CFIA - ACIA National Voluntary Farm-Level Biosecurity ... · National Voluntary Farm-Level Biosecurity Standard for the Greenhouse, Nursery and Floriculture Sectors 2 | Page Preface

CFIA - ACIA

National Voluntary Farm-Level Biosecurity

Standard for the Greenhouse, Nursery and

Floriculture Sectors

National Voluntary Farm-Level Biosecurity Standard for the Greenhouse, Nursery and Floriculture Sectors

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Table of Contents

Preface – How to Use this Document ..................................................................................................... 2

1.0 Introduction ............................................................................................................................. 3

1.1 What is Farm-Level Greenhouse, Nursery and Floriculture Biosecurity? Why is it

important? Who is responsible? ........................................................................................................... 3

Figure 1: A visual representation of how the various documents and tools referenced in this

standard work together to help in the development of a farm specific biosecurity plan .............. 6

1.2 Elements of a Biosecurity Plan ............................................................................................ 7

Figure 2: Cycle of biosecurity activities ............................................................................................... 7

1.3 The Organization of the Biosecurity Principles ................................................................. 8

2.0 Plant Health Management .................................................................................................... 9

Figure 3: The Plant Pest Triangle ...................................................................................................... 10

2.1 Management Practices ....................................................................................................... 11

2.2 Pest Vectors ......................................................................................................................... 13

2.3 Pest Monitoring .................................................................................................................... 14

2.4 Responding to a Pest .......................................................................................................... 15

3.0 Farm Operational Management......................................................................................... 17

3.1 Location and Layout ............................................................................................................ 17

3.2 Biosecurity Zones ................................................................................................................ 19

Figure 4: Example of Designating Controlled and Restricted Access Zones in a Floriculture

Greenhouse .......................................................................................................................................... 20

3.3 Movement of People, Vehicles and Equipment .............................................................. 21

3.4 Production Inputs ................................................................................................................. 23

3.5 Production Outputs .............................................................................................................. 24

3.6 Maintenance of Facilities and Property ............................................................................ 24

4.0 Education, Training and Communication ......................................................................... 25

5.0 Conclusion ............................................................................................................................ 26

6.0 Glossary ................................................................................................................................ 26

Appendix 1: Biosecurity Self-Evaluation Checklist .............................................................................. 29

Appendix 2: Acknowledgements ............................................................................................................ 34


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Preface – How to Use this Document

The standard is a national biosecurity principles reference document to support the

development and implementation of best management practices in a place of

production.

A glossary of terms is included in the standard. The terms in the standard that are

defined in the glossary appear in bold and italic the first time they are used in the

standard.

The Target Outcomes are goals that all producers in the greenhouse, nursery and

floriculture sectors should try to implement to protect their place of production from the

introduction and spread of pests.

The Benefits sections provide the reader with details regarding why a specific target

outcome is important to on-farm biosecurity.

The Considerations sections provide examples, guidance and suggestions for

reaching the Target Outcomes (the goal). The intent is not to prescribe but rather to

provide guidance. These are not necessarily all-inclusive but are accepted as best

management practices for the GNF sectors. They are based on an understanding of risk

pathways, supporting science and time proven farm-level management practices. These

are designed to be attainable and realistic.

A producer guide has been developed for each sector identified in this standard. The

producer guides provide more detailed, sector specific best management practices and

other options to be considered to achieve the risk mitigation goal identified in the

standard. These reference documents should be used with consideration for other

commodity specific references that may be available from provincial and trade

associations.

As this standard applies to the greenhouse, nursery and floriculture sectors

not all strategies may be available or applicable for each place of

production. To develop an effective biosecurity plan the specific pests of

concern for a commodity and place of production must be identified and the

pathways of transmission must be analyzed.


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1.0 Introduction

1.1 What is Farm-Level Greenhouse, Nursery and Floriculture

Biosecurity? Why is it important? Who is responsible?

Biosecurity refers to a series of management practices designed to prevent, minimize

and manage the introduction, spread, and release of plant pests. This includes pests

not established in Canada, pests established in limited areas of Canada, and pests

widely distributed that can spread from farm to farm. The implementation of farm-level

biosecurity in Canada protects our environment, viability of the agricultural sector and

supports our reputation as a safe and reliable trading nation. This has significant

economic, environmental and community benefits for all Canadians.

The Canadian Food Inspection Agency (CFIA) works with stakeholders to develop

national voluntary farm-level biosecurity standards and producer guidance documents

for several crop and animal-based sectors. The development process is supported by

Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada (AAFC) under the Growing Forward 2 Agricultural

Policy Framework. In order to ensure that what is developed is relevant and useful for

producers and the sector as a whole, Biosecurity Advisory Committees (BACs) have

been developed which pull together expertise from sector and producer organizations,

producers, academia, and federal and provincial specialists. See Appendix 4 for

partnership acknowledgments.

Using the North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) the Greenhouse,

Nursery and Floriculture Industry Group has been deemed as one of the priorities for

biosecurity standard development. Examples of these sectors are described by NAICS

and include the following:

• Food crops grown under cover for example: fruit, berry1, herb and spice or

vegetable food crops grown in greenhouses or under cover. The biosecurity

guidance provided in this document may also be applicable to other structures

that do not meet the criteria of the greenhouse definition as provided by the

glossary, such as hoop houses, shade houses or high tunnels;

• Establishments primarily engaged in growing nursery products, trees and short

rotation woody crops that have a typical growth cycle of less than ten years, for

1 For more biosecurity information for growing fruit and tree nuts refer to the National Voluntary Farm-Level

Biosecurity Standard for the Fruit and Tree Nut Industry.


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example: field nurseries, fruit stock, ornamental plants, shrubs and trees that are

nursery grown, and tree and shrub farming on short rotation;

• Establishments primarily engaged in growing, in greenhouses or in open fields,

floriculture products and propagating materials, for example: floriculture, flower

farming, flower seed production, production of cuttings for propagation, flower

plant and bulb growing, cut or potted flowers, tropical foliage and green plants

that are greenhouse grown;2

• Mushroom and turf sod production are not included in this reference document.

