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P A H, T E S E C O N 1 ) A
SEZIONE I
Progetto di m a c c h i n a acce leratr ice per il Centro Europeo di Riccrche Nucleari
CERN, the European Council for Nuclear Research.
E. AMALDI
Isl i l~do di F i s i ca de l l 'U n i r e r s i t ~ - R o m a
l.~liluto N a z i o l m l e di F i s i c a N u c l e a t e - Sezio~te di R o m a
1. - Introduct ion.
Short ly af ter the war it was felt in various European scientific circles and in par t icular among' the physicists of several European Universit ies and research
inst i tut ions that , in order to regain a first r ank position in nuclear science, it
was necessary to make a common effort.
In fact, it was clear tha t in m a n y European countries, still suffering f rom
the very serious damages of the recent war, the problem of reconstruct ing their capaci ty and of developing their efficiency in the field of nuclear sciences could
find tm adequate solution f rom both the financial aspect and f rom the point of view of technical and scientific personnel through a collaboration among the European countries.
The need of costly equipment and of a ra ther large number of very spe- cialized personnel l imited in mos t of the European countries the development
of the research work along impor t an t lines. On the other hand, it was stressed
tha t even in the Uni ted States the progress of nuclear science was par t ly due
to a wide collaboration among m a n y universities d is t r ibuted over large areas
and to the existence of scientific t eams which included research workers drawn
f rom m a n y countries.
I t was at Lausanne, in December 1949, on the occasion of the European
Cultural Conference, t ha t the problem was publicly discussed a t length for the first t ime and an i m p o r t a n t message of Lou i s DE BROGLIE WaS read.
Although no special field of research and no par t icular geographical region
were ment ioned in this resolution, it was clear t ha t among the various projects,
which could be envisaged ~tt t ha t t ime, the es tabl ishment of an European
340 E. AMALDI
co-operation in fundamental research concerning the structure of mat ter was one of the most useful and promising tasks to aim at.
As a consequence, the project of an European nuclear research laboratory took shape under U]NESCO's auspices during the year 1915. On invitation and under the chairmanship of Prof. P. AUGER, Director of the Department of
Natural Sciences of UNESCO, a first meeting of a few European experts took place in Paris in the middle of May 1951, with the aim to prepare a first provisional programme.
As a result of a series of meetings, the experts recommended the constitution of a provisional international organization with a budget of about 1 million
Swiss francs for a period of about J8 months, to prepare detailed technical plans and budgets which the European STations could then use to set up a permanent organization endowed with considerable financial means.
2. - The Organizational and Legal Development of CERN.
All European Member States of UNESCO were invited in December 1951 to take part in a Conference of governmental representatives aiming to a study of the proposals of the experts. These last were approved by 10 European countries and on the 15th of Februar 1952 an Agreement setting up a (~ Council of Representatives of European States for planning an International Labo- ratory )) was signed at Geneva by Belgium, Denmark, France, the German Federal Republic, Italy, the Netherlands, ~qorway, Sweden, Switzerland and Yugoslavia.
The main tasks of the provisional organization, called CERN (Conseil Europ~en pour la Recherche Nucl~aire) were to prepare plans for the inter- national laboratory and for the accelerators around which the future research would be centered, as well as a Convention to be submitted and signed by the representatives of the participating States which had to include the budget extending over the period of time necessary for the accomplishment of the
construction. Without going into the details of the structure and of the activities of
CERST, I will recall the more important steps and decisions taken by the
European Council for ~quclear Research. Each Nation is represented in the Council by two delegates with a single
vote, and as many experts as they deem necessary. Among the delegates there are physicists as HEISENBERG for Germany,
PERRIb; for France, SCHERRER for Switzerland, WALLER and GUSTAFSOI~ for Sweden, DE GR00T for the I~etherlunds. Besides these physicists there are representatives of leading national organizations of research in their countries such as BAI~NIER~ Director of the Netherlands Organization for Pure Research;
0L0~ETTI, President of the Italian ~Tational Research Council and WIL-
CERN~ T I l E E U R O P E A N COUNCIL FOR N U C L E A R R E S E A R C H 341
LEMS, President of the Ins t i tu t Interuniversi ta i re des Sciences Nucl~aires at Brussels. There are also jurists and diplomates, part icularly interested in the organization of internat ional cultural relations such as Mr. VALEUR~ of the French Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Mr. PENNETTA~ legal consultant of the I tal ian Foreign Office.
