CFD ANALYSIS OF HEAT TRANSFER IN A DOUBLE PIPE HEAT EXCHANGER USING FLUENT

CFD ANALYSIS OF HEAT TRANSFER IN A DOUBLE PIPE HEAT EXCHANGER USING FLUENTA thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree ofBachelor of technologyInMechanical engineeringByAAYUSH PATHAK (111602)HAPPY SONKHLA (111636)MANISH SHARMA (111646)Under the guidance ofMr. SUBAS CHANDRA DASSDepartment of Mechanical Engineering Jaypee university of engineering and technology, raghoghar,Guna ,473226

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the report submitted on the topic CFD ANALYSIS OF HEAT TRANSFER IN DOUBLE PIPE HEAT EXCHANGER by AAYUSH PATHAK , HAPPY SONKHLA , MANISH SHARMA in partial fulfillment for the award of degree of Bachelor of Technology of Jaypee University of Engineering & Technology, Guna has been carried out under my supervision at JUET Guna campus during session 2014 to 2015. This work has not been submitted partially or wholly to any other University or Institute for the award of this or any other degree or diploma.

Signature of Supervisor :

Name of Supervisor : Mr. SUBAS CHANDRA DASS

Designation:

Date:

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The completion of this project report has been made possible by the significant contributions of many people.

I would like to thank Mr. SUBAS CHANDRA DASS (Lecturer) my guide in JAYPEE UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY giving me the support and encouragement that I needed, and providing many valuable suggestions and insights for my work. I would also like to thank,D Prof. N.N. DUTTA, Dr. Santosh bobdde, Mr.ATUL BHTTAD, and also my seniors Mr.ANKIT SHUKLA , Mr. ABHISHEK RAJ who guided me throughout the project .He was always there to give me valuable suggestions .

Id also like to express my gratitude towards the entire staff at the Mechanical Department of J.U.E.T. for extending their support and assistance as and when I required it.

AAYUSH PATHAK (111602)

HAPPY SONKHLA (111636)

MANISH SHARMA (111646)

4th year Mechanical Engineering

J.U.E.T , GUNA

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

Numerical analysis of 3-d incompressible flow is done for concentric tubular heat exchanger type of domain ,this is basically water to water heat exchanger. Analysis is done for both parallel flow and counter flow with different mass flow rate and when we compare the efficiency ,efficiency is higher for counter flow and less for the parallel flow because in counter flow we have highest heat transfer area than in parallel flow. Calculation are done for the cross cheq. Ansys Fluent is used for the analysis of double pipe heat exchanger or analysis software.

Ansys design modler is used as input CAD package to the FLUENT. Pressure correction technique is used for solving governing equation. Flow is basically simulated at higher Reynolds no.,because when we increases the turbulence, efficiency of heat exchanger is also increases .analysis is done in ansys workbench 12.1 and various contour plots and vector plots are presented .

CONTENT PAGE No.

CHAPTER NO. 1 08

1.1 )Introduction 09

1.2) Classification of heat exchanger 11

1.3) Tubular Heat Exchanger 11

1.4) Double Pipe Heat Exchanger 12

1.5) Heat Transfer Coefficient 12

1.6) Advantages and Disadvantages 13

1.7) Applications Of Double Pipe Heat Exchanger 14

1.8) Aim Of The Present Work 14

CHAPTER NO. 2 15

2.1) Literature Review 16

2.2) Introduction To CFD 18

2.3) Basic Principle that govern the CFD 20

2.4) Fluid Flow and Heat Transfer 21

2.5) Analogy between Heat Transfer and Momentum 23

CHAPTER NO. 3 25

3.1) Geometry 26

3.2) Mesh 27

3.3) Solution 30

CHAPTER NO. 4 33

4.1) Contous 34

4.2) X-Y Plot 38

CHAPTER NO. 5 44

5.1) Conclusion 45

REFERENCES 46

LIST OF FIGURE Page No.