Based on Statistics Canada information from 2011, the Greenhouse, Nursery and

Floriculture (GNF) sector in Canada represents 7% (7,800) of all crop farms in Canada,

and 4% of all farms, including animal production. Statistics Canada information from

2014 indicates that according to farm cash receipts, the GNF sectors account for 10%

($3 billion) of all crop farms in Canada and 5% of all farms. These sectors also

represent about 25% (76,285) of all employees in agriculture. In addition, the GNF

sector accounts for 26% ($1 billion) of horticulture exports. As such, the GNF sectors

are critical for agricultural revenues, and especially for employment and incomes. All

Canadians benefit from the economic linkages between the GNF sectors and other

economic sectors in Canada.

There are differences within the greenhouse, nursery and floriculture sectors in terms

of species produced, potential for pest introduction, region, climate, and production

practices. Growers use a range of production systems which come with varying degrees

of risk, for example, field soil, growing media or a complete hydroponic system.

However, it is recognized that regardless of some production differences, the

implementation of proactive biosecurity measures can mitigate the potential for

introduction and spread of pests when applied at critical points in the cycle of

transmission.

The National Voluntary Farm-Level Biosecurity Standard for the Greenhouse, Nursery

and Floriculture Sectors (subsequently referred to as the “Standard”) identifies key risks,

target outcomes, considerations, and critical points of biosecurity interventions, based

on pest introduction and transmission pathways. The level of risk for any given place of

production will vary based on several factors. These factors may include but are not

limited to; plant produced, potential for introduction, region, climate, and production

practices. The implementation of proactive biosecurity measures can mitigate the

potential for introduction and spread of pests if applied to break the cycle of 2 Assessment of Industry Readiness for the Development of a National Farm-Level Biosecurity Standard for the Greenhouse, Nursery and Floriculture Industry


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transmission. Considerations as to why someone may want to implement biosecurity

measures within an operation include:

• Business objectives in order to maintain markets;

• Customer demand for biosecurity practices and protocols;

• Decreased production losses;

• Avoiding the introduction of pests that are currently not present;

• The desire to contain and minimize pests that are already present;

• Responsibilities to neighbours and industry to ensure that biosecurity risks are

not introduced to someone else.

Proactive biosecurity at the place of production is only one level of biosecurity. Beyond

those plant health related activities that occur at the place of production, there is the

need for broader education and outreach from retailers to the consumer level to protect

plant health in Canada. Biosecurity is the responsibility of everyone. It is recommended

that anyone responsible for the health of plants from small farms, to large facilities,

consider developing a written biosecurity plan. Measures built into everyday

management practices will go a long way toward protecting a place of production from

the costly consequences of pests.

Industry and provincial and federal government agencies have worked in collaboration

to develop and implement a variety of farm-level certification programs. The framework

of the standard builds upon these strengths, and provides a national farm-level

biosecurity standard for the GNF sectors. The standard provides guidance for the

development of individual farm biosecurity plans or to enhance but not supersede

existing farm level programs, such as CanadaGAPTM and other regional or provincial

programs. Figure 1 shows how the documents and tools referenced in this standard

support the development of farm-specific biosecurity plans.


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Figure 1: A visual representation of how the various documents and tools

referenced in this standard work together to help in the development of a

farm specific biosecurity plan

Development of your biosecurity plan for your farm should start with the general

biosecurity principles of the National Voluntary Farm-Level Biosecurity Standard for the

Greenhouse, Nursery and Floriculture Sectors. Then commodity specific guidance from

the Biosecurity Producer Guides for the Greenhouse, Nursery and Floriculture Sectors

and provincial and trade association production guides, manuals and farm-level

certification programs that are specific to the biosecurity concerns of your operation

Biosecurity Planning Tools

Specific to the biosecurity needs of an operation:

Farm Specific Biosecurity Plan (created by you!)

Provincial and trade association Production Guides, Manuals and farm-level

certification programs specific to the biosecurity concerns of your operation.

Commodity specific guidance:

Biosecurity Producer Guides for the Greenhouse, Nursery and Floriculture

Sectors

General Biosecurity Principles:

National Voluntary Farm-Level Biosecurity Standard for the Greenhouse, Nursery and

Floriculture Sectors


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should be considered. This will help you address and include the specific biosecurity

needs of your operation in your farm specific biosecurity plan.

1.2 Elements of a Biosecurity Plan

The implementation of biosecurity principles in a place of production can be seen as a

continuum of activities. Figure 2 provides a visual representation of the cycle of

biosecurity activities, where the need to assess and re-assess can be seen as both the

starting point of the cycle as well as the activity that continues the cycle. The practice of

creating a biosecurity plan is a preventative approach to manage pest risk within the

place of production. By assessing and re-assessing pest risk on a regular basis,

continuous improvement can be achieved and activities which were once reactive,

become measured and predictable.

Figure 2: Cycle of biosecurity activities

The risks posed by pests that threaten

plants are identified and evaluated on an

on-going basis.

A written plan

forms the basis

of the biosecurity

training program,

allows for

regular review,

updates, and

provides a

framework for

continuous

improvement.

Put the plan into action.

A monitoring

program and

information

gathering

framework is

developed and

implemented

that provides

information to

adjust the

biosecurity plan.

1. Assess

2. Plan

3. Implement

4. Monitor


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Figure 2 is an illustration of the cycle of activities that should be completed to develop

and implement a biosecurity plan. The cycle of biosecurity activities has four items in

the centre with arrows pointing between them in clockwise direction. The first item at the

top of the cycle is Assess. Moving clockwise, the second item is Plan, the third item is

Implement and the fourth item is Monitor. There is a text box by each of these items in

the cycle (four in total). Above the word Assess there is a box with the following text:

The risks posed by pests that threaten plants are identified and evaluated on an on-

going basis. To the right of the word Plan there is a box with the following text inside: A

written plan forms the basis of the biosecurity training program, allows for regular

review, updates, and provides a framework for continuous improvement. Below the

word Implement is a text box with the following text inside: Put the plan into action. To

the left of the word Monitor is a text box with the following text: A monitoring program

and information gathering framework is developed and implemented that provides

information to adjust the biosecurity plan.

