Upload
others
View
2
Download
0
Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
Chapter1
NewWorldBeginnings33,000b.c.e.–1769c.e.
p2
p3
I.TheShapingofNorthAmerica
• Planetearthtookonitspresentformslowly.• OvertimethegreatcontinentsofEurasia,Africa,Australia,Antarctica,andtheAmericaswereformed.
• ThemajesticrangesofwesternNorthAmerica—theRockies,theSierraNevada,theCascades,andtheCoastRanges―formed.
I.TheShapingofNorthAmerica(cont.)
• TheCanadianShield—azoneundergirdedbyrocks―becamepartoftheNorthAmericanlandmass.
• Othermountainrangeswereformed,alongwithriversandvalleys.
• Aftertheglaciersretreated,theNorthAmericanlandscapewastransformed.
Figure1.1p5
II.PeoplingtheAmericas
• TheNorthAmericancontinent'shumanhistorywasbeginningtobeformed,perhapsbypeoplecrossingoverland.
• LowsealevelsexposedalandbridgeconnectingEurasiawithNorthAmericawheretheBeringSeanowliesbetweenSiberiaandAlaska.
• Thisbroughtthe“immigrant”ancestorsofNativeAmerica.SeeMap1.1.
Map1.1p6
II.PeoplingtheAmericas
(cont.)
• TheIncasinPeru,theMayansinCentralAmerica,andtheAztecsinMexicoshapedcomplexcivilizations:– Thesepeoplebuiltelaboratecitiesandcarriedonfar-flungcommerce.
– Theyweretalentedmathematicians.– Theyofferedhumansacrificestotheirgods.
p7
III.TheEarliestAmericans
• Agriculture,especiallycorngrowing,becamepartofNativeAmericancivilizationsinMexicoandSouthAmerica.
• Largeirrigationsystemswerecreated.• Villagesofmultistoried,terracedbuildingsbegantoappear(Pueblomeans“village”inSpanish).
• Map1.2–NativeAmericanIndianpeoples.
p8
Map1.2p9
III.TheEarliestAmericans(cont.)
• Sociallifewaslesselaboratelydeveloped.• Nation-statesdidnotexist,excepttheAztecempire.
• TheMoundBuilderswereintheOhioRivervalley.
• TheMississippiansettlementwasatCahokia.
III.TheEarliestAmericans(cont.)
• Three-sisterfarming—maize,beans,andsquash—supporteddensepopulations.
• TheIroquoisConfederacydevelopedpoliticalandorganizationalskills.
• Thenativeshadneitherthedesirenorthemeanstomanipulatenatureaggressively.
p10
IV.IndirectDiscoverersoftheNewWorld
• NorseseafarersfromScandinaviacametothenortheasternshoreofNorthAmerica,nearpresent-dayNewfoundland,toaspottheycalledVinland.
• AmbitiousEuropeansstartedachainofeventsthatledtoadrivetowardAsia,thepenetrationofAfrica,andthecompletelyaccidentaldiscoveryoftheNewWorld.
IV.IndirectDiscoverersoftheNewWorld(cont.)
• TheChristiancrusadersrankhighamongAmerica’sindirectdiscoverers.
• ThecrusadersarouseddesirefortheluxuriesoftheEastfromtheSpiceIslands(Indonesia),China,andIndia;Muslimmiddlemenexactedaheavytollenroute.
• SeeMap1.3—MajorTradeRouteswithAsia,1492.
Map1.3p11
V.EuropeansEnterAfrica
• MarcoPolo’stalesalsostimulatedEuropeandesireforacheaperroutetothetreasuresoftheEast.
• Spurredbythedevelopmentofthecaravel,Portuguesemarinersbegantoexploresub-SaharanAfrica.
• Theyfoundedthemodernplantationsystem.• Theypushedfurthersouthward.
p12
V.EuropeansEnterAfrica(cont.)
• SpainwasunitedbythemarriageofFerdinandofAragonandIsabellaofCastile,andbytheexpulsionofthe“infidel”MuslimMoors.
• TheSpanishwerereadytoexplorethewealthofIndia.
• PortugalcontrolledthesouthernandeasternAfricancoast,thusforcingSpaintolookwestward.
p13
p13
VI.ColumbusComesupona NewWorld
• ChristopherColumbuspersuadedtheSpanishtosupporthisexpeditionontheirbehalf.
• OnOctober12,1492,heandhiscrewlandedonanislandintheBahamas.
• AnewworldwaswithinthevisionofEuropeans.
VI.ColumbusComesupona NewWorld(cont.)
• Columbuscalledthenativepeoples“Indians.”• Columbus’sdiscoveryconvulsedfourcontinents—Europe,Africa,andthetwoAmericas.
• Anindependentglobaleconomicsystememerged.
• Theworldafter1492wouldneverbethesame.