Fig 1: Double Pipe HEX 12

Fig 2: Wall Convection13

Fig 3: Geometry For Meshing28

Fig 4: Close View Of Mesh Parts29

Fig 5: Named Selection30

Fig 6: Contours Of Static Temperature in Counter Flow HEX35

Fig 7: Contours Of Static Temperature in Parallel Flow HEX36

Fig 8: Contours Of Total Pressure in Counter Flow HEX37

Fig 9: Contours Of Total Pressure in Parallel Flow HEX37

Fig 10: Plot Of Surface Nusselt No. For Parallel Flow HEX38

Fig 11: Plot Of Surface Nusselt No. For Counter Flow HEX39

Fig !2: Plot Of Static Temperature For Counter Flow HEX39

Fig 13: Plot Of Static Temperature For Parallel Flow HEX40

Fig 14: Plot Of Total Pressure Of Parallel Flow HEX40

Fig 15: Plot of Total Pressure of counter Flow HEX41

Fig 16: Plot Of Velocity Magnitude For Parallel Flow HEX41

Fig 17: Plot Of Velocity Magnitude For Counter Flow HEX42

Fig 18: Scaled Residual43

LIST OF TABLE Page No.

Table 1: Naming Of Various Parts Of BodyWith State Type27

Table 2: Y+ Values For Different Wall Treatment29

Table 3: Boundary conditions For Parallel and Counter Flow HEX31

Table 4: Residuals33

Table 5: Comparison Of MassFlow Rate35

Table 6: Comparison Of Static Temperature36

Table 7: Comparison Of Total Pressure36

Table 8: Comparison Of Surface Nusselt No.38

Table 9: Comparison Of Total Heat Transfer rate41

Table 10: Comparison Of Velocity Magnitude42

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION ABOUT PROJECT

1.1 INTRODUCTION

Heat exchange between flowing fluids is one of the most important physical process of concern, and a variety of heat exchangers are used in different type of installations, as in process industries, power plants, food processing, refrigeration, etc. The purpose of constructing a heat exchanger is to get an efficient method of heat transfer from one fluid to another, by direct contact or by indirect contact. The heat transfer occurs by three principles: conduction, convection and radiation. In a heat exchanger the heat transfer through radiation is not taken into account as it is negligible in comparison to conduction and convection. Conduction takes place when the heat from the high temperature fluid flows through the surrounding solid wall. The conductive heat transfer can be maximised by selecting a minimum thickness of wall of a highly conductive material. But convection is plays the major role in the performance of a heat exchanger.

Forced convection in a heat exchanger transfers the heat from one moving stream to another stream through the wall of the pipe. The cooler fluid removes heat from the hotter fluid as it flows along or across it. Different co relation are used for the calculation of nusselt no. and heat transfer coefficient.

1.2 CLASSIFICATION OF HEX :

HEAT EXCHANGER

Recuperators Regenerator

Direct contact type Fixed matrix rotary

(e.g. spray and tray condensers) Indirect contact type

Tubular Plate Extended surface

Double tube Gasketed plate Plate fin

Spiral tube Spiral plate Tube fin

Shell and tube Lamela (Ramen)

1.3 Tubular Heat exchanger:

Tubular heat exchanger are built of circular tubes. One fluid flows inside the tube and other flows on the outside of the tubes. Tube diameter , the number of tubes, the tube length, the pitch of tubes and tube arrangement can be changed. Therefore, there is considerable flexibility in their design. This type is used for liquid-to-liquid (phase changing like condensing or evaporation) heat transfer. Again this type is classified into shell and tube, double pipe and spiral tube heat exchangers.

