Ch. 18 : Adverb Clauses → Modifying Adverbial PhrasesA)18-1 ⁄ 18-2 ⁄ 18-3 : Time clauses . ( While – After – Before – Since )

1- While I was relaxing for a while, I fell asleep. → Adverb clause While relaxing for a while, I fell asleep. = Relaxing for a while, I fell asleep. → Modifying adverbial phrase

2- After my sister had won the competition , she celebrated . After winning the competition, my sister celebrated . = ( After having won the competition, my sister celebrated . )

3- Mary has made many friends since she came to the university. Mary has made many friends since coming to the university.

4- I had turned off my cell phone before I went to the theatre. I had turned off my cell phone before going to the theatre.

# The subject must be the same in both clauses.# If there is a noun and a pronoun referring to the same subject, the subject in the main clause must be the proper noun .# “While” can be omitted in the modifying adverbial phrases.

While the teacher was lecturing, a student fell asleep. → no change.

While lecturing, a student fell asleep. ↓ Dangling modifier ( = Dangling participle)

While reading, the phone rang. Before leaving, it rained .

B) 18-4 : Cause and effect clauses . ( Because )1- Because Anna is sick, she can’t work. Being sick, Anna can’t work. ↓ ↓ Adverb clause Modifying adverbial phrase2- Anna isn’t tired. She can work. ( Because Anna isn’t tired, she can work.) Not being tired, Anna can work.

3- Anna feels tired. She can’t work. ( Because Anna feels tired, she can’t work.) Feeling tired, Anna can’t work.

4- Anna had worked so much. She decided to rest. ( Because Anna had worked so much, she decided to rest. ) Having worked so much, Anna decided to take a break.

5- Anna was unable to work. She didn’t go the company.( Because Anna was unable to work, She didn’t go the company. ) Being unable to work, Anna didn’t go to the company. = Unable to work, Anna didn’t go to the company.# The subject must be the same in both clauses.# If there is a noun and a pronoun referring to the same subject, the subject in the main clause must be the proper noun .# “Being unable” can be replaced by ‘Unable‘ in the modifying adverbial phrases.

B)18-5 : Using “On / Upon” instead of ‘When” in Modifying Adverbial Phrase

-Make sentences using upon OR on :When Anna graduated, she applied for a job.

Upon Anna graduated, she applied for a job. / On Anna graduated, she applied for a job. →

( When graduating, Anna applied for a job )

Ans.: Upon graduating, Anna applied for a job . ⁄ On graduating, Anna applied for a job.

Ch. 19 Connectives that express cause, effect, purpose and contrast

A) 19-1+3 : Expressing Cause ( Because , Due to the fact that, Because of & Due to)

We postponed our trip . The weather condition was bad. ↓ ↓ Effect Cause1-Because the weather condition was bad, we postponed our trip.Due to the fact that the weather condition was bad, we postponed our trip. S+V 2- Because of the bad weather condition, we postponed our trip. Due to the bad weather condition, we postponed our trip. n.

# ( Because Reason , Effect. ) OR ( Effect because Reason )

A) 19-2+3 : Expressing Effect ( Therefore , Consequently and So )

We postponed our trip . The weather condition was bad. ↓ ↓ Effect Cause 1- The weather condition was bad. Therefore, we postponed our trip . ( = The weather condition was bad; therefore, we postponed our trip. )

- The weather condition was bad. We, therefore, postponed our trip . ( = The weather condition was bad; we, therefore, postponed our trip.)

- The weather condition was bad. We postponed our trip, therefore. ( = The weather condition was bad; we postponed our trip, therefore. ) 2- The weather condition was bad. Consequently, we postponed our trip . ( = The weather condition was bad; consequently, we postponed our trip. )

3- The weather condition was bad, so we postponed our trip.

C) 19-4: Expressing Cause and effect using : such… that… (effect) / so ….. that…(effect)

We postponed our trip . The weather condition was bad. ↓ ↓ Effect Cause 1- It was such a bad weather that we postponed our trip. (such + adj. + n. + that )

2- The weather was so bad that we postponed our trip. (so + adj.OR adv. + that )

# So.. that … can be used with ( many, few, much, little ) :

- She has made so many friends that she doesn’t feel lonely anymore.

D) 19-5 : Expressing Purpose : in order to / so (that)

1- I’m learning English. I want to be able to communicate with people all over the world.- I’m learning English in order to ( be able to) communicate with people all over the world.- I’m learning English so ( that ) I can communicate with people all over the world. Present / Future

2- I’ve learned English. I wanted to be able to pass the TOEFL.- I’ve learned English in order to ( be able to ) pass the TOEFL.- I’ve learned English so ( that ) I could pass the TOEFL.

PAST

3- I’ll take my umbrella. I don’t want to get wet.-I’ll take my umbrella in order not to get wet.-I’ll take my umbrella so ( that ) I don’t (won’t) get wet. Present / Future

4- Yesterday I took my umbrella. I didn’t want to get wet.- Yesterday I took my umbrella in order not to get wet.- Yesterday I took my umbrella so ( that ) I wouldn’t get wet.

