses to evaluate morphology and that of ancestral organisms (related because of structures and shapes)
Systemics: organizing the diverse life forms around their evolutionary tree (thing of ‘branching or branches’)
Morpholgy: shape or form Cladistics: uses features to determine
common ancestors ( feathers – bird family)
6 Kingdom System
Archaebacteria* – prokaryotic cell Eubacteria – prokaryotic cell Protista – 1 , eukaryotic cell Fungi – 1 to many, eukaryotic cells Plantae – many eukaryotic cells Animalia – many eukaryotic cells
* You will see variety of spellings
Types of cells * see Ch. 1 notes for a detailed table
Prokaryotic Prokaryotes have prokaryotic cells which have
a cell membrane, cytoplasm with ribosomes and DNA in the form of 1 chromosome – there is NO nuclear membrane and no membrane bound organelles.
Eukaryotic Eukaryotes have eukaryotic cells which have a
cell membrane, cytoplasm full of membrane bound organelles and many chromosomes that are contained in a nucleus surrounded by a nuclear membrane.
Prokaryotic (bacteria) and eukaryotic cells (animal)
Domain
Relatively new in the classification system is the idea of domain. There are three domains Archae Prokaryae eukarya
Archaebacteria Unicellular Prokaryotes Unique DNA Ancient chemotrophic Harsh environments, often without O2
reproduce using binary fission
Eubacteria Unicellular Prokaryotes “true” Binary fission Many modes of nutrition May move with flagella or be spirochetes Unique cells walls that are either Gram
positive or Gram negative depending on ratio of starch to lipid
Protista Eukaryotic cells Single celled organisms ‘don’t fit elsewhere’ Lots of variety Algae (plant like) Zooplankton (animal like) Variety of cell walls – sometimes pellicle
and sometimes silica Various modes of reproduction
Fungi
Single celled (yeast) and multi-celled (mushrooms)
Eukaryotic cells Heterotrophic – even the green ones eat – they are not photosynthetic Absorptive nutrition- digest food
outside
Plantae Multicellular organisms eukaryotic Cell walls of cellulose Photosynthetic – have chlorophyll Cells are organized into tissues
called roots, stems and leaves with specialized functions.
Reproduce sexually and asexually
Animalia Heterotrophic ( eat ) Multicellular eukaryotic Sexual reproduction (a few have limited regeneration capabilities) Respond with movement and have muscle and nervous tissue Never have cell walls