1.4 Double Pipe Heat Exchanger:

A typical Double pipe heat exchanger consists of one pipe placed concentrically inside another larger diameter with appropriate fittings to direct the flow from one section to next. As shown in fig.1 double pipe heat exchanger can be arranged into various series and parallel arrangements to meet pressure drop and mean temperature difference requirements. The major use of double pipe heat exchanger is for sensible heating and cooling of process fluid where small heat transfer areas is required (upto 50 m2 ) . this configuration is also very suitable when one or both fluid are at higher pressure. The major disadvantage is that double pipe heat exchanger are bulky and expensive per unit transfer surface inner tube may be single tube or multi tube. If the heat transfer coefficient is poor for annulus, axially finned inner tubes can be used. Generally double pipe heat exchanger are built in modular concept, i.e. in the form of hairpins. Study has been done on the types of flows in the circular straight pipes, and the effect of Prandtl and Reynolds number on the flow patterns and on Nusselt numbers. The two basic boundary conditions that are faced in the applications are constant temperature and the constant heat flux of the wall.

Figure 1 Double pipe heat exchanger

1.5 Heat Transfer Coefficient:

Convective heat transfer is the transfer of heat from one place to another by the movement of fluids due to the difference in density across a film of the surrounding fluid over the hot surface. Through this film heat transfer takes place by thermal conduction and as thermal conductivity of most fluids is low, the main resistance lies there. Heat transfer through the film can be enhanced by increasing the velocity of the fluid flowing over the surface which results in reduction in thickness of film. The equation for rate of heat transfer by convection under steady state is given by,

Q = h A (Tw - Tatm)

Where,

h-is the film coefficient or surface coefficient (W/m2.K).

A is the area of the wall,

Tw is the wall temperature,

Tatm is surrounding temperature.

The value of h depends upon the properties of fluid within the film region; hence it is called Heat Transfer Coefficient. It depends on various properties of fluid, linear dimensions of surface and fluid velocity (i.e. nature of flow).

The overall heat transfer coefficient is the overall transfer rate of a series or parallel combination of convective and conductive walls. The overall Heat Transfer Coefficient is expressed in terms of thermal resistances of each fluid stream. The summation of individual resistances is the total thermal resistance and its inverse is the overall heat transfer coefficient, U.

Figure2 : wallconvection

Where,

U = overall heat transfer coefficient based on outside area of tube all A = area of tube wall h = convective heat transfer coefficient

Rf = thermal resistance due to fouling Rw= thermal resistance due to wall conduction

and suffixes O and I refer to the outer and inner tubes, respectively.

1.6 Advantages of double pipe heat exchanger :

It isextremely easy to build and easy of operation. Its handle differential thermal expansions by the constructions of hairpin type components.

The make use of of longitudinal finned tubes, will having a low heat transfer coefficient.

Easy to cleaning, maintenance, repair.

Shortened delivery times can result from the use of stock components that can be assembled into standard sections.

Modular design allows for the addition of sections at a later time or the rearrangement of sections for new services.

Simple construction leads to ease of cleaning inspection and tube element replacement.

Disadvantages of double pipe heat exchanger :

Hairpin sections are specifically intended units which are generally not built to any manufacturing industry standard other than ASME Code.However, TEMA tolerances are normally incorporated wherever applicable.

Various hairpin sections are not at all times cost-effectively competitive with a distinct shell and tube heat exchanger.

Proprietary closure design requires special gaskets.

1.7 Double pipe heat exchanger applications:

1. Pasteurization

2. Digester

3. Heat recovery

4. Pre heating

5. Effluent cooling

1.8 Aim of the Present Work:

The design of a double pipe in tube heat exchanger has been facing problems because of the lack of experimental data available regarding the behavior of the fluid flow in double pipe and also in case of heat transfer data, which is not the case in Shell & Tube Heat Exchanger. So to the best of our effort, numerical analysis was carried out to determine the heat transfer characteristics for a double-pipe heat exchanger by varying the different parameters like different temperatures and diameters of pipe and coil and also to determine the fluid flow pattern in double pipe heat exchanger. The objective of the project is to obtain a better and more quantitative insight into the heat transfer process that occurs when a fluid flows in a double tube. The study also covered the different types of fluid flow range extending from laminar flow through transition to turbulent flow. The materials for the study were decided and fluid taken was water and the material for the pipe was taken to be copper for its better conducting properties.