The Council elects a chairman who remains in office for a period which depends in some way on the circumstances. Firs t chairman has been Pro- fessor SCHERRER who was in office until the decision about the seat of the Labora to ry was taken; the second has been Mr. BANNIER, who conducted the Council to the signature of the Convention and the third and actual chair-
man is Mr. VALEUR, who is working for the final step which will convert the provisional Organization into a permanent one. Vice-chairman of the Council have been ]~EISEI~'BERG and PERRIN at the beginning and later, when Mr. VALEUIr f rom France was nominated chairman, PERRIN- on his own r e q u e s t - was subst i tuted by NIELSEn, from Copenhagen.
The position of the United Kingdom needs some special comments. Al- though the representat ives of the United Kingdom did not sign the Agreement of the 15th of Febrm~ry 1952, Great Bri tain was, since December of the same year, collaborating very efficiently with the Council bo th with financial support and with highly qualified personnel. The representat ives of the United Kingdom, Sir BE~- BOCKSPEISER~ Secretary of the Depar tment of Scientific and Industr ia l Research, and Sir JOH~ COCKCROF'r took par t in all CER~ ~ sessions formally as observers bu t pract ical ly in very close collaborat- ion with the delegates of all other Nations.
The more impor tan t steps and decisions taken by C E R ~ until now can be summarized as follows:
In its first session, held in Paris in May 1952, the Council set up specialized S tudy Groups and nominated its first internat ional officers: the Secretary General E. A)IALDI (Italy), responsible for presenting the reports as a whole; O. DAHL (Norway), Director of the Pro ton Synchrot ron Group; C. J . BAKKER (Netherlands), Director of the Synchro-eyclotron Group; L. KOWARSKI (France), Director of the Labora tory Group and N. BOHR (Denmark), Director of the Theoretical S tudy Group.
These Officers, together with Prof. P. PREISWE~ (Switzerland), Deputy- Director of the Labora to ry Group, const i tute the Execut ive Group which
has to carry on the work according to the decisions taken by the Council. The second session of the Council was held in June 1952, in Copenhagen,
at the end of the Nuclear Physics Conference in which was discussed, with a wide part icipation of physicist of ~dl European countries, the present si tuation
in fundamenta l nuclear physics with a view to elucidate the problems which could be most frui tful ly dealt with by internat ional co-operation.
The programme of the S tudy Groups was adopted by the Council in the light of the results of the Conference.
342 E. AMALDI
I n par t i cu la r , i t was decided to p repare the p lans a n d to s t u d y the f inanc ia l
imp l i ca t ions of a p ro ton s y n c h r o t r o n for no t less t h a n 10 b i l l ion e lec t ron vol ts
a n d of a synch ro -cyc lo t ron for a b o u t 600 mi l l ion e lec t ron volts .
The t h i r d session was held in A m s t e r d a m in October 1952, a n d was m a i n l y
devo ted to the choice of the site where the L a b o r a t o r y was to te bu i l t . A t
the end of a discussion in which four offers were cons idered (Arnhem, f rom
the N e t h e r l a n d ; Copenhagen , f rom D e n m a r k ; Par is , f rom F r a n c e a n d Geneva ,
f rom Swi tzer land) , i t was u n a n i m o u s l y decided to erect the L a b o r a t o r y on ,~
site a t Meyr in , a t 7 k m f rom Geneva on the road to Lyon .
The fou r th session, he ld in Brussels in J a n u a r y 1953, was m a i n l y de vo t e d
to discuss the basic pr inc ip les of the C o n v e n t i o n a n d the ra te to be a d o p t e d
for the d i s t r i b u t i o n of the expenses a m o n g the p a r t i c i p a t i n g States .
