Certificate of Proficiency in English 4

5/10/2018 Certificate of Proficiency in English 4 - slidepdf.com

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H~fbokhRj` cq`~fii lT@ h~fb` o| nf|`b ck rj` rcrfi |lc~` hfok`b ok fii aoq` tft`~|+ Or o|~z/r k`l`||f~y rc fljo`q` f |fro|aflrc~y i`qì ok fii aoq` tft`~| ok c~b`~ rc tf||ÿ` `zfeokfrock+ L`~roaolfr`| f~` hoq`k rc lfkbobfr`| xjc tf|| rj` `zf~kokfrockxoÿ h~fb` F) N c~ l+ F o| rj` johj`|r+ Rj` eokoepe |pll`||api t`~ac~efkl` ok

c~b`~ rc fljo`q` f h~fb` l lc~~`|tckb| rc fncpr 14cÎ ca rj` rcrfi ef~m|+ Bfkb @ f~` afoiokh h~fb`|+ @q`~y lfkbobfr` ~`lòq`| f \rfrè`kr ca ^`|pir| xjoljoklipb`| f h~ftjolfi t~caoi` ca rjò~ t`~ac~efkl` ok `flj tft`~ fkb |jcx| rjò~~`Gfroqh t`~ac~efkl` ok `flj ck`+ @flj tft`~ o| xòhjr`b rc 24 ef~m|+Rj`~àc~`) rj` aoq` LT@ tft`~| rcrfi>44 ef~m|) far`~ xòhjrokh+

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F| |clo`ro`| jfq` b`qìct`b ok lceti`zory) tctpifrock| jfq` `ztfkb`b) fkb epiroti` r`ljkcicho`|ac~ t~cbplokh fk okl~`f|okh qf~o`ry ca licrjokh fkb tjy|olfi fbc~ke`kr jfq` n``k bo|lcq`~`b) |crj` e`fkokh| frrflj`b

rc b~`|| jfq` fi|c okl~`f|`b ok rjò~ lceti`zory fkb |ohkoaolfkl`+Lck|`vp`kriy) or o| boaaolpir rc |fy xorj fky *0/ ++ +ca l`~rfokry rcbfy xjfr fky orè ca lrcrjokh c~fbc~ke`kr flrpfiiy e`fk|+ Ac~ `zfeti`) f efk(| |por) *1/ ++++ fk okbolfrc~ ca rj` ec|r `zr~è`pkoac~eory) flrpfiiy lckq`y| q`~y boaa`~okh e`fkokh| ok boaa`~`kr lckr`zr| fkb rc boaa`~`kr t`cti`+

6 F ~`|tck|oni`

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7 f nor ca r`fljokh) rj` cllf|ockfixc~m|jct fkb f~roli`| iom` rjo|+ O jfq` *66/ ++++ rìica fk okjcp|`)((ookh cttc~rpkory caa`~`b ny f ljclcifr` aflrc~y) npr i(q` k`q`~ efkfh`b rc h`r fkyrjokh iom` rjfr+<7~k`jcx) rjcphj) ny *6>/ ++++ ca gphhiokh tf~rroe` gcn| fkb l~`bor lf~b| fkb fi|c) ec~` car`k rjfk7i rjfkm| rc rj` h`k`~c|ory ca rjc|` kfe`| ycp aokb ok Flmkcxi`bhè`kr|) rj` kcqì h`r| x~orr`k+

8 F t`rorockokh

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64 F |pn|o|rokh

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6> F xfy

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o` |efii *6</ ++ x` x`~` t`~ac~eokh fr f~cpkb rj` lcpkr~y x`~` fii n`hokkokh rc |ìi *62/ ++ ++ fkb7zr~f ncpkl`~| x`~` jfqokh rc n` lfii`b ok rc jcib nflm rj` h~cxokh i`hock ca |l~`feokh ho~i|+ X`(7pkb cp~|ìq`| jfqokh rc p|` |`l~`r `kr~fkl`| rc rj` qoiifh` jfii| fkb nfii~cce| x` x`~` tifyokh

O t~`q`kr cp~|ìq`| nòkh ecnn`b ny afk|+ Ck rj` a`x kohjr| f x``m xj`k x` x`~` kcr xc~mokh))()` acpkb or boaaolpir rc i`fq` rj` jcp|` xorjcpr nòkh tp~|p`b rj~cphj rj` |r~``r| ny fbc~okh(7 icx`~|+ Ok f *60/ ++++ ca bfy|) x` jfb n``k r~fk|ac~e`b okrc lì`n~oro`|+ Cp~ ecq`| x`~` eckorc~`b7 o cp~ fbeo~`~| fkb fii ca cp~ k``b| *61/ + ++ ac~ ny cp~ efkfhè`kr fkb crj`~ okr`~`|r`b tf~ro`|+

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| ~pfrock| lfk *68/ ++++ rc+ Ok |jc~r) O xf| ècrockfiiy rcrfiiy cpr ca ey *6:/ +

N hcnni`b L |plm`b

N `kbp~okh L fnobokh

N j`f~b L ~`lòq`b

N frrètr L bokr

N q`kp`| L |l`k`|

Npt L caa

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Tf~r>

_cp f~` hcokh rc ~`fb acp~ `zr~flr| xjolj f~` fii lckl`~k`b ok |ce` xfy xorj f~r+ Ac~ vp`|rock|6?>1) ljcc|` rj` fk|x`~ *F) N) L c~ B/ xjolj ycp rjokm aor| n`|r fllc~bokh rc rj` r`zr+


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npbh`r) e`hfjyt`b) epiroe`bof `zr~fqfhfkwf) npr ny f ljf~eokhiy oboc|ykl~frolokq`|rohfrock okrc fk fiec|r ac~hcrr`k

f|t`lr ca rjìf|r

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F k`x `zjonorockr~fl`| rj` jo|rc~y ca mok`rol f~r rjfr o| f~r xjolj o| lckl`~k`b xorj ecqè`kr ok

rj` rx`kro`rj l`krp~y+ Ok rj` t~cl`||) or ~`q`fi| rjfr efmokh f~rxc~m| xjolj òrj`~ecq` ny rjè|ìq`| c~ okq`|rohfr` rj` ob`f ca ecqè`kr ok |ce` xfy jf| n``k f

lck|o|r`kr oa if~hìy pk~`lchko|`b rjè` ca |ce` ca rj` ec|r af|lokfrokh l~`froq`flroqory ca rjo| l`krp~y+ Fkb kcr ckiy rjfr rj` ef~qìicp| ~fkh` ca tfokrokh| fkb

b~fxokh|) bclpe`kr| fkb aiie| ck mok`rol f~r f||èni`b ny lp~frc~ Hpy N~`rr) xjc jf|

efb` f ioaìckh |rpby ca rj` |png`lr) f~` t~`|`kr`b if~hìy pke`bofr`b ny r`zr+ Qo|orc~|)pkjf~~o`b ny `ztifkfrock|) f~` iàr rc jfq` rj` ti`f|p~` ca efmokh lckk`lrock| fkb

bo|lcq`~o`| ac~ rjè|ìq`|+

Rj` x~or`~ iom`| rj` aflr rjfr rj` k`x f~r `zjonorock |`è|

F t`~ti`zokh+N lcicp~api+L pkc~`r`krocp|+B pkfenorocp|+

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Tft`~ 6 ^`fbokh

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joe |plj hccb lcty ac~ rj` k`x|tct`~|+ J` ecy) ok crj`~ xc~b|) n` tctpic~ac~ rj` x~ckh ~`c|ck|+ Npr bc`| rjo| k`hcr` rj` tc||onoiory rjcr jo| c~r jc| c

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ik rj` qo`x ca |ce` ~`|t`lr`b l~orol|) Jclmk`y o| kcrjokh ec~` rjck ck

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n`lcp|` jo| xc~m o| iclmokh ok |pn|rckl`+ Jclmk`y joe|ìa o| kcr |ìa

bìpbokh= j` o| cxc~` ca jo| ioeorcrock| ckb rjokm| rjcr or o| n`|ob` rj` tcokrrc bo|eo|| jo| xc~m n`lcp|` or bc`| kcr e`c|p~` pc rc ck cn|r~clr lckl`trca h~`cRk`||+ Jclmk`y bc`| kcR licoe Rc n` c h~`cR c~Ro|R ckb o| cxc~` rjcr

ckiy tc|r`~ory lck ac~e c aokci opbhè`kr ck jo| |rcrp~`+

Ok rj` ao~|r tf~fh~ftj) rj` x~or`~ lck|ob`~| rj` tc||onoiory rjfr Jclmk`y(| xc~m

F o| boaaolpir ac~ l~orol| rc ftt~`lofr`+N o| kcr rj` efok ~`f|ck ac~ jo| afe`+

L efm`| oetc~rfkr tcokr| fncpr jpefk flroqory+

B bc`| kcr c~cqob` eplj ac~ ocp~kfio|r| rc x~or` fncpr+

Xjfr o| Jclmk`y(| cxk qo`x ca jo| xc~m3

F ir o| kcr okr`kb`b rc jfq` eplj |pn|rfkl`+N ir n`f~| lcetf~o|ck xorj rjfr ca `f~io`~ h~`fr f~ro|r|+

L ir| r~p` qfip` xoii ckiy n`lce` fttf~`kr ok rj` aprp~`+B ir bc`| kcr bàok` joe f| f(h~`fr f~ro|r(+

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R`|r 6

(Xokbcx|jcttokh( î66 f~r`zjonorockOk rj` if|r a`x y`f~| O jfq` |``k icfb| ca`zjonorock| ca lckrètc~f~y f~r) fkli

feckh|r rjè n~oiiofkl` fkb e`liocl~ory+Xjfr fixfy| nph| e`) rjcphj) f~` |jcx|rjfr |`è rc tp|j fk pkb`~iyokh fh`kbf)|phh`|rokh rj`~` o| f lceeck frrorpb`feckh l`~rfok f~ro|r|+ \ce`roe`| or xc~m|7x` ~`fiiy f~` efb` fxf~` ca k`~q r~`kb|~pkkokh rj~cphj fttf~`kriy pk~ìfr`b xc~m+Ec~` car`k) rjcphj+ x` f~` fi`~r`b rc f

bpnocp| fkhi` c~ f ac~l`b lckl`tr+ Rjo| i`li

e`) f| f lp~frc~+ rc frrètr f |jc~q xjolj|rfkb| f| fk fkrorj`|o| rc rjo|+

Rch`rj`~ xorj |`q`k f~ro|r| O rccm cq`~ f

|tfl` ok fk ètry xf~`jcp|`+ +XokbcxS

|jcttokh( xf| okr`kb`b f| f lcii`lrock caokboqobpfi f~rxc~m| rjfr ~ìfr`b rc `flj crj`~tp~ìy rj~cphj rj` aflr rjfr rj`y t~clifoe`b

rc n` f~r+ \fe Lci`(| mkorr`b lfi| x`krnf~ey ljf|okh `flj crj`~ ~cpkb ck f rcy

r~fok r~flm+ Ok lckr~f|r Efrrj`x L~fxi`y)|rrr~kokh ck f qob`c lfe`~f) ct`kokh or ptfkb tcmokh f~cpkb ok rj`~` pkroi or n~`fm|aiolm`~`b) aif|j`b fkb bo|ftt`f~`b ck rjèckorc~ ok rj` lc~k`~+ Rj`|` xc~m| l`~rfokiybobk(r aor okrc rj` (fk `zjonorock `ztic~okhrj` rjè` ca +++( lfr`hc~y) fkb xcpibk)rp|pfiiy n` |``k rch`rj`~ ok rj` |fe` |jcx+npr xjy kcr3 Rj`y bob kcr oet`b` `flj

crj`~ fkb flrpfiiy) O jct`) rj~cphj rjò~lckr~f|r) hfq` |ce`rjokh rc `flj crj`~+ CM)|c O jfq`k(r efb` fky h~fkboc|` |rfrè`kr|fncpr rj` kfrp~` ca lckrètc~f~y f~rt~flrol`) npr rj`~` t~cnfniy f~`k(r fky rc nèfb` fncpr xjfr o| nf|olfiiy fk okboqobpfiflroqory ok xjolj f~ro|r| |`r rjò~ cxktf~fe`r`~|+

>< Xjfr xf| rj` x~or`~ efmokh f |rfrè`kr fhfok|r ok rj` |jcx lfii`b)Xokbcx|jcttokh)3

F f lp~~`kr r`kb`kly ok |ce` `zjonorock|N rj` tcc~ |rfkbf~b ca |ce` `zjonorock|L rj` lc|y ok|pif~ory ca |ce` f~ro|r|B rj` tciorolfi e`||fh` ca |ce` f~ro|r|

xjfr tcokr bc`| rj` x~or`~ efm` fncpr f~r ok rj` |`lckb tf~fh~ftj3

F F~ro|rol hcfi| f~` apkbfe`krfiiy ìp|oq`+

N ir o| oetc||oni` rc ~ài`lr ~`fiorq ok f~r+L Rj` jpefk |to~or |jcpib kcr n` ioeor`b ny f~ro|rol ~pi`|+B L~`frokh f xc~m ca f~r o| f q`~y t`~|ckfi `zt`~o`kl`+

>2

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Tft`~ 6 ^`

F~r Jo|rc~yT`cti` xjc `kgcy tfokrokh| f~` |ce`roe`| ~ìplrfkr rc fkfiy|` rjè aca`f~ ca |tcoiokh rj` ~oljk`|| fkb |tckrfkòry ca rjò~ `zt`~o`kl`+ ir jf

n``k |phh`|r`b rjfr |ce` ca rj` xc~m bck` ny f~r jo|rc~ofk|) xjc|lckl`~k o| xorj rj`c~y ~frj`~ rjfk t~flrol`) ohkc~`| fkb okb``b b`ko`| rjf`|rj`rol `zt`~o`kl`) rj` apkbfe`krfi ti`f|p~` ca iccmokh) f| xìi f| rjq`~y |t`lofi flr ca f~ro|rol l~`froqory+ Rjo| qo`x o| f nor iom` rj` kcrock rjfmkcxokh rj` okh~`bo`kr| ca rj` ~`lot`) ~`lchko|okh rj` e`rjcb ca lccmokfkb |`òkh rj` pr`k|oi| èticy`b b`r~flr| a~ce rj` rf|r` ca rj` bo|j+

Flmkcxi`bhokh rj` oetc~rfkl` ca `kgcyokh |ce`rjokh bc`| kcr) clcp~|`) t~`lipb` f rjc~cphj mkcxi`bh` ca rj` cng`lr rjfr o| f~cp|okti`f|p~`+ ir eohjr ok aflr n` ec~` ti`f|p~fni` oa x` mkcx ec~` fncpr rj

cng`lr x` f~` qo`xokh+ Ec~`cq`~) ti`f|p~` o| kcr f |oeti` efrr`~+ Rjf~cp|fi ca cp~ |`k|`| fkb jcx x` ~`lchko|` fkb ~`ho|r`~ or o| or|ìa ct`rc okr`~~chfrock+ ir o| fi|c jo|rc~olfiiy iclfr`b+ Xjy x` iom` tf~rolpifljf~flr`~o|rol| ca l`~rfok |c~r| ca cng`lr| fr fky ck` roe` o| kcr |oetiy rj~`|pir ca cp~ h`k`| c~ cp~ cxk tf~rolpif~ t`~|ckfioro`| npr o| b`r`~eok`bny qfip`| t~cecr`b xorjok rj` |clo`ry ca xjolj x` f~` f tf~r+ \c) xjoi` kck` |``m| rc pkb`~`|roefr` rj` oetc~rfkl` ca |`k|pcp| fkb ok|roklroq~`|tck|`| rc f~r cng`lr|) rj` kcrock rjfr rj` |`k|pcp| o| pkb`~eok`b ny rjokrìi`lrpfi o| f i`hfly a~ce f t`~ocb ok rj` tf|r xjolj t~cecr`b f~r f| f

fir`~kfroq` rc rjcphjr+

Ok iom`kokh f~r jo|rc~y rc accb) xjfr o| rj` x~or`~ oetiyokh3

F Ckiy `zt`~i| |jcpib hoq` ctokock| ck xc~m| ca f~r+

N Rj`~` o| kc jf~e ok nòkh apiiy okac~e`b fncpr f~r jo|rc~y+

L F~r jo|rc~ofk| lfkkcr ftt~`lofr` nf|ol |oetiolory+B Rj`~` o| f icr ca q`~y epkbfk` tctpif~ f~r+

Xjfr bc`| rj` x~or`~ |fy ok rj` |`lckb tf~fh~ftj fncpi cp~ ~`flrock rc f tolrp~`3

F ir |jcpib n` nf|`b tp~ìy ck ok|roklr+N ir o| boaaolpir rc n` lceti`rìy cng`lroq`+L ir o| tp~ìy t`~|ckfi fkb efy |oetiy n` x~ckh+B ir |rè| ok cf~r a~ce rj` nìoà| ca ac~e`~ roe`|+



R`|r 6

Tf~r <

_cp f~` hcokh rc ~`fb f |jc~r |rc~y+ \`q`k tf~fh~ftj| jfq` n``k ~ècq`b a~ce rj` |rc~y+ Ljcc|à~ce rj` tf~fh~ftj| FJ rj` ck` xjolj aor| `flj hft *>8<</+ Rj`~` o| ck` `zr~f tf~fh~ftj xjoljycp bc kcr k``b rc p|`+


Xj`k rcib rjfr rj`y jfb ncphjr rjo| jcp|`) ^cn`~r)rj`k aoq`) jfb f|m`b rjcphjrapiiy)(Epe) xj`k ycp npyf jcp|`) jcx b(ycp h`r or jce`3(_cp lcpib eo|| fiorri` ncy ok rj` tjy|olfi t~`|`kl` ca rj` fbpir j` jfbn`lce`= ^cn`~r xf| j`~`) jìtokh) fkb ok tf~rolpif~

efmokh |p~` |j` bobk(r i`r ck fncpr rj` tofkc+A~fkl`|lf xf| j`~` rcc) fi|c jìtokh) ok j`~ nc||yxfy) |rpnnc~kiy l`~rfok rjfr kcncby npr |j`) rj` afeoiybfphjr`~) xcpib n` lf~àpi `kcphj cq`~ f aokòk|r~pe`kr iom` f \ròkxfq tofkc+

\j` lcpib `f|oiy oefhok`+Iàr rc j`~|ìa) \p|fk xcpib jfq` xf~k`b rj`

~ècq`~| fncpr rj` tofkc nàc~` fll`trokh rj``|roefr`+ ^cn`~r jfb |fob |r`~kiy rjfr or xf| rjò~np|ok`|| rc |`` rj` t~cniè) fkb rjò~

nfbiplm oa

rj`ybobk(r+ Rj` tofkc kcx |rccb ok |ciorf~y hic~y ok rj`pt|rfo~| |orrokh ~cce) rj` n`|r ~cce ok rj` jcp|`+Rj`yxcpib i`fq` or roii if|r) kfrp~fiiy+ \orrokh ck rj` ncrrce|rfo~) ac~ fii rj` ljfo~| x`~` hck` kcx) |j`~èèn`~`b rj` roe` rj`q jfb f~~oq`b+

Rj`y n~cphjr or pt rc rj` rp~k ca rj` |rfo~|) fkb bcxkfhf~k+ fkb lpr cpr nfko|r`~ ~foi|) fkb hcr or gfee`b

6-

Rj`k) a~ce rj` vpfy nìcx rj` jcp|`) xj`~` ao|j x`~`pkicfb`b a~ce rj` ok|jc~` ncfr|) f iorri` l~fk` xf|nc~~cx`b) fkb b~fhh`b pt rj` joii ny e`fk| ca rjìclfi af~e`~(| r~flrc~+ Aokfiiy) rj` tofkc xf| x~ftt`bok nifkm`r|) jccm`b rc rj` l~fk` fkb h`kriy |xpkh|faìy rj~cphj rj` hftokh xokbcx) xjoi` rj`

`kr~fkl`b ljoib~`k bfkl`b xorj gcy fr rj` |ohjr ca or+

Rj` ljoib~`k x`~` okl~`f|okhiy rcc np|y rc lce` jce`fr x``m`kb|) fkb \p|fk xf| kc ickh`~ |c ecnoi` okrj` jcp|`) fkb tpaaokh f| |j` lioen`b rj` |rfo~|+ Rj`rjcphjr ca rj` |rfo~| okr`~~ptr`b j`~ bfyb~`fe+ Rj`nfko|r`~ ~foi| x`~` |roii kcr vpor` tf~fiiì= rj`y jfb kcrn``k tpr nflm t`~a`lriy fii rjfr roe` fhc+ \j` cphjr rcjfq` xf~k`b rj` ~ècq`~|) |p~ìy |j` cphjr+ Npr kcxoi xf| rcc ifr`+ Fky ece`kr kcx rj`y xcpib aokb or+ \j`

iccm`b f~cpkb) bfw`b fkbtfkol|r~olm`k+

R~prj rc rìi |j` xf| gp|r ck rj` `bh` ca rjè+ Jcx cbbrjfr |oetiy ecqokh rjokh| efb` rjè efrr`~+ Ljfo~|fkb lpt| fkb rjokh|) jpkb~`b| ca rjokh|) rjfr ck`k`q`~ kcrol`b c~ hfq` f ece`kr(| rjcphjr rc xjoi`rj`y |rfy`b tpr) kcx rj`y x`~` bo|tifl`b) x`~` apii catfrjc|) l~yokh cpr rc n` lf~`b fncpr fkb |j` xcpibjfq` l~o`b) ok f ece`kr) |p~ìy |j` xcpib+

^@ECQFI BkqXorj j`~ ljoib~`k kcx h~cxk) xobcx`b \p|fk afl`| i`fqokh rj` afeoiy jce`

Rj` qfk |fob) \p|fk kcrol`b) (^ècq`~| caBo|roklrock() fkb okb``b) `q`~y bo|rokhpo|jokh a`frp~`ca rj` jcp|` xf| nòkh ~ècq`b+ @q`~yrjokh xjolj

efb` or tf~rolpif~ xf| nòkh x~ftt`b ok k`x|tft`~fkb tflm`b ok ncz`| ny A~`b rj` ~ècqfi efk) jo|`kc~ecp| aokh`~| iom` |fp|fh`| r`kb`~iy jfkbiokh fiirj` n~`fmfni`|= fkb jo| r`fe ca jìt`~|) kcr |c h`kri`+

fkyxfy) xjoi` iorri` ^cn`~r iccm`b ck `krj~fii`b) fkbycpkh A~fkl`|lf xfoi`b) (X` lfk(r ioq` ok f jcp|`xorjcpr f tofkc& X` lfk(r& i(b ~frj`~ bo`&(Fkb ca lcp~|`

rj`y lcpibk(r= kcr xorj f ep|olfi bfphjr`~ b`|rok`b rcn` f lckl`~r tofko|r+ Rj`y jfb rc aokb f xfy rc h`r orok7 fkb f xfq jfb n``k acpkb+

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Tft`~ 6 ^`fbokh

ac~ n~`frj fkb ifphjokh ec~`+(Xjfr(| rj` gcm`) rj`k3f|m`b A~`b) npr j` e`~ìy |rf~r`b rjè caa fhfok+ \rjfr) f| rj`y x`kr) rj` rj~`` ca rjè) f~e ok f~e bcxrj` tfrj ac~ rj` if|r roe`) rj` ckiy r`f~| |j` |j`b x`~r`f~| ca ifphjr`~+

Or xf| ^cn`~r xjc ifphj`b ao~|r) npr rj`k rj`y lcpibk(r|rct ifphjokh) ~ìo`q`b rjfr or xf| fii cq`~+ Fii rj~`` carjè) jìti`||iy) i`fkokh fhfok|r `flj crj`~) hf|tokh

F T`r`~+ j`~ ifr` jp|nfkb+ jfb lce` jce` rc rj`l~o|o| fkb jfb ~`|ciq`b or+ Rj` cofkc jfb n``k iàrok rj` hf~b`k xjoi` rj` crj`~ ap~korp~` xf| n~cphjrok rj`~` xf| eplj i`|| ca or rj`k= rj`y jfb n``k~ìfroqìy ycpkh fkb jf~b pt+ Fkb k`zr bfy) rc`q`~yck`(| |p~t~o|`) f npoib`~ jfb n``k `khfh`brc rfm` cpr rj` ao~|r aicc~ xokbcx+

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(`ì j` xf| r~`fi`b nq rj`|` rxc fbpir|+

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Tf~r 6

Ac~ vp`|rock| 660) ~`fb rj` r`zr nìcx fkb rjokm ca rj` xc~b xjolj n`|r aor| `flj |tfl`+ P|` ckck` xc~b ok `flj |tfl`+ Rj`~` o| fk `zfeti` fr rj` n`hokkokh *4/+

X~or` ycp~ fk|x`~| ok LFTORFI I@RR@^\ ck rj` |`tf~fr` fk|x`~ |j``r+

@zfet(`7 i~r~~@E@ ( OOOOOOOPOH`rrokh Fxfy A~ce Rj` Ifkb

Ny rj` |rf~r ca rj` ix`kryao~|r l`krp~y) N~orfok jfb *C/+++TAÈ+È+EA+++ f johjiy p~nfko|`b lcpkr~y) xo

ckiy f |efii t~ctc~rock ca rj` tctpifrock ok rcplj *6/++++++++++++rj` xc~mokh ioa` ca rj` lcpkr~y|ob`

Npr rjo| jf| ny *>/++++++++++++ e`fk| fixfy| n``k rj` lf|`+ Fr rj` `kb ca rj` kok`r``krj l`krp~y)

`zl`|| *</++++++++++++ f eoiiock t`cti` x`~` èticy`b ok fh~olpirp~`) aoq` *2/++++++++++++ rcbfy(| aohp~`

@q`k *0/+++++ jcx`q`~) rj` rcifi xf| |ohkoaolfkriy nìcx rjfr ok ec|r @p~ct`fk lcpkr~o`|) joh

aflrc~y xfh`| jfqokh fi~`fby rètr`b t`cti` rc i`fq` ij` lcpkr~y|ob` ok afqcp~ ca rj` okbp|r~o

loro`|+ Ok *1/++++++++++++ 6c rjo|) rj` @khio|j lp|rce ca t~oech`korp~`) ny *8/++++++++++++ 6fkb o| okj`~or`

ckiy ny rj` ìb`|r |ck) |`~q`b *:/++++++++++++ ap~rj`~ fllì`~fr` rj` ~p~fi `zcbp|+

Bp~okh rj` xf~ y`f~| ca rj` 6?24|) fr f roe` *?/+)++++++++++accb xf| |jc~r) t`cti` |òw`b xjfr`q`

cttc~rpkoro`| *64/++++++++++++ x`~` rc oet~cq` rjò~ bo`r *66/++++++++++++ h~cxokh rjò~ cxk q`h`rfni`|

Jcx`q`~) rjo| t~flrol` |cck ic|r *6>/++++++++++++ ftt`fi ckl` rj` xf~ xf| cq`~) f| *6</++++++++++++ crj`

rètc~f~y`zt`bo`klo`|) |plj f| m``tokh ljolm`k| ok rcxk hf~b`k|+*62/++++++++++++ o| ec~`) eoz`

f~fni` fkb ioq`|rclm af~eokh) ckl` rj` kc~e) n`lfe` ~f~`) |c rjfr `q`k *60/+++ t`cti` rjf

`q`~ x`~` okqciq`b ok fc~olpirp~`+

r4



Tft`~ < ]G|` ca @khio|j

Tf~r>

77( 7`|rock| 61>0) ~`fb rj` r`zr nìcx+ P|` rj` xc~b hoq`k ok lftorfi| fr rj` `kb ca |ce` ca rj`55 77 ac~e f xc~b rjfr aor| ok rj` |tfl` ok rj` |fe` iok`+ Rj`~` o| fk `zfeti` fr rj` n`hokkokh *4/+

(7 ))cp~ fk|x`~| ok LFTORFI I@RR@^\ ck rj` |`tf~fr` fk|x`~ |j``r+

~~f~kt(`7 r~ ~@~r~r~r~r~r~r~r~OiiiiiiiOAf|r N~fok Xfq`|

7( jfia f l`krp~y fhc) |lo`kro|r| acpkb rj`y lcpib ~`lc~b rj`

7 7))577Mièòa+ |ohkfi| ca rj` n~fok fr xc~m+ Xjfr fr ao~|r ftt`f~`b f ~fkbce @I@LR^RL

((7 tcrlj ca flroqory n`lfe` f tfrr`~k ca ì`hfkr xfq`| *61/++++++++++++ ^J_RJE

75(7kok`b+ @q`~ |okl`) |lo`kro|r| jfq` xckb`~`b xjìj`~

7= |`l~`r| ca cp~ rjcphjr|) *68/++++++++++++ fkb `q`k T@^L@OQ@'

0 ~ ++ +) ++++++++ or|ìa eohjr n` jobb`k ok rj` tfrr`~k| ca cp~ n~fok xfq`|+ LCK\LOCP\

5 vp`|rock ca xjy x` jfq` n~fok xfq`| o|) *6?/++++++++++++ ) f| jcriy b`nfr`b F^HP@

76+) f| or xf| xj`k rj` tfrr`~k| x`~` bo|lcq`~`b+ Npr rj` e`fkokh) fkb `q`k

~'+ 7z~|r`kl`) ca af|r ~jyrje| ok rj` fi`~r n~fok o| johjiy *>4/++ LCKR^CQ@^\_

57 o| t~cnièfrol o| rjfr ycp lfk(r t`~lòq` rj`|` ~jyrje| bo~`lriy) rj`y f~` |c

7 ~bb`k ok rj` kco|` l~`fr`b ny crj`~ n~fok flroqory) npr efky *>6/++++++++++++ \@F^LJ

7 )) ~lib Rj` *>>/++++++++++++ rjfr rj` |ohkoaolfkl` ca rj`|` n~fok xfq`| |jcpib kcr LCKQOKL@

75 r></++++++++++++ + @\ROEFR@

5 fr`|r |phh`|rock o| rjfr rj` ~jyrje| lcpib n` *>2/++++++++++++ ok b`r`lrokh B@LOB@

7(77`||`| hcokh ck ok boaa`~`kr ~`hock| ca rj` n~fok+ \ce` nìo`q` rjfr rj`|`

)7~k| eohjr `q`k okr`~flr) fkb ok bcokh |c jìt rj` n~fok rc tflmfh`

7(~frock okrc *>0/++++++++++++ rjcphjr|+ Jcx x` n~okh rch`rj`~ rj`|` ~ìfr`b LCJ@^@

7 7fi| ok rj` n~fok o| f tpwwi` f| y`r pk~`|ciq`b+

>6



R`|r 6

Tf~r <

Ac~ vp`|rock| >1<6) rjokm ca ck` xc~b ckiy xjolj lfk n` p|`b ftt~ct~ofrìy ok fii rj~`` |`kr`kl`J`~` o| fk `zfeti` *4/+

@zfeti`74 \ce` ca rj` rcp~o|r| f~` jctokh rc h`r lcet`k|frock ac~ rj` tcc~ |rfr` ca rj` jcrì) fkb O rjo

rj`y jfq` f q`~y +++++++++ lf|`+

Rj`~`(| kc tcokr ok r~yokh rc xfb` fl~c|| rj` ~oq`~) rj` lp~~`kr o| af~ rcc

ii U(77777o777(7 oaai.7i~(G7=obobfr`||jcp~b |`r ~j` gcn( ~(e fa~fob O bck(r jfq` f

r~ R@r~@KRORRRRRORRRRRRX~or` ckiy rj` eo||okh xc~b ok LFTORFI I@RR₩^\ ck rj` |`tf~fr` fk|x`~ |j``r+

>1 Rj` tciol` x`~` hoq`k rj` ++++ + ++++ rc n~`fm pt hfrj`~okh| ca rj~`` c~ ec~` t`cti

ri77ã+co c77ci.7oiG(aao`g=G)c+i7

k.p. n``k p|`b ok `~`lr~olorq |`k`~frock oa kpl~`

Rj` Ljfo~efk ca rj` lcetfky xf| ~ìplrfkr rc jfkb cq`~ ++ ++++++ rc rj` Ncf

ca Bo~`lrc~| ok jo| fn|`kl`+

>8 Bèfkb ac~ n`flj rcy| o| q`~y ++ +++++++ rjo| y`f~ n`lfp|` ca rj` nfb |peex`frj`~+

Rj` qoiifh`~| x`~` fkh`~`b xj`k rj` lcpkloi |tcm`|t`~|ck tpr ac~xf~b f ~frj+++ f~hpe`kr ac~ lic|okh rj` iclfi |ljcci+

Rjo| r`f(| af~ rcc +++++++ = rj`~`(| rcc eplj xfr`~ ok rj` tcr+

>: Rj`~`(| kc tcokr ok ~fo|okh rj` efrr`~ fhfok= O jfq` kc okr`krock ca ljfkhokh e

N`rrokf jf| xc~m`b rj`~` ac~ r`k y`f~| fkb rjokm| |j` |jcpib jfq` n``k caa`~`b f n`rrok rj` lcetfky ny kcx+

Rj` fo~iok`(| aokfklofi o| j`firjo`~ kcx rjfk or jf| n``k ac~ efky y`f~|



Tft`~ < P|` ca @khio|

>? rjokm xjfr ycp |fob y`|r`~bfy ++++++++++++++++++ jcx boaaolpir or o| rc h`r fkyck` rc fh~`ck fkyrjokh+

Rj` i`lrp~`~ ++++++++ jo| rfim xorj f ~`fiiy lcicp~api |ì`lrock ca |iib`|+

Or xf| pkoq`~|fiiy fh~``b rjfr rj` nccm xjolj xck rj` tjcrch~ftjy t~ow` xf| n`fproapii

<4 Rj` tf~ry xoii k`q`~ |pll``b pkroi or efkfh`| rc `f|` rj` r`k|ock| n`rx``k or| lck|`~qfroq`fkb ion`~fi

Rj` lck|c~rope fh~``b rjfr rj` ++++ ac~ rj` fo~l~far xcpib n` efb` ok Lfkfbf

Rj` jcrì lck|o|r| ca f if~v` niclm xorj rxc |efii`~ + ck `flj |ob`+

<6 \fiiy fixfy| gcok| e` ac~ f +++++++++ + ++++++ + ca hcia ck \frp~bfy ec~kokh|+

Cp~ jcp|` o| k`f~ rj` `kb ca rj` tc|refk(| +++++++ +++++ ) |c j` bc`|k(r h`r j`~` pkrfncpr ?+<4+

Efkfhè`kr f~` e`ìokh xorj rj` pkock| ac~ fkcrj`~ ca k`hcrofrock| rfq`~r rj` rj~`fr`k`b |r~om`+

>



R`|r 6

Tf~r 2

Ac~ vp`|rock| <><?) lceti`r` rj` |`lckb |`kr`kl` |c rjfr or jf| f |oeoif~ e`fkokh rc rj` ao~|r|`kr`kl`) p|okh rj` xc~b hoq`k+ Bc kcr ljfkh` rj` xc~b hoq`k+ _cp ep|r p|` n`rx``k rj~`` fkbòhjr xc~b|) oklipbokh rj` xc~b hoq`k+