• Assess: Identify and evaluate the risks of pest introduction and analyze their

pathways of transmission. This will allow for current biosecurity gaps within a place of

production to be addressed. Production practices should be reviewed frequently (re-

assess) to ensure that implemented measures are effective in relation to pest

prevention and control.

• Plan: A written biosecurity plan is highly recommended. A written plan allows for

regular review and update, facilitates continuous improvement within the place of

production, and forms the basis for training. Note: the self-assessment tool (Appendix 1)

provides a framework or starting point for the development of a biosecurity plan.

• Implement: Put the plan into action. Education, training and communication are

key to implementing a biosecurity plan.

• Monitor: A monitoring program is developed and implemented for early

detection, identification and ongoing monitoring of pests. It is important that the design,

effectiveness and implementation of a biosecurity plan be assessed not only on a

routine basis but also when changes in farm practices or biosecurity threats occur.

1.3 The Organization of the Biosecurity Principles

For the purpose of this document the principles of biosecurity have been grouped into

three general areas that are important to a biosecurity plan.

1) Plant Health Management


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• Proactive measures to promote healthy plant growth and to mitigate pest

occurrence (Best Management Practices, management of the crop environment

and managing pest vectors);

• Measures to detect and quantify pests (monitoring); and

• Measures to respond to pests (standard operating procedures for commonly

encountered pests or response planning for pests of greater concern, such as

quarantine pests).

2) Farm Operational Management

• The location and layout of a place of production;

• Risks associated with the continuum of activities within the place of production;

• Risks associated with how people, tools and equipment are moved within a place

of production;

• Risks associated with receiving inputs (propagation materials, growing media

and irrigation water) into a place of production; and

• Risk of final products and waste leaving a place of production in the form of

outputs.

3) Education, Training and Communication

• It is important to educate and inform, service providers and visitors regarding

the importance of respecting the biosecurity measures of a place of production.

• Train employees on the biosecurity measures that are implemented within a

place of production.

2.0 Plant Health Management

The implementation of an effective biosecurity plan can promote plant health. Multiple

factors can individually and collectively affect the health status of a plant such as soil

quality, water quality, presence of pests and environmental factors.


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Figure 3: The Plant Pest Triangle

The Plant Pest Triangle has a triangle with the words “Incidence and/or severity of pest

occurrence” written on it. Each point of the triangle has a circle surrounding it. Starting

at the top, the first circle says: Crop. To the right, the second circle says: Environment.

To the left, the third circle says: Pest.

Figure 3 illustrates the relationship between a pest, the environment, and the crop. Pest

outbreaks do not happen in isolation, they are dependent upon the interrelated nature of

these three factors. The Plant Pest Triangle shows that the incidence and severity of an

outbreak relates to the interaction of a susceptible crop, a pest, and an environment

favourable to pest development. Plant pests may be mitigated through the application of

biosecurity measures to reduce the risks presented by these three components.

Specific plant types such as tolerant varieties and management of the environment may

mitigate the severity of the outbreak if a pest has been introduced.

It is recognized that it may be possible for a pest to be introduced to a place of

production where a host crop is not present (for example: pests can be present in

potting media). There are conditions where the environment provides favourable

bridging conditions which allow for pests to survive. It is also recognized that these

conditions, without the presence of a host crop, would likely allow for pest introduction,

but not pest proliferation.

Crop

Environment Pest

Incidence and/or

severity of pest

occurrence


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Plant health management includes four key areas:

• Management practices, for example, management of crop environment to

promote healthy growth (for example: crop nutrition, irrigation and greenhouse

climate);

• Management of pest vectors;

• Pest monitoring to detect and quantify pests; and

• Responding to a pest with an Integrated Pest Management (IPM) program for

commonly encountered pests or response planning for pests of greater concern,

such as quarantine pests.

2.1 Management Practices

Benefits: Best Management Practices (BMPs) that optimize production may promote

the growth or introduction of pests. Complementing BMPs with biosecurity measures

can optimize production of healthy plants.

Considerations

Internal and external environment

• It is recognized that intentional or managed plant stress (such as

generative/vegetative production or hardening off) can be a tool for production.

However, plant stress can increase plant susceptibility to pests resulting in an

increase in the severity of damage.

• Environmental stress, such as frost damage or water stress can also increase

crop susceptibility to pest attacks and the severity of pest impact. Reducing plant

stress by maintaining optimal environmental controls and protecting against

inclement weather can minimize pest outbreaks.

• Growing conditions should be managed to support crop growth while minimizing

the crop’s susceptibility to pest attack. Growing conditions such as high humidity

can promote the establishment of some pests (fungus or mold). In these

situations where growing conditions may create risks, counter measures such as

increased airflow or increased plant spacing should be considered to minimize

potential outbreaks.

Target Outcome:

The combination of Best Management Practices and the implementation of

biosecurity measures optimize the production of healthy plants.


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• Establishing a weed-free buffer around the place of production or crop and

maintaining the area surrounding a production area (for example: regular

mowing) may reduce the risk of pest introduction from weeds.

• Physical injury to plants from equipment, pruning or environmental conditions (for

example: hail, frost and heavy rains) can make the plant more vulnerable to pest

attacks and damage.

Nutrients, growing media and water management

• Ensure that an adequate fertilizer program is in place, as nutrient deficient or

over-fertilized plants are more vulnerable to pests.

• Crop rotation may be used to disrupt the lifecycle of pests.

• Soil and growing media may contain pests. If a pest is present in the soil or

growing media at a threshold that may cause damage to plants, then treatment of

the soil or growing media may be necessary prior to planting. Treatment options

include heat pasteurization, solarization or fumigation.

• Water quality and quantity may impact the health of a plant and increase

vulnerability to pests. Scheduled testing of water for pathogens, nutrient levels,

pH and salt level will identify potential issues that may impact the health of

plants.

• If recycling water, it is recommended that a treatment system be considered.