A m o n g var ious pr inciples t a k e n in to cons idera t ion , t h a t of the f inancia l
d i s t r i b u t i o n in p ropo r t i on wi th the cor responding n a t i o n a l income, o b t a i n e d
f rom the b e g i n n i n g the f avour of the m a j o r i t y of the r ep resen ta t ives of Member
S ta tes a n d was f inal ly u n a n i m o u s l y adop t ed a t a l a t e r session (Table I).
TABLE I.
a) - Scale to serve as a b a s i s / o r the assess- b) - S t a l l d i s t r ibu t ion as at J u n e 17th, m e a t o] con t r ibu t ions d u r i n g the per iod 1954. end ing on the 31st o/ December, 1956 (*).
i Country Percentage
Belgium . . . . . . . . ! 4.88 Denmark . . . . . . . i 2.48 France . . . . . . . . 23.84 German Federal Republic 17.70 Greece . . . . . . . . I 0.97
i
I ta ly . . . . . . . . . ! 10.20 Netherlands . . . . . . : 3.68 Norway . . . . . . . . 1.79 Sweden . . . . . . . . 4.98 Switzerland . . . . . . 3.71 United Kingdom of Great
Britain and Northern Ireland . . . . . . . 23.84
Yugoslavia . . . . . . i 1.93
i TOTAL �9 �9 �9 i 100.00
I ]
(*) This Scale is revised every 3 years.
Country
Belgium . . . . . . . . Denmark . . . . . . . France . . . . . . . . Great-Britain . . . . . Greece . . . . . . . . I ta ly . . . . . . . . . Netherlands . . . . . . Norway . . . . . . . . Sweden . . . . . . . . Switzerland . . . . . . German Federal Republic Yugoslavia . . . . . . U.S.A . . . . . . . . .
TOTAl . . . .
Number
3 5
10 10 2 8 8 5 5
25 9 1 1
92
The fifth sessions was held in R o m e in 5 larch 1953. The C o n v e n t i o n for
the e s t a b l i s h m e n t of a (pe rmanen t ) E u r o p e a n Organ i za t i on for N uc l e a r Re-
C E R N , T t I E E U R O P E A N C O U N C I l , FOR N U C L E A R R E S E A R C I [ 343
search st 'u ' ted to take shape and was comple ted dnring the sixth session held in Paris at the end of June 1953.
The first of J u l y 1953, at the Quai d 'Orsay, the Convention was signed by
the representat ives of all the above-ment ioned States who had signed the Agreement of the 15th of F eb rua ry 1952, plus the Uni ted Kingdom and Greece.
I intend to come back later to some of the fundamen ta l points stressed in the Convention; I shall only ment ion now tha t it: will enter into force when seven States will have ratified it and provided tha t the to ta l of their per-
centaR'e contr ibut ions will amoun t to not less than 75~ of the total.
F r o m the beginning of Ju ly until now the Council held three more sessions
(October t953, J a n u a r y 1954 and April 1954) all in Geneva, in which various
impor t an t organizat ional and adminis t ra t ive ma t t e r s were considered and decided.
At its last session, the Council unanimously vo ted a recommendat ion pro-
posing the nominat ion of FELIX BLOCH as Director of the pe rmanen t Orga- nization, coupled with the names, as other members of the Directorate , of E. A3fALDI, in the capaci ty of Deputy-Di rec tor and of C. J . BAKKER~ in the
capaci ty of representat ive of the Scientific Group Leaders with special refer- ence to the construct ion of the machines.
3. - The Present Legal S i t u a t i o n of CERN.
Until now, 9 countries have ratified tile Convention. They are, in order of ratification :
United Kingdom, Switzerland, Denmark , Greece, Se ther lands , Norway, Belgium, Sweden, German Federa l Republic.
The following ratifications are still expected:
Fran('e, I ta ly , Yugoslavia.
Only tile first of the two conditions required for the enter ing into force of
the Convention has actual ly been fulfilled; namely : the one relat ing to the number of countries having ratified it.
Tile second condition providing tha t not less than 75% of tile total per-
centage contr ibut ions of tile Member States be obtained, has not yet been
fulfilled. This will be achieved with ratification either by France or by I t a ly .
There is no doubt tha t these countries will ra t i fy within a short delay, h i
France, the Lower House has a l ready given its approva l and the Convention
will be examined by the Upper House in September . In I ta ly , the Convention
is now being examined by the Upper House, while tile rat if icat ion procedure is fairly well advanced in Yugoslavia.