J`~` o| fk `zfeti` *4/+

@zfeti`7

4 Bc ycp eokb oa O xfrlj ycp xjoi` ycp tfokr3

cng`lrock

Bc ycp ++++++ycp xjoi` ycp tfokr3

X~or` ckiy rj` eo||okh xc~b| ck rj` |`tf~fr` fk|x`~ |j``r+

<> Fkk`(| b`bolfrock rc j`~ xc~m jf| fixfy| n``k `zètif~y+

j`~|ìa

Fkk` ++ +++++++ rj` ec|r `zètif~y xfy+

<< Rj` bìfy o| f kpo|fkl`) npr i(e |p~` \fe lfk |ciq` cp~ t~cniè|+

lce`

Rj` bìfy o| f kpo|fkl`) npr i(e |p~` \fe lfkrc cp~ c~cniè|+

<2 J`k~om xf| q`~y ti`f|`b rc n` |ì`lr`b ac~ rj` r`fe+

bìohjr

Eplj + +++++++ ac~ rj` r`fe+

4

>2



Tft`~ < P|` ca @khio|j

<0 _c|jo xfkr`b rc efm` |p~` rjfr `q`~yrjokh xf| f| or |jcpib n` ck rj` noh bfy+

i`fq`

_c|jo bobk(r ck rj` noh bfy+

<1 Rj` r~`f|p~`~ lfii`b f e``rokv rc bo|lp|| rj` lipn(| aokfkl`|+

tp~tc|`

Rj` r~`f|p~`~(|++++++++++ rc bo|lp|| rj` lipn(|aokfkl`|+

<8 ir efy |`è |r~fkh`) npr rj` lcetc|`~ jf| kc ac~efi r~fokokh ok ep|ol+

iflm|

\r~fkh` ++++++++++++++ mokb ca ac~efi r~fokokh ok

ep|ol+

<: O(q` k`q`~ rjcphjr ca f|mokh rj` jcrì |rfaa ac~ fbqol` fncpr ~`|rfp~fkr|+

cllp~~`bOr jf| +++++~`|rfp~fkr|+

<? Ok |tor` ca fii ey àac~r|) O lcpibk(r t`~|pfb` \c~fyf rc lce` rc rj` lckl`~r+

jf~b

Kc efrr`~ ++++ ) O lcpibk(r t`~|pfb` \c~fyfrc lce` rc rj` lckl`~r+

>0



R`|r 8

Tf~r 0

Ac~ vp`|rock | 2c22)~`fb rj` aciicxokh r`zr| ck ifkhpfh`+ Ac~ vp`|rock| 242<) fk|x`~ xorj f xc~b

c~ |jc~r tj~f|`+ _cp bc kcr k``b rc x~or` lceti`r` |`kr`kl`|( Ac~ vp`|rock 22( x~or` f |peef~y

fllc~bokh rc rjòk|r~plrock| hoq`k+

X~or` ycp~ fk|x`~| rc vp`|rock| 2422 ck rj` |`tf~fr` fk|x`~ |j``r(

\c jcx bob or fii n`hok) rjo| tcx`~api) xò~b lceepkolfrock |y|rè ca cp~|3

A~p|r~frokhiy) x` bc kcr mkcx+ Cp~ `f~io`|r x~orr`k ~`lc~b| f~` f~cpkb 0)444 y`f~|

cib) rjcphj ec|r f~` ec~` a`l`kr+ _`r ifkhpfh` ep|r jfq` `qciq`b fr i`f|r 04(444

y`f~| fhc) fkb ec|r `ztàr| t~ctc|` f bfr` 6CC)4CC y`f~| fhc( Pkroi ~`l`kriy( jcx

or fii n`hfk xf| fk pkaf|jockfni` vp`|rock) f tifyh~cpkb ac~ l~fkm|(

lp~ocp| rj`c~o`| fncpkb`b+ Rîm` rj` qo`x| ca Ic~b Eckncbbc) f \lcrro|j iok` 1

f~o|rcl~fr) xjc ok 688< tpnio|j`b f nccm lifoeokh rjfr jpefk| i`f~k`b jcx rc

|tok fkb x`fq` a~ce |tob`~|) jcx rc lck|r~plr bfe| a~ce n`fq`~|) fkb jcx rc |okh

fkb |t`fm a~ce no~b|+

F| fn|p~b lifoe| ep|j~cce`b) rj` vp`|rock ca ifkhpfh` c~ohok xf| fqcob`b ny

|`~ocp| |ljcif~|+ _`r |ljcif~iy bo|ftt~cqfi bob kcr |rct |t`lpifrock+ ck`

flfbèol) ok aflr) jf| lcpkr`b rx`kryrj~`` (t~oklotfi rj`c~o`|( ca ifkhpfh`

c~ohok+ Fkcrj`~ flobiy lcee`kr`b7 (Rj` q`~y aflr +++ rjfr jpefk fkoefi| f~`

~`fby rc `khfh` ok f h~`fr .hf~~piory. cq`~ rj` e`~or| fkb bè`~or| ca `||`krofiiypkt~cqfni` jytcrj`|`|) o| fk `zlorokh r`|roecky rc rj` hft n`rx``k jpefk| fkb

crj`~ fkoefi|+(

Rj` c~ohok ca ifkhpfh` o| iom` f gpoly a~por bfkhiokh gp|r cpr ca ~`flj+ Jpefk

nòkh| jfq` f kfrp~fi lp~oc|ory fncpr or |`èokhiy npoir okrc rjò~ eokb|7 (A`x iok` 6:

vp`|rock| ok rj` |rpby ca jpefk ifkhpfh` jfq` frr~flr`b |c eplj frr`krock)

t~cpcm.b |c eplj lckr~cq`~|y) c~ ~`|o|r`b |c ~`|ciprìy rjò~ fk|x`~| f| rjfr ca

rj` c~ohok ca ifkhpfh`)( kcr`b f ~`l`kr x~or`~(

Xjolj tj~f|` rfr`~ ok rj` r`zr ~`t`fr| rj` ob`f ca (Lp~ocp| rj`c~o`| fncpkb`b+(3 *iok` 1/

26 Xjfr bc`| (or( ok iok` 6: ~à`~ rc3

>1




Qj`k x` jpeòk| `q`~ ncrj`~ rc rjokm òncpr xjfr efm`| p| boaa`~`kr a~ce fii crj`~7~oefi|) x` vpolmiy aclp| ck ifkhpfh`+ x` p|` or rc lckgp~` pt oeòh`| ok cp~ eokb)(.)rj`Rj`~ ac~ f |cic b~oar ok f bfyb~`fe) c~ lcii`lroqìy) f| x` rìi `flj crj`~ |rc~o`|+Vpor` |oetiy) ifkhpfh` r| cp~ e`bope+ Ok |tor` ca rjo|) jcx or `qciq`b ~èfok| feckh|r

7j` ec|r |t`lpifroq` f~`f| ca okq`|rohfrock okrc jpefk c~ohok|+Kc xckb`è rj`k) rjfr fkrj~ctcicho|r|( |t`lpifrock| jfq` ickh n``k f| lckr`krocp| f|

~iii`y f~` oefhokfroq`+ pkac~rpkfrìy) ca fii jpefk n`jfqocp~) rj` |tcm`k xc~b o|

t~flrolfiiy okqo|oni` ok rj` f~ljf`cicholfi ~`lc~b+ir bc`|k(r efkoa`|r or|` ia i`honiy ok rj`xfy| rjfr r`ljkcicholfi |moii| |jcx rjè|ìq`| ok rj` lceti`zory ca rccimor|) c~ f|

lchkoroq` fkb c~hfko|frockfi |moii| oet~okr rjè|ìq`| ck tfrr`~k| ca jpkrokh t~flrol`+Npr ifkhpfh` |p~ìy okaip`kl`| jcx rj`|` |moii| f~` p|`b) ok rj` |rfkbf~bo|frock ca rcciryt`| c~ ok rj` lcj`|oq` k`|| ca f r~onfi \~cpt |`f~ljokh ac~ accb+ Npr jcx ic mkcx fkyca rj`|` rjokh|7 rjfr(| rj` ljfii`kh` +

Ok f ~`l`kriy tpnio|j`b nccm) fk Fe`~olfk iokhpo|r jf| caa`~`b p| f |rfr`carj`f~r~`qo`x ca rj` xc~m lf~~o`b cpr ck rj` c~ohok| ca ifkhpfh`+ Feckh rj` tfrr` ~k| j` |``|è`~hokh o| rjfr ecb`~k |tcm`k ifkhpfh`) f| f rcci ca johjiy àaolo`krlceepkolfrock)xf| rj` m`y rc rj` |pll`|| ca ckfrceolfiiy ecb`~k jpefk| xjc ftt`f~`b f~cpkb604)444 y`ò~| òhc+ ir xf|) j` f~hp`|) f |oepirfk`cp| `qciprock ca iokhpo|rollcet`r`kl` fkb f lftfloÈ ac~ lceti`z rjcphjr rjfr hfq` p| fk `qciprockf~y `bh`cq`~ crj`~ fkoefi|+

@ztifok rj` tf~fbcz ok rj` ~ìfrock|jot n`rx``k ifkhpfh` fkb jpefk| b`|l~on`b ok tf~fh~ftj6

2< @ztifok ok ycp~ cxk xc~b| xjfr rxc aflrc~| ok jpefk `qciprock) e`krock`b ok tf~fh~ftj <)hfq` jpefk nòkh| fk fbqfkrfh` cq`~ crj`~ fkoefi|+

22 Ok f tf~fh~ftj ca 0484 xc~b|) |peef~o|` ok ycp~ cxk xc~b| f| af~ f| tc||oni` xjy or jf|n``k |c boaaolpir rc okq`|rohfr` rj` c~ohok| ca ifkhpfh`) f| b`|l~on`b ok ncrj r`zr|+ X~or` ycp~|peef~y ck rj` |`tf~fr` fk|x`~ |j``r+

6>

>8



R`|r 6

TFT@^ 2 IO\R@KOKH *24 eokpr`| ftt~czoefrìy/

Tf~r 6

_cp xoii j`f~ acp~ boaa`~`kr `zr~flr|+ Ac~ vp`|rock| 6:) ljcc|` rj` fk|x`~ *F) N c~ L/ xjolj aor| n`fllc~bokh rc xjfr ycp j`f~+ Rj`~` f~` rxc vp`|rock| ac~ `flj `zi~flr+

@zr~flr Ck`

_cp j`f~ f ~fboc t~ch~fee` ok xjolj f efk o| rfimokh fncpr ecpkrfok``~okh+

6 Rj` |t`fm`~ a`ì| rj` t~`|| lcq`~fh` ca ecpkrfok``~okh o|

F pkr~p`+N pkafo~+

L pkmokb+

> J` |phh`|r| rjfr t`cti` f~` frr~flr`b rc lioenokh n`lfp|` ca

F rj` i`qì ca ~`hpifrock ok rj` |tc~r+

N rj` frec|tj`~` feckh|r rj` tf~rolotfkr|+

L rj` lckr~f|r or t~cqob`| xorj crj`~ flroqoro`|+

Ê'rr'6~'c

_cp j`f~ fk `bplfrockfi t|yljcicho|r rfimokh fr f tpniol e``rokh fncpr tf~`kr|(lckl`~k| ac~ rj

|ljccifh` ljoib~`k+

< Xjfr o| rj` t|yljcicho|r bcokh xj`k |j` |t`fm|3

F b`|l~onokh j`~ ~`|`f~lj xorj tf~`kr|N hoqokh |ce` ~`f||p~fkl` rc tf~`kr|

L fbqo|okh tf~`kr| rc oet~cq` rjò~ |moii|

2 Fllc~bokh rc rj` t|yljcicho|r) xjfr |jcpib tf~`kr| bc oa rjò~ ljoib~`k f|m ac~

jce`xc~m3

F io|r`k fkb caa`~ `klcp~fhè`krN |phh`|r fir`~kfroq` fTT~cflj`|

L |pttiy fk|x`~| rc f boaaolpir rf|m

>N

@aao

jìt xorj rjò~



O

@zr~flr Rj~ç)`)))))))6i (++6 o 7

) [ `fr tf~r ca f ~fboc okr`~qo`x ok xjolj f |clofi |lo`kro|r) ôlf~bc N`k`rro) rfim| fncpr |ìrb`l`trock+

` okr`~qo`x`~ |fy| rjfr) ok N`k`rro(| qo`x) |ìab`l`trock

F jf| n``k eo|pkb`~|rccb f| f lckl`cr+N o| f |r~fr`hy èticy`b ny b`qìct`b lpirp~`|+L o| f t~cbplr ca ec~fi pkl`~rfokry+

<`k`rro hoq`| rj` `zfeti` ca rj` xfrlj rc |jcx rjfr |ìab`l`trock o|

F `||`krofiiytcokri`||+N |p~t~o|okhiylceti`z+L h`k`~fiiy àa`lroq`+

(7p j`f~ f ep|olofk rfimokh fncpr lif||olfi ep|ol+

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eccb ca `kqocp| ~`|`kre`kr) jfb n`lce` fk pkt~cbplroq`rjo~ry eokpr`| ca n~ccbokh ck t~`|`kr bo|lckr`kr|+ J` xcpib~`lfii jo| h~fkbafrj`~(| jcp|` ok Jfet|r`fb xj`~` j` jfb|rfy`b f| f ncy) rj` |eìi ca bokk`~ a~ce rj` morlj`k) jo|h~fkbecrj`~(| ok|o|r`kl` rjfr rj` ~`rp~kokh n~`fbxokk`~)ro~`b a~ce jo| `zjfp|rokh bfy ok lcp66) |jcpib n` hoq`kt`fl`) f iorri` h`kri` lc||`rokh) fkb ~ìoà a~ce `q`~y t`rry

bce`|rol fkzo`ry+ \j` jfb n``k f(ifxy`~(| xoa`()okbàfrohfni` ok i`hfi hccb lfp|`|) ì`hfkriy t~`|`kr fr fiiifxy`~|(apklrock|) fttf~`kriy lckr`krxorj rj` |tj`~` ca ioa`xjolj |j` jfb efb` j`~ cxk+ Xìi) rjfr xc~ib jfb cf||`cac~ `q`~+ Ico| jfb efb` or tifok nàc~` rjò~ ef~~ofh` rjfr j`~lf~``~ xf| f| oetc~rfkr f| jo|+ ir jf~biy k``b`b |fyokh=rjo|xf|) far`~ fii) f ecb`~k ef~~ofh`+ Rj` gcn xf| oetc~rfkr rcj`~ fkb oetc~rfkr r4 rjè ncrj+ Rj` jcp|`) rj` fp tfoi rjò~xjci` |rfkbf~b ca ioqokh b`t`kb`b ck rpo~c |fif~o`|+ Fkb kcxxjfr rj`y x`~` t~`lf~ocp|iy fljo`qokh lcpib n` b`|r~cy`bny rjfr |ìa~ohjr`cp|) okr`~a`~okh Q`k`rof+

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Q`k`rof ep|r jfq` lce` |r~fohjr a~ce rj` lcp~r rc rj`caaol`| fkb |j` jfb n``k ok f bfkh`~cp| eccb+ \ce`rjokhc~ |ce`ck` jfb pt|`r j`~+ Npr rj` xc~b (pt|`r(xf| rcx`fm) rcc nifkb ac~ rj` okr`k|ory ca ap~ocp| bo|hp|r xorxjolj |j` jfb lcka~ckr`b joe+ \ce`ck` jfb b~oq`k j`~ rrj` ioeor ca j`~ `kbp~fkl`+ J` lp~|`b joe|ìa+ ia j` jfbkn``k ok jo| ~cce) oa j`(b ckiy iàr f eokpr` `f~io`~) rj``klcpkr`~ xcpibk(r jfq` rfm`k tifl`) |j` xcpib jfq` jfrj` kohjr rc rjokm or cq`~) rc lck|ob`~ xjfr) oa fkyrjokh) |k

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Npr j` jfb rcib f ec~` bo~`lr) ec~` bfkh`~cp| io`) fkb |j`jfb mkcxk rjfr or xf| f io`+ @q`k |c) xjy rj` fkh`~) xjy rj`bo|hp|r3 Xjfr xf| rjfr cib eo|bè`fkcp~ rc bc xorj j`~3Xjc jfb |`kr Q`k`rof Fib~obh` rc n` hpf~bofk ca rj`lck|lo`kl` ca rjò~ i`hfi t~flrol`3 4~ ca jo|) lce` rc rjfr3Xf| j`~ cxk lck|lo`kl` |c li`f~) j`~ n`jfqocp~ ok lcpkfixfy| oeeflpifr`3 Xf| |j` +op|roao`b ok b`|r~cyokh jo|lf~``~3 Fkb or xcpib n` b`|r~plrock+ J` xf|k(r |p~` xjf`zflriy |j` lcpib bc) jcx af~ |j` xf| t~`tf~`b rc hc) npoa rjo| hcr fncpr) `q`k f| f ~pecp~) j` xf| bck` ac~+



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f l~| t`~|pfb`b joe rjfr j` jfb f r`kb`kly rc n` rcc lfprocp|+< 7` ob`f f~c|` fr f roe` xj`k j` xf| ctroeo|rol fncpr jo| `f~kokh lftflory+

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4 |j` jfb k`q`~ n``k jftty ioqokh ok Ec~kokhrck Efk|ock|+B Ec~kokhrck Efk|ock| xf| ok f tf~rolpif~iy pktctpif~ tf~r ca Ickbck+

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F jo| h~fkbafrj`~(| bo|iom` ca `q`~ybfy jcp|`jcib efrr`~|+

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B jo| h~fkbecrj`~(| pkb`~|rfkbokh frrorpb` rcxf~b| jo| h~fkbafrj`~+

).)#j`k \oeck lcetf~`b jo| cxk ef~~ofh` xorj rjfr ca jo| h~fkbtf~`kr|) j`

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N ~`fio|`b rjfr jo| h~fkbecrj`~ jfb n``k i`|| lckr`kr rjfk |j` jfb |`è`b+L xckb`~`b xjy j` fkb Ico| jfb kcr bo|lp||`b j`~ lf~``~ tifk| ec~` rjc~cphjiy+B ~`|ohk`b joe|ìR rc rj` aflr rjfr jo| cxk |orpfrock xf| ok`qorfni`+

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F j` jfb }foi`b rc fkrolotfr` jcx fkh~y |j` xcpib n` ck j`~ ~`rp~k a~ce lcp~r+N j` jfb kcr hoq`k j`~ roe` rc ~ài`lr ck rj` |orpfrock ok f ec~` e`f|p~`b xfy+

L j` a`rr rjfr or jfb n``k rj` ~`|pir cR kcrjokh crj`~ rjfk jo| cxk nfb iplm+

B j` ~`fio|`b rjfr j` jfb kcr ftt~`lofr`b jcx eplj t~`||p~` |j` xf| pkb`~+

Bp~okh rj` lckq`~|frock fncpr N~ofk Lf~rx~ohjr) \oeck jfb

F iccm`b iom` |ce`ck` xjc xf| nòkh bo|jck`|r+

N rjcphjr ca ~`|tck|`| npr aìr pkfni` rc hoq` rjè+L n``k tpwwi`b f| rc xjy jo| ~`|tck|`| jfb |`è`b bo|jck`|r+B aìr rj` k``b rc lckr~ci jo| cxk rèt`~+

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F xjy |j` jfb |plj f hccb ~`tprfrockN xj`rj`~ |j` jfb |ce`rjokh rc job`L xjy |j` iom`b |t~`fbokh ~pecp~|B xj`rj`~ |j` xf| flrokc cpr ca ljf~flr`~

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Tf~r 6


6 Fk f~`f ok rj` l`kr~` ca ycp~ rcxk o| rc n` ~`b`qìct`b+ Rj` Rcxk Lcpkloi jf| tpnio|j`b rj`

aciicxokh |phh`|rock| fkb f|m`b ac~ t~ctc|fi| a~ce ~`|ob`kr|+ _cp b`lob` rc x~or` f t~ctc|fi

fbb~`||`b rc rj` Rcxk Lcpkloi ok xjolj ycp bo|lp|| rj` fbqfkrfh`| ca `flj |phh`|rock fkb

gp|roay ycp~ ljcol` ca ck` ca rj` ctrock|+

Rcxk ^`b`qìcte`kr

f iò|p~` l`kr~`) xjolj xoii kcr ckiy ptbfr`rj` `zo|rokh |tc~r| afloioro`|) npr fi|c oklipb`k`x lokèf| fkb ~`|rfp~fkr|

f jcrì fkb lcka`~`kl` l`kr~` b`|ohk`b rcfrr~flr qo|orc~| fkb okl~`f|` cttc~rpkoro`| ac~èticye`kr iclfiiy

f |pt`~ef~m`r xorj f epiro|rc~`y lf~ tf~m

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22



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)()#~or` fk fk|x`~ rc ck` ca rj` vp`|rock| >0 ok rjo| tf~r+ X~or` ycp~ fk|x`~ ok <44<04 xc~b| ok

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F efhfwok` o| ~pkkokh f |`~o`| `kiori`b Ep|olfi Eèc~o`|+ ^`fb`~| f~` okqor`b rc |`kb ok f~roli`ztifokokh xjy f to`l` ca ep|ol ~èokb| rjè ca f tf~rolpif~ cllf|ock) fkb |fyokh xjy rcllf|ock o| oecc~rfkr rc rjè+

X~or` ycp~ f~roli`+

F k`x efhfwok` jf| n``k tpnio|j`b rc t~cecr` rcp~o|e ok ycp~ lcpkr~y+ ^`fb`~| jfq` n``k okqor

rc |`kb ok ~`qo`x| ca fk fkkpfi tpniol `q`kr ok rjò~ f~`f) |plj f| f a`|roqfi+ _cp b`lob` rc |`kb o

~`qo`x n~oàiy b`|l~onokh ycp~ ljc|`k `q`kr) fkb `ztifokokh or| |ohkoaolfkl` ac~ iclfi ioa` fkb lpirp

X~or` ycp~ ~`qo`x+

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Nòkh ycpkh or(| kcr apk

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Nè(| a`ìokh| fr rj` `kb ca rj` nccm+

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f||`||`| rj` oecc~rfkl` ca rj` x`frj`~ rc rj` |rc~q+ _cp |jcpib lck|ob`~ jcx or faa`lr|

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X~or` qcp~ f~roli`+



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Ac~ vp`|rock| 660) ~`fb rj` r`zr nìcx fkb rjokm ca rj` xc~b xjolj n`|r aor| `flj |tfl`( P|` ckiyck` xc~b ok `flj |tfl`+ Rj`~` o| fk `zfeti` fr rj` n`hokkokh *4/+


@ZFET@7 r~r~Er~r~ERRRORRORRRRRRR

Fbq`~ro|okh

@flj fkb *4/++@_@M_+ bfy x` |`` jpkb~`b| ca fbq`~ro|okh oefh`|+ *6/+(++++++(++( crj`~ mokb ca oefh`

lcka~ckr| p| *>/++++++++++++ fkyrjokh iom` rj` |fe` a~`vp`kly+ K`q`~ ok jo|rc~y *</++++++++++++rj`~` n``k

|plj f lckl`kr~frock ca qo|pfi e`||fh`|+ Rj` n~fok lfkkcr jìt *f/+++(++++++++ rfm` rj`|` e`||fh`|

ok) fkb ac~ f ece`kr rj`y |roepifr` rj` oefhokfrock *0/++++++++++++ qo~rp` ca rjò~ ftt`fi rc eèc~y c~

`zt`lrfrock+

Fbq`~ro|okh o| p|pfiiy gp|roao`b f| f lcet`roroq` e`bope ca n`kàor *1/+++(++++++++ rj` tpniol fkb

àaolo`kr efkpaflrp~`~|+ *8/++++++++++++ or efy n` r~p` rjfr) ok fbq`~ro|okh) ck` tf~rolpif~ n~fkb

lcet`r`| fhfok|r fkcrj`~) or o| fi|c gp|r *:/++++++++++++ r~p` rjfr |plj tpniolory oefh`| lckao~e fkb

`kjfkl` crj`~|+ Rjfr rj`~` f~` ljcol`| rc n` efb` *?/+++(++(+++++ xorjcpr |fyokh npr) piroefrìy)

fbq`~ro|okh f| f |y|rè efm`| f |okhi` t~ctc|fi kfeìy *64/++++++++++(+ x` r~fk|ac~e cp~|ìq`|)

c~ cp~ ioq`|) ny npyokh |ce`rjokh ec~`+x` f~` i`b rc nìo`q` rjfr) ny *66/++++++(+++++ bcokh) x` xoii

ok *6>/++++++++++++xfy c~ fkcrj`~ n`lce` ~olj`~ npr ok aflr x` xoii n`lce` tcc~`~) *6</++++++++++(+

|t`kr cp~ eck`y+

Fbq`~ro|okh |jcx| p| t`cti` xjc jfq` fttf~`kriy n``k r~fk|ac~e`b okrc f k`x |rfr` fkb f~`) f| f

~`|pir) `kqofni`+ Rj` |rfr` ca nòkh `kqo`b o| *6f/)+++++++++++ lck|rorpr`| hifecp~+ Fkb fbq`~ro|okh o|

ok rj` np|ok`|| *60/+++++(++++(+ efkpaflrp~okh hifecp~+

-1




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77+( 7=`|rock| 61>0) ~`fb rj` r`zr nìcx+ P|` rj` xc~b hoq`k ok lftorfi| fr rj` `kb ca |ce` ca rj`5 | 7c ac~e f xc~b rjfr aor| ok rj` |tfl` ok rj` |fe` iok`+ Rj`~` o| fk `zfeti` fr rj` n`hokkokh *4/+

< ycp~ fk|x`~| ok LFTORFI I@RR@^\ ck rj` |`tf~fr` fk|x`~ |j``r+

ORFETO@7 r~r~Kr~r~r~r~Rr~r~Pr~r~ORRORRR

\lo`kl` o| or ckiy ac~ rj` |t`lofio|r3

7(` xf| f roe` xj`k) f| fk `bplfr`b t`~|ck) ycp xcpib jfq` n``k `zt`lr`b

7 7 |lp|| fky *4/+iKO@+I+r+vèIpF+I5 c~ lpirp~fi rctol+ _cp xcpib jfq` ~`fb rj`

)5|r kcqì) n``k afeoiof~ xorj rj` xc~m ca tc`r|) fkb n``k xjciiy *61/++++++++++++

rj` lp~~`kr |rfr` ca f~r fkb ep|ol+ _cp xcpib jfq` aìr `vpfiiy ~ìfz`b

+ =7p||okh tjoic|ctjolfi ob`f| ok |ce` *68/++++++++++++ ) |jcpib rj` |png`lr ca rj`

7 7p||ock jfq` ljfkh`b+ Rjo| xcpib jfq` e`fkr rj` *6:/++++++++++++ ca o||p`|

+ fr`b rc rj` ~`|pir| ca |lo`kroaol ~`|`f~lj+

())))`q`~) f| |ohkoaolfkr bo|lcq`~o`| fllpepifr`b) or n`lfe` *6?/++++++++++++

(lpir ac~ fky ck` t`~|ck rc m``t fn~`f|r cR b`qìcte`kr| fl~c|| rj` `kro~`

5 b+ F tcokr xf| ~`flj`b xj`~` rj` tfl` ca t~ch~`|| xf| |c h~`fr rjfr f |okhi`f k n`lfe` lceti`rìy *>4/++++++++++++ rc fn|c~n rj` x`firj ca okac~efrock+

7 `kro|r| lcpib kc ickh`~ *>6/++++++++++++ |xorlj nflm fkb ac~rj n`rx``k

)+lotiok`| f| nàc~`+ Rj`y n`lfe` |t`lofio|r|+

~~cfbiy`bplfr`b t`~|ck rcbfy lfk |roii jfq` f h`k`~fi *>>/++++++++++++ ca ec|r

(rj` |t`lofio|e|) npr kcr ok rj` *></++++++++++++ b`rfoi ok xjolj ~`|`f~lj xc~m`~|

(` rjè|ìq`| oee`~|`b+R~ftt`b ok|ob` rjò~ cxk |t`lofi f~`f|) rj` torafii ac~

~|r ~`|`f~lj |lo`kro|r| o| fk *>2/++++++++++++ rc lceepkolfr` xorj rjc|` xc~mokh7(~ f~`f| nc~b`~okh rjò~ cxk) i`r fick` rcrfiiy *>0/++++++++++++ f~`f|+

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28



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Ac~ vp`|rock| >1<6) rjokm ca ck` xc~b ckiy xjolj lfk n` p|`b ftt~ct~ofrìy ok fiirj~`` |`kr`kJ`~` o| fk `zfeti` *4/+

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rj`y jfq` f q`~y +++++ lf|`+


7i 6.77777o7i7(7o7oo=o~(G7=obobfr`||jcp~b |`r rj` gcn( ~(e fa~fob O bck(r jfq`

r~ r~r~r~r~Kr~ OR OROURKRR O O RRX~or` ckiy rj` eo||okh xc~b ok LFTORFI I@RR@^\ ck rj` |`tf~fr` fk|x`~ |j``r+

>1 Tof(| pkb`~ f icr ca |r~`|| n`lfp|` |j`(| ok rj` ++++ ++ ca fttiyokh ac~ f k`x

Rj` lcetfky xf| r~yokh rc b`qìct f k`x efkpaflrp~okh ++++ + ok fk frr`rc lpr lc|r|+

Efky t`cti` npy lc|e`rol| ok fk frrètr rc |icx bcxk rj` ++++++++ ca fhòk

>8 Rj` efkfhokh bo~`lrc~ xcpib iom` rc +++++ ++++ rj` lfkbobfr`| f| f h~cpt n`n`hokkokh rj` okboqobpfi okr`~qo`x|+

O(e kcr |p~` xjfr rc bc or(| kcr rj` |c~r ca t~cniè x` `zt`lr rc +++++++ ++ kcxjfq` fiirjo| ecb`~k r`ljkcichy+

Rj` pkock caaolofi| |fob rj` efkfhè`kr jfb fh~``b rc ++++++ +++ rj` efgc~orjò~ bèfkb|+

>: Rj` tf~ry i`fb`~| hcr rch`rj`~ rc tifk rjò~ k`zr ok rj` ì`lrock lfetf

Lj~y|cpif jfr`b tifyokh lj`|| xorj _fkko| n`lfp|` j` fixfy| rccm |c ickh xj`k or xf|

2:

Or(| johj roe` x` efb` f 7rj`~`(| |c eplj rc bc+



Tft`~ < P|` ca @khio|n

B Rj` l`k|c~| lpr ck` tf~rolpif~ a~ce rj` aoie nàc~` or xf| ~ì`f|`b+

O(b ~frj`~ hc rc rj` lokèf= i(e fa~fob ct`~f o|k(r ey ++++

X` lcpibk(r h`r rc |i``t n`lfp|` x` lcpib j`f~ rj` kòhjncp~| efmokh f ++++++

O Far`~ ipklj) x` jfb f ++++++ ca lf~b|) gp|r rc tf|| rj` roe`+

Jo| h~fkbtf~`kr| jfb f +++++++++ +++ ok Iplf(| ptn~okhokh) f| jo| tf~`kr| xc~m`b apiiroe`+

E~| \t`kl`~ ct`k`b rj` bcc~ fkb |fob) (ia ycp ify f + + ck ey |ck) rj`~`(ii

n` r~cpni`+(

ri Rj` lory o| m``k rc |jfm` caa or| ++++ +++++++ f| f tc|rokbp|r~ofi t~cniè f~`f+

7i'o7 7.7oU7777(77.7R.o7()ëooo7 ok rj` 6`>4| rjfr t`ct~` n`|fk rc ~`hf~b rj` ecqok|

Rj~cphjcpr rj` r~ofi) Jctmok| xf| rj` q`~y ++++++ +++++ ca ~`|t`lrfnoiory+

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Tf~r 2

Ac~ vp`|rock| <><?) lceti`r` rj` |`lckb |`kr`kl` |c rjfr or jf| f |oeoif~ e`fkokh rc rj` ao~|r

|`kr`kl`) p|okh rj` xlo~b hoq`k+ Bc kcr ljfkh` rj` xc~b hoq`k+ _cp ep|r p|` n`rx``k rj~`` fkbòhjr xc~b|) oklipbokh rj` xc~b hoq`k+

J`~` o| fk `zfeti` *4/+

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cng`lrock

Bc ycp _cp xjoi` _cp Tfokr3


<> Rj` tciol` jfb rc i`r rj` |p|t`lr hc n`lfp|` k`x `qob`kl` xf| t~cbpl`b+

iohjr

Rj` tciol` jfb rc i`r rj` |p|t`lr hc ++++

`qob`kl` t~cbpl`b+

<< Rj` lc|r ca npoibokh efr`~ofi| jf| hck` pt f h~`fr b`fi ~`l`kriy+

|jf~t

Rj`~` jf| n``k npoibokh efr`~ofi|

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<2 Ef~of bobk(r rìi Gcjk rj` k`x| pkroi j` jfb aoko|j`b jo| e`fi+

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rfm`k

Bck(r i`r ++++++ j`~ ~ìfz`b efkk`~= |j`)| fk

`zr~èìy |j ~`xb np|ok`||xcefk &

a Pki`|| rj` x`frj`~ ljfkh`| b~fefrolfiiy cq`~kohjr) x`(ii n` i`fqokh fr bfxk+

kc

T~cqobokh rj` x`frj`~ cq`~kovjr+ x`)iin` i`fqokh fr bfxk+

h X`~k`~ acpkb or jf~b rc h`r p|`b rc rj` aflr rjfr j`(b ic|r jo| gcn+

r`~e|

X`~k`~ acpkb or jf~b +++++++ rj` aflr rjfr j`)bic|r jo| gcn+

r \oeck bc`| kcr okr`kb rc qo|or jo| fpkr fcfok+

jf|

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& Rj`y hfq` B`|tokf rj` oet~`||ock rjfr |j` xcpib xok ao~|r t~ow`+

nìo`q`

B`|tokf ++++ |j` xcpib xok ao~|r t~~w`+

06



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Tf~r 0

Ac~ vp`|rock| 2C22) ~`fb rj` aciicxokh r`zr| ck gcp~kfio|e+ Ac~ vp`|rock| 242<) fk|x`~ xorxc~b c~ |jc~r tj~f|`+ _cp bc kcr k``b rc x~or` lceti`r` |`kr`kl`|+ Ac~ vp`|rock 22) x~or|peef~y fllc~bokh rc rj` ok|r~plrock| hoq`k+

X~or` ycp~ fk|x`~| rc vp`|rock| 2422 ck rj` |`tf~fr` fk|x`~ |j``r+

Rj` k`x| np|ok`|| ~ìo`| j`fqoiy ck johj r`ljkcichy) npr rj`~` o| kcrjokh |lo`kroaolfncpr) or+ (A`ì( o| rj` cib`|r rcci ok gcp~kfio|e+ Gcp~kfio|r| f~` hpob`b ny jpklj) hprok|roklr fkb f||petrock| bfrokh nflm rc rj` bfxk ca loqoio|frock+ Rjo| o| fbeo~fniybèck|r~fr`b ok @qìyk XfphjY kcqì \lcct) x~o~r`k ok 6?<1) ok xjolj rxcgcp~kfio|r| f~` |`kr caa rc ~`tc~r ck f xf~ ok f af~ bo|rfkr lcpkr~y) ac~òhklc~~`|tckb`kr| lfii`b fxfy a~ce gcp~kfio|rol gcn|) xjolj `flj mkcx|

f~` ec~òetc~rfkr+ Fr jce`) ck` lcq`~`b tciorol| fkb |lfkbfi) fkb rj` crj`~ x~cr` fncprrj` lcpkr~y|ob`+ Rjo| c~b`~ ca t~oc~oro`| jf|k(r ljfkh`b eplj) O a`f~+ rok

K`x| o| fncpr rj` `zl`trockfi) |ce`rjokh xjolj rj~`fr`k|) n`kàor|) cpr~fh`|)`kiohjr`k|) roroiifr`| c~ fep|`|+ T~à`~fniy or lf~~o`| f j`fbiok`7 (Tct |rf~ n`lce`|

f|r~ckfpr&( c~ (Moii`~ n``| okqfb` |efii rcxk&(+ Npr or eohjr fi|c n` f |icx tfrr`~kca b`rfoi|) iom` f b`fbiy qo~p| h~fbpfiiy |t~`fbokh okrc f xc~ibxob` `tobèol+

Rj`~` o| kc |jc~rfh` ca k`x| ~`tc~r|+ Fk fq`~fh` k`x|tft`~ `borc~ eohjr |oar

rj~cphj f eoiiock xc~b| ca k`x| bfoiy) npr jfq` ~cce ac~ ckiy f a`x rjcp|fkb+B`lo|ock| f~` kcr efb` fncpr xjfr o| aor rc t~okr+ Rj`y f~` fncpr xjfr aor|+ Fkbxj`~` |tfl` o| rohjr) k`x| a~ce af~ fxfy o| fixfy| rj` ic|`~+

Fllc~bokh rc rj` x~or`~) xjfr o| tf~fbczolfi ok rj` ao~|r tf~fh~ftj fncpr rj` t~cl`|| ca k`c~cbplrock3

26 Xjolj tj~f|` ifr`~ ok rj` r`zr `ljc`| rj` ob`f n`jokb(Rjo| c~b`~ ca t~oc~oro`| jf|k(r ljfkheplj(3 *iok` :/

24

0>




Y`x|tft`~ ~`Tc~r`~| ep|r car`k xc~m ck rjò~ cxk) npr |ce` t~à`~ rj` |`lp~oryca lcetf~okh kcr`| xorj rjc|` }~ce crj`~ c~hfko|frock|+ Rj` ~`|pi~ lfk n` rj` io`|`kb r~f|j ca xjolj rj` rfnicob| f~` cal`k fllp|`b) np~ ok ~j` vpfiory t~`|| ~jo| o|)oc y ctokock) ~f~` fkb `zl`trockfi+

