Ch. 14.4Nationalism in India and Southwest Asia

Many upper class Indians who attended British schools began to apply the nationalism and democracy that they had learned

I. Indian Nationalism growsA. World War I Increases Nationalist Activity

1. The two groups in India (Muslim and Hindu) shared the same goal of independence from the British

2. Upon return from WW I, Indian troops expected reforms that were promised for their participation in the war; unfortunately this did not happen

I. Indian Nationalism growsA. World War I Increases Nationalist Activity

3. In response to Indian protests, the British to enact the Rowlatt Acts, 1919 which allowed the British to jail any protestor without trial

B. Amritsar Massacre, 19191. 10,000 Hindu and Muslim flocked to Amritsar to protest the Rowlatt

Acts and a British commander fired on the protestors killing 400 and wounded 1,200

2. The Amritsar Massacre sparked outrage and millions of Indians went from being loyal subjects to nationalists

II. Gandhi’s Tactics of NonviolenceA. Noncooperation

1. Mohandas K. Gandhi strategy to fight British rule evolved from all of the major religions of the world; Christianity, Islam, and Hinduism

II. Gandhi’s Tactics of NonviolenceA. Noncooperation

2. Gandhi urged the National Congress to defy British rule; so in 1920 the Congress Party endorsed civil disobedience-refusal to obey any unjust law and non-violence as the means to achieve independence

B. Boycotts1. Boycott: refused to buy British good, use British services,

participate in the British system2. Gandhi staged a successful boycott on British cloth which

was a source of wealth for the British1. Urge Indians to weave their own cloth

C. Strikes and Demonstrations1. Gandhi’s civil disobedience took an economic toll on the British as it

affected the running of trains, the operation of factories and over crowded jails

D. Salt March, 19301. To protest the hated Salt Acts which forced Indians to only buy salt

from the British, Gandhi marched to the sea with other protestors and began making their own salt; this was called the Salt March

D. Salt March2. Protestors then marched on a British salt processing plant where they

were beaten savagely with steel tipped clubs; this won world wide support for Gandhi

-protestors did not fight back, continued to march

III. Britain Grants Limited Self RuleA. Gov’t of India Act of 1935

1. British Parliament passed the Government of India Act in 1935.1. This provided local self govt. and limited democratic

elections for India but not total independence2. Tensions between Muslims and Hindus: Outnumbered

Muslim Indians feared Hindu rule

IV. Nationalism in Southwest Asia

• Ottoman Empire dissolved after WWI– It was forced to give up all its territories except

Turkey• In 1919, Greek soldiers invaded Turkey and

threatened to invade it. Sultan powerless to stop them

A. Turkey Becomes a Republic

• Mustafa Kemal: brilliant commander, led the Turkish nationalists in fighting the Greeks.– They drove the Greeks out of Turkey– Then they overthrew the Ottoman Sultan– 1923: Kemal became the president of the new

Republic of Turkey• first republic in southwest Asia

Nationalism in Southwest Asia

• Persian people rise up against British and Russian influence– New leader takes power– Modernize the nation– Changed named from Persia to Iran

• Arabia was unified, renamed Saudi Arabia– Maintained Islamic traditions– Modernized the country

Oil Drives Development

• Huge oil deposits are discovered in the Middle East (Iran, Iraq, Saudi Arabia, Kuwait)

• foreign businesses invested in these oil fields

• Western nations tried to dominate this region

• oil drives the economy and development