• Different types of irrigation systems such as flood, drip, hydroponics, and

overhead irrigation pose different plant health management concerns. Become

familiar with common problems posed by the type of irrigation system of the


Plant material selection

• When possible, choose pest tolerant varieties or cultivars.

• Recognize there are different pest risks associated with different sources of plant

material.

Crop protection products and approaches for commonly occurring pests

• Implement an Integrated Pest Management (IPM) program. IPM is a decision-

making process that takes many factors into account when deciding upon a

treatment.

• Be aware of secondary impacts of actions that are taken to treat pest pressures.

For example, chemical pesticides can cause phytotoxicity and harm biological

controls. There can also be negative interactions between biological controls.

Detailed records of all treatments applied and responses of pests and natural


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enemies can help identify conflicts. Impacts of insecticides on insect natural

enemies can be researched on online databases before application.

• Pest thresholds3 for non-regulated pests may be established to trigger the use of

a particular treatment. It should be recognized that what constitutes a threshold is

complex as there are different thresholds for different crops and pests. Within the

decision of thresholds for treatment there is a difference between suppression,

eradication, and management.

• Develop a pesticide resistance management strategy4. Pesticides in different

chemical classes5 should be regularly rotated to avoid developing a

pesticide-resistant pest population. Pests on imported plants or cuttings may

already be resistant to pesticides used in Canada. Obtain the details from the

supplier of the chemical program used on any imported material to inform IPM

decisions.

• Co-mingling of new plants or product coming into the place of production with

older material and mother stock should be avoided. Production and the flow of

propagative material and plants within a place of production should move in one

direction only.

• Activities on neighbouring farms such as harvesting may increase the risk of

pests entering a greenhouse through vents or other openings. When this occurs

additional methods of pest control may need to be considered, such as

prophylactic release of biological control agents, or the use of pesticides or

mechanical controls (for example: mass trapping).

2.2 Pest Vectors

Benefits: Managing vectors and interrupting the pathways of pest transmission can

reduce crop damage and minimize economic losses. The implementation of proactive

biosecurity measures can mitigate the potential for introduction and spread of pests if

3

For regulated pests the threshold for reporting is zero, this means that one pest would trigger reporting, and would likely trigger a response.

4 Resistance develops because each time a product is used, the strongest pests survive. With each application we are genetically

selecting for those pests that have resistance to the product being applied. Over time this creates general resistance to the product in the pest population. 5 Insecticide Resistance Action Committee (IRAC), Fungicide Resistance Action Committee (FRAC) and Herbicide Resistance

Action Committee (HRAC)

Target Outcome:

Implementation of biosecurity measures at critical points in pathways of pest

transmission.


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applied to a critical point in a pathway of transmission. Pathways of pest transmission

include:

• Biological vectors such as insects, birds, mammals and workers within the

place of production

• Physical vectors such as packing materials and equipment

• Environmental vectors such as wind and surface water

Considerations:

• Inspect all inputs (new plants, propagative material, and packing material) for the

presence of pests prior to accepting or moving the materials onto or within the

place of production, if possible. Insects may be more visible than diseases.

• Receive, inspect and store inputs in a designated area away from production

areas to prevent introduction and spread of pests to plants.

• All new plants or propagative material should be placed in isolation for a period of

time to monitor and identify pests that may be present. This is important for

places of production where mother plants are a part of the production cycle. If

isolation is not possible, other options such as increased monitoring may be

considered.

• If unfamiliar with the source of material, greater importance should be placed on

segregating and inspecting the material thoroughly for pests.

• Insects may act as vectors for pests of concern and this risk should be

considered in an Integrated Pest Management (IPM) program.

2.3 Pest Monitoring

Benefits: The development and implementation of a monitoring program allows for the

detection of new and common pests. Monitoring is essential to determine when pests

are about to reach a threshold and control measures should be implemented. A routine

monitoring program will also allow for the assessment of the effectiveness of control

measures, production practices and treatments. Routine monitoring includes inspection

of new plants when they arrive at the place of production and of plants in production.

Target Outcome:

Minimize production losses through the early detection of pests.


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Considerations:

• It is recommended that a monitoring program be developed which highlights

susceptible times in the production cycle (for example: flowering), or periods

where control options are more likely to be successful or cost effective.

• Monitoring can be both informal and formal. Informal monitoring is constant and

undertaken to detect pests. Formal monitoring is a planned systematic process to

detect and quantify pests. This information is used to decide when to implement

control measures. Both types of monitoring may be included in a monitoring

program.

• Maintain records of monitoring activities, especially pest finds. Records can be

used in future years to predict times of high risk. Elements to be recorded might

include location, date, crop type, control strategy implemented and the success

of this strategy.

• Educate employees in the identification and symptoms of pests. Consider

providing pest fact sheets or information sheets that explain how to identify pests

of concern. See section 4.0 for further information on the importance of training

and communication elements of a biosecurity plan.

• Employees are informed of the process to report pest detections.

2.4 Responding to a Pest

Benefits: When a pest is detected there is a decision making process that involves

analysis to determine if a response is required, the timing of the response as well as the

identification of the most appropriate control. When a pest is found, control actions may

not always be required as not all pests carry the same risk. Creating an Integrated Pest

Management (IPM) program and formal response plans involves analyzing the pest risk

to determine the level of response required. Preparing detailed response plans or

procedures prior to the identification of a pest may facilitate an effective and timely

response which may reduce production losses.

Target Outcome:

An Integrated Pest Management (IPM) program is developed to respond to common

pests. Formal response plans are created for pests of greater concern.


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Considerations:

Unregulated pests

• When an unknown pest is detected, preserve a sample to allow for accurate

identification.

• Infested material should not be mixed or come in contact with other product to

limit the spread of a pest.

• Prepare an IPM program that describes a process to quickly build a

situation-specific response to a pest find. The process should include

confirmation of pest identification as well as determination of pest risk and control

measures.

• For unknown pests, use laboratories, extension specialists, consultants,

researchers and the Canadian Food Inspection Agency (CFIA) for confirmation of

pest identification.

• Enhanced monitoring may be necessary when a pest has been found to quantify

the level of infestation or assess the effectiveness of applied control measures.