YY(jy3 N`lfp|` rj` ~`tc~rokh ca k`x| o| kcr f |`~o`| ca (fiec|r ~fkbce ~`flrock| ~c~fkbce `q`k~|() ~c p|` f eplj eo|p|`b vpcr`+ Or o| f johjiy c~hfko|`b) |y|rèfrol~`|Tck|` nf|`b ck y`f~| ca t`~|ckfi `zt`~o`kl` feckh |`koc~ gcp~k.io|r|+ Rjo| o|)ca lcp~|`) fk f~roaolofi jpefk okq`krock) n`lfp|` rj.~. )~. kc Hcb)hoq`k) piroef~`)cng`lroq` e`fk| ca e`f|p~okh k`x| t~oc~o~o`|+ Npr or o| ck` rc xjolj ec|locp~kfio|r| fkb ec|r n~cfblf|r`~| n~okh f |~~ckh |`k|` ca tpniol ~`|tck|onoiory+

Ocp~kfio|r| efy car`k n` pkfxf~` ca rj` xfy rjò~ cxk |clofi |~f~p| c~ t`~|ckfinìoà| lfk faa`lr rjò~ gpbhè`kr| c~ rjò~ tj~f|okh+ lck|locp|iy c~

r(klck|locp|iy) jcx`q`~) rj`y h`k`~fiiy nf|` rjò~ ljcol` fkb aa`fre`kr ca k`x|ck ~xc l~or`~of7 ao~|~iy) xjfr o| ~j` tciorolfa |clofi) `lckceol fkb jpefk|ohkoaolfkl` ca rj` `q`kr) fkb |`lckbiy) xoii or okr`~`|~) `zlor` fkb `kr`~rfok rj`~`fb`~|3 Rj` ao~|r rfm`| t~`l`b`kl` cq`~ rj` |`lckb) npr ncrj efr~`~+ Kck`x|TfT`~ lfk |pll``b pki`|| or |r~om`| f ljc~b xorj or| ~`fb`~| fkb m``t| ok rpk`è(orj rjè+

Xjolj rxc tj~f|`| ok rj` r`zr ~ài`lr f q`~y k`hfroq` qo`x ca k`x|tft`~ f~roli`| fkb rjò~lckr`kr|3

Ok ycp~ cxk xc~b|) `ztifok jcx fk okboqobpfi ~`tc~r`~(| |clofi |rfrp| c~ t`~|ckfi nìoà| lfkfaa`lr jo| c~ j`~ ~`tc~rokh+

Ok f tf~fh~ftj ca 0484 xc~b|) |peef~o|` ok ycp~ cxk xc~b| f| af~ f| tc||oni` rj` nf|o|ck xjolj k`x| |rc~o`| f~` |ì`lr`b ac~ tpniolfrock) f| b`|l~on`b ok ncrj r`zr|+ X~or` qcp~|peef~y ck rj` |`tf~fr` fk|x`~ |j``r+

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Tf~r 6

_cp xoii j`f~ acp~ boaa`~`kr `zr~flr|+ Ac~ vp`|rock| 6:) ljcc|` rj` fk|x`~ *F) N c~ L/ xjolj aor| n`|rfllc~bokh rc xjfr ycp j`f~+ Rj`~` f~` rxc vp`|rock| ac~ `flj `zr~flr+

_cp j`f~ f xcefk rfimokh fncpr rcp~o|e+

6 Xjfr ljf~flr`~o|`b rj` jciobfy| t~cqob`b ny rcp~ lcetfko`| ok rj` ifr` rx`kro`rj l`krp~y3

F Rj`y x`~` rfoic~`b rc rj` tf~rolpif~ b`|rokfrock+N Rj`y jfb okfb`vpfr` |fa`ry t~`lfprock|+

L Rj`y x`~` ok f t~`bolrfniy pkoac~e `kqo~cke`kr+

> Xjy bob rj` rcp~o|r| afoi rc aokb cpr fncpr rj` lcpkr~o`| rj`y qo|or`b3

F Rj` ~`|c~r| x`~` ok o|cifr`b cifl`|+N Rcp~ lcetfko`| efb` kc t~cqo|ock ac~ rjo|+L Jc|r lcpkr~o`| x`~` pkt~`tf~`b ac~ rjè+

_cp j`f~ f xcefk rfimokh fncpr f 61rjl`krp~y eft ca Ickbck+

Rj` eft o| kcr f r~p` ~ài`lrock ca Ickbck n`lfp|`

F rj` ckiy tpniol npoibokh| |jcxk x`~` ljp~lj`|+

N rj` to`l`| ca rj` eft bob kcr efm` pt f xjci`+L rj` eftefm`~| jfb ioeor`b b~fxokh |moii|+

Xjfr xf| rj` efok tp~tc|` ca rj` eft3

F rc tfr~cko|` rj` f~r|N rc t~cecr` np|ok`|| ok rj` loryL rc ~ài`lr rj` npy`~|(|rfrp|

Á

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02



mp j`f~ tf~r ca f ~fboc bo|lp||ock fncpr f k`x aoie+

r Xjfr bc rj` |t`fm`~| fh~`` fncpr3

F rj` ~`f|ck ac~ efmokh rj` aoieN rj` àa`lroq`k`|| ca rj` flrock |l`k`|H rj` okfb`vpfly ca rj` |l~otr

f aPjfr o| rj` efk(| efok l~orolo|e ca rj` aoie3

F ir iflm| |p|t`k|`+N ir iflm| bo~`lrock+L ir iflm| c~ohokfiory+

ia~~)i j`f~ tf~r ca f ~fboc t~ch~fee` fncpr rj` i hrjl`krp~y lcetc|`~ Jfkbì+

r Fllc~bokh rc rj` |t`fm`~) Jfkb`| ct`~f| x`~`) pkro~ ~`l`kr~y) ~`hf~b`b f|F ecbì| ac~ ecb`~k lcetc|`~|+

N rcc lckq`krockfi rc |rfh`+L jo|rc~olfi lp~oc|oro`|+

O Rj` |t`fm`~ a`ì| rjfr rj` ~ohob i hrjl`krp~y ep|olfi lckq`krock| lfk n`

F p|`b rc ètjf|o|` rj` ècrock| ca rj` |okh`~|+N cq`~lce` ny rj` b`qìcte`kr ca ecb`~k |okhokh |ryi`|+L efb` i`|| àa`lroq` ny boaa`~`kr |rfhokh fkb bo~`lrock+

Tft`~ 2 Io|r`kok

00



R`|r >

Tf~r >

ycp xoii j`f~ tf~r ca f ~fboc t~ch~fee` fncpr rj` boaaolpiro`| afl`b ny xork`||`| fkb ny rj` tciol`

far`~ f l~oe` jf| n``k lceeorr`b+ Ac~ vp`|rock| ?68) lceti`r` rj` |`kr`kl`| xorj f xc~b c~ |jc~r

tj~f|`+

xork`||`| car`k k``b rc ~èèn`~ b`rfoi| ca af|recqokh `q`kr| xjolj

jftt`k`b ok q`~_h)

F

Xork`||`| kcx npoib pt aflofi a`frp~`| ck f

Rj` tciol` t~flrol` ca lckbplrokh

6>

Xork`||`| f~` h`k`~fiiy ec~` fni` rc~`lchko|` |ce`ck` ca rj`

\p~t~o|okhi_) rj`

@zt`~oe`kr| jfq` |jcxk rjfr

Cib`~ t`cti` f~` car`k lck}p|`b fncpr rj`

Fbborockfi lceepkolfrock t~cniè| n`rx``k tciol` fkb xork`||`|

|orpfrock|+

fkfiy|o| xf| rj` nf|o| ca rj` cib(tjcrcaor(ob`kror_ |y|rè(

jf| kcr t~cq`b q`~_ |pll`||api+

|fe`

66+ rc l~`fr` f hccb iom`k`||+

a~ce feckh rj` |p|T`lr|+

ca xork`||`| o| kcr fixf_| f hccb

okbolfrock ca rjò~ ~ìofnoior_

eèc~y b`r`~oc~fr`|~k cib`~ t`cti`

ca rjò~ eèc~y

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64

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Tft`~ 2 Io|r`kokh

Tf~r <

j`f~ f ~fboc okr`~qo`x xorj Bofkf Ncf~befk) rj` efkfh`~ ca fk c~lj`|r~f+=rock| 6:>>) ljcc|` rj` fk|x`~ *F) N) l c~ B/ xjolj aor| n`|r fllc~bokh rc xjfr ycp j`f~+

Bfkf a`ì| rjfr j`~ c~lj`|r~f o| |t`lofi n`lfp|`

F or n`kàor| a~ce f ickh jo|rc~y+N j`~ tify`~| f~` |moii`b ok efky f~`f|+L or o| mkcxk ac~ f tf~rolpif~ ryt` ca ep|ol+B |j` jf| f||clofr`b xorj rj` ~ohjr t`cti`+

@aofkf |fy| rjfr j`~ lckl`~r|

F f~` n`rr`~ frr`kb`b rjfk ec|r+

N lck|o|r ca f eoz ca ep|ol ryt`|+L lfk n` okr`~t~`r`b ok rxc xfy|+B jfq` f johj ~o|m ìè`kr rc rjè+

Fllc~bokh rc Bofkf) or o| oetc~rfkr rc

F ecq` rcxf~b| f ljfkh` ok ep|olfi r~fborock|+N bo|rokhpo|j lif||olfi ep|ol a~ce crj`~ f~r ac~e|+L pkb`~|rfkb rj` tf|r okaip`kl`| ck ep|ol+B ~`lchko|` rj` ~ci` ca xce`k ok rj` jo|rc~q ca ep|ol+

)i Bofkf a`ì| rjfr rj` kpen`~ ca e`k ok lif||olfi

F |jcpib lce` f| kc |p~t~o|`+N o| h`k`~fiiy pkb`~`|roefr`b+L ~ài`lr| jcx rjokh| jfq` ljfkh`b+B o| boaaolpir rc `ztifok+

ep|~l fpbr`kl`|

w> xjy bob Bofkf b`lob` rc efm` f~r| fbeoko|r~frock j`~ lf~``~3

F ir xf| f |png`lr |j` jfb |rpbo`b+N ir t~cq`b rc n` |fro|ayokh+

L \j` iom`| f lcet`roroq` frec|tj`~`+B Okaip`krofi lcii`fhp`| ~`lcee`kb`b or+

08



R`|r >

Tf~r 2

_cp xoii j`f~ Lciok N`frro`) rj` t~`|`kr`~ ca f ~fboc f~r| t~ch~fee`) rfimokh rc Fkko` Xfr|ck) f l~orol)fncpr f k`x RQ b~fef |`~o`| xjolj |rf~| fk flrc~ lfii`b ôljf~b Hf~~f~b+ Ac~ vp`|rock| ><>h)b`lob` xj`rj`~ rj` ctokock| f~` `zt~`||`b ny ckiy ck` ca rj` |t`fm`~|) c~ xj`rj`~ rj` |t`fm`~|fh~``+

X~or`

c~

F ac~ Fkko`)L ac~ Lciok)N ac~ Ncrj) xj`~` rj`y fh~``+

>< Hf~~f~b tify| qoiifok| tf~rolpif~iy xìi+

>2 Rj`~` o| iorri` k`x fncpr Hf~~f~b(| ifr`|r ~ci`+

>0 Ck` tcokr ok afqcp~ ca rj` k`x |`~o`| o| or| iclfrock+

>1 ck` tf~r ca rj` |`~o`| jf| n``k |pll`||apiiy `zticor`b ac~ t~cecrockfi tp~tc|`+ iaao

>8 Rj` ao~|r `to|cb` ca rj` |`~o`| xf| vpor` ecqokh fr roe`|+

>: Rj` k`x |`~o`| ecq`| fr rcc iò|p~ìy f tfl`+

iaaor~aao

Á

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Tft`~ 0 \t`fmokh

vFT@^ 0 \T@FMOKH *6? eokpr`|/(7(5 f~` rxc `zfeok`~|+ Ck` *rj` okr`~iclprc~/lckbplr| rj` r`|r) t~cqobokh ycp xorj rj` k`l`||f~y 77 fi| fkb `ztifokokh xjfr ycp jfq` rc bc+ Rj` crj`~ `zfeok`~ *rj` f||`||c~/ xoii n` okr~cbpl`b77 7+ npr rj`k rfm`| kc ap~rj`~ tf~r ok rj` okr`~flrock+

|f~r 6 *< eokpr`|/'5 ~r`~iclprc~ ao~|r f|m| ycp fkb ycp~ tf~rk`~ f a`x vp`|rock| xjolj aclp| ck okac~efrock fncpr

(7ìq`| fkb t`~|ckfi ccokock|+

wf~r > *2 eokpr`|/

. | tf~r ca rj` r`|r ycp fkb ycp~ tf~rk`~ f~` f|m`b rc rfim rch`rj`~+ Rj` okr`~iclprc~ t~fl`| f(= )a tolrp~`| ck rj` rfni` ok a~ckr ca ycp+ Rj`~` efy n` ckiy ck` tolrp~` ok rj` |`r c~ f| efky f|)=

7~tolrp~`|+ Rjo| |roepip| t~cqob`|

rj` nf|o| ac~ f bo|lp||ock+ Rj` okr`~iclprc~ ao~|r f|m| fk7(7Gplrc~y vp`|rock xjolj aclp|`| ck rxc ca rj` tolrp~`| *c~ ok rj` lf|` ca f |okhi` tolrp~`) ck6.777lr| ca rj` tolrp~`/) Far`~ fncpr f eokpr`) rj` okr`~iclprc~ hoq`| ycp ncrj f b`lo|ockefmokh rf|m7)5`b ck rj` |fe` |`r ca colrp~`|+

~` tolrp~`| ac~ Tf~r > f~` ck tfh`| L2L0 ca rj` lcicp~ |`lrock+

T(f~r < *6> eokpr`|/

7 f~` `flj hoq`k rj` cttc~rpkory rc rfim ac~ rxc eokpr`|) rc lcee`kr far`~ ycp~ tf~rk`~ jf|i77*`k fkb rc rfm` tf~r ok f ec~` h`k`~fi bo|lp||ock+

j` okr`~iclprc~ hoq`| ycp f lf~b xorj f vp`|rock x~orr`k ck or fkb f|m| ycp rc rfim fncpr or ac~

. 7 eokpr`|+ Far`~ ycp jfq` |tcm`k) ycp~ tf~rk`~ o| Ro~|r f|m`b rc lcee`kr fkb rj`k rj`+7~iclprc~ f|m| ycp ncrj fkcrj`~ vp`|rock ~ìfr`b rc rj` rctol ck rj` lf~b+ Rjo| t~cl`bp~` o|

57`fr`b) |c rjfr ycp~ tf~rk`~ ~`lòq`| f lf~b fkb |t`fm| ac~ rxc eokpr`|) ycp f~` hoq`k fk777c~rpkory rc lcee`kr fkb f aciicxpt vp`|rock o| f|m`b+

Aokfiiy) rj` okr`~iclprc~ f|m| |ce` ap~rj`~ vp`|rock|) xjolj i`fb| rc f bo|lp||ock ck f h`k`~fi7e` ~ìfr`b rc rj` |png`lr| fi~`fby lcq`~`b ok Tf~r <+

Rj` lf~b| ac~ Tf~r < f~` ck tfh`| L> fkb L64 ca rj` lcicp~ |`lrock+

0?



R`|r <

TFT@^ 6 ^@FBOKH *6 jcp~ <4 eokpr`|/

Ac~ vp`|rock| (i6:) ~`fb rj` rj~`` r`zr|

`flk hft+

Tf~r 6

nìcx fkb b`lob` xjolj fk|x`~ *F) N) L c~ B/ n`|r aor|


Fefr`p~ F|r~ckce_

Efky rjokh| jfq` ljfkh`b ok f|r~ckcey cq`~ rj` tf|r jfial`krp~y+ Pkroi fncpr <4 y`f~| fhc) rj`~`

xf| f h~`fr *6/ + ca ljf~r| fkb lfrfichp`|+ Rì`|lctol `vpote`kr xf| ioeor`b fkb rj`~` x`~` a`x

nccm| ck t~flrolfi f|r~ckcey+ Rcbfy) rj` ~fkh` ca caa}j`|jìa rì`|lct`| fkb `vpote`kr lcq`~|

fiec|r `q`~yrjokh ck` lcpib k``b+ @i`lr~ckol lfilpifrc~| fkb lcetpr`~| jfq` ~`qciprocko|`b

fiefkfl| fkb ljf~r t~cbplrock) fkb *>/ ++++ rj` fkfiy|o| ca cn|`~qfrock| fkb rj` tpniolfrock c

~`|pir|+

Fii rjo| ep|r |p~ìy efm` rjo| rj` hcib`k *</ ( + ca fefr`p~ f|r~ckcey( Xìi) t`~jft|( npr f h~`f

b`fi jf| n``k ic|r f| xìi+ Kcx ck` efy jfq` rc r~fqì :4 me rc aokbf |my lcetf~fni` rc rjfr acpkb

ok p~nfk f~`f| 04 y`f~| fhc+ Rj` bfyroe` |mo`| f~` kcx *2/ ++++ ny fo~l~far lckb`k|frock r~foi| xjolj

lfk *0/ ++++ ac~ jcp~| fkb car`k |t~`fb cpr rc ac~e fec~tjcp| licpb|) efmokh |cif~ cn|`~qfrock|

oetc||oni` fkb *1/++++ kohjrroe` cn|`~qfrock rcc(

6 F bàolo`kl_

> F afloiorfr`b

< F t`~ocb

2 F ncrj`~`b

0 F t~cl``b

1 F jfeT`~okh

N |jc~rafii H okfb`vpfl_

N efzoeo|`b L lpiroqfr`b

N fh` L roe`

N tifhp`b L r~cpni`b

N tp~|p` L T~cickh

N |ecrj`~okh L cq`~lceokh

B |jc~rfh`

B ptjìb

B r`~e

B nfbh`~`b

B t`~|o|r

B lcenfrokh

Rcc Eplj Ljcol`

\clo`ry o| n`lceokh (cq`~ljcol`b(+ Rj`~` f~` rcc efky rjokh| rc bc) rcc efky ctrock|( rcc efk

cttc~rpkoro`|+ Ok rj` k`x `lckcey) rj` b`|o~` ac~ rj` k`x t~cbplr) |`~qol` c~ k`zr noh rjokh o| f

14



~Tft`~ 6 ^`fbokh

~ 7 ~) fkb r`ljkcichy |oetiy fllì`~fr`| rj` *8/ ++++ ca ljfkh`7 rj` kco|`) rj` *:/ ++++ ca k`xO 7 5 7.b |`~qol`|) caa`~okh ec~` fkb ec~` ljcol`+ Kc |cck`~ jf| rj` k`x t~cbplr è`~h`b c( (fi t~cbplrockiok`rjfkrj`k`zrckò|fncprrcn`*?/+++++Rj`j`fb|tok|)rj`n~fok~fl`|)( . 7io` *64/ ++++ =rj` bo|lckk`lrock a~ce ioa` n`hok|+

( 7 77 | rj` efkr~f ca rj` k`x `lckcey) npr ec~` ljcol` e`fk| ec~` |r~`||) i`|| roe` fkb ec~' 7 7~ory+ J`kl` f k`x r~`kb o| *6 6/ ++ + Rj` |`f~lj o| ck ac~ (|oeti`zory( rj` |oeti` rjokh| rjf= 7fkokh ok fk okl~`f|okhiy lceti`z xc~ib) Npr |oetioayokh ycp~ ioa` o| kcr `f|y ok fk fh` c

. 7 rl `zl`||+ Rj`~` f~` ec~` nf|ol n~fkb| ca b`r`~h`kr fkb n~`fmaf|r l`~`fi| rjfk x` lfk `q`

+ 7 7 ~ xfkr) ec~` |carxf~` pth~fb`|) a`frp~`| fkb lfiiokh tifk| rjfk x` lfk m``t *6>/ ++++ ca+

~|r aor|

+ ~èrh

= R`x

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~k ca

~ ~kÄ

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'Fkcrock N|r`t Ltfl`

oFt~cioR`~frock N`|lfifrock L`zr`k|ock

iFokorofr`b Nènf~m`b Lok|rorpr`b

O F |`r| ok N hoq`| ok L |`r| pt

Ffh~cpkb Nfaccr Lfn~`f|r

iFr~flm N|ohjr Lr~fl`

&)iilFkb~`x| Jcrì

B ecqè`kr

B fphe`krfrock

B ifpklj`b

B hoq`| pt

B fGo~`

B jcib

7 7(y |pee`~ x` |t`kb f ac~rkohjr ok ElFkb~`x| Jcrì ok Kc~rj Efyc) i~ìfkb+ 66 o| f afeoiy

(7 rock) *6</ + ++ ny ey h~fkbecrj`~) fkb ny kcx or jf| fljo`q`b f

l`~rfok |fl~`bk`||+ Kcrjokh o) 7(q`b rc okr`~a`~` xorj rj` ~orpfi) X` f~` ca f mokb) ElFkb~`x| lio`krì`7 cibaf|jock`b) cbb

77ëft|) |ce` xcpib |fy |kcnno|j+ O bc kcr iom` rj` nfb efkk`~|) rj` ok|ci`kl` ca |jct f||o|rfkr|7j *6f/ ++++ ac~ `hfiorf~ofko|e ok rjo| t~`|`kr fh`= O ~`|`kr ljpeey cq`~rp~`| a~ce xfor`~| xjc

7 ~`roe`| ftt`f~ rc *60/ ++++ rjè|ìq`| xoij boaaolpiry a ~ce |ifttokh ck` ck rj` nflm+ O mkcx ec|7ky aìicxhp`|r|(kfe`| iom` e` rj`y jfq` n``k lceokh j`~` |okl` rj`y x`~` ljoib~`k y`

7 5~ *61/ ++++ f||p~`b rjfr xj`k O e``r fky ca rjè ok fky tf~r ca rj` jcrì) O |jfii n` |tf~`b fii |clof7`~lcp~|` *68/ ++++ f loqoixc~b ca h~``rokh+ \plj ~`|t`lr }c~ bohkory fkb t`~|ckfi t~oqfly o| *6:/ +++

lce` ny ok lcee`~lofi `|rfnio|je`kr| rj`|` bfq|+

6F

F lck|r~plr`b

F tf||`|

F ~`|r~olr

N t~cetr`b

N tc|`|

N ~`t~`||

N ~`|r

N ~frj`~ rjfk

N ~f~`

L j`~fib`b B ok|rohfr`b

L lifoe| B |`~q`|

L ~`|r~fok B ~`r~flr

L |rfy B m``t

L f| eplj f| B ftf~r a~ce

L jf~b B |ìbceori

61 F |rfkb

68 F ck rct ca

6: F |icx

16



R`|r <

Tf~r>

ycp f~` hcokh rc ~`fb acp~ `zr~flr| xjolj f~` fii lckl`~k`b ok |ce` xfy xorj flrokh+ Ac~ vp`|rock|

6?>1) ljcc|` rj` fk|x`~ *F) N) L c~ B/ xjolj ycp rjokm aor| n`|r fllc~bokh rc rj` r`zr(


Rj` Flrc~(| L~far

B`~o|ock fkb lckrètr fa` |t~fy`b fr flrc~| a~ce roe` rc roe`( Eplj ca rjo|

bo|bfok o| apìi`b ny rj` flrc~| rjè|ìq`| xj`k rj`y(~` lcetìi`b ny rjò~

aoie#rj`fr~` lcetfko`| rc rfim fncpr rjò~ l~far *fkb rjè|ìq`|/ ok okr`~qo`x|(

Rj`y |jcpib hoq` rj` bfkl`~ Tfqicqf(| ~`tiy rc rj` efk xjc f|m`bj`~ xjfr |j`

e`fkr xj`k |j` xf| bfklokh7 (Oa O lcpib rìi ycp)( |j` |fob( (O xcpibk(r bfkl` or((

Npr ok|r`fb rj`y fii rcc `f|oiy afii okrc tckb`~cp| lioljï|) |oiiy r~po|e| c~ okrc rj`

t~p~o`kr gfx| ca rj` hc||ot efljok` + YZ#` |jcpib fii tfy j``b rc xjfr Tfpi \lcaoìb

|fob ok f i`~r`~ rc f aoo`kb ca eok`7 (O jfq` acpkb rjfr fk flrc~(| xc~m jf| ioa` fkb

okr`~`|r ckiy ok or| `z`lprock+ Or |`è| rc xorj`~ fxfy ok bo|lp||ock fkb n`lce`

ètroiy rj`c~`rolfi fkb ok|pn|rfkrofi+ Or jf| kc ~pi`| *`zl`tr t`~jft| fpbonoiory/(

Yoiorj x`~y tify fkb `qày tifyx~ohjr rj` flrc~ |rf~r| a~ce |l~frlj) f| oa j` c~ |j`

mkcx| kcrjokh

.kb

t~c+++b| rc i`f~k fa~`|j `q`~y roe` h~cxokh xorj rj`

~ìfrock|jot| ca rj` +Äk~.+)+~) fkb rj` ok|ohjr| ca rj` x~or`~( Xj`k rj` tify jf|aoko|j`b or| ))~k) j`(| ètry pkroi rj` k`zr roe`+ Fkb or(| rj` ètrok`|| xjolj o|( O

aokb) fttf~`kr ok fky bo|lp||ock ca rj`fr~` xc~m((

xjfr bc`| Tfqicqf(| ~èf~m ~`q`fi fncpr f~ro|r| fkb t`~ac~efkl`3

F Efky f~ro|r| f~` okf~rolpifr`+

N Rj` t`~ac~efkl` |t`fm| ac~ or|ìa(

L F~r~|r| f~` pkxoiiokhrc |jf~` rj` |`l~`r| ca rjò~ l~far(

B Okbo~`lr lcee`kr| n`|r b`|l~on` rjò~ xc~m(

xjfr gp|roaolfrock bc`| rj` x~or`~ aokb ac~ rj` bo|~`|t`lr ok xjolj flrc~| f~` jìb3

F Flrc~| ~àp|` rc rìi rj` r~prj fncpr xjfr rj`y bc(

N Flrc~| rìi okr`~qo`x`~| xjfr rjò~ èticy`~| xfkr rjè rc(

lFlrc~|hoqòkr`~qo`x`~|rj`\`k|`rj`yf~`flrokhpkb`~lcetpi|ock+B Flrc~| f~` pkfni` rc fqcob efmokh ~kftt~ct~ofr` ~èf~M|(

6?

1>



Tft`~ 6 ^`fbokh

F ~`qo`x ca Jfei`r})7ofk I`|r`~(| Jfei`r o| tco|`b t~`lf~ocp|iy n`rx``k ncyjccb fkb efkjccb) fkb or o|7 Lc~efkl` ca rj~oirokh |oetiolory fkb f||p~fkl`+ Jo| jfkbiokh ca rj` r`z~ fkb jo|7~(|olfi fiub t|yljcicholfi |ìÇlckr~ci rfm` joe) ok ck` i`ft) a~ce n~oiiofkriy t~ceo|okh77 7ckriok` tofy`~7 fk flrc~

xorj rj` okrìioh`kr lckaob`kl`+rc n` fiec|r |ìÇàaflokh++7r`~ tify| fk `bhy) r`rljy ycpkh efk xjc a``b| ck f nfkm`bbcxk |`k|` ca fkh`~=2`) ~èfrljapi fkb b~oq`k) j` b`ticy| f |`k|` ca flob xor fkb h`k`~cp| jpecp~ rjfr(m`| joe ncrj ac~eobfni` fkb icqfni`+ Firjcphj tify`b bcxk) ~j` qo~~pc|o~y ca rjo|7~Gn~efkl` o| pkeo|~fmfni`+ cn|`~q` I`|r`~(| ncby) rj` xfy jo| f~e| jfkh |roaaiy) hoqokh=(o7(~ f |`k|` ca f aohp~` xforokh rc n` fkoefr`b+ Jfkby(| tc~r~fyfi ca Jc~froc ho~~.~yc)

.=7~oif~ a`ìokh ca f ncby nòkh ecq`b ny fk okk`~ ac~l` rjfr j` ncrj mkcx| fkb bc`| kcrlcp( \c xjfr o| flrokh3 Xjfr o| n`jfqocp~3 O| rj` ac~e`~ fk oeorfrock c~ fk `qclfrock77 ~j` ifrr`~3 xjc fkb xjfr fkoef~`| rj`|` ncbo`|) ec~fiiy fkb tjy|olfiiy3 Rjfr o| rj`75~~~fi

vp`|rock fncpr rj` roa` ca rj` rj`fr~`+

&r Jcx jf| Fb~ofk I`|r`~(| |rfrp| n``k faa`lr`b ny tifyokh rj` ~cr` ca Jfei`r3

F J` o| lckaob`kr `kcphj rc flr |oetiy+N J` lckrokp`| rc `zjonor tcr`krofi f| f t`~ac~e`~+L J` lfk kcx n` ~`hf~b`b f| f efrp~` flrc~+B J` jf| kc k``b rc aifpkr jo| |moii|+

k) ik jo| t`~ac~efkl` ca rjo| ~ci`) I`|r`~ bèck|r~fr`|F rj` tcx`~ ca fkh`~ ck |rfh`+N rjfr h~`fr t`~ac~efkl`| lfk n` |pnbp`b+L rj` ftt~cflj ca f t~oef~oiy lceol flrc~+B rjfr ljf~flr`~ è`~h`| rj~cphj okr`~flrock xorj crj`~|+

1<



* R`|r <

Ck` bo~`lrh~(| vtt~cvlj rc~`j`c~|vi

Rj` ao~|r |rch` ca rjo| bo~`lRc~(| ~`j`c~|ci t~cl`|| o| mkcxk c|

(b~cttokh ok() c t~cl`bp~` xjolj hc`| |ce`rjokh iom` rjo|)Rj` |rchèckch`~ t~cg`lr| rj` |l~otr ckrc c |l~``k) Rj` clrc~| |or vpo`riyxjoi` |ce`ck` ì|` o| |t`cmokh) aokbokh cpR xjcr àa`lr Oj` xc~b|c~` jcqokh) Xj`k oR o| ojò~ rp~k Rc |t`cm) rj`y hickl` ca rj` |l~``k)boh`|r rj` ao~|r tj~c|`) rjokm cncpo xjcr or e`ck| rc rjè) xcor rc aokbrj` oetpi|` Oj` ~`c|ck rc |t`cm rj`k |t`cm) Ac~ `zceti`) rj` iokò|)(Vp`pokh cii kohjR) Rj` ~cok+ bc ycp ~èèn`~3( N~`crj`+ I`r aj`rjcphjr b~ct ok xorj ycp~ n~`crj) F eèc~y) c qo|ock) ck oet~`||ock+\ce` t`cti` xoii oechok` c vp`p`) ecyn` ca c np| |rct ck Oj` xcyRc ~`j`c~|ci| c~ ac~ c ~clm lckl`~r ok rjò~ ycprj) Jcqokh qo|pcio|`bRj` |l`k`) aokb Rj` oetpi|` rc |t`cm or xjcr rjo| bo~`lrc~ lcii|(Rj`tcijxcy Rc Rj` iok`(+ ietpi|`| lck lce` a~ce xorjcpr c~ xorjok) Iccmok rj` `y`| ca rj` cRj`~ clrc~ io|r`kokh) Lck|ob`~ ycp~ ljc~clr`~(||orpciock) Rjo| bo~`lrc~ rcim| ca (b~cttokh ok(c| c e`ck| ca aokbokh cpR

xjcR o| hcokh ck) Bck(R t~`tick c~ t~`gpbh`) Bc~` Rc hc bcxkRj`~` xoRj ck ètry eokb ckb R~p|r RjcR |ceìjokh xoii jctt`k rcycp)

>< Xjfr okboqobpfi oktpr o| ~`vpo~`b ca rj` flrc~ ok rj` e`rjcb mkcxk f|(b~cttokh ok(3

F rc t~cbpl` f e`kifi oefh` rc |pttc~r rj` xc~b|

N rc lck|ob`~ jcx rj` crj`~ flrc~| f~` t`~ac~eokh

L rc h`k`~fr` okr`~flrock xorj rj` crj`~ flrc~|

B rc cpr r~p|r ok rj` bo~`lrc~(| e`rjcb

>2 N`}c~` rj` flrc~| |rf~r(b~cttokh ok() rj` bo~`lrc~ ~`vpo~`| rjè rc

F |rpby rj` xjci` r`zr ca rj` tify+N xc~m cpr f t~ìoeokf~y qo`x ca rjò~ tf~r+

L npoib pt lckaob`kl` fncpr rj` `q`krpfi t`~ac~efkl`+

B fnfkbck fii t~`lckl`trock| fncpr rjò~ ~ci`+

12



Po|pfi efr`~ofi| ac~ Tft`~ 0

L6



R@\R 6

Xjolj o| t~à`~fni` xc~mokh ac~ ycp~|ìa c~ xc~mokhac~ f noh lcetfky3

+ ~o|m| fkb ~`xf~b|+ |rfrp|+ t`~|ckfiory

R@\R >

Xjfr fnoioro`| bc`| f i`fb`~ k``b3

+ mkcxi`bh`+ |clofi |moii|+ |r~`khrj

Jcx oetc~rfkr o| or rc hc fxfy ck jciobfy3+ ~ìfzfrock+ i`f~kokh~ qf~o`ry

R@\R <

Jcx bc rj` e`bof jìt t`cti` rc `kocy ioa`3

+ `|lfto|e+ mkcxi`bh`~ qf~o`ry

R@\R 2

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Qo|rrfi efr`~ofi| ac~ Trrt`~ 0

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RQ \`~o`| ietc~rfkl` ca rj` tf|r



Qo|xfi efr`~ofi| ac~ Tft`~ 0

L0



R@\R < TFT@^ 0 Lfi`kbf~ T~cecrock Rcp~o|e

L1



Qo|pfi efr`~ofi| ac~ tft`~ 0

L8



R@\R 2 TFT@^ 0 Nccm lcq`~ Ljfkhokh |rfrp| ca xce`k

LN



Qo|pfi efr`~obi| ac~ Tft`~

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R@\R 6

T~c~ktr lf~b in

Xj`k okr`~qo`xokh fttiolfkr| ac~ f gcn) xjfr bcèticy`~| iccm ac~3

+ mkcxi`bh`+ `zt`~o`kl`+ oefh`

R@\R >

Xjolj o| f n`rr`~ xfy ca `|lftokh nc~`bce) xfrljokhrì`qo|ock c~ ~`fbokh nccm|3

+ roe`+ rj` |png`lr+ oefhokfrock

R@\R <

Xjfr o| rj` tcokr ca i`f~kokh f ac~òhk ifkhpfh`3

+ xc~m+ r~fqì+ lpirp~fi ~`f|ck|

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Xjfr lfk faa`lr t`cti`(| `kgcye`kr ca lory ioa`3

+ frec|tj`~`+ afloioro`|+ |ow`



Qo|pfi efr`~ofi| ac~ tft`~ 0

o| or ec~òetc~rfkr rc b`qìct) l~`froq` c~|moii|3

~rnk`Íp~`

li6



Tft`~ 6 ^`fbokh

Rj` T`~a``r Rj`fr~`Rj` t`~a`lr rj`fr~` |jcpib efm` ycp a`ì f| oa ycp~ t~`|`kl` jf| efb` f

boaa`~`kl`+ Hcokh rc rj` rj`fr~`) hcokh rc fky ioq` t`~ac~efkl`) o| fk

`q`kr fkb rj` |rfaa k``b rc jfq` f |`k|` ca rjfr) rcc+ Or(| r`~~oniy fio`kfrokhoa ycp a`ì rjfr or(| gp|r fky cib gcn ac~ rj` t`cti` xc~mokh a~ckr ca jcp|`+

Rj` rj`fr~` or|ìa k``b| rc l~`fr` f ~ìfrock|jot n`rx``k rj` t`~ac~e`~fkb rj` fpbo`kl` kc ck` ok rj` fpbo`kl` |jcpib a`ì rjfr rj`y(~`h`rrokh fk pk~`f|ckfniy t~`gpbol`b qo`x ca rj` flrc~+ Or(| oetc~rfkr rjfrrj`y(~` kcr rcc af~ fxfy) rj`y lfk j`f~) rj`y lfk |``) rj`y lfk a`ì ok|ce` |`k|` ok lckrflr xorj xjfr(| hcokh ck ck |rfh`+ Rj` t~ctc~rock| cafk fpborc~ope f~` oetc~rfkr+ Rj`y jfq` rc ~`|tckb rc rj` jpefk qcol`fkb rj` |lfi` ca rj` jpefk ncby+ Oa fk fpborc~ope bxf~a| rj` jpefk

ncby) rj`~`(| |ce`rjokh x~ckh xorj or n`lfp|` ycp lfk(r b`ky rj`jpefk ac~e fr rj` j`f~r ca b~fef+ F icr ca rj`fr~`| ok rj` ifr` kok`r``krjl`krp~y hcr or ~ohjr n`lfp|` rj`y efkfh`b rc |jft` fk fpborc~ope rjfr|ce`jcx èn~fl`| rj` |rfh`+

O iom` rj`fr~`| rjfr jfq` f |`k|` ca rj` tf|r ok rjè+ Iom` xc~k |rck`|r`t| ok f ljp~lj) ycp h`r rj` |`k|` ca ify`~| ca jpefk t~`|`kl`+ A~cerj` tcokr ca qo`x ca rj` tify|) ycp lfk(r jfq` |ce`rjokh ac~ `q`~yncby+_cp lfk(r |`lckbhp`|| fk fpbo`kl` n`lfp|` rj`y bck(r mkcx xjfr

rj`y(~` hcokh rc xfkr rc |``+ Xj`k ycp qo|or rj` rj`fr~`) ycp xfkr|ce`rjokh bck` ok f xfy ycp lfk(r oefhok`) crj`~xo|` ycp efy f| xìijfq` |rfy`b fr jce`+

Xjfr bc`| rj` x~or`~ ~`hf~b f| nòkh `||`krofi a~ce rj`fr~` t`~|ckkì ok lckrflr xorj fkfpbo`kl`3

F fk àaolo`kr ftt~cflj rc rj` gcn rj`y bcN r~`frokh eèn`~| ca rj` fpbo`kl` f| okboqobpfi|

L f a`ìokh rjfr rj`y rcc f~` fi|c t`~ac~e`~|B ac|r`~okh f a`ìokh ca f |t`lofi cllf|ock

Xjy eohjr rj` fpbo`kl` iflm okqciqè`kr xorj f tify3

F Rj`y f~~oq` xorj f k`hfroq` qo`xtcokr+N Rj`y bc kcr jfq` rj` |`fr| rj`y `zt`lr`b+L Rj`y f~` tpr caa ny rj` b`|ohk ca rj` rj`fr~`+B Rj`y afoi rc ~ìfr` rc rj` tify nòkh t`~ac~e`b+

10



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Tf~r <

_cp f~` hcokh rc ~`fb fk `zr~flr a~ce f k`x|tft`~ f~roli`+ \`q`k tf~fh~ftj| jfq` n``k ~ècq`b

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ck` `zr~f tf~fh~ftj xjolj ycp bc kcr k``b rc p|`+


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ac~ ycpkh ljoib~`k i`f~kokh rj` tofkc3

@q`k f eèn`~ ca rjfr eyrjolfi |t`lo`|) rj`

lceti`rìy rck` b`fa) lcpib kcr afoi rc n` |ro~~`b ny f

Gcfkkf EflH~`hc~ t`~ac~efkl`+ \oetiy rc |`` j`~wottokh f~cpkb f m`yncf~b h~fnnokh ao|rapi| ca kcr`| fr

rj` n`j`|r ca |ce` pka`f|oni` lckrètc~f~y |lc~` o|

rc xfrlj f tofko|r tp|jokh rj` jpefk a~fe` rc or| ioeor|+

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n` aicc~`b ny |plj f ~`vp`|r3 Ac~ Gcfkkf EflH~`hc~)

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Rj`~` jf~biy |`è| rc n` f a`|roqfi rjo| |pee`~ |j`

o| kcr h~flokh+ Rcec~~cx |j` o| ok rj` rjolm ca fk fii

bfy lciifnc~frock n`rx``k kok` ycpkh lcetc|`~| fkb

f~ro|r|+ \j` ~pk| j`~ cxk ~`lc~bokh ifnì) \cpkb

Lo~lp|+ Fkb ny j`~ cxk fbeo||ock) |j` lfkkcr e``r

fk f~ro|r ca fky |c~r xorjcpr nòkh rètr`b rc |phh`|r

f gcokr t~cg`lr+ \c xjy ck `f~rj rfm` ck rj` `zr~f

np~b`k ca x~orokh f nccm3

Gp|r f| `q`~yck` |jcpib n` fni` rc i`f~k jcx rc |xoc~ rc |t`fm f |efrr`~okh ca A~`klj) |c) ok j`~ qo`x

|jcpib `q`~yncby n` fni` rc efm` f |rfn fr i`f~kok

rj` tofkc+ \ce` mob| jfq` f aifo~ fkb efm` &(ft

t~ch~`||+ \j` o| af|lokfr`b ny rj` crj`~|7 rjc|` xj

ljph fickh fr qf~yokh ~fr`| ca t~ch~`||) `kgcyokh or ac

f xjoi`) npr fii rcc car`k hoqokh pt+ Rjo| afiiokh c

jftt`k| fr fky |rfh`+ \ce` mob| aokb rj` n`hokkok

rcc a~p|r~frokh+ Crj`~| ~`nì ap~rj`~ bcxk rj` iok

xj`k rj` |rfm`| h`r johj`~ fkb tf~`krfi t~`||p~`

b~oqokh rjè(rc n` iom` rjc|` ljoib~`k ck rj` rìiy(.

