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Chapter 14

14.1 - Carbohydrates

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Chemistry of Life

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Making and BreakingCarbohydrates

Making: photosynthesis inplants:

glucose is synthesized from CO 2,H2O (reduction): energy comesfrom the sunBreaking: Cellular Respiration

in plants and animals Glucose is o idized to !roduce

CO 2, H 2O, energy released isused to form "#$

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Types of Carbohydrates

Mono sa harides : sim!lest car%ohydrate, madeof one monomer

di sa harides , consist of t&o monosaccharidespoly sa harides , contists of manymonosaccharides

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"un tional group: a# $ydro%yls

-ugars are poly-ols . molecules &ithmulti!le hydro yl grou!s

Chiral !osition of hydro yls distinguishes onesugar from another Biological difference/

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"un tional groups b#aldehydes& ketones

0ach sugar also contains either onealdehyde or one ketone grou! (this &ill %ethe highest o ydized car%on/)sim!le nomenclature aldose ketose

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'aming

(ystemati : 1) aldehyde ketone s!ecification2) C3 !refi follo&ed %y oseCommon: historical, indi'idual names

aldohe ose ketohe ose Glucose 4ructose

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5arm u!: )ly eraldehyde

16 Ho& many 3 C does it ha'e7 (Glycer/)#herefore it is a 8888ose

26 #his is the smallest sugar, is it an aldose orketose76 5hat other functional grou!s does it ha'e

not indicated in the name since it9s car%/+6 o& dra& it6

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"is her +ro,e tions

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somers of sugars

-ugars are chiral molecules#hey e ist as ; and < forms: stereoisomers

#hey ha'e different ; structures and are%iologically different molecules=n nature >>? are ; forms

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dentifying and L somers

;ra& sugar 'ertical &ith highest o idizedcar%on (aldehyde keton) on to! (C1 C2)

um%er all car%ons from to! to %ottom

#he chira= car%on furthest from the to!determines ; <Hydro yl !oints left: <

Hydro yl !oints right: ;

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-)lu ose "ldohe oseother name: de trose4ound in fruits, 'eggies=s %lood sugar moleculeBuilding %lock of many di !olysaccharides:Memorize: ta,t@,ta,ta

(sound of the German 4ire 0ngine/)

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-)ala tose

"ldohe ose4ound in cellular mem%ranes, %rain

Com!onent of disaccharide lactose;iffers from ; glucose in C 3+

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Comparison of the /monosa harides