VII.WhenWorldsCollide
• TheclashreverberatedinthehistoricColumbianexchange(seeFigure1.2).
• WhiletheEuropeanexplorersmarveledatwhattheysaw,theyintroducedOldWorldcropsandanimalstotheAmericas.
• Columbusreturnedin1493totheCaribbeanislandofHispaniola.
VII.WhenWorldsCollide(cont.)
• TheIntroductionofhorseschangedmanyNativeAmericansocieties.
• A“sugarrevolution”tookplaceintheEuropeandiet,fueledbytheforcedmigrationofmillionsofAfricanstoworkthecanefieldsandsugarmillsoftheNewWorld.
• Anexchangeofdiseasesbetweentheexplorersandthenativestookplace.
Figure1.2p15
p15
VIII.TheConquestofMexicoandPeru
• SpainsecureditsclaimtoColumbus’sdiscoveryintheTreatyofTordesillas(1494),whichdividedtheNewWorldwithPortugal.
• SeeMap1.4.• TheWestIndiesservedasoffshorebasesforstagingtheSpanishinvasionofthemainland.
Map1.4p17
VIII.TheConquestofMexicoandPeru(cont.)
• Theencomiendaallowedthegovernmentto“commend”IndianstocertaincolonistsinreturnforpromisetotrytoChristianizethem.
• SpanishmissionaryBartolomédeLasCasascalledit“amoralpestilenceinventedbySatan.”
• InserviceofGod,insearchofgoldandglory,Spanishconquistadores(conquerors)cametotheNewWorld.
p18
p19
VIII.TheConquestofMexicoandPeru(cont.)
• In1519HernanCortéssetsailwithelevenshipsforMexicoandherdestiny.
• Alongthewayherescuedseveralpeoplewhowouldbeimportantforhissuccess.
• Nearpresent-dayVeracruz,Cortésmadehisfinallandfall.
• HedeterminedtocapturethecoffersoftheAzteccapitalatTenochtitlán.
VIII.TheConquestofMexicoandPeru(cont.)
• AztecchieftainMoctezumasentambassadorstogreetCortésandinviteCortésandhismentothecapitalcity.
• OnJune30,1520,nochetriste(sadnight),theAztecsattackedCortés.
• OnAugust13,1521,CortéslaidsiegetothecityandtheAztecscapitulated.Thecombinationofconquestanddiseasetookitstoll.
VIII.TheConquestofMexicoandPeru(cont.)
• Invadersbroughtmorethanconquest.• TheyintermarriedwithsurvivingIndians,creatingcultureofmestizos,peopleofmixedIndianandEuropeanheritage.
• MexicoblendsOldandNewWorlds.• 1532:FranciscoPizarrocrushedIncas(Peru).• Bootyandsilvermayhaveledtocapitalism;certainlytransformedtheworldeconomy.
p20
IX.ExplorationandImperialRivalry
•OtherexplorerscametotheNewWorld:– 1513:BalboadiscoveredthePacificOcean.– 1519:MagellanroundedtipofSouthAmerica.– 1513and1521:PoncedeLeónexploredFlorida.– 1540–1542:CoronadoexploredArizonaandNewMexico.
– 1539–1542:HernandodeSotodiscoveredtheMississippiRiver.
Map1.5p21
IX.ExplorationandImperialRivalry(cont.)
• Spain’scolonialempiregrewswiftlyandimpressively.Otherexplorersbegantocome.
• 1497–1498―GiovanniCaboto(knownasJohnCabot)exploredthenortheasterncoastofNorthAmerica.
• 1524―GiovannidaVerrazanoprobedtheeasternseaboard.
• 1534―JacquesCartierjourneyeduptheSt.LawrenceRiver.
IX.ExplorationandImperialRivalry(cont.)
• TheSpanishbegantobuildfortstoprotecttheirterritories.
• TheSpanishcruellyabusedthePueblopeoplesintheBattleofAcoma(1599).
• TheyfoundedtheprovinceofNewMexicoin1609anditscapitalin1610(seeMap1.6).
• TheRomanCatholicmissionbecamethecentralinstitutionincolonialNewMexico.
Map1.6p22
IX.ExplorationandImperialRivalry(cont.)
• ThenativeIndiansroseupagainstthemissionariesinPopé’sRebellion(1680).
• Inthe1680stheFrenchsentRobertdeLaSalledowntheMississippiRiver.
• In1716theSpanishsettledinTexas.• In1769SpanishmissionariesledbyFatherJuniperoSerrafoundedSanDiegoand21missionstations.
IX.ExplorationandImperialRivalry(cont.)
• TheBlackLegendisafalserecordofthemisdeedsoftheSpanishintheNewWorld.
• WhiletherewereSpanishmisdeeds,theSpanishinvaderslaidthefoundationsforascoreofSpanish-speakingnations.
• SpaniardsweregenuineempirebuildersandculturalinnovatorsintheNewWorld.
p22
p23