• Pests introduced to a place of production through imported plants or cuttings may

already be resistant to pesticides available in Canada. When resistance is

encountered, alternative control methods such as biological control may be

considered.

• Periodically evaluate the effectiveness of the pest management plan to foster

continuous improvement and efficiencies.

Regulated Pests

• When a regulated pest6 is identified, the CFIA and the respective provincial or

territorial government must be contacted to report the detection. In the response

plan include the contact information of the local CFIA office, provincial extension

specialists and sector association(s).

• If the detection of a regulated pest is suspected, limit the potential spread of the

pest through the control or restriction of movement of plant material as well as

people and equipment in and out of the infected area.

• Periodically evaluate the effectiveness of the response plan to foster continuous

improvement and efficiencies.

6 For a list of pests regulated in Canada please refer to http://www.inspection.gc.ca/plants/plant-protection/pests/regulated-pests/eng/1363317115207/1363317187811


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3.0 Farm Operational Management

Farm operational management is fundamental to the development and implementation

of a biosecurity plan. Evaluation of the risks associated with the activities that take place

at the place of production is necessary. Potential biosecurity risks can originate from the

location of the place of production, the movement of people, vehicles and equipment as

well as production inputs and outputs.

3.1 Location and Layout

Benefits: The natural environment surrounding a place of production is important for

identifying the source and nature of potential pests in the area. Understanding the

layout of a place of production and neighbouring places of production is vital information

for helping to reduce the risk of pest introduction and spread. The ability to illustrate the

layout of place of production can assist in training new employees, directing visitors,

and planning future production processes. Understanding the logic of crop movement

and work patterns is important in developing, implementing and modifying a biosecurity

plan. The integration of all knowledge when choosing the location of a place of

production and when designing the layout will help optimize the success of planting

objectives.

Considerations:

Geography and environmental factors

• Plant on sites that are not at risk of pest introduction by the prevailing wind

direction as wind can carry pests such as spores or insects.

• Select sites that are free of the pests of concern.

• Make use of topography to assist with drainage and reduction of standing water

in production areas. Drainage patterns and surface water movement can affect

the potential for pest introduction and distribution.

• Asses the below ground concerns such as compacted subsoil and low

water-holding capacity that may impede drainage.

Target Outcome:

Knowledge of the location and layout is used to evaluate new sites and to protect

existing or neighbouring sites.


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• Consider water availability, quality and accessibility.

• For plants that will be grown in open fields, conduct an assessment of the history

and previous use of newly acquired or leased land. This will provide knowledge

of the pests which might be of concern, and will also provide information on the

potential build-up of chemical control products.

Layout

• Neighbouring activities such as type of crop in production, timing of harvest,

composting practices, the importation of produce or non-agricultural activities

may be the source of pest introduction. It is recommended to use this information

to make risk management decisions on site selection.

• Production and propagation areas should be considered areas of higher risk for

pest introduction. When considering the layout of the place of production

designate separate areas for processing, production and propagation. Additional

biosecurity measures may be required for processing plant material that was not

grown within the place of production.

• Locate designated receiving areas for inspection of propagation materials away

from production areas. The receiving area should also allow for cleaning and

treatment, if necessary.

• Locate designated areas for holding and disposal of crop waste, manure,

growing media or compost away from areas where plants are propagated or

grown to prevent pest introduction and spread. Consider wind direction and

surface drainage when locating designated areas as they may re-introduce pests

to production areas.

• Locate washing facilities for cleaning and disinfecting equipment and vehicles in

a low risk area that prevents pest introduction and spread. Consider the capacity

for water supply, waste water collection and disposal.

• Develop a map of the place of production that illustrates property lines,

roadways, borders and fencing, buildings, production areas and any waterways.

It is recommended that the flow of plant material be described on this map.

Where activities take place indoors, consider developing a floor plan as well.

Maps previously developed for Environmental Farm Plans and Food Safety

Plans may be useful for this purpose.


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3.2 Biosecurity Zones

Benefits: Specific areas of similar levels of risk are identified and demarcated providing

an indication of where in the place of production and in the continuum of production

biosecurity intervention is warranted. By identifying areas of similar risk within the place

of production biosecurity zones can be used to separate high and low risk activities.

High risk activities that may require a Restricted Access Zone include: an infested field

or propagation area. Restricted Access Zones may be required to protect plant material

such as mother stock or an area where a pest is present. Examples of low risk activities

that may require a Controlled Access Zone include: production fields, storage and

product handling areas. See Figure 4 at the end of this section for an example of

designating Controlled and Restricted Access Zones in a greenhouse.

Considerations:

• Biosecurity zones are classified based on the use of an area, risk of pest spread,

access to the area and biosecurity measures required to prevent the introduction

and spread of pests in a place of production.

• Appropriate signs at main entrances and field approaches facilitate traffic flow as

well as indicate biosecurity zones and contact numbers.

• Control entry and exit into and between biosecurity zones by designating access

points and using various techniques and tools, such as signs or automated

doors.

• Based on the location of the biosecurity zones, specific routes are used to move

inputs, people, vehicles, equipment, and outputs to ensure pests are not spread

from high to low risk areas.

• Incorporate information about biosecurity zones and traffic flow into the

biosecurity plan as well as site specific training programs.

• It is recommended that there be a one-way flow of people, goods, products and

equipment from clean or low risk areas to areas of a known potential risk. This

may be challenging for some facilities depending on existing structures or the

layout of the operation. For example, if shipping and receiving are conducted in

Target Outcome:

Controlled Access Zones (CAZs) and Restricted Access Zones (RAZs) are

established and communication protocols which explain the importance of these

areas within the place of production are implemented.


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the same area timing can be used as a biosecurity measure to minimize the risk

of potentially infested inputs contaminating final product. Figure 4 illustrates a

place of production where shipping and receiving are conducted in the same

area.

• Equipment that may need to move between different areas should be cleaned and disinfected when there is the need to move from high risk to low risk areas. See section 3.3 for information on the movement of vehicles and equipment.