CHAPTER 2

LITERATURE REVIEW

AND

INTRODUCTION ABOUT CFD

2.1 LITERATURE REVIEW:

Heat transfer enhancement in a heat exchanger is getting industrial importance because it gives the opportunity to reduce the heat transfer area for the heat exchanger. Increase in the heat exchanger performance can help to make energy, material and cost saving related to a heat exchange process. Double pipe heat exchangers are the simplest devices in which heat is transferred from the hot fluid to the cold fluid through a separating cylindrical wall. They are primarily adapted to high temperature and high pressure applications due to their small diameters. They are fairly cheap, but the amount of space they occupy is relatively high compared to the other types. Hence for the given design and length of the heat exchanger heat transfer enhancement in a double pipe heat exchanger is possibly achieved by several methods. Chen et al used dimples as the heat transfer modification on the inner tube. Bhuiya et al., Eiamsan et al. and Liao et al. used circular tube equipped with perforated twisted tape inserts with different configurations to enhance the heat transfer through the tube. In order to intensify the heat transfer from the heat exchanger surface to fluid, it is possible to increase convection coefficient (by growing the fluid velocity), widen temperature difference between surface and fluid or increase the surface area across which convection occurs. Extended surfaces, in the form of longitudinal or radial fins are common applications where the need to enhance the heat transfer between a surface and an adjacent fluid exists.Several researchers used extended surfaces for the enhancement in the heat transfer

Masliyah et al. studied heat transfer characteristics for a laminar forced convection fully developed flow in an internally triangular finned circular tube with axially uniform heat flux using a finite element method. For a given fin geometry, the Nusselt number based on inside tube diameter was higher than that for a smooth tube. Also, it was found that for maximum heat transfer there exists an optimum fin number for a given fin configuration. Agarwal et al. studied Laminar flow and heat transfer magnitudes in a finned tube annulus. Pressure drop and heat transfer characteristics of the fins are obtained in the periodically fully developed region by varying geometric and flow parameters. Geometric parameters are annulus radius ratio (0.3 to 0.5), fin height/annular gap (0.33 to 0.67) and fin spacing/annular gap (2 to 5). Flow parameters are Reynolds number (100 to 1000) and Prandtl number (1 to 5). Comparisons are made with a plain tube annulus having the same length, heat transfer surface area, volume flow rate, and Reynolds number. They observed that at Prandtl numbers less than 2, the use of fins may not be justified because the increase in pressure drop is more pronounced than the increase in heat transfer. At a Reynolds number of 1000 and A Prandtl number of 5, the heat transfer increases by a factor of 3.1, while the pressure drop increases by a factor of 2.3.

Soliman et al. studied steady, laminar, forced convection heat transfer in the thermal entrance region of internally finned tubes for the case of fully developed hydrodynamics. Results were presented for 16 geometries including the local Nusselt number and developing length corresponding to each boundary condition. These results indicate that internal finning influences the thermal development in a complicated way, which makes it inappropriate to extend the smooth tube results to internally finned tubes on a hydraulic diameter basis. Totala et al. conducted experiments in a double pipe heat exchanger by providing threads in the inner pipe. They observed that Nusselt number, heat transfer coefficient were increased for the threaded pipe. But the pumping power required also increased compared to the plain tube. Khannan et al. studied the heat transfer through a double pipe heat exchanger with annular fins. Three different configurations annular ring, spiral rod and rectangular projection were considered on the outside surface of the outer tube. Experiments were done with varied mass flow rates. It was observed that heat transfer rate was increased for a finned tube. Fin with annular ring showed better performance than other methods. Nagarani et al. used circular and elliptical annular fins as a heat enhancement devise in a double pipe heat exchanger. It was observed that heat transfer rate was higher in elliptical fins than circular fins. Heat transfer coefficient depends on the fin spacing, flow condition and fluid properties. Fin efficiency was higher for elliptical fins. Mir et al. studied Numerical simulation of the steady, laminar, forced convection heat transfer in the finned annulus for the case of fully developed incompressible flow corresponding to thermal boundary condition of uniform heat input per unit axial length with peripherally uniform temperature at any cross section. Various heat transfer and fluid flow characteristics were investigated for a range of values of the ratio of radii of inner and outer pipes, fin height and number of fins. The results calculated are in good comparison with the correlation results with considerable gain in the computational time. Syed et al. numerically simulated the laminar convection flow in the fully developed region of finned double pipe subjected to constant heat flux boundary conditions. They found a significant enhancement in heat transfer rate and also nusselt number. For small number of fins fin geometries like fin height, ratio of radii, and half fin angle were found to be less influential. Iqbal et al. investigated optimal configuration of finned annulus with parabolic, triangular and trapezoidal fins using finite element methods and genetic algorithms. They concluded that no single fin shape is best in all situations and for all criteria. Zhang et al. studied heat transfer enhancement for shell side of a double-pipe heat exchanger with helical fins and pin fins, the three-dimensional velocity components for the shell side with and without pin fins were measured experimentally by using laser Doppler anemometer (LDA) under cylindrical coordinate system