Past

D) 19-6: Expressing Unexpected Results : His grades were low. He was admitted to the university. ↓ Unexpected result A- Adverb clauses: ( Even though / Though / Although ) Even though his grades were low, he was admitted to the university.

B- Prepositions : ( Despite ‘In spite of’ the fact that / Despite ‘In spite’ of )- Despite the fact that his grades were low, he was admitted to the university. → S+V- In spite of his low grades, he was admitted to the university. → n.

C- Conjunctions : ( but…anyway ⁄ but…still ⁄ yet… still )- His grades were low, but he was admitted to the university anyway.- His grades were low, but he still was admitted to the university.- His grades were low, yet he still was admitted to the university. followed by the unexpected resultD- Transitions : ( nevertheless ⁄ nonetheless ⁄ however …..still )- His grades were low. Nevertheless, he was admitted to the university.- His grades were low. Nonetheless, he was admitted to the university.- His grades were low. However, he still was admitted to the university.

D)19-7: Expressing Direct contrast:

Fred is a good student. His brother is lazy.

A- Adverb clause : while Fred is a good student, while his brother is lazy.

B- Conjunction : but

Fred is a good student, but his brother is lazy.

C- Transitions : However ⁄ on the other hand

Fred is a good student; however, his brother is lazy. Fred is a good student; his brother is lazy, however .

Fred is a good student. His brother, on the other hand, is lazy.

1 ⁄Zero conditional :-Form: If simple present , simple present. (simple Present if simple Present )

-Use:There’s no real condition . It can be used with :a) Facts :-If you heat ice, it melts . -If you touch fire, you get burned. -If you run, your heart beats fast.

B) Situations that are always true :- My mother gets worried if I don’t answer the phone right away. - If you study well, you pass. -if I eat nuts, I get sick.

#In case of Zero Conditional clauses, WHEN has the same meaning of IF .- When you heat ice, it melts. = If you heat ice, it melts.

2 ⁄ First conditional :

-Form: If simple present, simple future “will”. (simple future “will” if simple present )

-Use:Particular Situations that are likely to happen in the future (high possibility ) :

- If it rains, I will (should) stay home.- If you behave well, I will (might ⁄ am going to) buy you a present.- If she works harder, she’ll (can) succeed.# Modals and phrasal modals can be used in the main clause instead of will.

1If I have enough time, I watch TV.

VSIf I have enough time, I will watch TV.

2If I don’t have breakfast, I get hungry.

VSIf I don’t have breakfast, I will get hungry.

Exceptions :A)Instructions (imperatives) :- If you don’t hear my voice, tell me. - If anyone calls, take a message.

#“Should” can be used in if clauses to mean that the situation is unlikely to happen:- If anyone should call, take a message. ( = Should anyone call, take a message )

B) Requests :- Could you take a message if anyone calls ?- Could you tell me if you get the answer right ?

3 ⁄ Second conditional :

-Form: If simple past, would infinitive verb. (would infinitive verb if simple past )# The past form of the verb be is always were .-Use:Situations that are not true in the present or future ( low or zero possibility :- If she came, I would give her the book.- If you joined us, I would be happy.- If I had enough time, I could watch TV.- If she were the queen, the country would (might) be a heaven on earth.- If I were you, I wouldn’t (shouldn’t) lose the chance. ( = Were I you, I wouldn’t lose the chance )

4 ⁄ Third conditional :

-Form: If past perfect , would have 3rd verb. (would have 3rd verb if past perfect )

-Use:Situations that were not true in the past and it’s too late that they happen :- If I had gotten enough time, I would (could ) have watched TV.- If I had seen you, I would (might ⁄ should ) have told you. ( = Had I seen you, I would have told you. )- If I had given the chance, I wouldn’t have lost it.

Expressing wishesA) A wish about the future :

She can’t come tomorrow. I WISH she could come.( can’t → could ⁄ can → couldn’t )

She is not going to come tomorrow.I WISH she were going to come tomorrow.( is, are going to → were not going to ⁄ is, are not going to → were going to ) She will come tomorrow.I WISH she would not come tomorrow.( will → wouldn’t ⁄ won’t → would )

B ) A wish about the present :

It is not raining.I WISH it were raining.( is, are → were not ⁄ isn’t, aren’t → were )

I sleep late .I WISH I didn’t sleep late .( do → didn’t ⁄ doesn’t, don’t → did )

I can’t speak French .I WISH I could speak French .( can’t → could ⁄ can → couldn’t )

C ) A wish about the past :

It was raining.I WISH it hadn’t been raining.( was → had not been ⁄ wasn’t → had been )

I slept late.I WISH I hadn’t slept late .( did→ hadn’t done ⁄ didn’t → had done )

I couldn’t come .I WISH I could have come .( could→ couldn’t have done ⁄ couldn’t → could have done )