Rj` t~cbplrock ca j`~ cxk r~fokokh efkpfi n`h| fcnqocp| vp`|rock+ Bc`| |j` jfq` f tcc~ ctokock ca rj

`zo|rokh lc~tp| ca rprc~ nccm|) c~ okb``b ca rj` h`k`~

vpfiory ca tofkc r`fljokh3 (i(e q`~y ~ìplrfkrl~orolo|` crj`~ t`cti`(| r`fljokh c~ crj`~|(rprc~ nccm

|j` |fy|+ Xjfr |j` bc`| bc o| ~`fboiy fll`tr rjfr jnccm|) lcicp~api fkb `y`lfrljokh rjcphj rj`y f~

f~` ny kc e`fk| rj` ckiy nccm| ck rj` ef~m

b`|ohk`b rc efm` rj` ao~|r |r`t| `kgcyfni`+

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Ok t~cbplokh rj` ao~|r rj~`` nccm|) EflH~`hc~ o|

b~fxokh ck qoqob `zt`~o`kl`+ N`rx``k rj` fh`| ca 6:

fkb >0) nàc~` |j` xf| h`rrokh lckl`~r `khfhè`kr|

f| f tofko|r) |j` rfphjr f |r~`fe ca n`hokk`~| rj`tofkc+ Npr ec|r oetc~rfkr ok j`~ efm`pt kcx f| f

ep|olofk xjc o| pk|p~tf||`b ok rj` n~`fbrj ca j`~

`li`lrol ~`t`~rco~` xf| rj` `kbi`|| t~cl`||ock ci

|efii ncy| fkb ho~i| r~fot|okh okrc j`~ ljoibjccb jce`)

xj`~` j`~ ecrj`~ rfphjr rj` Tofkc+

11

(_cp jfq` rc fiicx rjè rc oet~cqo|` fkb hoq` rjè~`f|ck rc tify fr òrj`~ `kb ca rj` m`yncf~b fkb ck rj

niflm kcr`| fkb p|` rj` t`bfi|+(F| t~ch~`|| o| efb

nohh`~ cn|rfli`| icce+ Ljoib~`k k``b rc n` lcfz`

vpor` jf~b rc ~`fb rj` ep|ol ~frj`~ rjfk ~ìy ck `

Jfqokh ~ìo`b ac~ |c eplj ca j`~ cxk ljoibjccb ck j

q`~y m``k `f~) EflH~`hc~ jf| lck|ob`~fni` |yetfr

ck rjo| |lc~`+

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`kc~ecp| |yetfrjy xorj t`cti` xjc aokb orO bck(r rjokm t`cti` rfim fncpr or `kcphj+(Rj`

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|`l~`r) xj`rj`~ ycp bc or ac~ rx`kry eokpr`| c~ aoq`jcp~|) o| rc xc~m cpr nàc~`jfkb xjfr or o| ycp f~`foeokh rc bc) |j` |fy|+ Crj`~ rot|7 r~`fr ycp~|ìa tifyrj` xjci` to`l` rj~cphj) jcx`q`~ efky x~ckh kcr`|+Fkb eoz jf~b xorj `f|y+

(57H~`hc~ o| ~f~` feckh rct}iohjr lckl`~r7 f~o|r| ac~ rj` okr`~`|r |j` rfm`| ok jcx ycpkh7 L~`k i`f~k rj` ok|r~pe`kr+ \j` jf| gp|r77io|j`b j`~ cxk ìè`krf~y tofkc rprc~ ac~7 G~`k7 Gcfkkf EflH~`hc~(| Tofkc Xc~ib+ Fkb7` jf| efkfh`b or b`|tor` f l~ottiokh xc~m7 7(`vpr`+

O 7 |j` nìo`q`| rj` |okhi` ec|r oetc~rfkr aflrc~

+ 7~flrol`+ Jcx lfk ljoib~`k n` t`~|pfb`b rc tify7 7f||fh` `q`k ckl` fhfok) i`r fick` efky roe`|)`~3 \j` fbeor| rc kcr jfqokh t~flro|`b =c~cp|iy pkroi |j` x`kr rc rj` ^cyfi Flfbèy ca+(++=|ol) xj`~` |j` n`hfk npoibokh pt f7) ~rètc~f~y ~`t`~rco~` xjc|` ac~eobfni`7 olpiro`| bèfkb`b c~flrol`+ Kcx |j` icq`| or+` òhjr jcp~| f bfy rjfr |j` hò| rj~cphj f~`(< lc~` ca j`~ ep|olfi ioa`) |j` |fy|) ec~` Gc~rfkr rjfk c`~ac~efkl`|+

(+cr ckiyxf| iaobbiokh f~cpkb frrj` m`yncf~b) npr

(3~` x`~` fii rj`|` crj`~ ljoib~`k ca fii7lmh~cpkb| xfkrokh rc tify `q`~y |c~r ca ep|ol 7 7| ca lif||olfi) gfww) tct) oet~cqo|frock+ O xf|k(r7f~r ca rjfr jcrjcp|` rjokh ca ac~lokh `zl`trockfi7` `kr+ O h~`x pt xorj rj` ob`f ca r~yokh rc efm`~|ol fqfoifni` rc t`cti` ca fii fnoioro`|+(

`~ cxk |t`lofi xj``w` ac~ ip~okh rj`|` J`ctjyr`|) rj` aoq`|) |oz`| fkb |`q`k|) rj~cphj7c|` n`xoib`~okh roe`| o| rc x`fq` f |rc~yiok` okrc7[` nccm| fkb rjò~ fllcetfkyokh LB|+ Rj`7~fii`kh` fr rjo| a~fhoi` |rfh` o| rc efm` rj` xc~m

.r`~`|rokh+ Fkb |c) a~ce i`||ck ck`) rj`~` f~`5llcetfkoe`kr| ok f qf~o`ry ca |ryi`| ac~ r`flj`~ o~ tf~`kr rc tify n`k`frj f ljoib(| iok`+ Ac~ mob|))) jc|` tf~`kr| f~`k(r tofko|r| rj` fllcetfkoe`kr|7~` ~`lc~b`b ck rj` LB|+ I`f~kokh |jcpib n`)kfbpir`~fr`b apk) EflH~`hc~ ok|o|r|+

Npr `q`k j`~ bfwwiokh qo~rpc|ory xf| kcr `kcphj rcxcx ck` |efii ncy fr f ~`l`kr lckl`~r |j` hfqàc~ mob|+ Iom` rj` ~`|r ca rj` fpbo`kl`) j` jfb n``klf|lfb`b xorj nor| fkb ncn| ca to`l`| ok `q`~y|ryi` a~ce j`~ qf|r ~`t`~rco~` ca lif||olfi) gfww)~fhroe`) nip`|) r`ljkc) Fa~olfk) `rl+ J`(b lcciiyxfrlj`b j`~ boq` pkb`~ rj` iob ca rj` lckl`~rh~fkb rc tiplm rj` xo~`| kc~efiiy f |p~ào~`mkclmcpr ac~ mob|+ Rj`k f| |j` b~`x n~`frj fkbokqor`b vp`|rock|) j` tot`b pt7 (Lfk ycp tifyEfrlj ca rj` Bfy3(

Fkb |c rj` cby||`y n`hok|+ ir(| f ickh gcp~k`y nprrj` a o~|r rf|m ac~ rj` ycpkh `krjp|of|r| o| `f|y) aokbrj` L| rj`y(~` fixfy| rc rj` iàr ca rj` rxc niflmm`y|+ Ok Nccm >) rj` ljf~flr`~| afii ok|ob` rj` tofkcfkb ct`k pt cttc~rpkoro`| ac~ efmokh f xjci` icrca xò~b kco|`|+ \ce`rjokh tf~`kr|) pkiomÈflH~`hc~ fkb rj` ycpkh|r`~|) efy aokb f |r~fokck rj` `f~b~pe|+

(i xc~~y rjfr |ce` t`cti` p|` ep|ol) iom` |tc~r) f|f xfy ca efmokh rjò~ ljoib~`k fljo`q` rjokh|)~frj`~ rjfk gp|r |fyokh7 or(| ep|ol) or(| rj`~` rc`kgcy+ Rj` ~`f|ck ljoib~`k afii ny rj` xfy|ob` o|n`lfp|` rj`y a`ì rj`y f~` kcr hcokh rc efrlj ptrc rjò~ tf~`kr|( `zt`lrfrock|+(

(T`cti` xjc mkcx e` f~` li`f~iy |p~t~o|`b+ Npr O

rjokm rj` q`~y ao~|r i`||ck| f~` fn|ciprìy l~plofi+Or |fy| f icr fncpr rj` ep|ol t~ca`||ock rjfr x`r`kb rc lckl`kr~fr` ck rj` rct `kb+ ck rjo| ob`f carj` ljoib f| kf|l`kr qo~rpc|c+ Ec|r t`cti`(|

okr`~`|r ok ep|ol o| eplj ec~` c~bokf~y fkb`q`~ybfy+ O aokb rjfr af~ ec~` okr`~`|rokh+(

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18



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Tf~r 2

ycp f~` hcokh rc ~`fb fk `zr~flr a~ce f kcqì+ Ac~ vp`|rock| <224) ljcc|` rj` fk|x`~ *F) N) L

c~ B/ xjolj ycp rjokm aor| n`|r fllc~bokh rc rj` r`zr(

Ef~m qcp~ fk|x`~| ck rj` |`tf~fr` fk|x`~ |j``r+

X` c~` Rcimokh Noh Nccr| j`~`+ ^`ciiy NOHROE@ NccÃ|+

O |rccb ok ey :hhbciic~+`clj b`|ohk`~icnì lcxncy nccr| ck rj` ~clm| ca ck cib ac~eciock ok rj` F~owckc b`|`~i |ckb+ Eck`y kc cno`lr+ O

xc~` rj` xjci` r~piy lcxncy cpraor ckb oa ycp jcb rj` cpraor ycp eohjr n` c lcxncy+ NpR O xc| kcR+ iR xc|k(r xc~mokh+ O |vpokr`b okrc rj`

ec~kokh |pk iccmokh cpr cr rj` F~owckc ecpkRcok| ckb O jcb ic cbeoR) O xc| kcr ca jce` ck rj` ~ckh`+

Aiyokh ok a~ce B`kq`~ ip|r car`~ bcxk) O jcb rj` a`ìokh ~jcr O op|r eohjr tc|| ac~ ck ci( lcxjckb lceokh ok a~ce Rj` |my+ Rj` a`ìokh bobk(r

ic|r tc|a rj` aokr ~`ci lcxncy ok oj` iphhch` jcii ca Tjc`koz co~tc~r+ J` xc| x`c~okh c |x`ci("cok`b R'jo~r) k``b`b c |jfq`) fkb xc| jco"okh

c bo~Ry lckqc| nch caa rj` lhkq`y`~ nìr xj`k j` lcphjr |ohjr ca ey n~ckb k`x lcxncy nccr|+ J` |icxiy ~co|`b ck` `y`n~cx ckb ecq`b caa

cpr ca rj` bcc~ xoRjcpa iccmokh nclm+

Rj`~` cphjr rc n`) |ce`xj`~`) jckhokh ok c lic|`r) c |por ca licrj`| ck `z~clokh b~oq`~ lck tpr ck xoÃjcpo a`ìokh iom` j` o| a~ce ckcRj`~

tick`r+ \ce`rjokh j` lcpib x`c~ |c rjcr xj`~`q`~ j` hc`| j` bc`|k(r h`r rj` a`ìokh rjcr `q`~yncby o| acimokh ckcrj`~ ickhpch` ckb bcokh

xjcr`q`~ rj`y bc fr jcia |t``b+ O iom`b) kc) kcr iom`b+++ O aicrcpr #c~i`bnòkh c ~clokh b~oq`~) b~oqokh ~clokh lck+ O ce cbbolr`b rc or ckb or o| ci

O mkcx jcx rc bc+ NpR O bck(r bc or cky ec~`+ O lcpibk(r oa O xckR`b rc+ Cp`"ock o|) O rjcphjr) iccmokh okrc Rj` e`ck) ~p"rcicp~`b ~clm ca rj`

ecpkrcok| ok rj` bo|Rckl`) xjcr bc O bc kcx3

F ~clokh b~oq`~ |jcpib jcq` ck` c~ rxc acianclm ob`kroro`| iok`b pt ac~ xj`k j` lioen| cpr ca jo| lc~+ O Rjcphjr O bob) npr xj`k O ~`clj`b ac(

rjè rj`y op|r bo|ctt`c~`b+ Jcx cncpa7 ck `z~llokhb~oq`~ cbb| lcicp~ rc Rj` lcee`krc~y bo~`lr a~ce rj` r~clm|ob`3 (X` hcr aoai``k hpy|) l

ca rjè ac~e`~ ikby ckb Ac~epic Ck` b~oq`k) aoar``k hpy| ok a~ckr ca ycp) Ac~~`|r) "ckbokh ok iok` rc n` lcicp~ lcee`krcrc~|+ X`(ii lcii ycp

Xìi rj`k) jcx cncpr7 ck `z~clokh b~oq`~ ocok| c tc~rk`kjot rc |ìilic|ol lck3 Rjcr ic|r`b k`c~iy ciixokr`~ xorj tjck` lfii|) ipklj`|

icxy`k ckb e``6kh| xorj nckm`~|+ Npr oRxc| ar` y`c~ kcncby xc| npyokh cib A`~~c~o| ckb Jckbc xc|(~`qo`xokh(o~| b`fi`~ io|r+ \c ok rj` `kl

O h~clàpiiy xorjb~`x nàc~` Rj`~` xc| kcrjokh rc xorjb~cx a~ce+ Nòkh ck (`z( ckyrjokh o| b`t~`||okh xc~m+ O e`ck ycp Rìi e`= jcx ncbi+

bc ycp xckr Rc j`c~ cncpr jcx O xc| ciec" rj` Xc~ib ojcetock3 Kcncby xckr| ic j`c~ c "c~y aocR `kb| ok (ciec"(+ Fkb `q`k oa O jcb n``(

xc6b ljcetock ycp lcpib t~cncniy gp" cncpr |rckb rc io"`k rc ao` |rc~y ac~ aoq` eokpÃ`| nàc~` ycp~ `ck rp~k`b rc lè`kr+ Ic" y`c~(| ljcetoc

xc| ic" y`c~+

Kcr Rjcr O xck6 |yetcrjy+ Xjolj o| op" c| xìi) |okl` O bck(R h`r cky+ Xìi) xjy |jcpib i3 O jcb c hccb ~pk) ecb` eck`y ckb jpkh ck ri

`kcphj+ Npr cj) eck) O eo|| rj` j`cr ca |iottokh okoc rjcr h~clàpi) ì`hckr) |j~okm(x~ctt`b |pt`~r`ljecljok` xorj |`q`k jpkb~`b jc~|`tcx`+

n`jokb ey k`lm+ i`~c ac c jpkb~`b ckb aoary eoi`| ck jcp~ ok 2+? |`lckb|+ Fkb y`|) O eo|| lceokh xorjok ck `yìc|j ca moiiokh ey|ìa `q`~y ~4*Ç

c~ |c+ O eo|| rj` n~ohjr ckb hc~h`cp| t`cti` ckb rj` ~`tc~r`~| xjc clr`b c| oa xjcr O |cob eck`~`b+ Nòkh acecp|) `q`k ok c eokc~ xcy) o|k((

cii ncb+ Np|ok`||e`k ckb tciorolock| n~fhh`b rc aoò~ a~o`kb| rjcr oj`y mk`x e`+ Iorri` ncy| |iob pkb`~ a`kl`| rc h`Ã ey cprch~ctj+ Fkb kc()()

rjcr O bck(r b~oq` c ~clokh lc~+++ 4kiy ic" x``m rj` tjck` ~ckh rxol`+ O jcq` roe` Ok rj` ec~kokh ckb O jcq` ioe` ok Rj` car`~kcck+ Fkb i`R e+

op" lj`lm) npr O rjokm rcec~~cx o| a~``+ \c eplj ètry roe`+

O iccm`b pt okRc rj` |caR nip` ec~kokh |my+ Kc npwwc~b| cq`~j`cb+ Ecyn` F~owckc bc`|k(r jcq` npwwc~b|+ Npr c lcpti` ca iorri` n~cxk no~b)

ok c |chpc~c lclap| gp" ok a~ckr ca e` ~)q`~` hoqokh e` cbqol`= |ce`rjokh iom` (h`r cxcy a~ce cp~ k`" nàc~` x` |okh cp~ j`c~r| cpR(( iR jl~

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bo`r rc *66/++++++++++++ xjolj o| nf|`b ck tifkr |cp~l`| o| ok`qorfni` ok rj` ickh r`~e) ok *6>/++++++++++++

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Ok rj` fac~è`krock`b ~`|`f~lj) tf~rolotfkr| x`~` f|m`b rc io|r`k rc |cpkb|feti`| cnrfok`b a~ce f qf~o`ry ca `khok`| ~pkkokh pkb`~ boaa`~`krlckborock|+ Rj` ~`|`f~lj`~| xfkr`b rc mkcx xjolj `khok`t~cbpl`b |cpkb|

ti`f|`b b~oq`~| ec|r+ Rj` ~`|pir| li`f~iy |jcx`b rjfr |lo`kroaolfiiy e`f|p~`b ~ok`61

fkb |png`lroqìy t`~lòq`b |cpkb vpfioro`| f~` kcr rj` |fe` rjokh+ Rj`boaaolpiry aflokh lf~ b`|ohk`~| ep|r n` ok b`lobokh gp|r jcx |plj lp|rce`~rf|r`| qf~y fllc~bokh rc rj` mokb| ca lf~| rj`y jfq` ok eokb+ Rj` npy`~ ca f

rctcarj`~fkh` |tc~r| lf~ xcpib) rj`y lcklipb`) a`ì lj`fr`b oa rj` tcx`~api`khok` bob kcr |okh iom` fk ct`~frol r`kc~ fr ecb`~fr` |t``b|) fkb nìicx iom`f xoib fkoefi xj`k rj` k``bi` k`f~`b rj` ~`b iok`+ \plj kco|`| eohjr) O

|pttc|`) n` fkfrjèf rc rj` b~oq`~ ca f ipzp~y |ficck lf~) jcx`q`~+

24 Ok ycp~ cxk xc~b|) `ztifok xjy rj` x~or`~ o| fkkcy`b ny xjfr j` lfii|(ry~` ~peni`(+ *iok` N/

26 @ztifok xjy(|lo`kroaolfiiy e`f|p~`b fkb |png`lroqìy t`~lòq`b |cpkb vpfioro`| f~` kcr rj`

|fe` rjokh(+ *iok` 61/

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F ~`l`kr tcii |`r cpr rc bo|lcq`~ rj` rct r`k b~oqokh rpk`| afqcp~`b nyecrc~o|r|+ Rj` xokk`~ xf| Ncjèofk ^jft|cby ny rj` ~clm nfkbVp``k) xjolj j`fb| f io|r ca |oeoif~iy ~cp|okh kpen`~| a~ce rj` `~f caj`fqy ~clm ep|ol+ \plj `f~tpkljokh fkrjè| jfq` t|yljcicho|r|

|jfmokh rjò~ j`fb| kcr ok roe` rc rj` n`fr) npr ok bo|efy+ Ac~ rjo||c~r ca ep|ol) rj`y xf~k) lfk lfp|` fhh~`||oq` b~oqokh+ F~eo`| p|`b rctify ef~rofi b~pe n`fr| rc |ro~ rjò~ r~cct| okrc nfrri`) fkb rj` àa`lrxc~m| ok r~faaol rcc+ ia ycp j`f~ tcpkbokh ep|ol rjfr efm`| ycp xfkrrc b~oq` ac~xf~b xj`k fii ycp lfk |`` o| rj` nflm npet`~ ca rj` lf~ oka~ckr) or(| vpor` iomìy rc ~fo|` ncrj ycp~ niccb t~`||p~` fkb ycp~a~p|r~frock i`qì|+

Ck rj` ct`k ~cfb) af|r ep|ol o| hcokh rc efm` ycp xfkr rc b~oq` af|r`~+Or(| fi|c hcokh rc efm` ycp ec~` fhh~`||oq`) fkb rjfr(| t~cnfniy hcokh

rc e`fk rjfr ycp(~` rètr`b rc rfm` ec~` ~o|m|+ Rj`|` f~hpe`kr| f~`|pttc~r`b ny `f~io`~ ~`|`f~lj xjolj `zfeok`b rj` t`~ac~efkl` caycpkh t`cti` fh`b n`rx``k 68 fkb >0+ Rj` ~`tc~r lcklipb`b rjfrpk|fa` b~oq`~| ok rjo| fh` h~cpt f~` ec~` iomìy rc hc ac~ ptrètcep|ol xorj f j`fqy nf||+

Npr rjfr xf|k(r fii+ Rj`~` xf| fi|c `qob`kl` rjfr icpb ep|ol tify`b okf lckaok`b |tfl`) |plj f| f lf~) lcpib jfq` rj` àa`lr ca nifkmokh cprrjfr tf~r ca rj` n~fok rjfr t`~ac~e| icholfi ~`f|ckokh+

Xjolj xc~b a~ce rj` r`zr n`|r |pe| pt rj` |lo`kro|r|(frrorpb` rcxf~b| rj` ~`|pir| ca rj` ~`l`krtcii3

Xjolj xc~b) p|`b `f~io`~ ok rjo| r`zr) fkrolotfr`| rj` ob`f xjolj o| okr~cbpl`b nq rj` q`~n(rc|ro~(ok iok` 83

Ok f tf~fh~ftj ca 0484 xc~b|) |peef~o|` ok ycp~ cxk xc~b| f| af~ f| tc||oni` rj` qf~ocp|xfy| ok xjolj) fllc~bokh rc rj` ~`|`f~lj b`|l~on`b ok ncrj r`zr|) boaa`~`kr ryt`| ca |cpkb faa`lrb~oq`~|+ X~or` ycp~ |peef~y ck rj` |`tf~fr` fk|x`~ |j``r+

iok` 8

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TFT@^ 2 IO\R@KOKH *24 eokpr`| ftt~czoefr`ry/

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_cp j`f~ f ~fboc t~`|`kr`~ okr~cbplokh fk orè ck r~fk|tc~r+

6 Xjfr bc`| rj` lck|pirfrock bclpe`kr b`fi xorj3F okl~`f|`b ~`hpifrock ca fo~ r~faaol lckr~ciN boaaolpiro`| aflokh rj` fqofrock okbp|r~yL `lckceo`| rc n` efb` ok fo~tc~r efkfhè`k~

> Xjfr o| rj` r~fk|tc~r eoko|r`~(| foe xj`k |j` |t`fm|3

F rc t~`bolr f~`f| ca tcr`krofi kfrockfi okq`|re`krN rc bo|lcp~fh` rj` tpniol a~ce aiyokh |c eplj ok aprp~`L rc ~`bpl` t`cti`(| `zt`lrfrock| ca hcq`~ke`kr flrock

Ok f ~fboc tify) ycp j`f~ f xcefk rfimokh fncpr no~rjbfy|+

< Jcx bob |j` ~`flr xj`k j`~ jp|nfkb ac~hcr j`~ no~rjbfy3

F \j` ~`fio|`b rjfr or xf| ca kc lck|`vp`kl`+

N \j` n`lfe` ~frj`~ b`t~`||`b+L \j` aìr |iohjriy bo|fttcokr`b+

2 Jcx bc`| j`~ no~rjbfy efm` j`~ a`ì rj`|` bfy|3

F |`kroe`krfiN ctroeo|rolL ~`h~`rapi

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(~(7=~ |<6(f ~fboc bo|lp||ock fncpr |lo`kl` fkb r`ljkcichy ep|`pe|+

0 ` efk boaa`~| a~ce rj` xcefk ok j~| ctokock ca

F rj` lckr`kr| ca f tf~rolpif~ ep|`pe+r| rj` `bplfrockfi qfip` ca ep|`pe|+L rj` xfy ep|`pe `zjonorock| f~` b`|ohk`c+

o j` xcefk |pttc~r| j`~ f~hpe`kr ny

F b~fxokh ck t`~|ckfi`zt`~o`kl`+N |pttiyokh f |`~o`| ca `zfeti`|+L ~ìyokh ck ~`|`f~lj `qob`kl`+

(7p j`f~ f ~`qo`x`~ rf~mokh fncpr f jo|rc~olf~ kcq`~ xjolj |j`

8 xjolj f|t`lr ca rj` nccm bc`| |j` |okh~` cpr ac~ l~rolo|e3

F rj` fllp~fly ca rj` jo|rc~olfi nflmh~cpkb

N rj` |ryr` ok xjolj or o| x~orr`kL rj` x~or`~(| frrètr| fr lce`by

O Xjfr cq`~fii oet~`||ock ca rj` nccm bc`| |j` `zt~`||3

F ir(| fk ok|pir rc j`~ okrìioh`kl`+N ir |jcpibk(r n` rfm`k rcc |`~ocp|iy+L ir ep|r jfq` n``k x~orr`k f| f ocm`+

Tft`~ 2 Io|r`kokh

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_cp xoii j`f~ tf~r ca f ~fboc rfim fncpr f |efii efeefilfii`b rj` n~cxk jf~`+ Ac~ vp`|rock| ?68)lceti`r` rj` |`kr`kl`| xorj f xc~b c~ |jc~r tj~f|`+

Rj` n~cxk jf~` jf| car`k t~cqob`b ncrj

xorj ob`f| ac~ rjò~ xc~z+

F afii ok rj` kpen`~ ca jf~`| ok N~orfok o| f lfp|` ca lckl`~k ac~

Bp~okh rj` bfy) jf~`| f~` car`k acpkb ok f~`f| xk`~`

hoq` t~cr`lrock+

Rj` n`jfqocp~ mkcxk f|(tp~|por b`r`~~`kl`(o| |fob rc |fq` rj`

7v@=ca jf~`| fkb acz`| fiom`+

Ok N~orfok) jf~`| f~` `f|o`|r rc |`` ok rj` eckrj ca

tf~riy n`lfp|` rj` bfy| n`lce` ickh`~+

jf| |`r pt t~cg`lr|

foe`b fr jìtokh jf~`|.

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|`è n`rr`~ caa f| f ~`|pir ca b`qìcte`kr| ok

Rj` tctpifrock bo|r~onprock ca jf~`| fl~c|| N~orfok o| b`|l~on`b f|

Fk c~hfko|frock lfii`b rj`

Xjfr(| ~à`~~`b rc f| f jf| n``k t~cbpl`b rc r~y rc

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Tft`~ 2 Io|r`kokh

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((7( )qoii j`f~ fk okr`~qo`x xorj f N~oro|j aoie bo~`lrc~) Fkk Jcxf~b) xjc jf| ~`l`kriy efb` f aoie ok

7 )kqccb+ Ac~ vp`|rock| 6:>>) ljcc|` rj` fk|x`~ *F) N) L c~ B/ xjolj a or| n`|r fllc~bokh rc xjfr rpbr+

(4 Xjy bob Fkk hc rc xc~m ok Jciiyxccb3

F \j` iom`b rj` |rpboc |y|rè+N \j` k``b`b rc xc~m okb`t`kb`kriy+L J`~ foe xf| rc efm` f aoie fncpr Jciiqxccb+B J`~ aoie| x`~` |pll`||api+

(< Xjfr bc`| |j` |`` f| rj` efok t~cniè xorj rj` aoie |j` efb` ok Jciiyxccb3

F ir xf| |`r ok Fe`~olf+N ir xf| kcr e`fkr rc n` f lce`by+L ir xf| ~`x~orr`k ok tf~r|+B ir p|`b Fe`~olfk flrc~|+

Ck nfifkl`) |j` acpkb rj` `zt`~o`kl` ca bo~`lrokh rj` aoie

F b`t~`||okh+N lckap|okh+L ~`xf~bokh+B af|lokfrokh+

Xjfr o| j`~ efok l~orolo|e ca rj` t~`qo`x |y|rè3

F Rj` fpbo`kl` o| efb` pt ca aoie l~orol|+N Rj` aoie| f~` kcr t~`qo`x`b ok `kcphj tifl`|+L Rj` fpbo`kl`| hc xorj rj` x~ckh frrorpb`+B Rj` vp`|rock| f|m`b f~` kcr ftt~ct~ofr`+

\j` a`ì| rjfr aoie t~`qo`x| f~` p|àpi

F f| f ef~m`rokh rcci+

N oa rj` bo~`lrc~ p|`| rj` okac~efrock+L xj`k rj` fpbo`kl` tfy| rc |`` rjè+B nàc~` aoie| f~` |jcxk ck rì`qo|ock+

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_cp xoii j`f~ tf~r ca f ~fboc bo|lp||ock ok xjolj rxc a~o`kb|) A~o`bf fkb Ef~rok) f~` nòkh okr`~qo`x`bfncpr robok`||+ Ac~ vp`êrock| ><>:) b`lob` xj`rj`~ rj` ctokock| f~` `zt~`||`b ny cÄy ck` ca rj`|t`fm`~|) c~ xj`rj`~ rj` |t`fm`~| fh~``+

X~or` A ac~ A~o`bf)

E ac~ Ef~rok)N ac~ Ncrj) xj`~` rj`y fh~``+

>< Robok`|| xf| ok|roii`b ok e` f| f ljoib+

>2 Rj` b`lo|ock rc m``t rjokh| o|k)r nf|`b ck rjò~ p|àpik`||+

>0 Tf~`kr|(frrorpb`| rc robok`|| okaip`kl` rjò~ ljoib~`k(| ljf~flr`~+

>1 @q`~yck` jf| f boaa`~`kr ob`f ca xjfr robok`|| o|+

>8 Robyokh bc`|k(r h`r ok rj` xfy ca xc~m+

>: F t`~|ck(| ftt`f~fkl` o| kcr f ~ìofni` okbolfrc~ ca rjò~ robok`||+

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Tft`~ 0 \t`fmok

NFT@^ 0 \T@FMOKH *6? eokpr`|/

`(` f~` rxc `zfeok`~|+ Ck` *rj` okr`~iclprc~/ lckbplr| rj` r`|r) t~cqobokh ycp xorj rj` k`l`||f~'77`~ofi| fkb `ztifokokh xjfr ycp jfq` rc bc+ Rj` crj`~ `zfeok`~ *rj` f||`||c~/ xoii n` okr~cbpl`7 S)lp) npr rj`k rfm`| kc ap~rj`~ tf~r ok rj` okr`~flrock+

~j~r 6 *< eokpr`|/

7 okr`~iclprc~ ao~|r f|m| ycp fkb ycp~ tf~rk`~ f a`x vp`|rock| xjolj aclp| ck okac~efrock fnc7~|ìq`| fkb t`~|ckfi ctokock|+

Tf~r> *2 eokpr`|/

+ 7jo| tf~r ci rj` r`|r ycp fkb ycp~ tf~rk`~ f~` f|m`b rc rfim rch`rj`~+ Rj` okr`~iclprc~ tifl`|7`7 ca tolrp~`| ck rj` rfni` ok a~ckr ca ycp+ Rj`~` efy n` ckiy ck` tolrp~` ok rj` |`r c~ f| efky f

o` ))`ktolrp~`|+

Rjo| |roepip|t~cqob`|

rj` nf|o| ac~ f bo|lp||ock+ Rj` okr`~iclprc~ ao~|r f|m| f7(cbplrc~y vp`|rock xjolj aclp|`| ck rxc ca rj` tolrp~`| *c~ ok rj` lf|` ca f |okhi` tolrp~`) c7|l`lr| ca rj` tolãp~`/+ Far`~ fncpr f eokpr`) rj` okr`~iclprc~ hoq`| ycp ncrj f b`lo|ockefmokh rf|7)f|`b ck rj` |fe` |`r ca tolrp~`|+

Rj` tolrp~`| ac~ Tf~r > f~` ck tfh`| L1L8 ca rj` lcicp~ |`lrock+

Tf~r < *6> eokpr`|/

(ip f~` `flj hoq`k rj` cttc~rpkory rc rfim ac~ rxc eokpr`|) rc lcee`kr far`~ ycp~ tf~rk`~ jf