and the fluid flow characteristics. The results showed that, for the shell side only with helical fins at large pitch, there was a pair of vortex near the upper and lower edge of the rectangular cross section the weakest secondary flow occurred at the center. By pin fins being installed, the three-dimensional velocity components in the helical channel were strongly changed. Patel et al. simulated the industrial experimental results of a double pipe heat exchanger using ANSYS14-CFX. Results indicated heat transfer, pressure drop, pumping power increased with mass flow rate whereas friction factor decreased.

For heat exchangers, built with many fins and designed for real industry, it is important to pay attention to and calculate the heat transfer considering the fluid flow and flow paths. The resistance of the body results in a pressure drop. Literature survey reveals that most of the analysis was done by considering constant heat flux or constant wall temperature boundary condition. Literature regarding the numerical study of enhancement in heat transfer characteristics using different configurations of internal longitudinal fins for a double pipe heat exchanger with conjugate heat transfer is still scare. Hence the present work aimed at comparison of heat transfer characteristics using different mass flow rate and temperature for parallel and counter flow of a double pipe heat exchanger under various operating conditions to evolve with the best possible configuration. Numerical Simulation was done using commercial CFD package. Heat transfer characteristics like temperature variation, heat transfer rate, and heat transfer coefficient for the above said models were compared and are presented.

2.2 INTRODUCTION TO CFD :

Study of fluid flow has been around for millennium, dating back to ancient Greece, but their understanding did not go beyond what they needed to know to run aqueducts and other waterworks. Da Vinci further pursued the topic during the renaissance observing waves and free jets. Even Newton studied fluids. The topic did not mature until people like Bernaulli and Euler investigated it and developed equations that were named after them. The Euler equations were further modified by Claude Marie Henery Navier and George Gabriel Stokes to create Navier-Stokes equation. These men laid the groundwork that would be the foundation of computational fluid dynamics.

Computational fluid dynamics is a term used to describe a way of modeling fluids using alogorithms and numerical methods. Currently they are solved utilizing computers but early methods were completed manually without the aid of computers. Computational fluid dynamics are a powerful tool to model fluids ,but even with the most state of art supercomputers and technological advances they are only an approximation of what would occur in reality.

It is unclear exactly when computational fluid dynamics came into being. Lewis Fry Richardson attempted to predict the weather by creating a grid in physical space and using Bjerkne primitive differential equation. His method involved a stadium of 64,000 people each using a mechanical calculator to solve part of the flow equation. It ended in failure.

In 1933 A. Thom was able to numerically compute flow past a cylinder. Another mechanical solution was made by K. Kawaguti which took 20 hours a week over 18 months. NASAs theoretical division also made contributions during 1960, but it wasnt until the 1980s when commercial methods for computational fluid dynamics became available.