Figure 4: Example of Designating Controlled and Restricted Access Zones in a Floriculture Greenhouse


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The diagram includes three greenhouses, a warehouse space with a shipping and

receiving area, two coolers and an office with a visitor entrance. The office and visitor

entrance are uncontrolled areas, meaning this area is not restricted for biosecurity

threats. The two greenhouses that are used as production spaces, the two coolers, the

warehouse space as well as the shipping and receiving area are Controlled Access

Zones (CAZ). Access to a CAZ is restricted or otherwise controlled in order to mitigate

or prevent biosecurity threats. Growing space is a good example of an area at risk of

biosecurity threats. The third greenhouse that contains stock plants is a Restricted

Access Zone. A RAZ is an area, generally located within a CAZ, where access by

people or equipment is further restricted. Preventing access to this area aims to reduce

or mitigate a key biosecurity risk. Examples of areas at higher risk may include:

propagation areas, stock plant growing space, and production of plants with greater

pest sensitivity.

3.3 Movement of People, Vehicles and Equipment

Movement of people

Benefits: Managing the biosecurity risks associated with the movement of people into a

place of production and between designated areas can mitigate the risk of pests that

can be carried on footwear, clothing and hair.

Considerations:

• Employees should be trained on the biosecurity protocols for the place of

production; refer to section 4.0 Education, Training and Communication for more

information.

• Visitors and service providers should report to the office or have an employee

meet them in a designated area to receive a briefing on the biosecurity protocols.

• Visitors, service providers and employees should park in designated areas.

• Visitors, service providers and employees may only access areas that are

necessary for their activities.

Target Outcome:

The movement of people, vehicles and equipment do not introduce or spread pests

within a place of production.


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• Visitors are transported about the place of production using a farm vehicle. When

this is not possible, off-farm vehicles and equipment are cleaned prior to entry

into the place of production.

• Keep a visitors log to identify the date visited, the areas visited and the most

recent contact with greenhouse, nursery and floriculture material prior to visiting

the place of production. This information may be useful when responding to a

pest detection.

• Control access to restricted areas with locked gates or buildings within the place

of production to authorized personnel only.

• Provide hand wash and foot bath stations at all entrances and exits of production

areas. Disposable or dedicated outerwear as well as footwear should also be

provided to service providers and visitors that will be entering production areas.

Vehicles and equipment

Benefits: Vehicles and equipment may harbor pests. Movement of vehicles and

equipment is particularly important when coming into the place of production as well as

when it is moved between biosecurity zones. Managing the movement of vehicles and

equipment by designating routes, evaluating risk and implementing cleaning and

disinfection, when necessary, mitigates the risk of introduction and spread of pests.

Considerations:

• Employees should be trained on the traffic flow for the place of production; refer

to section 4.0 Education, Training and Communication for more information.

• Clean and disinfect equipment after it has been used in a high risk area.

Thorough cleaning of equipment between uses in different production areas may

mitigate the spread of pests. To minimize cleaning of equipment strategically

sequence activities.

• All tools used for pruning plants should be disinfected before use and between

crops or different sections within the place of production, especially if a pest is

present.

• Any vehicle, such as shippers or service providers, entering the place of

production may harbor pests.


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3.4 Production Inputs

Benefits: Receiving inputs such as propagative material, soil, growing media, water or

packaging material has the potential to introduce pests to the place of production. Pest

introduction may be mitigated by evaluating the risks associated with inputs sourced

from suppliers.

Considerations:

• Production inputs should be inspected for signs of pests before entering the

place of production and if pests are present inputs are disposed of or cleaned

and disinfected.

• If the source or risk level of inputs is unknown it may be considered high risk and

segregated from final product or propagative material to allow for monitoring of

pests.

• Propagative material can be the source of a pest introduction. Evaluate the risks

associated with suppliers. Isolate and inspect upon entry into the place of

production.

• Soil associated with field grown plants can be a source of pests. Purchase

bareroot or washed material, when possible.

• Know the source and test the quality of water supplied to the place of production

to manage nutrient content. Water quality is important for healthy plants.

• If required, treat recycled water to prevent the spread of pests within the place of

production.

• Recyclable or reusable plastic containers should be cleaned and disinfected as

necessary prior to use.

• Maintain purchasing records for production inputs. Records of the source of a

production input, number of plants and date planted can be important when

responding to a pest detection.

Target Outcome:

Production inputs are not a potential source of pests.


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3.5 Production Outputs

Benefits: Managing outputs, final product and waste, mitigates the potential risk of pest

introduction and spread within a place of production to neighbouring places of

production or to areas where the product may be received (from domestic to

international destinations).

Considerations:

• Quality assurance is an important consideration when product leaves a place of

production. Inspect final product leaving the place of production for pests of

concern.

• Effective plant health management as outlined in section 2.0 of the standard is

essential to producing a high quality finished product that is free of pests of

concern.

• Identify and label final product according to growing area as this is important for

traceability in the event of a pest detection once the product has left the place of

production.

• Locate compost piles away from production areas.

• Dispose of infected plant material by deep burial, transportation to a municipal

disposal facility or other methods that minimize the risk of pest spread and

introduction. During disposal it is important to prevent the release of pests as

infected plant material presents a high risk of re-infecting the same crop or

infecting other crops.

3.6 Maintenance of Facilities and Property

Target Outcome:

Finished product leaving the place of production is free of pests of concern.

Production wastes are managed, treated and disposed of to reduce the risk of

spreading pests.

Target Outcome:

Introduction and spread of pests is limited by keeping buildings and equipment in

good repair.


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Benefits: Keeping buildings and equipment in good repair, in addition to cleaning and

disinfecting will help limit the opportunity for the introduction and spread of pests.

Considerations:

• Develop and implement a routine facility and property maintenance program that

includes preventative maintenance activities. This may include separate plans for

the maintenance activities required for the interior and exterior of the place of

production.

• A maintenance program for greenhouses may include a weed-free buffer around

the greenhouse.

• Keep a record of maintenance activities. A checklist of activities may be used to

record the timing and activities that have been completed.

• Minimize or eliminate areas where pests can enter by ensuring holes are fixed,

doors close properly and windows can be closed.