57cm`k fkb rc rfm` tf~r ok f ec~` h`k`~fi bo|lp||ock+Rj` okr`~iclprc~ hoq`| ycp f lf~b xorj f vp`|rock x~orr`k ck or fkb f|m| ycp rc rfim fncpr or a

)))c eokpr`|+ Far`~ ycp jfq` |tcm`k) ycp~ tf~rk`~ o| ao~|r f|m`b rc lcee`kr fkb rj`k rjr`~iclprc~ f|m| ycp ncrj fkcij`~ vp`|rock ~ìfr`b rc rj` rctol ck rj` lf~b+ Rjo| t~cl`bp~`(7t`fr`b) |c rjfr ycp~ tf~rk`~ ~`lòq`| f lf~b fkb |t`fm| ac~ rxc eokpr`|) ycp f~` hoq`k f7ctc~rpkory rc lcee`kr fkb f aciicxpt vp`|rock o| f|m`b+

Aokfiiy) rj` okr`~iclprc~ f|m| |ce` ap~rj`~ vp`|rock|) xjolj i`fb| rc f bo|lp||ock ck f h`k`~7+è` ~ìfr`b rc rj` |png`lr| fi~`fby lcq`~`b ok Tf~r <+

Rj` lf~b| ac~ Tf~r < f~` ck tfh`| L> fkb L64 ca rj` lcicp~ |`lrock+

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TFT@^ 6 ^@FBOKH *6 jcp~ <4 eokpr`|/

Tf~r 6

Ac~ vp`|rock| 66:) ~`fb rj` rj~`` r`zr| nìcx fkb b`lob` xjolj fk|x`~ *F) N) H c~ B/ n`|r aor|

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Tjcrch~ftjy

Xj`k f tjcrch~ftj`~ rfm`| f tjcrch~ftj) j` c~ |j` efm`| f |ì`lrock ca qo|pfi okac~efrock rjfr o|

*6/ ny jo| c~ j`~r`ljkolfi fkb f`|rj`rol |moii|) t`~|ckfiqo`x| fkb `zt`~o`kl`) rch`rj`~xorj f

*>/ ++++ ca |clofi fkb lpirp~fi kc~e|+ Fkb ok rj` *</ ++ ++ ca rjo| nccm x` |jfii |`` jcx rj`|` aflrc~| kc7

ckiy faa`lr rj` |ryi`) lckr`kr fkb `zt~`||ock ca f tjcrch~ftj) npr fi|c jcx rjc|` oefh`| f~`

t`~lòq`b fkb ~`|tckb`b rc ny rj` qo`x`~+ Ac~ `zfeti`) x` eohjr lck|ob`~ rjfr rj` *2/ ++++~`fb`~

ca f k`x|tft`~ xoii jfq` fk oetiolor pkb`~|rfkbokh ca rj` tjcrch~ftjol oefh`| ~`t~cbpl`b ck rj`

tfh`+ Npr ~frj`~ rjfk fll`trokh rj` tjcrch~ftj fr afl` *0/ ++++) x` eohjr vp`|rock xj`rj`~ o7

fllp~frìy ~`lc~b`b rj` |l`k` f| or xcpib jfq` iccm`b fr rj` roe`+ C~) ok lckr~f|r) bc`| o7

lceepkolfr` rj` tjcrch~ftj`~(| tcokr ca qo`x3 i| or rj` *1/ ++++ ok|rfkr ~`lc~b`b rjfr o| ca tf~rolpif~oetc~rfkl`) c~ |jcpib rj` tjcrch~ftj ck rj` tfh` n` pkb`~|rccb f| f |yencirc ~`t~`|`kr f |rfr`

ca faafo~| ok rj` xc~ib3

6 F lcklipb`b

> F h~cpt

< F lcp~|`

2 F |jfiicx

0 F ~`hf~b1 F fllp~fr`

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B bo~`lr`b

B nfrlj

B t~cl`||

B ~fkbce

B qfip`B fn|cipr`

N

N

N

N

NN

Ec~` rjfk f hfe`

\tc~r ac~ e` jf| fixfy| n``k ec~` rjfk gp|r f hfe`+ Rj` ec|r |pll`||api t`cti` ok |tc~r jfq`

rcrfi |ìanìoà+ _cp k``b rpkkì *8/ + + oa ycp xfkr rc |pll``b ok |tc~r+ Rj`~`(| ckiy ck` ~cpr` rl

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Tft`~ 6 ^`fbokh

7` [h rj` n`|r fkb ycp jfq` rc tpr `q`~yrjokh ì|` rc ck` *:/ ++ + \tc~r o| ~prji`|| fkb kc ck` `r|`

7 =lokh rc bc or ac~ ycp+ ir(| |okm c~ *?/ ++++ +

o7)7~r jf| rfphjr e` t`~|ckfi bo|lotiok` fkb b`r`~eokfrock) npr or lfk fi|c r`flj ycp rj` n`kàor| ca~p)(7.*okh f| ck` ca f r`fe+ Ey |tc~r fiicx| fkb `klcp~fh`| ycp rc *64/ ++++ okboqobpfiiy) y`r or o| f

77+r+r hfe` fkb ycp jfq` rc nfifkl` rj`|` rxc f|t`lr|+ ir(| q`~y eplj iom` ioa` ycp lfk |pll``b~+ fk okboqobpfi) npr ycp ep|r k`q`~ ac~h`r rj`~` f~` crj`~| f~cpkb ycp+

o7 l~r jf| hoq`k e` f h~`fr b`fi fkb kcr gp|r a okfklofiiy+ ir jf| ct`k`b *6 6/ ac~ e` fkb ct`k`b+) `y`|) fkb i(q` |``k rjokh| f~cpkb rj` xc~ib rjfr crj`~| xoii k`q`~ |``+ Npr ycp fi|c jfq` rc hoq`

7 f icr ac~ rjc|` *6>/ + ++ +

RF|ohjr Nqo`x

@Fef~hok N|ob`

?F|xoe Naicfr(4Fcprbc N|p~tf||

(6 F hfr`| N bcc~|

(>F|pttiè`kr| Nrot|

Rpkokh ok

r< F `rlj

6} F t~cl``bokh

60 F q`kp`

61 F |tcrr`b

68 F `khfh`b

6: F t~`qfoi`b

N |l~frlj

N lo~lpe|rfkl`

N iclfrock

N bfnn`b

N lftroqfr`b

N t~cq`b

L qo|ock

L tf~r

L |foi

L cpr|jok`

L xokbcx|

L t`~m|

L r~fl`

L b`qìcte`ki

L |orpfrock

L bcrr`b

L tp|j`b

L lckqokl`b

B cpriccm

B `bh`

B b~oarB `zlì

B nf~~o`~|

B lcetiè`kr|

B lpr

B cllf|ock

B f~`f

B ai`lm`b

B b~fxk

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k`q`~ ec~` ct`k rjfk bp~okh cp~ ao~|r a`x bfy| ok f k`x tifl`7 `zl`tr t`~jft| bp~okhcp~ ~`fbokh ca f h~`fr nccm) xjolj hpob`| p| rc rj` okr`~`|r ca rjokh| x` jfb t~`qocp|iyohkc~`b+ Cp~ eokb o| iom` f ~fbf~ k`xiy frrpk`b rc tolm pt l`~rfok cng`lr| aicfrokhrj~cphj lck|locp|k`||+ Cp~ frr`krock o| b~fxk rc rj` |jfb`| ca rj` |my) rc rj`ljfkh`fnoiory ca f afl`) rc rj` jytcl~o|y ca f a~o`kb) c~ rc f |pne`~h`b |fbk`|| fncpr f

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>4

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roe` ca or rjfk O jfb tifkk`b) b~oarokh a~ce ck` jc|torfni` lcpkr~y jcp|` rc

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B J` tpr ok fk`lbcr`| rc `kjfkl` rj` kf~~froq` ca rj` nccm+

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7 )()(f| ok ey if|r r`~e rjfr ey afrj`~ lfe` pt rc773 e` fkb b~cq` e` cpr rc f qoiifh` ac~ f e`fi7 g f ljfr+ Rj`~` x`~` ckiy f a`x x``m| rc hc+ Ey7i~ t~`bolr`b O xcpib h`r f Ao~|r Lif|| b`h~`` *ok

7)())/) fkb O mk`x rjfr oa O m`tr ey j`fb fkb |t`kr'7|` if|r t~`locp| bfy| lf~àpiiy f~~fkhokh(<~efrock ok ey eokb) j` eohjr xìi n` ~ohjr+ O aìr77 |`b) lckaob`kr) lckl`kr~fr`b+

` r~cpni` xf| rjfr) iom` ec|r ljoib~`k ca7(`borf~y r~fb`|) O bob a`ì lckaok`b ny rj` afeoiy7(<`lrfrock|+ O lcpib |`` rj`~` x`~` qf~ocp|7()a`||ock| ct`k rc e`) fkb O xfkr`b rc `ztic~`'7 tc||onoioro`|+ Fr rj` |fe` roe`) iom` f lcxf~b) O

7 7~(r xfkr rc pt|`r ey afrj`~+ O xf|k(r f|=jr`k`b ca joe f| Efp~ol` xf| xf| rj`7) lp~or` npr O acpkb joe ac~eobfni`+

.() ~fr o|k(r3(i |fob) rjcphj O jfb hp`||`b rj` r~`kb7( ~o| rjcphjr| a~ce ey afrj`~(| pkp|pfi |oi`kl`+

7 xf| f rfimfroq` efk f| f ~pi`+(_cp lfk(r acci7+ _cp(ii bc xjfr ycp xfkr kcx)( j` |fob+ (Xjfr

7~ fii rjc|` l`~roaolfr`|+ O xf| rcib ycp xoii h`r f)+7 cif~|joc rc Czac~b+(

)))f| |rpbyokh jf~b ck` bfy xj`k f i`rr`~ f~~oq`b'7~~ Efp~ol`+ J` e`krock`b rjfr f a~o`kb jfb77}`b joe rc gcok joe ok |`rrokh pt f np|ok`||) rjfr7 )(#f| ~`fiiy frr~flr`b rc rj` ob`f) npr rjfr Afrj`~

)) f| fhfok|r oO+ J` x~ci` rjfr Afrj`~ xf| f bfkh`~77 p| ncrj fkb bob kcr lf~` fncpr p| f| eplj f|7 l~`r`kb`b+ J` xckb`~`b xj`rj`~ kcx xf| rj`

) ` ac~ joe rc n~`fm a~`` ca Afrj`~+

(Rj`~`(| |roii Efp~ol`)( O |fob) |pii`k+ Ey afrj`~|kc~r`b+ X` ncrj mk`x Efp~ol` jfr`b rj`np|ok`||+(Fkyxfy)( O x`kr ck) (ycp lcpib fixfy|p|` e` f| f |c~r ca lck|pirfkr+(

O lcpib rìi rjfr |plj t~`||p~`| x`~` |oetiyn`yckb ey afrj`~(| oefhokfrock *c~ xf| or rjfr j`xf| |ce`jcx g`ficp| ca ey ioa` fxfy a~ce joe3/fkb rjfr j` xcpib okr`~t~`r f ~àp|fi a~ce e` f| fj`f~ri`|| n`r~fyfi ok jo| jcp~ ca k``b+

(i gp|r |fob rjfr)( O |fob+(i lcpibk(r rjokm ca fkyrjokhì|` rc |fy&(

(Fkb fttf~`kriy)(j` x`kr ck)(ycp jfq` rj` ~ohjr|c~r ca t`~|ckfiory ycp lfk tolm rj` nck`| cpr caf ef|| ca efr`~ofi t~`rry vpolmiy) ycp jfq` rj` hoarca rj` hfn fkb ycp `kgcy t`~ac~eokh+(

(i rìi ycp xjfr)( ey afrj`~ lckrokp`b cp~lckq`~|frock+ (_cp lfk hc ck jìtokh p| cpr ok

jciobfy| pkroi ycp i`fq` Czac~b) fkb rj`k oa ycpb`lob` rc i`fq` p| ycp lfk+ ir xoii hoq` ycp f nor catclm`r eck`y) fkb n` f ~`fi jìt rc e`+(

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R`|r 2

Tf~r 2

_cp f~` hcokh rc ~`fb fk `zr~flr a~ce f nccm fncpr rj` eokb+ Ac~ vp`|rock| <224) ljcc|` rj`fk|x`~ *F) N) L c~ B/ xjolj ycp rjokm aor| n`|r fllc~bokh rc rj` r`zr+


Ro`~` c~` |ce` cboqoio`| ijci op|a xoii kci n` ~p|j`b+ Oj`y rcm` ij` ioe` ij`y icm`+ ia ycp c~` ici` ac~ c e``rokh) ycp lck jp~~y+ Npi

oa ycp c~` oetcio`ki xorj rj` ecyckkco|` ckb cbb aj` coi rcc vpolmiy) oi rp~bi`|+ ia ycp "c~i iphhokh xoij a~p|G~crock ck c rckhi`b

ao|jokh iok`) ao` mkcr op" n`~ce`| rohji`~+

Rj` eokb) icc) xc~m| cr boaa`~`kr |t``b|+ \ce` ca or| apklock| c~` t`~ac~e`b cr iohjrkokh |t``b|= cij`~| icm` |`~ckb|) eokpr`|)

jcp~|) bcy| 4~ `q`k y`c~| 64 lceti`r` rjò~ ~cp~|`+ \ce` lck n` |t``b`b pt x` *4k n`~ce` vpolm`~ ci |ciqokh l~c||xc~b tpwwi`|

c~ bcokh e`krci c~oijeìol+ Npi cij`~| ~ckkci n` ~p|j`b) ckb oa ao`y c~`) ij`k rj`y xoii n~`cm bcxk) iom` rj` ecyckkco|`) c~ h`~

rckhi`b pt) iom` rj` ao|jokh iok`+ (Rjokm ac|i= x` k``b ij` ~`|pj|( ecy |ceìoe`| n` c| cn|p~b c kciock+ c~ ci i`c|i c|

lcpki`~t~cbp~ioq`) c| ij` coièti ic l~ce c kohji(| ~`|r okrc jcia rj` ioe`+ X` i`c~k) ijokm ckb mkcx ok c qc~oìy ca xcy|) ckb ij`|`

ecb`| ca rj` eokb ct`~pi` fr boaa`~`kr |t``b|) ckb c~` hccb ac~ boaa`~`kr e`krci ocn|+ (J` xjc j`|oicr`| o| ic|i)(|cy| ck` t~cq`~n+(Iccm nìc~` ycp i`ct)( |cy| ckcrj`~+ Fkb ncrj c~` i~p`+ rok` 6 4

^cphjiy |t`cmokh) ij` eokb tc|`|`| ÿ~`` boaa`~`kr t~c~`||okh |t``b|+ Rj` ao~|r o| ac|r`~ rjck rjcphjr+ \ce` |orpciock| bèckb

ck pk|ìalck|locp|) ok"ckick`cp| ~`cliock+ Xj`k ey ecrc~nom` |mobb`b ck c xì ~ccb ok Ickbck |ce` y`c~| chc) ey n~cok ckb

ey ncby oee`bocrìy ljc~`ch~ctj`b ac~ e` ck oki~olci` ckb àa`boq` |ì ca ecqè`kr| Ý46 `kcni`b e` ic m``t ey |`ci ckb

oi xc| ckiy coi`~ ij` cbock xk| cii cq`~ ijci ey ~ck|~ocp| eokb ckb ey èciock| "c~i`b ic ~ci~j pt+ Kòij`~ c ~ckl`~i tocko|r kc~

ck 4iyeto~ a`kl`~ jc| ioe` ic aohp~` cpi xjb ic bc k`zi+ Rj`~` o| p mokb ca okrìioh`kl`( rjcr xc~m| ec~` ~ctobiy rjck rjokmokh+

Rjo| ecb` ca ac|r tjy|olci okrìioh`k~` ~cpib n` lfii`b cp~ (xoi|(+ *Rj` aoq` |`k|`| +)q`~` c~ohokciiy mkcxk c|(ij` aoq` xor|(+/Rj`k rj`~` o| ijcphji or|ìa7 rj` |c~r ca okrìioh`kl` xjolj bc`| okqciq` aohp~okh ecii`~| cpi) xòhjokh pt rj` t~c| pkb ~ck|)

lck|i~pliokh c~hpe`kr| ckb |ciqokh t~cniè|+ F e`~jckol xc~mokh cpi xjy ck `khok` xoii kci ao~`) c |~o`kio|i i~yokh ic oki`~t~ì ck

oki~ohpokh `zt`~oe`kici ~`|pj) c "pb`ka x~`"iokh xoij ck c|ohke`kr7 cii c~` èticyokh c xcy ca mkcxokh ijcr ~ìo`| ck ~`c|ck

pkb ichol) ck bìon`~cr` lck|~ocp| rjokmokh+ X` car`k lcii rjo| mokb ca okrìioh`k~`(okiìi`b(+ \ce`ck` xjc o| hccb cr |ciqokh rj`|`

|c~i| ca t~cniè| x` lcii (n~ohji(4~(*i`q`~(+Npi nìcx ijo|) ij`~` o| ckcij`~ e`kici ~`ho|i`~ ijci t~c~``b| ec~` |icxiy |ioii+ ii o| cao`k i`| tp~tc|àpi ckb li`c~~pi) ec~`

ticyapi) iò|p~ìy c~ b~`cey+ Ok rjo| ecb` x` c~` ~peokcrokh c~ epiiokh ijokh| cq`~= nòkh lckièticioq` c~ e`boicaoq`+ T`~lj`b ck

c |`c|ob` ~crm) Oc|i ok rj` |cpkb ckb Rj` eciock ca rj` |p~a) c~ jcq`~okh op|i ck ij` n~okm ca |i``t c~ xcmokh) x` c~` ok c boaa`~`kre`kici ecb` a~ce ij` ck` x` }okb cp~|ìq`| ok c| x` tipk c e`ci c~ bolcr` c i`rr`~+ Rjo| iò|p~ìy) cttc~`kiiy coei`||) xpy ca

mkcxokh ckb zt`~o`klokh o| op|i c| okiìioh`ki c| ij` cij`~) ac|i`~ ck`|+ Fiicxokh rj` eokb roe` ic e`ckb`~ o| kci c ipzp~y ijci lck

|caìy n` lpr nc~m c| ioa` c~ xc~m h`n ec~` bèckbokh+ 4k ij` lckr~c~y) rjokmokh |icxiy o| c qorci tc~r ca ij` lchkoroq` c~ecp~y+ ~ok` >oX` k``b rj` ic~ico|` eokb op|i c| ep~j c| x` k``b rj` jc~` n~cok+

\ce` mokb| ca `q`~ybcy t~`bo~ce`ki c~` nào`~) ec~` àa`lioqìy ptt~ccrj`b xoij c |icx eokb+ \ce` ey|r`~o`| lck ckiy n`

t`kì~ci`b xoao c ~ìcz`b) pkvp`|iokh e`kici coioipb`+ ^`l`ki |lo`kioaol |rpby |jcx| lckqok~okhiy ijci ij` ec~` tcio`ki) i`|bìon`~cr` ecb`| ca eokb c~` tc~iorpic~iy |por`b rc ecmokh |`k|` ca |oipcrock| ijci c~` oki~o~ci`) |jcbcxy c~ oii bàok`b+ Bìon`~cr`

rjokmokh xc~m| xìi xj`k rj` t~cniè o| `c|oiy ~ckl`tipcio|`b+ Xj`k x` c~` a~yokh rc b`~ob` xj`~` rc |t`kb cp~ jciobcy|) or ecy

xìi n` t`~a`liy cnqocp| xjci ij` tc~ceì`~| c~`+ Npi xj`k x` c~` kca |p~` xjci k``b| ic n` icm`k okic c~~cpki) c~ `q`k xjmjvp`|iock| ic tc|` c~ xj`k rj` o|p` o| icc |pnri` rc n` ~ctrp~`b ny rj` aceoioc~ ~ci`hc~o`| ca lck|locp| rjcphji x` k``b ~`rcp~|`

ic ij` ic~ico|` eokb+ ia rj` t~cniè o| jcx n`|i rc eckch` c boaao~pir h~cpt ca t`cti` cr xc~m) c~ xjìj`~ ic hoq` pt nòkh 4 eckch`~

rcetiììy ckb ~ì~cok c| c i`clj`~) x` ecy n` n`rr`~ cbqo|`b ic |oi ckb tckb`~ ijck 6c |`c~~j a~ckiorciiy ac~ `ztickciock| ckb

|cipiock|+ Rjo| ryt` ca okrìioh`k~` o| c||c~oci`b xoij xjcr x` lcii l~`cioqoiy) c~ `q`k (xo|bce(+

Tcì| jcq` cixcy| mkcxk ij` ioeorcrock| ca lck|~ocp|) bìon`~cr` rjokmokh) ckb jcq` |cphji ic ~piroqci` ij`|` |icx`~) eo|io`~ xcy|

ca mkcxokh+ Tjoic|ctj`k jcq` x~oii`k cncpi rj` ~`cie| ca ij` eokb rjcr io` n`yckb ckb n`k`crj rj` lck|locp| okrìi`lr+ ir o| ck~y

~`l`kriy) jcx`q`~) aoci |lo`kio|r| jcq` |ic~i`b ic `ztic~` bo~`biy ij` |icx`~) i`| bìon`~cr` xcy| ca mkcxokh+ Rj` jyn~ob bo|lotiok`

ca (~chkoioq` |~o`kl`( o| ~`q`ciokh ajci ij` pk~ck|~ocp| ~`cie| ca rj` jpeck eokb xoii |p~r`|apiiy c~~cetio|j c kpen`~ ca pkp|pci)

oki`~`|iokh ckb oetc~icki ic|m| oa rj`y f~` hoq`k ~j` Yoe`+Oj`y xoii i`c~k tcri`~k| ca c b`h~`` ca |pnri`ry xjmj kc~eci lck|rocp|k`|

lckkci `q`k |``= ecm` |`k|` cpi ca |oipciock| ijcr c~` icc lceti`z ic ckciy|`= ckb hì ic ÿ` ncrice ca ~`~icok boaaolpir o||p`| ep~j

ec~` |prl`|apiiy ijck ao` vp`|iokh okiìi`b+

?2



Tft`~ 6 ^`fbokh

~Qjfr tcokr o| rj` x~or`~ efmokh xj`k j` |fy| (ncrj f~` r~p`) *iok` 64/3

F Fr i`f|r rxc boaa`~`kr ftt~cflj`| rc f t~cniè f~` kc~efiiy `||`krofi+N Kc ck` ftt~cflj o| ftt~ct~ofr` ac~ fii t~cniè|+L @q`k lckr~fbolrc~y |fyokh| lfk n` `vpfiiy r~p`+

B\pll`|| ok t~cniè|ciqokh

o| b`r`~eok`b ny |t``b+

Ãj` x~or`~ e`krock| rj` lckl`~r tofko|r fkb rj` Ciyetol a`kl`~ rc bèck|r~fr` rjfr

F `zl`trockfi e`krfi fkb t~flrolfi |moii| f~` `qob`kr ok boaa`~`kr aoìb|+N rj`~` o| f e`krfi t~cl`|| xjolj apklrock| af|r`~ rjfk lck|locp| rjcphjr+L ècrock| f~` kcr okqciq`b ok lceti`z tjy|olfi flroqory+B rj` ncby apklrock| okb`t`kb`kriy ca rj` eokb ok |r~`||api |orpfrock|+

Rj` x~or`~ nìo`q`|(li`q`~k`||(o| ~ccr`b ok

F |moii| flvpo~`b rj~cphj t~flrol`+

N rj` fnoiory rc `ztifok rj` rjokmokh t~cl`||+L rj` tcx`~ ca rj` |pnlck|locp| eokb+B rj` tcx`~ ca ~frockfi rjcphjr+

Rj` x~or`~ p|`| rj` tj~f|`(Ck rj` lckr~f~y( *iok` >8/ rc ètjf|o|` rjfr f |icx`~ ecb` carjcphjr o|

F fk fir`~kfroq` ftt~cflj rc efkfhokh |r~`||+N okbo|t`k|fni` rc cp~ e`krfi fttf~frp|+L f ~ìfzokh xfy ca fqcobokh t~cniè|+

Btjy|olfiiy pkbèfkbokh

f| f e`fk| ca `|lft`+

Rj` x~or`~ oetio`| rjfr bìon`~fr` rjcphjr lct`| tcc~iy xorj

F lceci`z |orpfrock|+N fky |orpfrock okqciqokh t`cti`+L r~oqofi bfoiy ~cprok`|+B rf|m| xorj f |r~olriy oetc|`b roe` ioeor+

Rj` x~or`~ fbqo|`| ojfr or o| n`rr`~ rc(|or fkb tckb`~(f lf~``~ ljfkh` n`lfp|` rjo| b`lo|ock

F xoii jfq` ickhif|rokh oetiolfrock|+

N xoii jfq` f efgc~ ìa`lr ck crj`~ t`cti`+L lfkkcr n` nf|`b |ciìy ck ~frockfi rjcphjr+B lfkkcr n` efb` xorjcpr ~`qo`xokh ck`(| fnoioro`|+

Ok rj` aokfi tf~fh~ftj or o| li`f~ rj` x~or`~ nìo`q`| (|icx rjokmokh(`kfni`| p| rc

F hfok qfipfni` ok|ohjr okrc rj` tf|r+

N efokrfok cp~ e`krfi fkb ècrockfi xìinòkc+L cprt`~ac~e af|r`~rjokmokh ~oqfi|+B flvpo~` k`x ok|ohjr ok f ~fkh` ca bo|lotiok`|+

?0



R`|r 2


Tf~r 6


6 _cp jfq` ~`fb rj` `zr~flr nìcx ok fk okr`~kfrockfi `kqo~cke`krfi efhfwok` xjolj jf| f|m`b or|~`fb`~| rc lckr~onpr` f~roli`| rc f a`frp~`) `krori`b L~o|o|) xjfr l~o|o|3+ _cp b`lob` rc x~or` f~f~roli` ~`|tckbokh rc rj` tcokr| ~fo|`b fkb `zt~`||okh ycp~ cxk qo`x|+

(\ce` |lo`kro|r| jfq` |phh`|r`b x` f~` aflokh fk

pkl`~rfok aprp~` fkb f tc||oni` hicnfi l~o|o|+ Rj`

xfy efky t`cti` ioq` o| |`~ocp|iy bfefhokh rj`

`kqo~cke`kr fkb x` mkcx rjfr |ce` kfrp~fi

~`|cp~l`| f~` ~ftobiy bo|ftt`f~okh+ T`~jft| or o|

kcr rcc ifr` ac~ t`cti` rc ljfkh` rjò~ ioa`|ryi` fkb

rjò~ frrorpb`| rc t~`q`kr ap~rj`~ `kqo~cke`krfi

bfefh`+(

X~or` ycp~ f~roli`+

?1



Tft`~ > (X~orokh

Tf~i>

i~ +rç îk fk|x`~ rc ck` ca rj` vp`|rock| >0 ok rjo| tf~r+ X~or` ycp~ fk|x`~ ok <44<04 xc~b| ok fki7l~ct~ofr` |ryi`+

O _cp jfq` ~`fb f |`~o`| ca f~roli`| ok fk @khio|j ifkhpfh` k`x|tft`~ ok xjolj boaa`~`ki x~or`~|i`|l~on` l`~rfok tc||`||ock|) |plj f| fk cib xfrlj c~ f afqcp~or` orè ca licrjokh) xjolj rj`y)qcpib k`q`~ xfkr rc ~`tifl`+ Rj` k`x|tft`~ jf| f|m`b ~`fb`~| rc x~or` i`rr`~| fncpr fk cng`lr~a rjò~ cxk xjolj rj`y f~` `vpfiiy ackb ca+ X~or` f i`rr`~ b`|l~onokh |plj fk cng`lr fkb |fyokh)(pjy ycp xfkr rc m``t or ac~`q`~+

()Q~or` ycp~ i`rr`~+ Bc kcr x~or` fky tc|rfi fbb~`||`|+

o F if~h` cib npoibokh ok ycp~ f~`f o| rc n` ecb`~ko|`b fkb p|`b ac~ ycpkh t`cti`+ Rj` lcpkloi jf|kqor`b t~ctc|fi| ac~ rj` aprp~` p|`| ca rj` npoibokh+ F| rj` ~`t~`|`krfroq` ca ycp~ iclfi ycprj

G~cpt) ycp b`lob` rc |`kb ok f t~ctc|fi+_cp~ t~ctc|fi|jcpib ~`lcee`kb rxc efok apklrock| ac~7j` npoibokh fkb lcee`kr ck jcx rj`|` xcpib oet~cq` ioa` Rc~ ycpkh t`cti` ok rj` f~`f+


O _cp jfq` ~`fb fk f~roli` ok fk @khio|j ifkhpfh` efhfwok` `krorr`b ir fii xc~m`b cprxìi ok rj` `kb+

Rj` x~or`~ b`|l~on`b f boaaolpir |orpfrock xjolj `kb`b pt ny nòkh f tc|oroq` `zt`~o`kl`+ Rjèfhfwok` jf| okqor`b ~`fb`~| rc |`kb ok f~roli`| xorj rj` |fe` rori`+ _cp b`lob` rc x~or` fk f~roli`L`|l~onokh f |oeoif~ `zt`~o`kl` ca ycp~ cxk+

X~or` ycp~ f~roli`+

< Nf|`b ck ycp~ ~`fbokh ca ck` c} rj`|` nccm|) x~or` ck ck` ca rj` aciicxokh7*f/ N~ofk Ecc~`7 Rj` Lcicp~ ca NiccbOk fk `||fy ac~ ycp~ rprc~) ycp jfq` n``k f|m`b rc ljcc|` rj~`` iclfrock| ok ij` Lcicp~ cNiccb rc |jcx jcx Lf~bokfi Nè(| ljf~flr`~ o| ~`q`fi`b ok rj` xfq j` n`jfq`| ok rj`|`cifl`|+

X~or` ycp~ `||fy+

*n/ I+T+ Jf~ri`y7 Rj` HcN`rx``k_cp~ iclfi k`x|tft`~ jf| okqor`b ~`fb`~| rc |`kb ok ~`qo`x| ca kcqì| fncpr ljoib~`k fkbljoibjccb+_cp b`lob` rc |pneor f ~`qo`x ca Rj` HcN`rx``k _cp~ ~`qo`x |jcpib aclp| ck

I`c) fkb lcee`kr ck jcx j` ~ìfr`| rc rj` fbpir xc~ib xjolj j` `klcpkr`~| bp~okh jo| |rfy

fr N~fkbjfe Jfii+

X~or` ycp~ ~`qo`x+

*l/ Ljokpf Flj`n`7 Rjokh| Afii Ftf~r_cp~ lcii`h` ion~f~y o| tifkkokh fk `zjonorock `krori`b Xj`k Boaa`~`kr Lpirp~`| E``r

a`frp~okh nccm| `ztic~okh rjo| rjè`+ X~or` f ~`tc~r ac~ rj` ion~f~ofk ck Rjokh| Afii Ftf~r_cp |jcpib b`|l~on` rj` boaa`~`kr lpirp~`|) ~`t~`|`kr`b ny Cmckmxc fkb jo| t`cti` ck rj`ck` jfkb) fkb rj` eo||ockf~o`| fkb lcickofi hcq`~kc~| ck rj` crj`~) f||`||okh rc xjf`zr`kr rj`y i`f~k rc pkb`~|rfkb `flj crj`~ ok rj` lcp~|` ca rj` |rc~y+

X~or` ycp~ ~`tc~r+

?8



R`|r 2


Tf~r 6

Ac~ vp`|rock| 660) ~`fb rj` r`zr nìcx fkb rjokm ca rj` xc~b xjolj n`|r aor| `flj |tfl`+ P|` ck )

ck` xc~b ok `flj |tfl`+ Rj`~` o| fk `zfeti` fr rj` n`hokkokh *4/+

x~or` ycp~ fk|x`~| ok lFTi~FI I@RR@^\ ck rj` |`tf~fr` fk|x`~ |j``r+

@zfet(`7 r~ X@r~Rr~OOOOROOOOOOOOORj` Ljfkhokh @khio|j Ifkhpfh`

Fii ifkhpfh`| ljfkh` cq`~ f t`~ocb ca roe`) ac~ ~`f|ck| *C/++XIi+ÈJ++ f~` oet`~a`lriy pkb`~|rccl

\t``lj o| ~`fiiy |c okr`h~fi *6/++++++++++++ ac~e ca jpefk flroqory rjfr or lfkkcr n` ~`hf~b`b f| f

`krory *>/++++++++++++ or|ìa+ Ac~ rjo| ~`f|ck) or o| ec~` `zflr rc |fy rjfr *</++++++++++++ h`k`~frock n`jfq`+

iokhpo|rolfiiy ok f |iohjriy boaa`~`kr efkk`~ a~ce *2/++++++++++++ t~`b`l`||c~|+

_cpkh t`cti` f~` oetfro`kr ca *0/++++++++++++ rj`y car`k lck|ob`~ rc n` rj` |roir`b qclfnpif~y f+7t~ckpklofrock ca *1/++++++++++++ ìb`~|) fkb iom` rc |jcx *8/++++++++++++ ptrcbfr` rj`y f~` ny p|okh o7ifr`|r |ifkh+ *:/++++++++++++ ) f| rj` y`f~| hc ny) |ce` ca rjfr |ifkh n`lce`| |rfkbf~b p|fh`+ ik f)

lf|`) t`cti` |icxiy h~cx af~ *?/++++++++++++ ~`l`troq` rc iokhpo|rol kcqìro`|) *64/++++++++++++ rjfr ny77roe` rj`y ~`flj rjò~ ac~ro`|) rj`y b`l~y rj` |icq`kiy |t``lj ca rj` ycpkh`~ h`k`~frock+

Ok rjo| ~`|t`lr) ifkhpfh` o| f iorri` *66/++++++++++++ af|jock| ok b~`||+ Rj` okac~efi licrj`| ca l'h`k`~frock n`lce` rj` `q`~ybfy x`f~ ca rj` *6>/++ + \oeoif~iy) gp|r f| efky ycpkh bclr7(7

fkb caaol` xc~m`~| *6</++++++++++++ cpr rjò~ bpro`| ok lf|pfi licrj`|) |c `zt~`||ock| xjolj x`~` c+7Ç

lckaok`b *62/++++++++++++ |ifkh fkb afeoiof~ lckq`~|frock f~` f||oeoifr`b *60/++++++++++++ rjò~ kc~7qclfnpif~q+

?:




Tf~r>

o(7o~ 7`|rock| 61>0) ~`fb rj` r`zr nìcx+ P|` rj` xc~b hoq`k ok lftorfi| fr rj` `kb ca |ce` ca rjì~~i0~ . ac~e f xc~b rjfr aor| ok rj` |tfl` ok rj` |fe` iok`+ Rj`~` o| fk `zfeti` fr rj` n`hokkokh *4/+

~oi 6..(7 +)(cp~ fk|x`~| ok lFTi~FI I@RR@^\ ck rj` |`tf~fr` fk|x`~ |j``r+)~oá~t(`7 ti @ir~Kipr2nip&]SUrSii oO] S ~SrSU&i

Ecpkr Epifkg`

p~)( Epifkg` ok Efifxo o| rj` johj`|r ecpkrfok ok *c/+È@K+~+MFi+ ^r~olf) tf~r

7 7 (fkh` xjolj lcet~o|`| kc a`x`~ rjfk rx`kry t`fm| cq`~ >)044e`r~`|+ Rj`77` o| ~`fboiy *61/+++++++)++++ ny ~cfb fkb f bfy)| b~oq` fiicx|

= 6 8/++++++++++++ lo~lpekfqohfrock+ Ec~` `k`~h`rol qo|orc~|) tf~rolpif~iy xfim`~|

7~7 lioen`~|) f~` ~`xf~b`b xorj fk `zt`~o`kl` rjfr o| *6?/++++++++++++ +

)i fkg` o| f *6?/++++++++++++ |ohjr) qo|oni` ac~ eoi`| f~cpkb+ Rj` hofkr |ifn ca ~clm

oi7`f~| rc t~cr~pb` fiec|r q`~rolfiiy a ~ce rj` tifok+ Rjo| oet~`||ock o| nc~k` cpr

7( 7~` `zo|r`kl` ca rj` ickh`|r |j``~ ~clmafl` ok Fa~olf) bèfkbokh ac~ `q`k rj`

.7|r |moii`b *>4/++++++++++++ + Rj` `ztifkfrock ac~ rjo| b~fefrol h`ch~ftjy io`| ok

.o(₩ ~clm7f jf~b h~fkor`) q`~y ~`|o|rfkr rc *>6/+++++++++)++ ) xjolj lckr~f|r| xorj rj`

~77`~ ~clm| ca rj` tifok|+

()~7|r qo|orc~| ~èfok ck rj` icx`~) h`kri`~ |ict`|) efmokh p|` cR ac~`|r jpr| ac~

7)`~kohjr fllceecbfrock+ Rj` r~`m pt rj` accrjoii|) fickh li`f~iy bàok`b tfrj|)

| kcr cq`~iy *>>/++++++++++++ npr efy rfm` pt rc f x``m+ F| rj` lioefr` lcci|

=(fbpfiiy) fiec|r *></++++++++++++ ) xorj `q`~y a`x e`r~`| ca firorpb`

7fok`b) |c rj` apii *>f/++++++++++++ ca afpkf fkb aic~f o| ~`q`fi`b ok fii or|

o>0/)++++++++++++

L@KR^@

FLL@\\

I@O\P^@

AC^H@R

N^@FRJ

ECPKRFOK

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LJFII@KH@

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R`|r 2

Tf~r <

Ac~ vp`|rock| >1<6) rjokm ca ck` xc~b ckiy xjolj lfk n` p|`b ftt~ct~ofrìy ok fii rj~`` |`kr`kl`|+

J`~` o| fk `zfeti` *4/+

@zfeti`7

4 \ce` ca rj` rcp~o|r| f~` jctokh rc h`r lcet`k|frock ac~ rj` tcc~ |rfr` ca rj` jcrì) fkb O rjokm

rj`y jfq` f q`~y ++++++++++++++ lf|`+


oi 7777777777'7oJo.7i~o)..,bobfr`| |jcp~b |`r rj` gcn( O(e f~~fob O bck(r jfq` f'

r~ r~r~r~@Kr~]RRRRRRRRRRRRX~or` ckiy rj` eo||okh xc~b ok LFTORFI I@RR@^\ ck rj` |`tf~fr` fk|x`~ |j``r+

>1 Rj` rxc ncy| x`~` |`kr jce` a~ce |ljcci npr rcib rc +++(+ ++ nflm rj` k`~ec~kokh+

Rj` gcp~kfio|r xf| f|m`b rc ++++++ ck xjfr jfb jftt`k`b rj` t~`qocp| kohjr.