Fluid flow is classified as external and internal , depending on whether the fluid is forced to flow over a surface or, in a conduit. Fluid flow in circular and non-circular pipes is commonly encountered in practice. The hot and cold water that we use in our homes is pumped through pipe. Water in a city is distributed by extensive piping network. Oil and natural gas are transported hundreds of miles by large pipelines. Blood is carried throught our bodies by arteries and veins. The cooling water in an engine is transported by hoses to the pipes in radiator where it is cooled as it flows.

Thermal energy in a hydronic space heating system is transferred to the circulating water in the boiler and then it is transported to the desired location through pipes.

So it can be seen that many of the industrial processes have to deal with flow through pipe. If analysis and simulation of flow through pipe is done well than many of the industrial problems can be understood and solved using the results obtained. Hence in the project incompressible flow through Double pipe HEX , is simulated using CFD code software ANSYS FLUENT 12.1 .

Computational Fluid Dynamics and Fluent:

Computational fluid dynamics essentially mean computational transport phenomenon which involves fluid dynamics,heat and mass transfer or any phenomenon involving transport phenomenon.CFD is about numerical simulation of governing equations for some transport.phenomenon.Computational fluid is applied in many fields of science like aerospace,biomedical,automobile, chemical industry,electronics,marine engineering,material processing,micro fluids,turbo machines etc.Fluent is a CFD code used for flow modeling applications.Fluent needs some input data and domain drawn from various softwares like GAMBIT,CATIA,PRO-E and other design software.Now fluent can analyze the given domain with boundary conditions and solve the governing equations for the flow giving the different flow parameters.Steps for analysis in the fluent are:

A) Preprocessing: It involves building a model or importing one from a CAD package,applying.

B) Calculation: Once the numerical model is prepared fluent performs the necessary calculations and produces the desire results.

C) Post-processing : it involves organization and interpolation of the data and images.

It can handle :

Transient and steady flow

Laminar and turbulent flow

Newtonian and non-Newtonian fluid

Single and multiphase flow

Chemical reactions including combustion

Flows through porous media

Heat transfer

Flow induced vibration

The project basically deals with turbulent flow of water through a double pipe.It also contains heat transfer and single phase flow.

2.3Basic Principle That Govern The Implementation of CFD:

Fundamental principles of conservation which governs the basic equation that we commonly used for cfd and not only cfd in analytical fluid dynamics are :

Continuity equation : A Mass Conservation Equation.

( For 2D incompressible flow)

Navier-stokes equation: A Momentum Conservation Equation

(for 2D incompressible flow in X-direction)

Energy equation : Energy Conservation Equation

2.4 Fluid Flow and Heat Transfer :

As a fluid moves, it carries heat with it -- this is called convection

Thus, heat transfer can be tightly coupled to the fluid flow solution

Additionally:

The rate of heat transfer is a strong function of fluid velocity

Fluid properties may be strong functions of temperature

Conduction Heat Transfer:

Conduction is the transfer of heat by molecular interaction

In a gas, molecular velocity depends on temperature

hot, energetic molecules collide with neighbors, increasing their speed

In solids, the molecules and the lattice structure vibrate

Generalized Heat Diffusion Equation :

( rate of change of temperature) (heat cond. in/out) (heat generation)

Convection Heat Transfer :

Convection is movement of heat with a fluid, E.g., when cold air sweeps past a warm body, it draws away warm air near the body and replaces with cold air.

often, we want to know the heat transfer coefficient, h

Newtons Law of Cooling :

average heat transfer coefficient (W/m2-K)

Heat Transfer Coefficient :

h is not a constant, but h = h(DT)

There is Three types of convection:

Natural convection

fluid moves due to buoyancy

Forced convection

flow is induced by external means

Boiling convection

body is hot enough to boil liquid

Energy Equation:

Generalize the heat conduction equation to include effect of fluid motion:

Assumes incompressible fluid, no shear heating, constant properties, negligible changes in kinetic and potential energy.