• Develop and implement a procedure to clean the greenhouse, which includes

cleaning the structure and irrigation system.

• Some operations are highly mechanized and this equipment is not always easy

to clean. When using this machinery, inspect and verify that propagative material

is free of pests of concern to mitigate the risk of pest spread.

4.0 Education, Training and Communication

Benefits: A well developed, communicated and implemented training program will

provide visitors, service providers and employees with an understanding of the

importance of proactive biosecurity.

Considerations:

• Including employees in the process to design the biosecurity plan can be an

effective approach and may result in them taking more “ownership” of the plan,

which may help with implementation.

• Incorporate biosecurity protocols into the training program.

Target Outcome:

People entering or working within a place of production respect the biosecurity

measures in place.


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• Signage and visual aids are used to communicate biosecurity protocols within a


• Plain language is used in education and communication materials and on

signage.

• Information is provided in the appropriate language for employees. Signage,

education and communication documents are translated, when necessary.

• Ensure that visitors and service providers respect the biosecurity measures for

the areas of the place of production they visit. Templates and checklists may be

used to verify whether biosecurity measures have been completed.

• Schedule and implement periodic training and awareness updates with

employees.

• Monitor, review and update the biosecurity plan and training program as

situations change and new information becomes available.

• Train employees in crop production practices, the identification of pests,

symptoms of pests and response protocols.

5.0 Conclusion

Biosecurity measures help to prevent and manage the introduction and spread of pests

in Canada. This National Voluntary Farm-Level Biosecurity Standard for the

Greenhouse, Nursery and Floriculture Sectors provides producers with a nationally

consistent approach to develop and implement a biosecurity plan. The self-assessment

checklist in Appendix 1 will help producers determine the appropriate biosecurity

measures for a place of production. For more information on applying biosecurity

principles from the standard to a place of production, refer to the producer guides for the

greenhouse, nursery or floriculture sector.

6.0 Glossary

Biological Control: Often referred to as “biocontrols”. Biological pest control is the

method of controlling pests (including insects, mites, weeds and plant diseases) using

other living organisms. It relies on predation, parasitism, herbivory, or other natural

mechanisms, but typically also involves an active human management role. It is often

an important component of integrated pest management (IPM) programs.

Biosecurity: A set of practices used to minimize the transmission of pests including

their introduction (bioexclusion), spread (biomanagement), and release

(biocontainment).


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Controlled Access Zone (CAZ): A place of production, area within a place of

production, or a field area, where access to that area is restricted or otherwise

controlled.

Greenhouse: While the Biosecurity Standard uses the more general term

“Greenhouse” there are in fact two distinct definitions to consider:

1) A vegetable greenhouse or hothouse means a fully enclosed permanent aluminum

or steel structure clad either in glass or impermeable plastic which must:

(a) Use automated irrigation and climate control systems, including heating and

ventilation capabilities: and

(b) Utilize hydroponic methods

“Vegetable Greenhouse/Hothouse Production Standards” also include:

i) Minimizing pesticide use by utilizing no herbicides and following production practices

such as Integrated Pest Management; and

ii) Complying with the standards of a globally accepted Food Safety program.

A certified organic greenhouse/hothouse vegetable facility must meet the greenhouse

definition, with the exception of (b), as, according to Canadian organic standards

(CAN/CGSB-32.310-2006), hydroponics are not allowed and “soil” must be used as the

growth medium7.

2) A floriculture greenhouse or nursery greenhouse is the physical location where

plants are grown within, under, or sheltered by structures to provide a modified growing

condition and/or protection from pests and adverse weather. These structures may

include greenhouses, hoop houses, screen houses, shade houses, or other structures8.

Input: The resources that are used in greenhouse, nursery or floriculture production,

such as chemicals, equipment, fertilizer, seed and plant material.

Integrated Pest Management (IPM): Integrated Pest Management (IPM) is a process

for planning and managing sites to prevent pest problems and for making decisions

about when and how to intervene when pest problems occur. It is a sustainable

approach, combining biological, cultural, physical, and chemical tools to manage pests

7 Based on the standing policy of the Canadian Horticultural Council, resolution number LR2014-13. 8 Greenhouse Certification Program


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so that the benefits of pest control are maximized and the health and environmental

risks are minimized.

Maintenance: Involves unscheduled and routinely scheduled activities to fix any area

of the place of production, device or equipment should it become out of order or broken.

Output: Includes waste, garbage and finished product.

Pest9: Any living organism injurious to plants, plant products or by-products which

includes insects, diseases and weeds.

Place of production: For the purpose of this document the term “place of production” is

used to describe a variety of operational realities, including farms, nurseries,

greenhouses, packing houses, etc.

Restricted Access Zone (RAZ): An area, generally located inside the controlled

access zone, where access by people or equipment, is further restricted, providing an

extra level of protection.

Service Providers: Includes but is not limited to federal and provincial inspectors,

delivery personnel, utility providers such as electricians and plumbers, IPM Specialists

and extension specialists.

Vector: A biological, physical or environmental agent that disperses a plant pest.

9 “Pest” as defined in Canada’s Plant Protection Act “means anything that is injurious or potentially injurious, whether directly or

indirectly, to plants or to products or by-products of plants, and includes any plant prescribed as a pest.”


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Appendix 1: Biosecurity Self-Evaluation Checklist

Use the checklist below to conduct a self-assessment of the biosecurity measures

currently implemented in a place of production. Indicate with a checkmark whether the

biosecurity measure occurs (Yes) or does not occur (No) or is not applicable (NA).

Carefully evaluate whether a measure is not applicable to a place of production, as

measures that pertain to the place of production but are not implemented should be

identified as ‘No’ as opposed to ‘Not Applicable’. Completing the checklist will help

identify areas where biosecurity measures may be required and will help provide a

framework for the development of a biosecurity plan. Upon completion review the

responses. Where ‘No’ has been checked, refer to the related section of the standard

and producer guide to develop actions to implement the biosecurity measure.