Ey n~crj`~ |`è`b pkxoiiokh rc +++++ ++++ rj` bfefh` bck` rc jo| lf~ rc rj` tciol`

>8 E~ N~cxk jf| ckiy ~`l`kriy n``k ì`lr`b rc rj` ++(++ ca bo~`lrc~|+

Rc ey eokb) fk o~ckokh o| f q`~y epkbfk` rjokh rc hoq` f| f x`bbo~y

t~`|`k~+

Rj` xccb ca rjo| r~`` t~cqob`| rj` nf|ol ~fx efr`~ofi a~ce xjolj qf~ocp| ryt`| L

f~` efkpaflrp~`b+

>h Efky frji`r`| jfq` ec~` ++++++ fnoiory rjfk rj` lp~~`kr ljfetock= jo| |pll`|k

o| bp` rc jo| tc|oroq` frrorpb` fkb hccb lcfljokh(

Or(| ckiy +++ rc a`ì ènf~~f||`b xj`k ycp bc |ce`rjokh |rptob+

Jck`y o| f lceti`rìy +++++++++++ +++++++ t~cbplr xorj fk `zlìi`kr ~`tprfrock ac~ ncc|k~kh

rj` oeepk` |y|rè+

644




Or _`|r`~bfy ec~kokh) rj` T~oe` Eoko|r`~ efb` jo| ao~|r tpniol +++++ |okl` rj`ì`lrock|+

_cp |jcpib k`q`~ gÿbh` t`cti` ny rjò~

ãj` Xok|icx afeoiy hfq` `q`~y + ca nòkh ~olj+

r Ckl` rj` |jot h`r| cpr okrc ct`k |`f) rj` lftrfok xoii +++ f lcp~|` ac~rjò|ifkb+

Rjo| o| f |t`lofiryt` ca lè`kr rjfr |jcpib ++ q`~y vpolmiy) fkb rj`k x`(iin` fni` rc xfim ck or+

Rj` k`x |fi`| efkfh`~ o| b`r`~eok`b rc k`x rf~h`r| ac~ rj` lcetfky+

ri Ey \tfko|j o| kcr fii rjfr +++ ++++++++ kcx f| O jfq`k(r p|`b or ac~ fh`|+

Rj` accb xf| |c rjfr or |`è`b rc n` np~kokh ey rckhp`+

Rj` ~cnn`~| b~cq` caa xorj rj` tciol` ok +++ tp~|por+

646



R`|r 2

Tf~r 2

Ac~ vp`|rock| <><?) lceti`r` rj` |`lckb |`kr`kl` |c rjfr or jf| f |oeoif~ e`fkokh rc rj` ao~|(

|`kr`kl`) p|okh rj` xc~b hoq`k+ Bc kcr ljfkh` rj` xc~b hoq`k+_cp ep|r p|` n`rx``k rj~`` f~7òhjr xc~b|) oklipbokh rj` xc~b hoq`k+

J`~` o| fk `zfeti` *4/+

@zfeti`7


cng`lrock

Bc ycp ++++_cp xjoi` _cp Tfokr3


h> Xorjcpr rj` k`x r~fokokh t~ch~fee`) A~`b xcpib k`q`~ jfq` efb` rj` ao~|r r`fe+

or

Jfb ++ ++++ rj` k`x r~fokokh t~ch~fe~7

A~`b xcpib k`q`~ jfq` efb` rj` ao~|r r`fe+

<< (ir(| kck` ca ycp~ np|ok`|| xjfr O bc xorj ey eck`y&( Boeor~f okac~e`b j`~ afrj`~+

lckl`~k

Boeor~f okac~e`b j`~ afrj`~ rjfr xjfr |j` +++

ca jo|+

?2 O xf| fncpr rc i`fq` rj` caaol` xj`k Rcef||c tjck`b+

tcokr

~ +++++++ +++++++ xj`kRcef||c tjck`b+

64>




O jfb ckiy gp|r hcr okrc ey lf~ xj`k O ~èèn`~`b O jfbk(r |xorlj`b caa rj` morlj`k iohjr+

|cck`~

Kc ++++ O ~èèn`~`b O jfbk(r |xorlj`b caa

rj` morlj`k iohjr+

B`ko|` lceti`rìy ohkc~`b j`~ ìb`~ |o|r`~(| fbqol`+

kcrol`

B`ko|` j`~ ìb`~ |o|r`~(| fbqol`+

\fiiy jf| ~pk fxfy a~ce jce` nàc~`+

roe`

Rjo| o| ++++++ fxfq a~ce jce`+

T`cti` mkcx ec~` fncpr rj` nccm| J`k~o x~or`| rjfk rj` |ckh| j` |okh|+

n`rr`~

J`k~o(| rjfk f| f |okh`~+

O jfq` n``k rcib rjfr ycp jfq` n``k ifr` ac~ xc~m `q`~y bfy rjo| x``m+

n~cphjr

Or +++++++++ rjfr ycp jfq` n``k ifr` ac~ xc~m`q`~y bfy rjo| x``m+

64<



R`|r 2

Tf~r 0

Ac~ vp`|rock| 2422) ~`fb rj` aciicxokh r`zr| ck n~fkb|+ Ac~ vp`|rock| 242<) fk|x`~ xorj f xc~b

c~ |jc~r tj~f|`+ _cp bc kcr k``b rc x~or` lceti`r` |`kr`kl`|+ Ac~ vp`|rock 22) x~or` f |peef~y

fllc~bokh rc rj` ok|r~plrock| hoq`k+


N~fkb| kcx bceokfr` cp~ |jcttokh jfnor|) xc~mokh ioq`| fkb iò|p~` flr~qoro`|+ Lcvtc~fo` ichc|

fncpkb) fkb rjo|(n~fkb|lft`(ok xjolj x` ioq` o| hicnfi7 xfim bcxk f |r~``r ok fky lory ok rj` xc~ib iok` >

fkb rj`~` xoii n` `kcphj n~fkb| rc efm` ycp a`ì fr jce`+

Rj` okr~p|ock o| kcr op|r tjy|olfi7 or o| e`krfi fkb |to~orI~fi+ ^`|`f~lj fkb |p~q`y| ~`t`fr`biy |jcx

rjfr n~fkb| h`k`~fr` ec~` r~p|r rjfk fky ok|rorprock+ F |pll`||api n~fkb caa`~| lck|o|r`kly ca

vpfiory) f tcokr ca l`~rfokry ok fk pkl`~rfok xc~ib= ok|`lp~`) x` ifrlj ck rc rj` afeoiof~ fkb

t~`bolrfni`+ N~fkb| f~` kc ickh`~ |oetiy fncpr rj` vpfioro`| ca rj` t~cbplr c~ |`~qol` rj`y |ìi) npr

f~` t~cecr`b f| f |`r ca qfip`|+ Lck|`vp`kriy) x` p|` n~fkb| fkb x` b`lcb` rj` p|` ca n~fkb| rc

`|rfnj|j rj` |rfrp| cacrj`~|+

Kcx) f| n~fkb| rfm` ck hccb lfp|`|) rj`y f~` oetioloriynobbokh rc i`horoeo|` rj` lc~tc~frock f| f

ec~fiiyf~~b |clofiiy~`|tck|oni` ok|rorprock+Rj` foe o|rjfrrj` fpbo`kl` xoii cq`~iccmrj` jpefk

`~ticorfrock fkb `kqo~cke`krfi xf|r` okqf~ofniy okqciq`b ok rj` t~cbplrock ca rj` hccb|) fkb

nìo`q` rjfr rj` lc~tc~frock o| f hccb rjokh+ N~fkb| jfq` n`lce` f tjoic|ctjy) fkb xj`k

lck|pe`~| npy rj` n~fkb) rj`y npy okrc rj` tjoic|ctjolfi |rfkl` ca rj` lc~tc~frock+

24 @ztifok xjy rj` x~or`~ jf| okq`kr`b rj` xc~b(n~fkb|lft`(+ *iok` >/

26 Xjolj q`~n ok rj` r`zr ~`q`fi| rjfr x` gpbh` t`cti` fllc~bokh rc rj` n~fkb| rj`y npy3

6)42



Tft`~ < OG|` ca @khio|

Lk c A~obvy car`~kcck ok c jph` ct`ktick caaol` ok c lp|rce`~ lcii l`kr~`

iclcr`b ok c xokby np|ok`|| tc~m) ax`kry eokpr`| a~ce rj` k`c~`|r |jct) rj`~`

o| rj` |pnbp`b ep~ep~ ca lckl`~k`b lp|rce`~ |`~qol` ~`t~`|`krcroq`| jckbiokh

lckap|`b) bèckbokh) ckzocp| lp|rce`~|+ Rjò~ tcro`kl` bc`| kcr acir`~+ ir o| ~ok`

jc~b) ècrockci icncp~ ac~ cii O )844 ~`t~`|`krcroq`| ckb or hc`| ck ac~ òhjrjcp~ |joar| xorj jcia ck jcp~ ac~ ipklj ckb axc aoar``keokpo` n~`cm|+ ir ~`vpo~`|

rjè rc |`r c|ob` `q`~y c|t`lr ca rjò~ ljc~clr`~ `zl`tr ck cniohokh) lj``~api)

kcrjokho|ckyr~cpni` eckk`~+ Jcx bc ycp ecroqcr` |ce`ck` rc n` rjcr

tcro`kr ck xjcr o| c q`~y icx |rc~rokh |cic~y3 Rj` ck|x`~ o| rj` n~ckb7 oa ycp~èticy``| icq` rj` n~ckb rj`y(ii xc~m eplj) eplj jc~b`~+

N~ckb| ok rj` tc|r b`lcb` jcq` |joar`b a~ce nòkh |ciìy cncpr rj` ~ìcrock|jot

n`rx``k t~cbpl`~ ckb lp|rce`~ rc n`lceokh ck` ca rj` ec|r oetc~rckr rcci|

~c eckch` ycp~ xc~mac~l`+ Rj` okr`~kci lp|rce`~| c~` c| oetc~ickr ck

cpbo`kl` ac~ rj` n~ckb c| rj` `zr`~kci lp|rce`~| ycp kcr ckiy |ìi rj` n~ckb

rc rj` tpniol) ycp c~` ci|c |ìiokh or rc ycp~ xc~mac~l`) lck|rckriy+ Ok rjo| caaol`)

b`|m| c~` b`lc~cr`b xorj tc|oroq` rjokmokh |ichck|= rj` r`ce| ca xìq` rcm` cii

rjò~ n~`cm| rch`rj`~ ckb |cloci lceeorr``| c~hcko|` ~ocrcp| `q`kokh| cpr+ Rj`

hcci o| rc rp~k `q`~y èticy`` okrc c n~ckb ljcetock) ckb xjcr rj`

eckchè`kr xckr kcx a~ce rjò~ xc~mac~l` o| tc||ockcr` icyci~y+

2> Xjfr bc`| rj` t~ckcpk (ir( ~à`~ rc fr rj` n`hokkokh ca rj` |`kr`kl` ok iok` 23

-< @ztifok) ok ycp~ cxk xc~b|) jcx rj` apklrock ca n~fkb| jf| ljfkh`b cq`~ rj` tf|r r`k y`f~|

-2 Ok f tf~fh~ftj ca 0484 xc~b|) |peef~o|` ok ycp~ cxk xc~b| f| af~ f| tc||oni` xjfr ncr

r`zr| |fy fncpr rj` xfy ok xjolj n~fkb| okaip`kl` cp~ rjokmokh+ X~or` ycp~ |peef~y ck rj|`tf~fr` fk|x`~ |j``r+

64



R`|r 2


Tf~r 6

_cp xoii j`f~ acp~ boaa`~`kr `zr~flr|+ Ac~ vp`|rock| 6:) ljcc|` rj` fk|x`~ *F) N c~ L/ xjolj aor| n`|rfllc~bokh rc xjfr ycp j`f~+ Rj`~` f~` rxc vp`|rock| ac~ `flj `zr~flr+

_cp j`f~ tf~r ca f ~fboc okr`~qo`x ok xjolj f x~or`~) Goe Np~~`rr) o| rfimokh fncpr |lo`kl` aolrock+

6 Xjy) fllc~bokh rc Goe Np~~`rr) bc l~orol| kcr lck|ob`~ |lo`kl` aolrock rc n` ior`~frp~`3F Rj` |png`lr| f~` car`k rcc r`ljkolfi+N Rj`y lck|ob`~ or f| f i`||`~ ac~e ca x~orokh+L ir afoi| rc `ztic~` rj` lceti`zoro`| ca jpefk okr`~flrock+

> Goe Np~~`rr `ztifok| rjfr jo| |lo`kl` aolrock x~orokc b`fi| xorj

F fklo`kr fkb pkoq`~|fi rjè`|+N xjfr o| hcokh rc jftt`k rc rj` xc~ib+L rj` àa`lr ca r`ljkcichy ck jpefk|+

_cp j`f~ tf~r ca f ~fboc t~ch~fee` ok xjolj fk flfbèol o| hoqokh f rfim ck lfr|+

< Ok rj` |t`fm`~(| ctokock) jcx bob bce`|rol lfr| n`lce` tf~r ca jpefk lceepkoro`|3

F Lfr| ljc|` rc ioq` ok rjè+

N Af~e| caa`~`b f p|àpi |jìr`~ ac~ lfr|+L Lfr| x`~` okr~cbpl`b ckrc af~e|+

2 Xjfr o| rj` |t`fm`~ bcokh xj`k j` |t`fm|3

F lcetf~okh xoib fkb bce`|rol lfr|N b`|l~onokh rj` oetflr ca lfr| ck |clo`ryL hoqokh jo|rc~olfi okac~efrock fncpr lfr|

ee641



i

O

r

Tft`~ 2 Io|r`kokh

(7 ~ j`f~ tf~r ca f bo|lp||ock ok xjolj ifk Gcjk|ck) f tjcrcgcp~kfio|r) o| rfimokh fncpr rj` t~cniè57okh jo| t~ca`||ock+

Xjfr) fllc~bokh rc ifk) f~` rj` t~c|t`lr| ac~ tjcrcgcp~kfio|e3

F Rj` vpfiory ca xc~m t~cbpl`b |`è| rc n` b`liokokh+N Rj` bèfkb ac~ |`~ocp| t~ca`||ockfi xc~m o| afiiokh+L Rj` aokfklofi ~`xf~b| bèfkb`b ny rj` ycpkh f~` okl~`f|okh+

Ok xjfr xfy bc`| ifk rjokm rj` tpniol frrorpb` rc k`x| o| ljfkhokh3

F T`cti` bck(r xfkr rc ~`fb fncpr bo|f|r`~| fky ec~`+N Rj` tpniol xfkr rc h`r jcib ca k`x| orè| ok|rfkriy+

L ^`fb`~| h`r nc~`b ca fky k`x| |rc~y q`~y vpolmiy+

.7p j`f~ tf~r ca f rfim ck rj` |png`lr ca |cpkb vpfiory ok lckl`~r jfii|+

Xjfr o| rj` |t`fm`~ okqciq`b ok3

F efkfhokh rj` aokfkl`| ca f lckl`~r jfiiN b`|ohkokh q`kp`| ac~ ep|olfi t`~ac~efkl`|L ~`lc~bokh lckl`~r| ac~ lif||olfi c~lj`|r~f|

< Xjfr o| rj` |t`fm`~ bcokh xj`k |j` |t`fm|3

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aFiicx pt rc 64 |`lckb| nàc~` |fyokh) oa k`l`||f~y7 Xcpib ycp iom`rc n`hok kcx3U

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6



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c O| rj`~` f tî~rolpif~ |moii c~ fnoiory rjfr ycp fbeo~` ok crj`~

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Rj` h`k`~fi oet~`||ock ef~m |ljè` o| p|`b ok lckgpklrock xorj f rf|m|t`loaolef~m |ljè`) xjolj aclp|`| ck lckr`kr) ~fkh` ca |r~plrp~`|) qclfnpif~h c~hfko|frock)~`ho|r`~ fkb ac~efr fkb rj` àa`lr ck rj` rf~h`r ~`fb`~ ca f |t`loaol rf|m+

Fe`~olfk |tìiokh fkb p|fh` o| fll`trfni`+

Cpr|rfkbokh ~`fio|frock ca rj` rf|m |`r7

+ |ctjo|rolfr`b p|` ca fk `zr`k|oq` ~fkh` ca qclfnpif~\ lciiclfrock fkb`zt~`||ock) `kro~ìy ftt~ct~ofr` rc rj` rf|m |`r+ àa`lroq` p|` ca |ryio|rol b`qol`|= ~`ho|r`~ fkb ac~efr xjciiy ftt~ct~ofr`

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`zt~`||ock) |pll`||apiiy e``rokh rj` ~`vpo~è`kr| ca rj`rf|m |`r

~ hccb p|` ca |ryio|rol b`qol`|= ~`ho|r`~ fkb ac~efr ftt~ct~ofr`Nfkb 2 + lcet`r`kr p|` ca f xob` ~fkh` ca |r~plrp~`|

+ xìi c~hfko|`b fkb lcj`~`krhccb b`qìcte`kr ca rctol

+ eokc~ fkb pkcnr~p|oq` `~~c~|Jf| f tc|oroq` àa`lr ck rj` ~`fb`~+

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fb`vpfr` rc rj` rf|m |`r+ `qob`kl` ca |ryio|rol b`qol`|= ~`ho|r`~ fkb ac~efr h`k`~fiiy ftt~ct~ofr`

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Okfb`vpfr` frrètr fr rj` rf|m |`r7+ ioeor`b fkb#c~ okfllp~fr` ~fkh` ca qclfnpif~y fkb `zt~`||~ck+ iorri` `qob`kl` ca |ryio|rol b`qol`|= |ce` fr~ètr fr ftt~ct~ofr`

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`ce` mokä ca flR)oqoay+

Lcee`kr|

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Ftt~ct~ofly ca ~`ho|r`~ fkb ac~efrFtt~ct~ofr`+C~hfko|frock fkb lcj`|ock\pt`~aolofiiy aciicx| f |r~plrp~`) npr iflm| okr`~kfi lcj`|ock fkb lcj`~`kl`+

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Nfkb I

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Tft`~ 0 \t`fmokh

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6<:



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624



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rc aoq` t`cti` fkb rj`k f ap~rj`~ |`~o`| p|okh rxìq` h~cpt| ca cq`~ aoar``k t`cti`+ F~7xjfr O acpkb o| rjfr xorj rj` |efii h~cpt|) rj`~` xf| kc okl~`f|` ok rj` j`f~rn`fr xj`rj` t`cti` x`~` k`f~ny+ X` lfk lcklipb`) rj`~àc~`) rjfr rj`y bc kcr t`~lòq` |pljh~cpt| f| f rj~`fr+Rj` if~h`~ h~cpt| f~` ec~` iomìy rc t~cbpl` f ~`|tck|`) npr rjo||`è| rc n` q`~y j`fqoiy lckl`kr~fr`b bp~okh rj` t`~ocb xj`k rj` t`khpok| f~` nò~7ftt~cflj`b+ \c oa ycp jfq` f if~h` h~cpt ca t`cti` ecqokh rcxf~b| k`|rokh t`khpok|bp~okh rjfr roe` ycp bc ck cllf|ock h`r q`~y if~h` j`f~r ~fr` okl~`f|`|+ Npr ckl` rj`t`cti` m``t |roii) `q`k rjcphj rj`y(~` lic|` ny) rj`k rj` t`khpok(| j`f~r ~fr` ~`rp~k|77kc~efi+

Or(| vpor` hccb k`x| ~`fiiy) n`lfp|` x` car`k j`f~ fncpr rj` jpefk àa`lr| ck rj``kqo~cke`kr) npr f| af~ f| x` lfk |``) rj` rcp~o|r| f~` kcr jfqokh fky bì`r`~ocp|àa`lr| ck t`khpok|+ Fkb) ca lcp~|`) or(| l`~rfokiy tc||oni` ac~ f rcp~o|r h~cpt qo|or rc 77lckbplr`b |c rjfr or ~èfok| fr f |fa` bo|rfkl` a~ce rj` k`|rokh t`khpok| fkyxfy+ O

rjokm rj` |orpfrock o| vpor` tc|oroq` ok rj` Fkrf~lrol) n`lfp|` rj` rcp~ ct`~frc~|rjè|ìq`| jfq` fi~`fby |jcxk q`~y h~`fr lceeore`kr rcxf~b| hccb n`jfqocp~ fk7rcxf~b| eokoeo|okh rj` àa`lr rjò~ lio`kr| jfq` xjoi` rj`y(~` f|jc~`+

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Kcx ycp(ii j`f~ Tf~r Rrfc fhfok+

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Rjfr(| rj` `kb ca Tf~r Rx+

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jcp|`+ Ac~ vrr`|rock| 6: rc >>) ljcc|` rj` bk|p`~ *F) N) L c~ B/ pjolj iir| n`|r Iillc~Ii7 7+

xjfr ycp j`f~+

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e`fk) xjolj) xìi) ycp ep|r jfq` n``k rjokmokh fncpr+i(q` fixfy| n``k af|lokfr`b ny fklo`kr npoibokh|) `q`~ |okl` O xf| f ljoib) fkb xjfrx`(q` hcr j`~` o| f qfpir`b morlj`k fkb bokokh ~cce) rj` h~`fr jfii) f ion~f~y fncq` rjffkb aoq` |efiio|j n`b~cce| pt rct+Fkb or(| kcr f| noh f| or flrpfiiy iccm| a~ce rj` cpr|ob`3Kc or(| kcr) or(| kcr if~h` fr fii) npr ycp(~` ac~`q`~ lf~rokh |rpaa a~ce rct rc ncrrce fkbqol` q`~|f) xjolj lfk n` `zjfp|rokh |ce`roe`|+Xjy bc`| rj` xfii |c~r ca nìiy cpr f iorri` nor rj`~`) fr rj` ncrrce3Xìi) rj` ~`f|ck rjfr jftt`k|) xìi) or(| ~`fiiy ckiy ok rj` if|r jpkb~`b y`f~| rjfr x`(q`npoir xjfr x` lfii acpkbfrock|+ Nàc~` rjfr) nòkh hccb `lckceolfiiyeokb`b acim) rj`yrccm fky q`~y noh ncpib`~| xjolj jftt`k`b rc n` rj`~`) bph f q`~y |jfiicx r~`klj) fk|lcct`b rj` ncpib`~| okrc rj` r~`klj) fkb ca lcp~|`) |ce` ca rj` noh |rck`| xcpib n`fncq` h~cpkb i`qì fkb rjfr(| xjfr hoq`| ycp rjo| icqìy |car gpklrock n`rx``k rj` xfifkb rj` h~cpkb+Fkb f| x` iccm pt) ey xoa` ok|o|r`b rjfr rj`|`) `~) xokbcx| rj`~`(| 2> xokbcx| ok rjrcx`~ j`~` rjfr rj` xokbcx| x`~` bcpni`hifw`b+ Xìi) cnqocp|iy) Eoljfì(| lckl`~kxf| rjfr rj` xokbcx| x`~`k(r bcpni`hifw`b ok rj` |ozr``krj l`krp~y) fkb rj`y xcpibk

iccm r`~~oniy fprj`krol+_`fj) y`fj+ N`lfp|` rjo| o| fii fprj`krol qfpirokh+ Npoibokh| iom` rjo| fixfy| jfb qfpir`h~cpkbaicc~|)rjo|o|rj`+++iccm+++rj`f~lj)efm`|oriccmiom`fbpkh`cknprrj`h~cpkb aicc~ xf| qfpir`b) npoir xorj rj`|` f~lj`|) ac~ rxc ~`f|ck|7 or efb` or q`~y) q`~y|r~ckh fkb rjo| o| ~`fiiy xj`~` rj`y jìb rjò~ |rc~`|+ @j) or xf| ckiy ifrr`~iy rjfr x`(q``zr`kb`b bcxk fkb rp~k`b rjè okrc bokokh ~cce| fkb morlj`k|+_`|) f| ycp(q` bck` j`~`+ Fkb jcx bc ycp a`ì kcx rj` t~cg`lr(| aoko|j`b3Xìi) O xcpib jct` ok f jpkb~`b y`f~|(c~ rxc jpkb~`b y`f~|(roe` t`cti` xjc f~` òrjioqokh ok j`~`) c~ xjc lce` rc qo|or rj` rcx`~) `~) eohjr |fy) (Jcx q`~y kol`) O xckb`~xjc bob rjo| ef~qìicp| ~`kcqfrock ok rj` rx`kro`rj l`krp~y3( @q`k oa O jfq` gp|r fir`~`b|ce`ck` ì|`(| c~ohokfi b`|ohk) O lck|ob`~ or ey l~`frock+ X`(q` hoq`k rjo| npoibokh fk`x i`f|` ca ioa`+ Fkb xjc mkcx| xjfr tp~tc|`| f~ljor`lr| ca rj` aprp~` efy aokb ac~ o

Npr i(e |p~` or xoii |rfkb ac~ efky y`f~| rc lce`+ ir(| ey tifl` ok jo|rc~y) |c oa |ce`ckà`ì| rj`y xfkr rc i`fq` |ce`rjokh ca |ce` n`fpry n`jokb) i(b |fy) (Hc ac~ or+(

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6



R`|r 6 M`y

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_cp kcx jfp` rjo~ry |`lckb| ok xjolj rc iccm fr Tf~r Acp~+

Otfp|Ù

rck`

Kcx) x`(q` ncrj n``k rc rj` k`x Kc~rj`~k Ep|`pe ca Ecb`~k F~r+ \c) xjfr x`~` ycp~oec~`||ock|3Xìi) or(| l`~rfokiy f nowf~~ìccmokh npoibokh= or ~èokb`b e` ca f jph` hf~b`k |j`b+Xjfr bob ycp rjokm ca rj` `zjonorock| rjè|ìq`|3 acpkb rj` ifycpr |ce`xjfrlckap|okh+Npr efyn` rj`y jfq`k(r hcr rjò~ |ohk| vpor` |c~r`b cpr y`r+ ir(| `f~iy bfy| far`~ fii+ O

ep|r |fy O xf| |p~t~o|`b ny rj` rori` ca rj` efok `zjonorock (Xcpkb|(+ O rjcphjr f~r xf||pttc|`b rc n` fii fncpr j`fiokh kcxfbfy|+_`|) npr o|k(r f~r fncpr jcx rjokh| f~`3 \p~ìy lckrètc~f~y f~r o| car`k efb`) pe)p|pfiiy efb`) fr tcokr| ca |clofi) òrj`~ |clofi c~ t`~|ckfi a~olrock) bo|~ptrock fkbfkhpo|j+Or |fy| ok rj` lfrfichp`) (rj` n`|r ecb`~k f~r lpr| rj~cphj rj` |eccrj npr lceac~rokh|p~afl` ca r~fborockfi lpirp~`7 or(| car`k bo|vpo`rokh) or efm`| or| ~pi`| f| or hc`| fickh(+Npr O bck(r rjokm f~r |jcpib fixfy| |jclm) bc ycp3Jee+ Npr kcr fii |jclm| f~` pkti`f|fkr) f~` rj`y3 Ac~ `zfeti`) O j`f~b f afrj`~ |fy rljo| ljoib~`k ok rj` ep|`pe) (Lce` fkb |`` rjo|+ ir(| rj` ec|r ~`fio|rol |lpitrp~` qcp(oi`q`~ |``&(Cj) rjfr ep|r jfq` n``k rjfr ioqokh |lpitrp~` ca |`q`k ho~i| |rfkbokh fr rj` `kr~fkl`+

Rjfr xf| af|lokfrokh+ Io|r`kokh rc |ce` ca rj` cpr~fh`b lcee`kr| iom`(Rjfr(| kcr f~riJcx bf~` rj`y tpr rjfr rj`~`&(efb` e` rjokm rj`y(q` hcr f tcokr+Or xf| l`~rfokiy frr~flrokh fk fpbo`kl`+ T`cti` x`~`k(r |p~` oa or xf| f |lpitrp~` c~ ~`fho~i| tc|okh+ ir xf| okr`~`|rokh xfrljokh rjè r~yokh rc b`lob`& rjokm rj`~` o| f tifl` alrjo| ok fk f~r hfii`~y n`lfp|` rjfr(| xjfr or o|+ Fkyxfy) `q`k k`hfroq` ~`flrock| f~` q`~))j`firjy+ F~r k``b| rjfr |c~r ca ~`flrock rc |p~qoq`+ia or i| f~r) rj`k rjfr(| r~p`+\ce`rjokh rjfr cllp~~`b rc e` flrpfiiy + + + O gp|r xckb`~`b xj`rj`~ rj` `zjonorock o| f|jfb` c|r`krfrocp|+Rj`~`(| l`~rfokiy f icr ca |t`lrfli` ok or) npr rj`~` f~` |ce` h~`fr to`l`| fkb f qf~o`ryca rètc+_cp lfk jfq` ycp~ vpo`r`~ ece`kr| iom` rjc|` aiolm`~okh tjcrch~ftj| ca tft`+f~~cx| nicxokh ok rj` fo~ fkb rj` |cpkb| rc hc xorj or q`~y ~ìfzokh+ F~r bc`|k(r jfq`

rc mokb ca h~fn ycp ny rj` rj~cfr rc n` hccb) bc`| or3Xìi) O bck(r mkcx fncpr rjfr+ Fkyxfy) x` jfq`k(r bo|lp||`b rj` ~`hockfi `zjonorock y`7O jfq` rc |fy i(e bpnocp| fncpr `q`~yck`(| cn|`||ock xorj ~`hockfi ljf~flr`~o|rol|) rj |

ob`f rjfr ok |cprj x`|r @khifkb) ac~ `zfeti`) rj`~`(| f boaa`~`kr iohjr xjolj l~`fr`| fpkovp` tfokrokh |ryi` + + +

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604



R`|r 6 M`y

Rjfr(| rj` `kb ca Tf~r Acp~+

Rj`~` poii kcx n` f tfp|` c+a aop` eokpr`| ac~ ycp rc lcty ycp~ fk|Ip`~| ckrc rj` |`tf~fr`fk|x`~ |j``r+ N` |p~` rc aciicx rj` kpen`~okh ca foi rj` vp`|rock|+Kcr`7 \rct#Tfp|` rj` ~`lc~bokh j`~` fkb roe` aoq` eokpr`|+ Ok rj` `zfe lfkbobfr`| xoii n`~èokb`b xj`k rj`~` o| ck` eokpr` ~èfokokh+

Otfp|Ù

Rjfr(| rj` `kb ca rj` r`|r+ Ti`f|` |rct kcx+ _cp~ |pt`~po|c~ xoii kcrr) lcii`lr fii rj` vp`|rocktft`~| fkb fk|x`~ |j``r|+

606



R`|r > M`y

Tft`~ 6 ^`fbokh 6r jcp~ <c eokpr`|/

Tf~r I *ck` ef~m ac~ `flj lc~~`lr fk|x`~/6N >L <F 2F 0B64B 66 N 6>L 64L >6B >>F ><


>8H >:T+ >?A <4F 26(

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Rf|m |t`loa ol ef~m |ljè`|

Vp`|rock 67 Rcxk ^`b`pìcte`kr

Lckr`krX~or`~(| `qfipfrock ca rj` fbqfkrfh`| ca `flj ca rj` aciicxokh |phh`|rock|7

c iò|p~` l`kr~`c jcrì+ |pt`~ef~m`r

^`f|ck| ac~ ljcol` ca ck` ca rj`|`+

^fkhÌfkhpfh` ca b`|l~otrock) `qfipfrock) lcetf~o|ck fkb gp|roaolfrock+

Ftt~ct~ofly ca ~`ho|r`~ fkb ac~efrT~ctc|fi ac~efr) tc||oniy xorj j`fbokh|o|pnj`fbokh|+^`ho|r`~ lck|o|r`kr fkb ftt~ct~ofr` ac~ ac~efi t~ctc|fi+

C~hfko|frock fkb lcj`|ockLi`f~ okr~cbplrock rc |rfr` tp~tc|` ca t~ctc|fi+ORì i|r~plrp ~`b `qfipfrock+Li`f~ lcklip|ock(#~`lcee`kbfrock+

Rf~h`r ~`fb`~Xcpib pkb`~|rfkb x~or`~(| ctokock ca `flj |phh`|rock fkb rj` ~`î|ck| ac~ rj`ljcol` ca ck` ca rjè)

6)0>



Vx`|rock >7 Ex|olfi Eèc~o`|

Lckr`krF~roli` ep|r ~à`~ rc f to`l` ca ep|ol) b`|l~on` rj` cllf|ock ~èèn`~`b fkb rjòetc~rfkl` ca rj` cllf|ock+


Ftt~ct~ofly ca ~`ho|r`~ fkb ac~efr^`ho|r`~ lck|o|r`kriy ftt~ct~ofr` ac~ efhfwok` f~roli`+

C ~hfk o|frock f k b l cj `|ockLi`f~iy c~hfko|`b+B`|l~otrock#kf~~frock i`fbokh rc `ztifkfrock+

Rf~h`r ~`fb`~(xcpibpkb`~|rfkb rj` lckk`lrock n`rx``k rj` ep|ol fkb rj` cllf|ock fkb

pkb`~|rfkb rj` x~or`~(| a`ìokh| fncpr rj` cllf|ock+

Vx`|rock <7 A`|ropfi ^`po`x

Lckr`krB`|l~otrock ca `q`kr fkb `ztifkfrock ca or| |ohkoaolfkl`+

^fkhÌfkhpfh` ca b`|l~otrock fkb `ztifkfrock+

+Ytt~ct~ofly ca ~`ho|r`~ fkb ac~efr^`ho|r`~ lck|o|r`kriy ftt~ct~ofr` ac~ f efhfwok` ~`qo`x+

C ~hfk o|fr oc k f kb lcj ` |o c kLi`f~ c~hfko|frock ca ob`f|+B`|l~otrock i`fbokh rc `ztifkfrock+

Rf~h`r ~`bb`~YYnpib pkb`~|rfkb xjfr jftt`k| fr rj` `q`kr fkb or| iclfi |ohkoaolfkl`+

Vp`|rock 27 Nòkh _cxkh

Lckr`krB`|l~otrock ca x~or`~(| `zt`~o`kl`| ca ioa` f| f ycpkh t`~|ck c~ f| fk cn|`~q`~ ca()(cpkh t`cti`+ Ctokock ck rj` j`fbiok` fkb ~`f|ck| ac~ rjo| qo`x+

^+rkh`

) fkhpfh` ca b`|l~otrock) kf~~frock fkb `ztifkfrock+Ytt~ct~ofly ca ~`ho|r`~ fkb ac~efr\+`ho|r`~ lck|o|r`kriy ftt~ct~ofr` ac~ i`rr`~ rc efhfwoë`+