Can now solve for temperature distribution in boundary layer

Then calculate h using Fouriers law:

The fluid flow and heat transfer problems can be tightly coupled

through the convection term in the energy equation

when properties are dependent on temperature

2.5 Analogy Between Heat Transfer And Momentum:

Reynolds Analogy:

In Forced Convection analysis, we are primarily interested in the determination of quantities Cf and Nu.

It is desirable to have a relation between Cf and Nu, so we can calculate one while other is available.

Such relationship are developed on the basis of similiarity between momentum and heat transfer in boundary layers, are known as Reynolds Analogy.

Reynolds Analogy is also expressed as:

where,

is stanton number, which is also a dimensionless heat transfer coefficient.

Energy Equation Coupling:

For the incompressible flows in which temperature difference causes density difference, which results in buoyancy driven flow for solving the four unknown u, v, P, t the four equations continuity two components of N-S equation and one energy equation are needed u,v P are firstly determined using continuity equation and N-S equation. Then calculated u and v are put in the energy equation and solved for temperature this is called coupling of energy equation with continuity equation and energy equation.

CHAPTETR 3

CFD ANALYSIS

Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) study of the system starts with the construction of desired geometry and mesh for modeling the dominion. Generally, geometry is simplified for the CFD studies. Meshing is the discretization of the domain into small volumes where the equations are solved by the help of iterative methods. Modeling starts with the describing of the boundary and initial conditions for the dominion and leads to modeling of the entire system. Finally, it is followed by the analysis of the results, conclusions and discussions.

3.1 Geometry:

Heat exchanger is built in the ANSYS workbench design module. It is a counter-flow heat exchanger. First, the fluid flow (fluent) module from the workbench is selected. The design modeler opens as a new window as the geometry is double clicked.

3.1.1 Sketching:

Out of three plane viz, XY-plane, YZ-plane and ZX-plane, the XY plane is selected for the first sketch. A circle of dia meter 9.5mm is drawn by selecting circle in sketching tab menu. Similarly by selecting again xy plane we draw another sketch with two circle having diameter 9.5mm and 11mm, by repeating this process we create sketch no.3 and sketch no.4 having diameter of 28.5mm and 30.5mm respectively.

3.1.2 Extrude:

By selecting first sketch in xy plane extrude it up to a length of 1600mm. again select another sketch Extrude it up to 1600mm and change operation from add material to add frozen. Similarly extrude sketch 3 and sketch 4 upto 1600mm length in z-direction and change operation add material to add frozen. By extrudeing whole body and by changing operation from add material to add frozen we have four different parts and four bodies.

Table 1 Naming of various parts of the body with state type

Part Number

Part Of The Model

State Type

1.

Inner fluid

Fluid

2.

Inner pipe

Solid

3.

Outer fluid

Fluid

4.

Outer pipe

Solid

Figure 3 Geometry for meshing

3.2 Mesh:

Initially a relatively coarser mesh is generated. This mesh contains mixed cells (Tetra and Hexahedral cells) having both triangular and quadrilateral faces at the boundaries. Care is taken to use structured hexahedral cells as much as possible. It is meant to reduce numerical diffusion as much as possible by structuring the mesh in a well manner, particularly near the wall region. Later on, a fine mesh is generated. For this fine mesh, the edges and regions of high temperature and pressure gradients are finely meshed.

3.2.1 y+ Values:

y + values play a significant role in turbulence modeling for the near wall treatment. y+ is a non-dimensional distance. It is frequently used to describe how coarse or fine a mesh is for a particular flow pattern. It determines the proper size of the cells near domain walls. The turbulence model wall laws have limitations on the y+ value at the wall. For instance, the standard K-epsilon model requires a wall y+ value between approximately 300 and 100. A faster flow near the wall will produce higher values of y+, so the grid size near the wall must be decreased. y+ values for different wall treatments are given in table 2.

Figure 4 close view of mesh parts

Table 2 y+ Values for Different Wall Treatments

Wall treatment method

Recommended Y+ value

Used y+ value at tube wall

Standard wall function

30