Date of assessment: ______________________

Biosecurity Measure Yes No NA Comments

Section 2.1 Management Practices Internal and external environment

Optimal environmental controls are maintained. A weed-free or managed buffer has been established

around the place of production.

Nutrients, growing media and water management

An adequate fertilizer program is in place.

Soil and growing media are heat pasteurized,

solarized or fumigated between uses.

Water is routinely tested for pathogens, nutrient

levels, pH and salt level.

A treatment system is considered when water is

recycled.

Plant material selection

Pest tolerant varieties or cultivars are chosen when

possible.

The different pest risks associated with different

sources of plant materials are recognized.

Carefully evaluate whether a measure is not applicable to a place of

production. It is recognized that not all measures will apply to each of the

various commodities and production types included in the scope of the

standard.


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Biosecurity Measure Yes No NA Comments Crop protection products and approaches for commonly occurring pests

An Integrated Pest Management program is

implemented.

Pest thresholds are established to determine when to

treat non-regulated pests.

A pesticide resistance management strategy has

been developed.

New plants or products are not co-mingled with older

material and mother stock.

Pest control methods are considered to prevent pests

from neighbouring farms entering the greenhouse.

Section 2.2 Pest Vectors

Inputs are inspected prior to accepting or moving

onto or within the place of production.

Inputs are received, inspected and stored in a

designated area away from production areas.

New plants or propagative material are placed in

isolation for a period of time.

Section 2.3 Pest Monitoring

A monitoring program has been developed.

Information from formal and informal monitoring is

used to decide when control measures are

implemented.

Records of monitoring activities and pest detections

are maintained.

Education has been provided to employees to identify

pests and symptoms of pests.

Employees are informed of the process to report pest

detections.

Section 2.4 Responding to a Pest Infested material is not mixed and does not come into

contact with other product.

For unknown pests, laboratories, extension

specialists, consultants, researchers and the CFIA

are used to confirm pest identification.

An Integrated Pest Management (IPM) plan and

response plans are prepared.

Response plans and the pest management plan are

periodically reviewed.

The CFIA, provincial or territorial government is

contacted when a regulated pest is detected.


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Section 3.1 Location and Layout Geography and environmental factors

Sites that are not at risk of pest introduction by

prevailing wind direction are chosen for planting.

Sites chosen for planting are free of pests of concern.

Topography is used to assist with drainage and

reduction of standing water.

When planting in open fields, an assessment of the

history and previous land use is conducted for newly

acquired or leased land.

Layout

Information of neighbouring activities is used when

choosing a site.

Separate areas are designated for processing,

production and propagation activities.

Designated receiving areas for inspection of

propagation materials are located away from

production areas.

Areas designated for holding and disposal of crop

waste, manure, growing media and compost are

located away from areas where plants are

propagated or grown.

Designated areas for cleaning and disinfecting

equipment and vehicles are located in a low risk

area.

A map of the place of production is developed.

Section 3.2 Biosecurity Zones

Signs are placed at main entrances and field

approaches to facilitate traffic flow and indicate

biosecurity zones.

Entry and exit into biosecurity zones is controlled.

Information about biosecurity zones and traffic flow

has been incorporated into the biosecurity plan.

People, goods, products and equipment are moved

from clean or low risk areas to high risk areas.

Section 3.3 Movement of People, Vehicles and Equipment Movement of people

Employees are trained on the biosecurity protocols

and traffic flow for the place of production.

Visitors and service providers are informed of the

biosecurity protocols.

Visitors, service providers and employees only

access area(s) necessary for their activities.


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Biosecurity Measure Yes No NA Comments Visitors and service providers sign a visitors log on

arrival.

Access to restricted areas is controlled.

Hand wash stations, foot bath stations are provided

at all entrances and exits. Disposable or dedicated

outerwear as well as footwear is provided for service

providers and visitors that will enter the production

areas.

Vehicles and equipment

Equipment is cleaned and disinfected after use in

high risk areas.

Tools are disinfected before use and between crops

or different sections of the place of production.

Section 3.4 Production Inputs

Production inputs are inspected for signs of pests

before entering the place of production.

If the source of a production input is unknown it is

segregated from final product or propagative

material.

Bareroot or washed material is purchased when

possible.

Water used in the place of production is routinely

tested to manage nutrient content.

If required, recycled water is treated.

Plastic containers are cleaned and disinfected as

necessary prior to reuse.

Purchasing records for inputs are maintained.

Section 3.5 Production Outputs

Final product is inspected before leaving the place of

production.

Final product is labelled.

Compost piles are located away from production

areas.

Infected plant material is disposed of by deep burial,

transportation to a municipal disposal facility or other

method to minimize pest spread.

Section 3.6 Maintenance of Facilities and Properties A property maintenance program is implemented.

Records of maintenance activities are kept.

Areas where pests can enter are minimized or

eliminated by regular maintenance activities.


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Section 4.0 Education, Training and Communication

Biosecurity protocols are incorporated into the

training program.

Signs and visual aids are used to communicate

biosecurity protocols.

Information is provided to employees in the

appropriate language.

Employees are given scheduled and periodic training

and awareness updates.

The biosecurity plan and training program are

reviewed and updated as new information becomes

available.


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Appendix 2: Acknowledgements

• Alberta Agriculture and Rural Development

• Alberta Greenhouse Growers Association

• BC Greenhouse Growers' Association

• British Columbia Landscape and Nursery Association

• British Columbia Ministry of Agriculture

• Canadian Horticultural Council

• Canadian Nursery Landscape Association

• Canadian Ornamental Horticulture Alliance

• Fédération interdisciplinaire de l'horticulture ornementale du Québec

• Flowers Canada (Ontario) Inc.

• Flowers Canada Growers

• Landscape Ontario

• Manitoba Agriculture, Food and Rural Development

• McGill University

• New Brunswick Department of Agriculture, Aquaculture and Fisheries

• Nova Scotia Greenhouse Growers Association

• Olds College

• Ontario Greenhouse Vegetable Growers

• Ontario Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs

• Prince Edward Island Horticultural Association & Federation of Agriculture

• Saskatchewan Ministry of Agriculture

Documents

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