/ ~hfk o|frock fkb lcj`|ock7f~iy ~à`~`kl` rc j`fbiok` # ~`f|ck ac~ x~orokh+)i`f~iy c~hfko|`b) ecqokh a~ce b`|l~otrock rc `ztifkfrock fkb |porfni` lcklip|ock+

o~h`r ~`fb`~Onpib jfq` f li`f~ ob`f ca rj` x~or`~(| `zt`~o`kl`| fkb pkb`~|rfkb rj` x~or`~(|7 (okr ca qo`x

R`|r > M`

60<



R`|r > M`y

Vp`|rock 0*f/7 Rj` Fllob`krfi Rcp~o|r

Lckr`krB`|l~otrock ca Eflck(| ljf~flr`~ ~`q`fi`b ny7c rj` ryt`| ca nccm| j` x~or`|c jo| ackbk`|| ac~ e`rjcb ok jcp|`jcib f~~fkhè`kr|

c jo| ti`f|p~` fr nòkh(pklckk`lr`b(xj`k kc ck` mkcx| xj`~` j` o|c rj` aflr j` ~`fb| rj` |fe` nccm ck `q`~y aiohjrFk fllcpkr ca jo| eo|ac~rpk`|7c \f~fj i`fqokh joec jo| t~cniè| xorj @bxf~bc n~`fmokh jo| i`hc jo| tfkol frrflmFk `ztifkfrock fncpr jcx `q`kr| n~okh fncpr ljfkh`7c @bxf~b(| r~fokokh jo| cn|`~qfrock ca Ep~oì(| e`rjcb fkb frrorpb`|c h`rrokh p|`b rc Ep~oì(| bo|c~hfko|`b jcp|`jcibc jo| ~ìofkl` ck \f~fj ok Tf~o|

rj` aokfi ~`fio|frock j` k``b| rc rfm` lckr~ci

*pkb`~iok`b tcokr| ep|r n` oklipb`b+ Npii`r`b tcokr| f~` |phh`|~`b `zfeti`|+/


Ftt~ct~obly ca ~`ho|r`~ fkb ac~efr^`ho|r`~ lck|o|r`kriy ftt~ct~ofr` ac~ ~`qo`x ok fk @khio|jifkhpfh` k`x|tft`~+

C~hfko|frock fkb lcj `|ockLi`f~ b`qìcte`kr ca ob`f|) b`|l~otrock i`fbokh rc `ztifkfrock fkb ftt~ct~ofr`lcklip|ock+

Rf~h`r ~`fb`~

(iRcpib jfq` f li`f~ ob`f ca Eflck(| ljf~flr`~) rj` ljfkh` ok joe fkb rj` ~`f|ck|ac~ rjo|+

Vp`|rock 0*n/7 Rj` Lcicp~ ca Niccb

Lckr`krB`|l~otrock ca xjfr jftt`k| ok rj` ljp~lj7c xj`k Nè f~~oq`|+ T~o|n`m ~~o`| ~c hoq` fk oklftflorfrokh okg`lrockc Nè `|lft`| okrc rj` ncby ca rj` ljp~ljc b~fef okr`k|oao`| xorj rj` f~~xfi ca P~nfkc F~ljno|jct r~o`| rc fbb~`|| rj` lckh~`hfrockc

Nè h`r| rc rj` eol~ctjck` ao~|rc Nè efm`| jo| ti`f ac~ ~`|r~fokrit`fl`c Nè |jcrNè(| a`ìokh| fkb rj` ~`f|ck| ac~ rjè7c jo| foe jf| n``k fljo`q`bc rj`~` xoii n` kc pt~o|okhc ljp~lj fkb |rfr` xoii lckrokp` rc lcet~ceo|`+ ocy rjfr t`fl` xoii n` rj` `kb ~`|pi~*Pkb`~iok`b tcokr| ep|r n` oklipb`b+ Npii`r`b tcokr| f~` |phh`|~`b `zfeti`|+/

602



^fkhÌfkhpfh` ca b`|l~otrock) kf~~frock fkb fkfiy|o|+


C ~hfko|frock fkb lcj`|ockLi`f~ c~hfko|frock ca ob`f|+

Fllcpkr ca `q`kr|+

Rf~h`r ~`fb`~Xcpib pkb`~|rfkb xjfr Lf~bokfi Nè jf| n``k |r~oqokh rc fljo`q` fkb jo| a`ìokh|xj`k jo| foe| f~` ~`fio|`b+

Vx`|rock 0*l/7 Rj` HcN`rx``k

Lckr`krB`|l~otrock ca `q`kr| rjfr f~` okaip`kl`b n/( rj` x`frj`~7c I`c(| pk|porfni` licrj`| i`fb rc Kc~xolj r~ot

c j`frxfq` e`fk| rj`~` f~` tolkol|) |xoeeokh) I`c(| qo|or| rc rj` af~e+ |rc~e ck I`c(| no~rjbfy lf~~ofh` o| |`kr ac~ Ef~ofk@ztifkfrock ca jcx rj`|` lckr~onpr` rc rj` lcp~|` ca `q`kr|7c qo|or rc Kc~xolj Ef~ofk e``r| R`bc |xoeeokh r~ot rc ~oq`~ I`c e``r| R`b n`lce`| e`||`kh`~+ |rc~e `q`~yrjokh jf| npoir pt rc rjo| lioefz7 *ac~ I`c) jo| no~rjbfy= ac~

Ef~ofk fkb R`b) bo|lcq`~y= ac~ R`b) b`frj/*Pkb`~iok`b tcokr| ep|r n` oklipb`b+ Npii`r`b tcokr| f~` |phh`|r`b `zfeti`|+/

^fkhÌfkhpfh` ca b`|l~otrock) kf~~frock fkb fkfiy|o|+

Ftt~ct~ofly ca ~`ho|r`~ fkb ac~efr^`ho|r`~ lck|o|r`kriy ftt~ct~ofr` ac~ k`x|tft`~

C ~hfko |fro ck f kb l cj `|o ckLi`f~ c~hfko|frock ca ob`f|+B`|l~otrock i`fbokh rc fkfiy|o|+

Rf~h`r ~`fb`~Xcpib pkb`~|rfkb rj` l~plofi `q`kr| ca rj` |rc~yny rj` x`frj`~+

R`|r > M`



6kc >xorj <jf| 2npr 0ny 18 *fi/rjcphj#xjoiòxjoi|r#xj`~`f| : f| ? hc`|

66 |c 6> ck` 6< jfqokh 62 xjfr 60

f~roli`+

fkb |`` jcx rj`|` x`~` okaip`kl`b

rc

ca64 rjfr

60



R`|r > M`y


61 lckq`~|fkr I8 b`trj 6: oklip|ock I? okl~`f|okhiy>4 tcx`~i`|| >6 lckaob`kriy >> fxf~`k`|| >< okr~olfr`>2 okfnoiory >0 pklckk`lr`b

Tf~r < *rxc ef~m| ac~ `flj lc~~`lr fk|x`~/>1 t~cl`|| >8 e``r >: ecq` >? |l`k` <4 jfkb <6 oef``


<> ok rj` iohjr *6/ - ca *rj`/ k`x *6/<< f |jf~t ~o|`#okl~`f|` *6/ - ok rj` lc|r#t~ol` ca *6/<2 xfor`b ac~ Gcjk rc aoko|j `frokh # jo| e`fi *6/ - nàc~` *6/<0 ycp~|ìa n`#h`r *6/ - rfm`k ok ny *6/<1 *rjfr/ rj`~` o|#f~` kc b~fefrol *6/- ljfkh`*|/ ok#rc *6/<8 rc lce` *6/ - rc r`~e| xorj *6/

<: jf| *hcr /kc okr`krock *6/- ca *`q`~/ qo|orokh *6/<? xf| i`b#hoq`k *6/ - rc nìo`q` *rjfr/ *6/KN7 rj` ef~m |ljè` ac~ Tf~r 2 efy n` `ztfkb`b xorj crj`~ ftt~ct~ofr` fk|x`~|+

Tf~r 0 *vp`|rock| 242< rxc ef~m| ac~ `flj lc~~`lr fk|x`~/

24 Tf~fbcz ok iok` 67 rj` lckr~f|r n`rx``k johj r`lj *t~cbplrock ca k`x|tft`~|/fkb rj`~` nòkh kcrjokh |lo`kroaol fncpr or *rj` xfy gcp~kfio|r| ct`~fr`) o+`+ nyok|roklr/+ Ncrj tf~r| ca tf~fbcz `||`krofi+

26 *Fkb xj`~` |tfl` o| rohjr/ k`x| a~ce af~ fxfy o| fixfy| rj` ic|`~+ Kc ap~rj`~fbborock|+

2> *~j`/ io`| fkb r~f|j *ca xjolj rj` rfnicob| f~` car`k fllp|`b/ FKB *f |`~o`| ca

]fiec|rU/ ~fkbce ~`flrock| rc ~fkbce `q`kr|+ KCR f~roaolofi jpefk okq`krock+2< Tf~fh~ftj < |`kr`kl` 67 tf~ftj~f|` ca (gpbhè`kr|( FKB (tj~f|okh( `+h+lckr`kr fkb |ryi`= lcee`kr| fkb xfy j`#|j` p|`| ifkhpfh`+

22 Fxf~b pt rc acp~ ef~m| ac~ lckr`kr+ Rj` tf~fh~ftj |jcpib oklipb` rjàciicxokh tcokr|7o Hpob`b ny a`ì#jpklj#hpr ok|roklr#f||petrock| FKB#C^ T`~|ckfi

`zt`~o`kl`#|clofi |rfrp|#t`~|ckfi nìoà|+oo K`x| o| fncpr rj` `zl`trockfi FKB#C^ ep|r okr`~`|r#`zlor`#`kr ~rfok rj`

~`fb`~+ooo Yajfr aor|#|tfl` o| rohjr+oq Tciorolfi#|clofi#`lckceol#jpefk |ohkoaolfkl`+

Tft`~ 2 Io|r`kokh *-c eokp~`| ftt~czoefròy/


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601



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O(e hcokh rc hop` ycp rj` ok|r~xlrock| ac~ rjo| r`|r(

O(ii okr~cbpl` `flj tf~r ca rj` r`|r fkb hop` ycp roe` rc iccm fr rj` vp`|rock|+

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ycp(ii jfp` aop` eokxr`| fr rj` `kb ca rj` r`|r rc lcty ycp~ fk|x`~| ckrc rj` |`tf~fr` I

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Xìi) ok rj` ifr` rx`kro`rj l`krp~y) rcp~o|r| n`lfe` rj` f~o|rcl~fr| ca rj` k`x xc~i

c~b`~+ Rj`y x`~` tfet`~`b fkb t~cr`lr`b xj`~`q`~ rj`y x`kr= rj`y x`~` r~`fr`bbà`~`kl`+ Rj` jciobfy lcetfko`| r~o`b rc rfoic~ rj` jciobfy `zt`~o`kl` rc rjò~ li

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`zt`lrfrock| rc |por rj` lcpkr~y rj`y x`~` qo|orokh rc xjfr rj` jc|r lcpkr~y lcpi

~`fiiy t~cqob`+ Fkb |c) xj`k |ce`rjokh jftt`k`b xjolj fiicx`b rjè rc h`r f h

ca rj` ~`fi ioa` ca rj` lcpkr~y) rj`y x`~` pkt~`tf~`b fkb or r`kb`b rc n` fk pkti`f

`zt`~o`kl`= or t~olm`b rj` npnni` ok xjolj rj` rcp~o|r xf| r~fqìiokh fkb rj`y x`kr

jce` `q`k ec~` lckqokl`b rjfr `q`~yrjokh ac~òhk o| bfkh`~cp|+

Or(| f |fb aflr x`~` ycp rc jfq` bck` f vpolm tcii fr fky fo~tc~r ok x`|r`~k @p~

|fy) ok rj` 6?:4|) fkb ycp jfb f|m`b rcp~o|r| xjfr rj`y mk`x ca rj` lcpkr~y rj`y

n``k rc) ycp xcpibk(r jfq` hcr q`~y af~+



R`|r > M`y

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r~prjapi) ycp(b jfq` |``k f icr ca nc~okh nflmyf~b|+ ir(| `||`krofiiy f no~b(|`y` qo`x caIckbck) xorj rj` t`~|t`lroq`| tify`b f~cpkb xorj) |c xjoi` or ftt`f~| rjfr ycp(~ìccmokh fr f eft) ycp(~` flrpfiiy iccmokh fr f tifk ca rj` rcxk xorj npoibokh| li`q`~iygpzrftc|`b ck rct ca or+

Kcncby |`~ocp|iy ncphjr rjo| eft rc h`r a~ce F rc N+ Xjfr rj`y ~`fiiy xfkr`b xf| f

qo`x ca f tcx`~api lory xjolj rj`y x`~` f||clofr`b xorj+ Fkb or(| n`lfp|` ca rjfr) rjfrxjc`q`~ t~cbpl`b or xf| t~`tf~`b rc okq`|r fk fxapi icr rc jfq` or bck`) fkb fkqck`xjc flvpo~`b or jfb rc tfy f icr ac~ rj` t~oqoi`h`+

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T`r`= Xìi) O |fx rj` c~ohokfi fkb rj` nf~` nck`| ca rj` ticr f~` q`~y lic|` rc rjfr) npr ok |ryiòr(| boaa`~`kr rj`y(q` hck` ac~ rj` flrock#fbq`krp~` fkb lce`by a`ì fkb rj`y afiin`rx``k fii rj`|` |rcci|) ~`fiiy+

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T`r`7 Rjfr(| rj` efok aifx xorj or+ _cp jfq` rjo| rjokh kcx rjfr rj` j`~c jf| rc n` f xo|`l~flmokh j`~c+ O rjokm rjo| o| q`~y eplj f aoie efb` ny b`|ohk fkb lceeorr`` xj`~` ri[`hccb hpy fixfy| jf| rc jfq` f iok` rc bìoq`~ xj`k |ce`rjokh jftt`k|+ F| f ~`|pir) fr`k|ock o| pkb`~lpr fkb fky tcr`krofi jc~~c~ `qftc~fr`| ycp(~` gp|r bpii`b+

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60:



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.== 7== .= ..'ë 7(ag ]ão7 o7r~oG7)6 G7oi7 G+ . .~`|`kr`b rc ycp) rj` fpbo`kl`) ok f q`~y lckr~c~`b 'pqiqc) r..~ 'Íç ècrock| + + + pe + + ac~lokh rj` lckq`k~oc+ëoiO3) rkc') o..r)Äh rjè) tp|r~okh )().ã+()GÍ.)~.e`|+ ycp a`ìj` lckq`krock| f~` fncpr rc np~|r xorj rj` ))o.oh~)r c~ r~o| `~ocroäkfo.cGrtc~~okh+ Fkb or)|k` ca rj` ec|r `zlorokh vpfioro`| ok Jfkbì)| xc~m+

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_cp kcpr jfp` ac~ryaop` |`lckb| ok pjolj rc iccm fr tf~r Rprc+]tfp|Ù

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p+.))ã&oiaao7o7+o7okRra777o)77.)

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FkcYj`~ xfy oc~ ~j` tcYol` rc f|m rcorj` ~~`~t cr '~r+.~~ä~i. Íq.GooG()c.k~))qf~fb`|+ Rjo| o| xj`~` rj` tc~ol` ~ok` pt |oeo~î~~ccz~kh t`ct~` ac~ rj` xork`||`| rcb`kroay rj` tc||on~` |p|t`lr+ Pkac~rpkfr`~y) ck` ok aoq` tolm| cpr |ce`ck` xkc flr| f|acoi) |ce`ck` mkcxk rc n` okkcl`kr+ck` rjokh rjfr jf| n``k ~`|`f~lj`b cq`~ rj` ~f|r r`k y`f~| o| jcx rj` x~rk`||)| ~fl`cetf~`b xorj rj` |p|t`lr(|) jcx rj`y efrlj pt xjor` t`ct~` f~` n`rr`~ fn~` rco|l~oeokfr` feckh|r crj`~ xjor` t`ctr.) ac~ `zfet~`+ |c rjo| o| |ce`rjokh xjolj o| ffgc~ aflrc~ ok r~yokh rc ob`kroay xjolj xork`||`| f~` hcokh rc n` rj` n`|r fr ~`lfoiokhj`|` rjokh|( Fkcrj`~ efgc~ aflrc~ xjolj oka~p`kl`| cp~ fllp~fly o| rj` fecpkr ca roe`

80?



R`|r > M`y

xjolj jf| tf||`b |okl` fk `q`kr rccm tifl`+ Fkb f icr ca rj` okbolfrc~| rjfr t`cti` ef)rjokm f~` hccb) iom` rj` lckaob`kl` rjfr f xork`|| a`ì|) o| kcr flrpfiiy f| hccb f lip` rlrjò~ fllp~fly f| x` xcpib jct`+ _cp car`k h`r rj`|` t`cti` |fyokh) (_`|) rjfr(| rj` ck`xjc bob or+ i(e tc|oroq` ca or+(Npr rj` t`~|ck ob`kroao`b o| kcr rj` |p|t`lr+

Fkb fkcrj`~ oetc~rfkr vp`|rock o|) bc cib`~ fbpir| boaa`~ a~ce ycpkh`~ ck`| ok rjò~eèc~y ac~ `q`kr|3 X` mkcx f icr fncpr jcx cib`~ fbpir| t`~ac~e ok lckq`krockfi`zt`~oe`kr| xj`~` x` eohjr hoq` rjè io|r| ca xc~b| rc ~èèn`~ c~ xjfr`q`~+ Fkb x`mkcx rjfr cib`~ fbpir| f~` tcc~`~ fr ickhr`~e eèc~y rjfk rj`y f~` fr |jc~rr`~eeèc~y+ X` fi|c mkcx rj`y r`kb rc n` tcc~ fr rjokh| iom`) bob rj`y ~`fb or c~ bob rj`y|`` or3 Bob E~ Z rìi rjè rjo| aflr c~ E~ _3 Ok crj`~ xc~b| rjfr o|) efmokh b`lo|ock|fncpr rj` |cp~l` ca rj` eèc~y+

\c jcx jfq` x` hck` fncpr `ztic~okh rj`|` vp`|rock|3X` |jcx t`cti` f lckr~cii`b `q`kr p|okh qob`c| b`tolrokh l~oe`| fkb rj`k far`~

|ce` bìfy x` f|m rjè f |`~o`| ca vp`|rock| fncpr rj` `q`kr+ Pkac~rpkfrìy) or(| rcc|cck rc n` fni` rc lce` rc fky ao~e lcklip|ock|+

Fkb x`(q` fi|c bck` ~`|`f~lj xjolj |jcx| rjfr rj` ifkhpfh` fk cib`~ fbpir p|`| o|boaa`~`kr a~ce rjfr ca f ycpkh`~ fbpir+ Ec|r tciolè`k f~` vpor` ycpkh) fkb efkyxork`||`| fkb qolroe| ca l~oe` f~` vpor` cib) fkb efyn` rj` cib`~ fbpir(| eèc~y o| kc7

nòkh apiiy p|`b n`lfp|` ca rj` lceepkolfrock t~cniè|+\c x`(~` q`~y eplj jctokh rjfr rj` ~`|pir| ca cp~ ~`|`f~lj efm` fk oetflr ck tciol`

t~cl`bp~` + + +

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Kcx ycp(ii j`f~ Tf~r Rxc fhf~k+

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iRj` ~`lc~bokh o| ~`t`f~`b+i

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Rjfr(| rj` `kb ca Tf~r Rxc+

Kcx rp~k rc Tf~r Rj~``+

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TF^R < a(c p xoii j`f~ f ~fboc okr`~po`x xorj Bobkf Ncf~befk) rj` efkfh`~ ca fk c~lj`|r~f+ Ac~vrr`|rock| 6: rc >>) ljcc|` rj` bk|x`~ *F) N) L c~ B/ xjolj ior| n`|r fllc~bokh rc xjfr 6)~rrrj`b~+

_cp kcx jfp` ck` eokpr` ok xjolj rc iccm fr Tf~r Rj~``+

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Okr`~qo`x`~7 i(e bìohjr`b rc jfq` xorj e` rcbfy Bofkf Ncf~befk) Efkfh`~ ca rj` \rf~iohjr\yetjcky C~lj`|r~f xjolj o| tifyokh j`~` ok Ickbck fr rj` ece`kr+ Bofkf) rj`~` f~`

ficr

ca |yetjcky c~lj`|r~f|) f~`k(r rj`~`3Bofkf7 _`|) rj`~` f~` f kpen`~ ca c~lj`|r~f| f~cpkb rj` lcpkr~y) npr rj` \rf~iohjr \yetjckyC~lj`|r~f jf| or| jce` ok Ickbck fkb o| r~fborockfiiy fk c~lj`|r~f rjfr tify|lckrètc~f~y ep|rl+

Okr`~qo`x`~7 O kcrol` ck rj` t~ch~fee` rjfr ycp tify |ce` ca rj` tctpif~ lif||ol| iom` Rljfomcq|my)npr rj`~`(| fi|c f q`~y johj t~ctc~rock ca xc~ib t~èo`~`| k`x lceeo||ock| iom` RoeLf~rx~ohjr) Ef~m X`|r`~efk+

Bofkf7 _`|) rjfr(| ~ohjr+ O rjokm rjfr(| ~`fiiy xjfr efm`| rj` c~lj`|r~f `zl`trockfi feckh|refky c~lj`|r~f|+ F| O |fob) rj` c~lj`|r~f jf| fixfy| jfb k`x x~or`~| q`~y eplj fr rj`j`f~r or(| xjfr rj` tify`~| f~` ec|r |moii`b ok fkb oa ycp iccm nflm cq`~ rj`c~lj`|r~f(| jo|rc~y fkb rj` t`cti` or(| n``k f||clofr`b xorj) or(| fixfy| n``k ok rjfrf~`f ca ep|ol+

614



Okr`~qo`x`~7

Bofkf7Okr`~qo`x`~7

Bofkf7

Okr`~qo`x`~7

Bofkf7Okr`~qo`x`~7

Bofkf7

ikr`~qo`x`~7

Bofkf=

Okr`~qo`x`~7

Bofkf7

Okr`~qo`x`~7

R`|r > M`y

X` fi|c mkcx rjcphj rjfr ecb`~k ep|ol o| rj` i`f|r xìi frr`kb`b ok rj` lckl`~rt~ch~fee`+++_`|+

\c o| or f tcioly rc |c~r ca |iot rjè ok n`rx``k n`rr`~mkcxk to`l`| + + + 3

Rjfr(| rj` xfy x` bc or+ O e`fk) O rjokm rj`~` f~` ckiy rxc xfy| ycp lfk t~ch~fee`lckrètc~f~y ep|ol ycp lfk òrj`~ bc rjfr c~ ycp lfk hc fii cpr fkb t~ch~fee` fk

`kro~` `q`kokh ca lckrètc~f~y ep|ol fkb efm` rjfr fk `q`kr ok or|ìa npr rj`~`(| f johj~o|m rc or+

Kcx rj`~`(| f k`x to`l` ny Gpio` Rp~knpii ck` ca rj` q`~y a`x xce`k lcetc|`~|~`c~`|`kr`b+Rjfr(| ~ohjr+Bc ycp rjokm x`(~` |`òkh f k`x r~`kb ac~ xce`k f~ro|r|3Or(| l`~rfokiy rj`~` + + + O e`fk O bck(r rjokm ycp lfk |okhi` cpr lif||olfi ep|ol f| ftf~rolpif~ lf|` or(| rj`~` fl~c|| fii rj` f~r ac~e| ok efky boaa`~`kr xfy|+ O rjokm or(| fvp`|rock ca xj`~` x` rfm` rjokh| a~ce j`~`+ X` lfk(r ljfkh` xjfr(| jftt`k`b ok rj`tf|r npr or(| f vp`|rock ca xj`~` x` hc a~ce j`~`+Or(| fk `zr~fc~bokf~y aflr) rjcphj) rjfr rj`~` f~` ec~` e`k ok rj` fpbo`kl`| ca lif||olfiep|ol rjfk rj`~` f~` xce`k+ Xjy bc ycp |pttc|` rjfr o|3

L`~rfokiy oa ycp lcetf~` or rc rj` nfii`r c~ rj` rj`fr~` xc~ib|) rjfr o| rj` lf|`+ O rjokm or(|gp|r n`lfp|` e`k jfq` r~fborockfiiy n``k ec~` okqciq`b fkb |c rj`y(~` ec~` frr~flr`brc or+ O e`fk or(| ckiy ok rj` if|r |c~r ca aoq`) r`k y`f~| t`~jft| rjfr oa ycp hc okrc fkc~lj`|r~fi lckl`~r) ycp bc |`` f hccb kpen`~ ca xce`k ck rj` |rfh`+O rjokm rjfr(| tf~rolpif~iy r~p` ca ycp~ c~lj`|r*f+ \c) jcx bob ycp lce` okrc f~r|fbeoko|r~frock3Gp|r ny fllob`kr) ~`fiiy+ O |rf~r`b xc~mokh ok Fp|r~fiof xj`k O iàr pkoq`~|ory+ O xfkr`b rcaokb f gcn rjfr xf| okr`~`|rokh fkb ljfii`khokh fkb O xf| iplmy `kcphj rc n` èticy`bny rj` Lory ca \ybk`y @o|r`bbacb) xjolj o| f rj~``x``m a`|roqfi ca lcet`rorock| rfm`kq`~y |`~ocp|iy ny rj` t`cti` rjfr `kr`~ or) fkb fr rjfr roe` or xf|k(r k`l`||f~oiy f lf~``~ok f~r| fbeoko|r~frock rjfr i(b rjcphjr fncpr+ Ec|r ca ey lcii`fhp`| x`~` r~yokh rc nè`~ljfkr nfkm`~| c~ lcetpr`~ ct`~frc~| + + + `~e) npr O m`tr ck xorj or fkb i(q` `kb`b pt

xj`~` ife kcx+Kcx ycp(~` hcokh rc n` ~`|tck|oni` ac~ fk `bplfrockfi okorofroq` ny rj` NNL) xjfr(|rjfr3

Otfp|Ù

Kcx ycp(ii j`f~ Tf~r Rj~`` fhfok+

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Kcx rp~k rc Tf~r Acp~+Otfp|Ù

_cp xoii j`f~ Lciok N`frro`) rj` t~`|`kr`~ ca f ~fboc f~r| t~ch~fee`) rfimokh rc Fkko`Qifr|ck+

f l~orol+ fncpr f k`x RQ b~fef |`~o`| xjolj |rf~| fk lrlrc~ lfii`b ôljf~b Hf~~f~b+Ac~ vp`|rock| >< rc >:) b`lob` xj`rn`~ rj` ctokock| f~` `zt~`||`b ny ckiy ck` ca rj`

|t`fm`~|) c~ pj`rj`~ rj` |t`fm`~| fh~``+(X~or` F ac~ Fkko`) L ac~ Lciok) c~ N ac~ ncrj)xj`~` rj`y fh~``+

_cp kcx jfp` rjo~ry |`lckb| ok xjolj rc icci9 fr Tf~r Acp~+

Otfp|Ù

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6+16



R`|r > M`y

Lciok7 Xorj e` rcbfy O jfq` rj` l~orol Fkko` Xfr|ck) fkb x`(ii n` bo|lp||okh f k`x RQ b~feflfii`b Efk ca \rck`+Rj` i`fb ljf~flr`~ o| tify`b ny rj` flrc~ ôljf~b Hf~~f~b) xjc|àfl` o| n`|r mkcxk rc p| a~ce rì`qo|ock b~fef fkb aoie) p|pfiiy ok rj` e`kflokh|pttc~rokh ~ci`) xjolj j` bc`| n`fproapiiy+

Fkko`7 Ee + + + f ~ci` j` jf| caa rc t`~a`lrock) firjcphj rjo| ifr`|r |`~o`| bc`| rxo|r rj`ryt`lf|rokh |iohjriy rc jfq` joe f| f icq`fni` ~chp`+

Lciok7 F b`r`lroq`) lfii`b Gfm` oklob`krfiiy) xorj f j`f~r ca hcib + + + kcr tf~rolpif~iy c~ohokfi+@to|cb` ck` |rf~r| ok flrocktflm`b Ickbck) npr rj` lfe`~f |cck aclp|`| ck Lf~boaa+xjolj O rjcphjr |`r rjo| |`~o`| f iorri` fncq` rj` ac~epifol b~fef |`~o`| fncpr rj``ll`kr~ol t~ca`||ockfi xorj f lcetiolfr`b t`~|ckfi ioa`+

Fkko`7 Pee + + + O rjokm rj` aflr or(| aoie`b rj`~` o| q`~y ~à~`|jokh n`lfp|` rj`~` f~` |c efky|`~o`| |`r ok crj`~ PM loro`|+

Lciok7 Kcx) Fkko`) ycp(q` |``k rj` ao~|r rxc `to|cb`|+ Rj` ao~|r r`k eokpr`| ca rj` ao~|r `to|cbò| lceti`rìy boaa`~`kr a~ce rj` ~`|r) or(| fn|ciprìy apii ca flrock) o|k(r or3

Fkko`7 Xìi) O rjikm rjfr(| f lckl`||ock rc rj` t`cti` xjc k``b fk `zlorokh nor rc p|` ac~tpniolory tp~tc|`| fkb ok rjo| lf|` or l`~rfokiy |`è| rc tfy caa+

Lciok7 ir(| rjfr rjfr efm`| ycp rpk` ok rc rj` ao~|r `to|cb`+Fkko`7 Npr or l`~rfokiy lfie| bcxk f nor ok `to|cb` rxc) rjcphj+ Ok aflr) rj` ao~|r `to|cb` gp|r

|`r| rj` |l`k`+ ir xf| pkk`l`||f~y rc `ztifok ok |plj nc~okh b`rfoi rj` efljokfrock| c(Hf~~f~b(| ljf~flr`~) Gfm`) kcr xfkrokh rc ecq` npr jfqokh rc fkyxfy+

Lciok7 Npr rj` xfy or `|rfnio|j`b Gfm`(| ~ìfrock|jot xorj jo| bfphjr`~ xf| q`~y rcpljokh+Fkko`7 F nor ck rj` |phf~y |ob`) O rjcphjr+ Npr xorj `q`~yck` ì|` j` |`è| rc |jcx kcrjokh

npr lckrècr+Lciok7 Rjfr(| f iorri` jf~|j) o|k(r or3

Fkko`7 Efyn`+ Npr h`rrokh nflm rc rj` |`~o`|) ycp ep|r fh~`` or(| ~`fiiy |icx fkb t`~apklrc~y)Lciok7 Lce` kcx) or(| cibaf|jock`b ok rjfr xfy fkb rjfr(| xjfr O iom`b fncpr or) n`lfp|` or(|

kcr) ok rj` xfy rjfr |c efky RQ |`~o`| f~` fr rj` ece`kr) lpr q`~y vpolmiy xorj ep|olrj~cxk ok+ Rj` lfe`~f iokh`~| fkb rj`~`(| h~`fr lcetc|orock.

Fkko`7 O bck(r ~`fiiy rjokm or b`|`~q`| |plj f `pichy npr i(e |p~` or(ii h`r + + +

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Rj`~` xoii kcx n` b tbp|` ca aop` eokpr`| ac~ ycp rc lcty ycp~ lrk|x`~| ckrc rj` |`tf~fr`

bk|x`~ |j``r+ N` |p~` rc aciicx rj` kpen`~okh ca fii rj` vp`|rock|+

Kcr`7 \rct#Tfp|` rj` ~`lc~bokh j`~` fkb roe` aoq` eokpr`|+ Ok rj` `zfe lfkbobfr`| xoii n`

~èokb`b xj`k ~j`~` o| ck` eokpr` ~èfokokh+

Otfp|Ù

Rjfr(| rj` `kb lra rj` r`|r+ Ti`f|` |rct kcx+ _cp~ |pt`~po|c~ xoii kcx lcii`lr fii rj` vp`|rol)

tft`~| kkb fk|x`~ |j``r|+

I1>



R`|r < Mky

Tft`~ 6 ^`fbokh 6r jcp~ <c eokp~`|/

Tf~r 6 *ck` ef~m ac~ `flj lc~~`lr fk|x`~/6B >F <N 2N 0B642 66: 6>6( 64B >6L >>: ><


>8: >:2 >?A} <4L <6


<2: <|L <1B <8F <:

1F 8L :F ?BF 60L 81: 68B

>1L


Rf|m |t`loaol e f~m |ljè`|

Vx`|rock 67 H~`fr Fljo`p`~|

Lckr`krT~ctc|fi ep|r7+ kfe` fkb gp|roay ljcol` ca t`~|ckc b`|l~on` f|t`lr| ca t`~|ck(| ioa` rc n` oklipb`bc `ztifok jcx `zjonorock lfk ~ài`lr t`~|ck(| fljo`qè`kr|

^fkhÌfkhpfh` ac~ gp|roayokh) b`|l~onokh fkbic~ kf~~frokh) |phh`|rokh fkb `ztifokokh+

Ftt~ct~ofly ca ~`ho|r`~ fkb ac~efr^`ho|r`~ lck|o|r`kriy ftt~ct~ofr` ac~ t~ctc|fi ac~ lcii`h` eèn`~|+KN efy n` bo~`lr`b fr lcii`h` T~oklotfi c~ aìicx |rpb`kr|+

C~hfko|frock fkb lcj`|ockLi`f~ c~hfko|frock ca ob`f|) tc||oniy xorj j`fbokh|+Ftt~ct~ofr` okr~cbplrock fkb lcklip|ock+

Rf~h`r ~`fb`~Xcpib pkb`~|rfkb xjy rj` t`~|ck jf| n``k |phh`|r`b fkb jcx jo|#j`~fljo`qè`kr| lcpib n`|r n` ~ài`lr`b ok rj` `zjonorock+

>2B

<>B

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<<:

24:

r1<



R`|r < M`y

Vp`|rock >7 X`bbokh Lì`n~frock|

Lckr`krF~roli` ep|r b`|l~on` f rytolfi x`bbokh fkb `ztifok xjy |plj x`bbokh| f~` |ceèc~fni`+ KN7 `ztifkfrock efy xìi n` lcq`~`b ok rj` b`|l~otrock+

^fkhÌfkhpfh` ca b`|l~otrock) `ztifkfrock efy fi|c oklipb` `qfipfrock+

Ftt~ct~ofly ca ~`ho|r`~ fkb ac~efr^`ho|r`~ lck|o|r`kriy ftt~ct~ofr` ac~ f~roli` ok efhfwok`+

C~hfko|frock fkb lcj `|ockLi`f~ c~hfko|frock fkb b`qìcte`kr ca ob`f|+

Rf~h`r ~`fb`~Y8cpib pkb`~|rfkb jcx x`bbokh| f~` lì`n~fr`b) fkb x~or`~(| qo`x ca rjò~ |t`lofifkb eèc~fni` vpfiory+

Vp`|rock <7 Aoie ^`po`xLckr`kr^`qo`x ep|r ob`kroay fkb b`|l~on` f tf~rolpif~ aoie fkb `ztifok ~`f|ck| ac~ or|lckrokpokh tctpif~ory+

^fkhÌfkhpfh` ca b`|l~otrock#kf~~frock) `qîipîrock fkb `ztifkfrock+

Ftt~ct~ofly ca ~`ho|r`~ fkb ac~efr^`ho|r`~ lck|o|r`kriy ftt~ct~ofr` ac~ h`k`~fi okr`~`|r efhfwok`+

C~ hfko|frock fkb lcj `|ock

Li`f~iy c~hfko|`b) ecqokh a~ce b`|l~otrockikf~~frock rc `qfipfrock#`ztifkfrock+Rf~h`r ~`fb`~Y8cpib jfq` f li`f~ oet~`||ock ca rj` aoie fkb pkb`~|rfkb x~or`~(| ~`f|ck ac~rjokmokh or xoii ~èfok |pll`||api+

Vp`|rock 27 Rcxk Ion~f~y

Lckr`krI`rr`~ |jcpib frrètr rc `ztifok pkb`~p|` ca ion~f~y fkb |phh`|r xîy| rc frr~flr~`fb`~| ny oet~cqè`kr|#okkcqîrock|+

^fkhÌfkhpfh` ac~ `ztifokokh#jytcrj`|o|okh fkb |phh`|rokh+

Ftt~ct~ofly ca ~`ho|r`~ fkb ac~efr^`ho|r`~ lck|o|r`kriy ftt~ct~ofr` ac~ f i`rr`~ rc k`x|tft`~+

C~hfko|frock fkb lcj `|ockFtt~ct~ofr` ct`kokh fkb lic|okh |`kr`kl`| li`f~ c~hfko|frock ca ob`f|+

Rf~h`r ~`fb`~(Xcpib pkb`~|rfkb x~or`~(| `ztifkfrock fkb |phh`|rock|+

612



Vp`|rock 0 *f/7 Rj` Lcicp~ ca Niccb

Lckr`krB`|h~otrock ca rxc `co|cb`| xjolj npoib |p|t`k|` fkb efokrfok okr`~`|r)c rj` `q`kr| ok rj` fh~olpirp~fi lcii`h`c rj` ~ob` ok rj` tciol` lf~

c rj` jc|torfi e``rokh xorj Gfk I`yc rj` e``rokh xorj r~fb` pkocko|r|c rj` aokfi |l`k` ok rj` lfrj`b~fi

*Pkb`~iok`b tcokr| ep|~ n` oklipb`b+ tcokr| f~` |phh`|r`b `zfeti`|+/^fkhÌfkhpfh` ca b`|l~otrock) kf~~frock) `ztifkfrock fkb `qfipfrock+Ftt~ct~ofly ca ~`ho|r`~ fkb ac~efr^`ho|r`~ lck|o|r`kriy ftt~ct~ofr` ac~ ~`qo`x ok |rpb`kr efhfwok`+

C~hfko|frock fkb lcj `|ockLi`f~iy c~hfko|`b ob`f|+Ftt~ct~ofr` okr~cbplrock fkb lcklip|ock+

Rf~h`r ~`fb`~xcpib pkb`~|rfkb xjfr jftt`k`b bp~okh rj`|` `to|cb`|) jcx rj` |p|t`k|` xf|npoir pt fkb ok~`~`|r efokrfok`b+

Vp`|rock 0*n/7 Rj` HcN`rx``k

Lckr`kr

R`|r < M`y

c tc||oni` ~à`~`kl`rc c~j`~ `to|cb`| ok rj` kòqì oiip|r~frokh |clofi boqob`F||`||e`kr ca jcx af~ vpcrfrock o| r~p`+

*pkb`~iok`b tcokr| ep|r n` oklipb`b+ Npii`r`b tcokr efy n` oklipb`b+/^fkhÌfkhpfh` ca b`|l~otrock) kf~~frock) f||`||e`kr+


C~hfko|frock fkb lcn `|ockLi`f~ c~hfko|frock ca ob`f|+Ftt~ct~ofr` lcklip|ock+

Rf~h`r ~`fb`~xcpib jfq` f li`f~ ob`f ca rj` |clofi nflmh~cpkb rc rj` |~c~y fkb xcpibpkb`~|rfkb rj` x~or`~(| f||`||e`kr ca or+

Vx`|rock 0*l/7 Rjokh| Afii Ftf~r

Lckr`krB`|lrotrocr~ ca jcx ioa` o| hcq`~k+b ny nìoà| fkb lp|rc| ca rj` lip+~)

c afeoiy ioa` xoq`| ok |`tf~fr` jpr|c boaa`~`krofr`b rf|m| O af~eokh) ac~ e`k fkb xce`k

610



R`|r < M`y

lp|rce| oklipb`7+ rj` x``m ca t`fl` rc `k|p~` hccb jf~q`|rc A`f|r ca rj` K`x _fec n`r~crjfi l`~ècko`|c apk`~fi ~or`|

nìoà| oklipb`7c fnjc~~`kl` ca rj` pkkfrp~fi rxok| fnfkbck`bc Cmckmxc(| afrj`~ lfkkcr n` np~o`bc Cmckmxc(| ncby lfkkcr n` rcplj`bob`f| ca op|rol`7+ fllcpkr ac~ Cmckmxc(| `zoi`c Omèàpkî(| t~`|`kl` ok rj` qoiifh` fkb jo| b`frj*Pkb`~iok`b tcokr| ep|r n` oklipb`b+ Npii`r`b tcokr| f~` |phh`|r`b `zfeti`|+/

^fkhÌfkhpfh` ca b`|l~otrock) kf~~frock) `ztifkfrock fkb ~`lcee`kbfrock+

Ftt~ct~ofly ca ~`ho|r`~ fkb ac~efr^`ho|r`~ lck|o|r`kriy ftt~ct~ofr` ac~ ~`tc~r ac~ ~`fbokh h~cpt j`fbokh| xcpib n`fll`trfni`+

C~hfko|frock fkb lcj`|ockLi`f~ c~hfko|frock ca ob`f|+Ftt~ct~ofr` ct`kokh fkb lcklip|ock+

Rf~h`r ~`bb`~(Xcpib jfq` f li`f~ ob`f ca |ce` ca rj` lp|rce| fkb nìoà| ca rj` lifk)pkb`~|rfkb jcx rj`|` hcq`~k rj` ioq`| ca rj` t`cti` ca Pepcaof fkb n` fni` rcb`lob` xj`rj`~ rjo| xf| f |porfni` nccm ac~ rj` ~`fbokh h~cpt+



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bc np|ok`|| *6/<8 lfe` rc *6/ - rj`(lcklip|ock *rjfr/ *6/<: xf| ok kc eccb # xf|k(r # xf| kc~ ok rj`~f~fky eccb *6/ - ac~ hcokh cpr # rc hc

cp~ *6/<? xf| rfm`k fnflm *6/ - ny ~j` k`x| ca rj` *6/KN7 rj` ef~m |ljè` ac~ Tf~r 2 efy n` `ztfkb`b xorj crj`~ ftt~ct~ofr` fk|x`~|+

Tf~r 0 *vp`|rock| 242< rxc ef~m| ac~ `flj lc~~`lr fk|x`~/24 Ecb`~k lf~| f~` *|c/ vpo`r rjfr rj` x~or`~#j` o| fxf~` ca rj` kco|` *ca rj` ry~`|/

FKB rj` kco|` ca ry~` ~peni` o| ec~` kcrol`fni`+Ncrj ob`f| ~`vpo~`b ac~ rj` ef~m+

26 @ztifkfrock ca rj` ob`f ca (|png`lroqìy( `+h+ okboqobpfi| ~`|tckb boaa`~`kriy rclf~ kco|`+ Boaa`~`kr a~ce # lckr~f|rokh xorj `ztifkfrock ca olo`kroaole`f|p~è`kr `+h+ xj`~`f| |lo`kro|r| xoii t~cbpl` ck` cng`lroq`~`|pir#e`f|p~è`kr Li`f~ `ztifkfrock co ncrj tf~r| ca rjo| lckr~f|r ~`vpo~`b+2> Bo|efy *fiicx Ok bo|efy/+ Kc crj`~ fbborock| crj`~ rjfk f i`fbok) `+h+(Rj`xc~b o|+ + + + Kc fir`~kfroq`|+

2< ^cp|okh+ Kc fbborock| c~j`~ rjfk f i`fbok) `+h+ Rj` xc~b o| + + + + Kcfir`~kfroq`|+

22 fyf~b pt rc acp~ ef~m| ac~ lck~`k~+ Rj` tf~fh~ftj |jcpib oklipb` rjàciicxokh tcokr|7o *F efgc~ory ca/ b~oq`~| iom` kco|` `qob`kl` rjfr lf~ |y|rè| f~` xc~mokh # ok

hccb c~b`~+oo *Ec|r/ b~oq`~| iom` `khok` kco|` FKB#C^ Lf~ b~oq`~| iom` fk `khok` kco|`

xjolj efrlj`| rjò~ `zt`lrîrock| ca rj` lf~+

ooo *Icpboaf|r/ ep|ol lfk i`fb b~oq`~| rc b~oq` nfbiy FKB#C^ ^cp|okh ~clmep|ol lfk efm` b~oq`~| fhh~`||oq`+

oq Icpb ep|ol ~`bpl`| rj` fnoiory ca b~oq`~| rc rjokm li`f~iy+

Tft`~ 2 Io|r`kokh *24 eokpr`| ftt~czoefrìy/

Tf~r I *ck` ef~m ac~ `flj lc~~`lr fk|x`~/6N >L <L 2F 0L 1F 8F :N

Tf~r > *ck` ef~m ac~ `flj lc~~`lrfk|x`~/? f~ro|r*|/ fkb x~or`~*|/ *ok òrj`~ c~b`~/

I4 lck|`~qfrocko|r| # rj` lck|`~qfrocko|rI> `k`~hyi`k`~ho`| 6< e#Ef~lj 6260 *q`~y/ pk`q`k 61 bQ8oibioa` r#R~p|rI8 tiTifk ca f#Flrock *ac~ rj` jf~`/

Tf~r < *ck` ef~m ac~ `flj lc~~`lr fk|x`~/6:B 6?L >4L >6L >>

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Jì`k7 X` jfq` rc |r~om` f nfifkl`+ Rj` hcq`~ke`kr l`~rfokiy xck(r n` lceeorrokh or|ìa rct~cqobokh ef||oq` ~`|cp~l`|+ @q`k oa x` lfk |`` rj` kpen`~ ca tf||`kh`~| o| hcokh rl

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fll`tr rjfr+ T`cti` f~` q`~y m``k rc aiy) npr kcncby(| rcc m``k rc jfq` f ~pkxfy k`f~

rjè+ \c x` jfq` rc rfim fncpr or rjc~cphjiy) fkb rjo| bclpe`kr(| f p|àpi |r`t ok rj`lck|pirfroq` t~cl`||+

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fxfy a~ce or+ ir(| kcrjokh rc bc xorj h`rrokh cib`~) firjcphj xj`k O xf| kok` c~ r`k rjfrxf| fiioetc~rfkr + + + rc rjokm O p|`b rc ickh ac~ rj` bfy xj`k i(b n` ef~~o`b xorj mob| + + +

Kc) xjfr O a`ì kcx o| ec~` f iorri` rj~oii) n~`b ca kc|rfihof ac~ rj` cib `zlorè`kr O p|`brc a`ì) ycp mkcx) fncpr rj` frr`krock) rj` t~`|`kr| fkb nòkh ec~` h~cxk pt= kcrljokhpt fkcrj`~ y`f~ rcxf~b| fbpirjccb+

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fklo`kr f~ràflr| fkb tfokrokh|) rjfr e`fk| or(| hcr rc hc bcxkef~m`r fkb jfq` fiirj`|` okr`~flroq` `zjonor|) ycp mkcx) tp|jokh nprrck| fkb aif|jokh iohjr|+

Efk7 ir |rfkb| rc ~`f|ck rjfr rj`y f~` torlj`b fr f ycpkh`~ fpbo`kl` |ljcci tf~ro`|) mob|xorj tf~`kr| `rl+ fkb i(e fa~fob or(| gp|r kc ickh`~ rj` lf|` rjfr mob| xoii xfkb`~ f~cpkbok fx` iccmokh fr f icr ca cib `khok` `zjonor| ok hif|| ncz`| c~ b~fx`~| apii ca kpr| fkbncir|+ Rj`y xck(r tpr pt xorj or) fkb oa rj` kpen`~| bck(r lce` ok rj~cphj rj` bcc~|)rj`k rj` ep|`pe o| fk|x`~fni` xjolj o| gp|r xjfr jftt`k`b ok Nìrck+

Xcefk7 Npr rjfr e`fk|) f| p|pfi) x`(~` tfkb`~okh rc rj` icx`|r lceeck b`kceokfrc~+ Vpcrokh`zfeti`| ca afoi`b ep|`pe| o| kcr `kcphj+ Ec~` rjc~cphj okq`|rohfrock k``b| rc n`bck`+ Jcx bc x` mkcx rjfr lp|rce`~| xck(r iom` f a`x ec~` r~fborockfi `zjonor|3 mkcx

ey mob| bc fkb O bck(r rjokm rj`y(~` `zl`trockfi+Efk7 Rjfr(ii e`fk ec~` eck`y hcokh okrc ~`|`f~lj) ok|r`fb ca okrc rj` ep|`pe| rjè|ìq`|+

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rj` b`|l~otrock| f~` l~o|t) rj` flrock b~fefrol+ Ok aflr) i(q` ckiy hcr ck` ~`|`~qfrock) nprO a`f~ or(| fk ok|p~ecpkrfni` ck`) n`lfp|` rjo| o| ok aflr fk jo|rc~olfi kcqì) b`fiokh xorjrj` ioa` fkb `zt`~o`kl`| ca Ef~y Vp``k ca \lcr| |c x`(~` hcokh nflm acp~ l`krp~o`|+Fkb ftf~r a~ce okq`krokh bofichp` n`rx``k t`cti` xjc x`~` kcr flrpfiiylckrètc~f~o`|) rj` x~or`~ jf| t`tt`~`b rj` |rc~y xorj fkflj~cko|e| |c h~c|| f| rc n`fiec|r f |cp~l` ca `kr`~rfoke`kr ok rjè|ìq`|+ O acpkb ey|ìa jfia `zt`lrokh f nolyli`c~ r~fok rc ftt`f~ feckh|r rj` lf~r| fkb lf~~ofh`| fr fky ece`kr+ Fkb O xo|j O lcpibnìo`q` rjfr |j` xf| x~orokh f |tcca) npr |fbiy rjo| o| kcr rj` lf|`+ Fkb rjo| o| rj`f|t`lr ca rj` nccm xjolj xoii |tcoi or ac~ rj` okrìioh`kr ~`fb`~+ Firjcphj) oa ycp lfk|p|t`kb bo|nìoà ac~ f nor) ok afqcp~ ca fk `q`kokh ca tp~` `|lfto|e) or(| flrpfiiy f gciiyhccb ~`fb) ac~ fii or| |jc~rlceokh|+

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Rj` ickhi`hh`b) ickh`f~`b n~cxk jf~`) xjolj iccm| iom` f rfii`~ lcp|ok ca rj` lceeck~fnnor) o| fk `kohefrol l~`frp~`+ \j~cpb`b ok ey|r`~y fkb |r``t`b ok acimic~`) or frr~flr| fxob` ~fkh` ca fbeo~`~|+Rc x~or`~| fkb f~ro|r|+ or| fk `kbi`|| |cp~l` ca ok|to~frock=rcjpkr`~| or(| f ljfii`khokh hfe` fkoefi f| or bf|j`| ac~ lcq`~ fl~c|| rj` xokr`~ aoìb|+Fkb) ec~` t~flrolfiiy) rc |ce` af~e`~| or(| fk fkkcyokh t`|r+ Fkb firjcphj or(| |roii afeoiof+ck af~eifkb ok efky tf~r| ca N~orfok) lck|`~qfrocko|r| f~` |rf~rokh rc b`r`lr f xc~~y~kht~cniè n`lfp|` ok ~`l`kr y`f~| rj` n~cxk jf~` jf|k(r n``k rj~oqokh fkb rj` tctpifrocko| ok b`liok`+

Xjfr(| ec~`) rjo| bc`|k(r |`è rc n` tf~rolpif~iy lckk`lr`b xorj jfnorfr+ Jf~`| f~`car`k rc n` acpkb n`|ob` borlj`| xj`~` xfr`~ tifkr| t~cqob` ti`kry ca lcq`~ bp~okh rj`bfy+ Fr kohjr) n`lfp|` rj`y iom` rc n` xj`~` rj`y lfk |`` bfkh`~ lceokh) rj`y efm`rjò~ xfy rc ct`k h~cpkb+ Rjò~ efok t~`bfrc~| f~` acz`|) npr fbpir jf~`| lfk `f|oiycpr~pk rjè+ ia f acz lce`| okrc f aoìb xj`~` jf~`| f~`) rj`y xck(r tfy eplj frr`kroc~rc or pkroi or h`r| xorjok fncpr aoary e`r~`|+ Fr rjfr tcokr) rj` jf~` |rfkb| ck or| jokb i`h|fkb iccm| bo~`lriy fr rj` acz+ Rjo| o| flrpfiiy f |ohkfi xjolj |fy| rc rj` acz) (i(q` |``k

ycp |c rj`~`(| kc tcokr ok ljf|okh e`+( ir(| f n`jfqocp~ mkcxk f|(tp~|por b`r`~~`kl`(+fkb or(| ck` rjfr(| n`kàolofi rc ncrj fkoefi| n`lfp|` rj`y bck(r xf|r` rj` `k`~hy xjolxcpib n` `zt`kb`b ok f a~pori`|| ljf|`+

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flroqoro`|+\c xjfr o| jftt`kokh rc rjo| afeoiof~ l~`frp~`3 \ce` |p~q`y|) lf~~o`b cpr ok rj`

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Vp`|rock >7 T`~|ckfi Tc||`||ock|

Lckr`krI`rr`~ |jcpib b`|l~on` rj` cng`lr fkb `ztifok xjy rj` x~o~`~ xfkr| rc m``t orac~`q`~+

^fkh`

Ifkhpfh` ca b`|l~otrock fkb `ztifkfrock+Ftt~ct~ofly ca ~`ho|r`~ fkb ac~efr^`ho|r`~ lck|o|r`kriy ftt~ct~ofr` ac~ i`rr`~ ~c efhfwok`+

C~hfko|frock fkb lcj `|ockLi`f~iy c~hfko|`b+\porfni` ct`kokh fkb lcklipbokh |`kr`kl`|+

Rf~h`r ~`fb`~Xcpib mkcx xjfr rj` cng`lr o| iom` fkb pkb`~|rfkb or| |ohkoaolfkl` ac~ rj` x~o~`~+

Vp`|rock <7 Cib Npoibokh

Lckr`krT~ctc|fi |jcpib |phh`|~ ~xc p|`| ac~ rj` npoibokh fkb `ztifok jcx rj`|` xoiioet~cq` ioa` ac~ ycpkh t`cti`+

^fkhÌfkhpfh` ca ~`lcee`kbfrock) `ztifkfrock fkb b`|l~otrock+

Ftt~ct~ofly ca ~`ho|r`~ fkb ac~efr^`ho|r`~ lck|o|r`kriy ftt~ct~ofr` ac~ f t~ctc|fi rc rj` lcpkloi+

C~hfko|frock fkb lcj `|ockLi`f~ c~hfko|frock) tc||oniy xorj j`fbokh|+

Rf~h`r ~`fb`~Xcpib pkb`~|rfkb rj` |phh`|rock| tpr ac~xf~b fkb rj` n`kàor| rj`y xcpib caa`~ rcycpkh t`cti`+

Vp`|rock 27 Or Fii(Xc~m`b Cpr(XìiLckr`krF~roli` |jcpib b`|l~on` f boaaolpir |orpfrock fkb `ztifok jcx or ~`|pir`b ok f tc|oroq``zt`~o`kl`+

^fkhÌfkhpfh` ca b`|l~otrock) kf~~frock) `ztifkfrock fkb `qfipfrock+

Ftt~ct~ofly ca ~`ho|r`~ fkb ac~efr^`ho|r`~ lck|o|r`kriy ftt~ct~ofr` ac~ efhfwok` f~roli`+

C~hfko|frock fkb lcn`|ock@f~iy ~à`~`kl` rc ~`f|ck ac~ x~orokh+Li`f~iy c~hfko|`b) ecqokh a~ce kf~~frock rc `ztifkfrock fkb |porfni` lcklip|ock+

Rf~h`r ~`fb`~Yxcpib pkb`~|rfkb rj` x~o~`~(| `zt`~o`kl`) jcx rj` |orpfrock b`qìct`b fkb or||ohkoaolfkl`+

681



R`|r 2 M`y

Vp`|rock \ *f/7 Rj`

Lckr`kr

Lcicp~ ca Niccb

ljf~flr`~+0phh`|r`b

iclfrock|7c fh~olpirp~fi lcii```c 1ìb|#lcpk~~y|ob`(cp~|ob` lcii`h`c ljp~lj *aicx`~ f~~fkh`~/c ~foixfy |rfrockc ok rj` tciol` lf~c cp~|ob` rj` ljp~lj+ *i`fai`r bo|r~onprock/~ ok rj` jc|torfi xorj Gfk I+y` ok Gct(| jcp|`~ ok Efiiok`m tfifl` *tEn vpf~r`~|/c aokfi |l`k` ok Lfrj`b~fi

r (.#*pkb`~iok`b tcokr|

ep|r n` oklipb`b+ Npr`r`b tcok~| f~` |phh`|~`b `zfet~`|+/^fkhÌfkhpfh` ca b`|l~otrock) kf~~frock fkb `ztifkfrock+Ftt~ct~ofly ca ~`ho|r`~ fkb ac~efrM`hi|r`~ lck|o|r`kriy ftt~ct~ofr` ac~ `||fy ac~ rprc~+C~hfko|frock fkb lcj`|ock

+'kaao~te`k~ ca ob`f|) b`|l~otrock i`fbokh rc `zt~fkf~ock fkb ftt~ct~ofr`

R(r~h`r ~`fb`~

ë7~oo+R~Ãg+ã7)ã~6k(' Nè n`jfq`b fkb jcx jo| ljf~flr`~ xf| ~`q`fi`b ok rj~``

/p`|rock \*n/7 Rj` HcSN`rx``k

Sckr`kr7+r[S

+ aor| okrc ~ci` f|+je7) S+r..g)6)7776~(77I a 6

`)| o k~f ro ck o..äo~o .h

Ef~o fk fk b R`bf

f

f

f

f

c~hfk~|f~ock ca rj` jcp|`jcibtilkil|) r`kko| fkb |xoeeokh tf~ro`|

Ic~b R(| qfip`| fkb nìoà|Ef~ofk |ìao|j bo|~`hf~b ac~ I`c)| a`ìokh|R`b

+ jck`|r) t~flrolf(o) p~+p~+ cpr~c GãRoo~+`b`~iok`b tcoko| ~~r n+ o.+ÿG=+=ã~Goää c~o.~)) =~#h`

+~hpfh` ca b`|l~otrock) kf~~frock fkb fkfiy|o|+7r~ct~ofly ca ~`ho|r`~ fkb ac~efr

i- 77r|r`~ lck|o|r`kriy ftt~ct~ofr` ac~ ~`qo`x ok f

f~` |phh`|r`b `zfeti`|+/

iclfi k`x|tft`~+

~88



R`|r 2 M`y

C~hfko|frock fkb lcj`|rckLi`f~ c~hfko|frock ca ob`f|+

Rf~h`r ~`fb`~(\Rcpib pkb`~|rfkb I`c(| ~ìfrock|jot xorj fbpir| fr N~fkbjfe Jfii+

Vp`|rock 0*l/7 Rjokh| Afii Ftf~rLckr`krB`|l~otrock ca boaa`~`kr lpirp~`| ~`t~`|`kr`b n/( Cmckmxc fkb jo| t`cti` fkb rjèo||ockf~o`| fkb lcickofi |cq`~kc~|7T`cti` ca Pepcaofc nìoà|+ lp|rce|c lcb` ca n`jfqocp~Eo||ockf~o`| fkb hcq`~kc~|c `|rfnio|j r~fbokh tc|rc n~okh `bplfrock

c n~okh k`x ~ìohock xjolj ftt`fi| `+h+ rc Kxcy`c `|rfnio|j k`x ifx| fkb lcp~r|F||`||e`kr ca `zr`kr rc xjolj rj` rxc i`f~k rc pkb`~|rfkb `flj crj`~7c Cmckmxc ~àp|`| rc ljfkh`) c~ r~y rc pkb`~|rfkbc crj`~|) `+h+ Cno`~omf) |fy rj`~` o| kc tcokr ok ~`|o|rokhc |ce`) iom` Kxcy`) f~` lckq`~r`b fkb |`` hccb ok xjfr rj` eo||ockf~o`| f~`

bcokh+ frrorpb` ca rj` Lceeo||ock`~ fk fkrj~ctcicholfi |rpby+ pkb`~|rfkbokh frrorpb` ca |ce` eo||ockf~o`| *E~ N~cxk/c okrci`~fkl` ca crj`~| *E~ \eorj/c qoiifh`~| rfm`k t~o|ck`~ xj`k rj`y `zt`lr`b rc jfq` bo|lp||ock|

+ lcp~r caaolofi| n`fr fkb ok|pir c~o|ck`~|*Pkb`~iok`b tcokr| ep|r n` oklipä`b+ Npii`r`b tcokr| f~` |phh`|r`b `zfeti`|+/

^fkhÌfkhpfh` ca b`|l~otrock) kf~~frock fkb f||`||e`kr+

Ftt~ct~ofly ca ~`ho|r`~ fkb ac~efr^`ho|r`~ lck|o|r`kriy ftt~ct~ofr` ac~ ~`tc~r ac~ ion~f~ofk efy jfq` j`fbokh|+

C~hfko|frock fkb lcj`|ockLi`f~ c~hfko|frock ca ob`f|+B`|l~otrock i`fbokh rc f||`||e`kr+

Rf~h`r ~`fb`~Xcpib pkb`~|rfkb |ce`rjokh ca rj` rxc lpirp~`|) xcpib n` fni` rc f||`|| rj``zr`kr rc xjolj rj` t`cti` o`f~k rc pkb`~|rfkb `flj crj`~ fkb n` fni` rc b`lob` oarjo| xf| f |porfni` nccm ac~ rj` `zjonorock+

68:



Tft`~ < P|` ca @khio|j *6 jcp~ <4 eokp~`|/

Tf~r 6 *ck` ef~m ac~ `flj lc~~`lr fk|x`~/6f >gk <`flj 2or| 0xjfr: jcx`q`~#k`q`~rjì`|| ? i`|| 64 |c

6< lf~~y 62 rc 60 okrc

1 rjò~ 8 jcx

66 iom`(6>

k`zr

Tf~r > *ck` ef~m ac~ `flj lc~~`lr fk|x`~/61 fll`||oni` *KCR fll`||`b/ 68 iò|p~ìy 6h pkac~h`rrfni`6? n~`frj*/rfmokh >4 ecpkrf~k`+~*|/ >6 `~c|ock>< oet`~l`===ÿa.

)>2 br====o==8ro==.+~|ory *Kc~ fr))+~~ok+.3r6ljfii`kho(h

>0 |ti`kbcp~#|tg`kcc~

Tf~r < *rxc ef~m| ac~ `flj lc~~`lr fk|x`~/>1 ~`tc~r >8 ncf~b >: kfrp~fi >? ftt`f~fkl`

<4 |`r6 jcr

Tf~r 2 *ck` ef~m ac~ `flj lc~~`lr fk|x`~/<> or kcr *6/ - n``k ac~ *6/<< bob xorj j`~ eck`y *6/ - xf| kc lckl`~k *6/<2 xf| ck+rj` tcokr)*6/ - ca i`fqokh *rr + cakl`/(ra /

i/ 77.).7()jf} ~ |?r *6/ - ok*rc/ ey.lä~ rjfk v~i

, 7.[3oGo3(cipiìq/)o3 *66- kcrol` *xjfr*|c/`q`~/ ca *6/~ # kcr ~j` j~|~ roe` *6/ - *rjfr/ \fiiy jf| ~pk *6/

ii &7~~7~ mkcxk *6/ - f| f x~o~`~ *ca nccm|/ *o6(

7okër n``k)n~cphjr *6/

- ~c ey frr`krock *6/)Yrr7 ~j` ef~m |ljè` ac~ tf~r 2 efy n` `ztfkb`l~ xo~j crj`~ ftt~ct~ofr` fk|x`~|+

Tf~r 0 *vp`|rock| 242< rxc ef~m| ac~ `flj lc~~`l~ fk|x`~/24 Or |jcx| rj` aflr rjfr n~fkb| f~` fi~ f~cpkb p| # rj`y bceokfr` cp~ ioq`| c^ orljc`| rj` xc~b ~fkb|lft`) Kc~ fk|x`~| iom` (Rj`~` p~+ )c efky n~fkb| okcbfy(| ef~m`r|+)26 *Rj` q`~n o|/ b`lcb`+ Kc ap~rj`~ fbborock| a~ce rj` ~`z~ pki`|| )b`lcb`)

o|ohjiohjr`b+2> Rjò~ xc~m *ok f lfii

Sl`kr~`/ # jfkbiokh#b`fiokh xorj *lckap|`b) bèfkbokh)fkzocp| / lp|~ce`~| KCR fk|x`~| xjo(lj ~à`=+

==~o==+===~y

< ~k rj` tf|r rj` aclp| xf| ck rj` ~ìfrock|jot n`rx``k rj` t~cbpl`~ fkb rj`p|rce`~ xj`~`f| kcx oetc~rfkl` o| tifl`ä.. t===o=o ~k+ n~k)~b )c

+ èticy``|+ Nc~J tp~r kr~ä t~`|`kr )+3+~+~)++ `||`krofi+22 fx+f~b pt ~c acp~ ef~m| ~c~+c.r+~6+ oj+ t.~.h~.a~) )~~~~~f oklipb` rjàciicxokh tcokr|7o N~fkb| h`k`~fr` r~p|r # |`k|` ca |`lp~ory # ~`t~`|`kr l`~rfokry # lck|o|r`klyca vpfiory+

R`|r 2 M

rr<~ã ~67

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68?



R`|r 2 M`y

ooo T~cbpl`~| xfkr rc ftt`î~ ec~fiiy fkb |clofiiy ~`|tck|oni` # t`cti` rcohkc~` jcx hccb| f~` t~cbpl`b # t`cti` rc ob`kroay xorj rjò~ tjoic|ctjy+

oq N~fkb| ecroqfr` èticy``| rc xc~m jf~b iok|to~` èticy``| xorj faa`lrockfkb icyfiry+

Tft`~ 2 Io|r`kokh *-c eokp~`| ftt~czoefrìy/


6L >F <F 2L 0N 1L 8N :F


? a`frj`~| # *|r~omokh/ tipefh`64 *q`~y/ yìicxh~``k # yìicx *fkb/ h~``k *ok òrj`~ c~b`~ npr KCR yìicx c~h~``k/ 66 |p~afl` 6> bo`riaccb#a``bokh 6< k`|rokh(6)2 fbIrm *tctpifrock ca/ 60 |car*`~/# f |car*`~/ lfii

61 *ncby/ xf~erj#j`fr *KCR qohoifkl`/68 oii*/j`firj # tcc~ j`firj # nfb j`firj

Tf~r < *ck` ef~m ac~ `flj lc~~`lr fk|x`~/

6:B 6?N >4N >66+ >>B


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R~fk\L~otr Lfen~obh` L`~roaolfr` ca T~caolo`kly ok @khio|j Io|r`kokh R`|r+ R`|r 2+

O(e hcokh rc hop` ycp rj` ok|r~xlrock| ac~ rno| r`|r+


Fr rj` |rlr~r ca `flj to`l` ycx(ii j`f~ rjo| |cpkb7

rck`


^èèn`~) xjoi` ycp(~` io|r`kokh) x~or` ycp~ fk|x`~| ck rj` vp`|rock t1t`~+

_cp(ii jfp` aop` eokxr`| fr rj` `kb ca rj` r`|r rc lcty ycp~ fk|x`~| ckrc rj` |`tb~fr` bk|x`}|j``r+

Rj`~` xoii kcx n` b tbp|`+ Ti`f|` f|m bky vp`|rock| kcrp) n`lfp|` ycp ep|r kcr |t`fi9bx~okh rj` r`|r+

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TF^R 6 Kcx ct`k ycp~ vp`|rock tft`~ fkb iccm fr Tf~r Ck`+

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_cp(ii j`f~ acp~ boaa`~`kr `zr~flr|+ Ac~ vp`|rock| 6 rc N) ljcc|` rj` fk|rp`~ *F) N c~ L/

xjolj aor| n`|r fllc~bokh rc xjfr ycp n`f~+ Rj`~` f~` rxc vp`|rock| ac~ `flj `zr~flr+

6:4



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Bc ycp rjokm or(| r~p` rjfr |lo`kl` aolrock x~orokh o| |roii |``k f| nòkh cpr|ob` rj` ior`~f~yefok|r~`fe3_`|) fkb O rjokm rjfr(| n`lfp|`

~or`~f~y l~orol| ck rj` xjc~` f~` `bplfr`b rc rjokm caior`~frp~` f| nòkh pe fk okr`~tify n`rx``k ljf~flr`~|) fkb |lo`kl` aolrock o|k)r iom`rjfr& ~r lckl`~k| jpefk| |r~phh~okh fhfok|r |ce`rjokh pkmkcxk) |ce`rjokh rjfr jf| rcn` h~f|t`b+ Fkb rj`k t`~|ckfiiy xjfa frr~flr`b e` rc or xj`k O lfe` nflm far`~ fk`zr`kb`b t`~ocb r~fqòiokh ~ohjr fxfy a~ce c~bokf~y |clo`ry xf| rjfr ~ |fx ~r f| rjìor`~frp~` ca cpr|ob`~|+Fr rj` |rf~r ca rj` k`x eoii`kkope) |c efky t`ct~` jfq` |fob rjfr foi rj` t~`bolrock| ok

77g77.'aolrock ao~e| ca ~j` ~f|r aoary y`f~| x`~` fo~ lcet~`r`~y '~ckh+ Bc ycp ~jokm rj`y

i(e kcr |p~` rjfr or(| fncpr t~`bolrock+ Ac~ |ce` x~or`~| or efy n` npr S `~ S ac~ e` or)| fmokb ca eyrjc~chy+ Rc rfm` fk `zfet~`) rj` ob`f ca f efljokï rjfr=| t~ch~fee`b rcrjokm ca or|ìa f| jpefk o| ok or|ìa rcpljokh) `q`k r~fhol+F nor iom` |ce`rjokh cpr ca lif||olfi

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Rj` bce`|rol lfr jf| n``k tf~r ca `q`~ybfy ~oa` ok @p~ct` ac~ efky jpkb~`b| ca y`f~|+Ok aflr) rj` ao~|r |ohk| ca f bce`|rol lfr ok N~orfok lce` a~ce fk f~ljf`c~cholf~ |or`bfrokh a~ce rj` i~ck Fh`) rj` t`~ocb rjfr if|r`b a~ce fncpr 044 N+L+ rc rj` roe` ca rj`^cefk okqf|ock ok 00 N+L+

Fkcrj`~ okr`~`|rokh rjokh o| xj`rj`~ bce`|rol lf~| x`~` b`~on`~fr`~y flvpo~`b rj`xfy af~e fkoefi| x`~`) c~ xj`rj`~ rj`y gp|r lfe` f~ckh ca rjò~ cxk fllc~b fkb x`~`rci`~fr`b ny jpefk|+ O |p|t`lr rj` ifrr`~) ok xjolj lf|` x` lcpib aokb rj`~~ ~èfok| a~cef eplj `f~io`~ t`~ocb+Rj` |`f~lj ac~ `qob`kl` rc tok bcxk rj` `zflr bfr` ca rj` bce`|rol lfr)| f~~oqf~ okN~orfok o| efb` kc `f|o`~ ny rj` aflr rjfr cp~ cxk kfroq` xoib lfr|) xjolj x`~` afo~iyxob`|t~`fb fl~c|| rj` lcpkr~y) x`~` iomìy rc okr`~n~``b xorj bce`|rol lfr| rjfr jfb iàrrjò~ jce`| fkb n`lce` |r~fy|+ F| f ~`~p~r) ck` ca rj` t~cn~è| '. pr'.y) jfq` o|b`lob+okh xj`rj`~ f tf~rolp~f~ o|c~fr`b nck` o| ca f bce`|rol lfr c~ f ~clf~ xoib lfr S

rj`~`(| q`~y iorri` boaa`~`kl` n`rx``k rjè+

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6:6



R`|r 2 M`y

T~`|`kr`~7

rfk7

T~`|`kr`~7rfk7

ca icq`) |okl` ef~m`r| ac~ `zlorokh okb`t`kb`kr xc~m f~` eplj rjokk`~ ck rj` h~cpkbfkb rjfr |`è| rc n` f xìi`|rfnio|j`b r~`kb) fkb kcr gp|r f rètc~f~y(niot(+\c xjy o| or |c t~cnièfrol3 Rj`~` t~`|pefniy xf| f roe` xj`k tjcrcgcp~kfio|r| lcpibec~` c~ i`|| tolm rj` tpniolfrock xj`~` rj`y(tifl`b(rjò~ xc~m3O rjokm rj`~`(| rj` hicnfio|frock ca rj` ef~m`r fkb rj`~`(| n``k f |joar ok `borc~ofifrrorpb`|+

Xjy) xjfr(| ljfkh`b3Xìi) O rjokm ck` ca rj` f|t`lr| o| or(| q`~y jf~b rc aokb f |rc~y kcx rjfr jf|k(r n``klcq`~`b rc b`frj fi~`fby+ Xj`~`q`~ rj`~`(| k`x| c~ xc~rjxjoi` tolrp~`| ycp(~` hcokh rcaokb acp~ c~ aoq` boaa`~`kr ryt`| ca e`bof r~yokh rc h`r rc or+ Fkb rj` tpniol jfq` fll`|| rc`q`~yrjokh fkb rjò~ frr`krock |tfk(| q`~y |jc~r) |c `borc~| bf~`k(r t~okr fk okb`trjfkfiy|o| xorj f |`~o`| ca xìiljc|`k oefh`| `q`k rxc bfy| far`~ f xc~ib `q`kr+

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