Therefore. a l though it will be necessary to waite some months in order to
344 E. AMALDI
have the legal position of the permanent organization definitively established, its practical existence and efficiency are clearly recognized (*).
As a consequence of such a si tuation the provisional organization is still into being bu t has s tar ted to perform some of the duties of the pe rmanen t
organization. Following these lines
F R A N C E ~ ~
Pig. 1,
/ / ,
and under the authorizat ion of the Finance Committee of the Council, work on the site has s tar ted in the middle of May.
4. - The CERN Machines and the
Laboratory at Geneva.
While the Organization deve- loped along the above-ment ioned lines~ the design of the machines and of the laboratory as well as all other activities of CERN were
in progress. O. DAHL WaS directing the Pro ton-Synchro t ron Group~ suppor ted b y G. K.
GOWARD who was made available to C E I ~ by Great Britain. To the deepest
.7
~;~o7 o o
r - ' 1 . ,0 o j~-~_ . . . . . . . . . . . j- _/~
Fig. 2.
(*) Note added i n proo].: - The Convention entered into effect the 29th of Sep- tember 1954, and before the end of February 1955 the procedure of ratification in all 12 participating countries was accomplished.
CERN~ T t t E E U R O P E A N COUNCIL FOR N U C L E A R R E S E A R C H 345
concern of all the representa t ives and of the scientific and technical staff of CERN, G0WARD passed away in the middle of March of this year. He has
been subs t i tu ted in his work by J . B. ADA3~S also f rom Great Britain. The original project of the Pro ton Synchrot ron was very similar to the
Brookhaven cosmotron, only enlarged in order to produce 10 billion electron
Fig. 3.
volts instead of 2.5. During the summer 1952 the strong focussing principle was discovered a t Brooklmven and therefore the project of the P ro ton Syn- chrotron was changed f rom a conventional machine into an a l te rna t ing gradient
machine and it was possible, for about the same cost, to increase the energy up to 25 billion electron volts.
The progress of this project and of tile theoretical invest igat ions of the new
principle will be presented in some detail in the lectures of ADA.~IS, L(~DERS
and HINE.
C. J . BAKKER has in the mean t ime developed the projec t of a synchro-
cyclotron for abou t 600 million electron volts. This machine is of a more con-
ventional type and is very similar, apar t f rom the higher energy, to those of
Chicago and Pi t t sburg . The design of the magne t is now frozen and ready
for final invi tat ions for tenders, while exper iments on ~ 1/10 scale model for determining details of the sh imming are still going on.
3 4 6 E . A M A L D I
The main difference of this machine with respect to the two above-men- tioned, is the high frequency system in which vibrating reeds instead of ro- tating condensors are used. The system is very similar to that adopted in
\ / l ' i
i ' |
Fig. 4.
I
i
�9 ' l.'i ! . J
�9 T
�9 i ' l ' | m
Fig..5
the enlarged synchro-cy- elotron at Berkeley. Ex- periments on models of
i the vibrating reeds are now progressing satisfac- torily. Details of this machine will be presented in the lecture of PICKA- VANCE.
KOWARSKI and PREIS- WEnK have worked on various problems con- nected with the general or -I ganization and administ- ration of the Labora- tory, the instrumentation, the workshops and the buildings.
Fig. 1 shows the site at Meyrin, where the La- boratory will be cons- tructed, with respect to the city of Geneva.
Fig. 2 shows the general lay-out of the Laboratory, while Fig. 3 is a picture of a model of the site with the building.
Fig. 6
CERN, THE EUROPEAN COUNCIL FOR NUCLEAR RESEARCh 347
Fig. 4 and 5 give sections and plans of the Labora tory while Fig. 6 shows a model of the building of the Synchro-Cyclotron.
5. - Other A c t i v i t i e s of C E R N .
The Theoretical ~ tudy Group set up in Copenhagen under tile direction of Professor N. BOHR has been by now, active for 2 academic years. The Group consists, besides Professor BOHR and 3 other senior members, of 1 junior member from each one of the 12 participating" countries. The Group has col- laborated with the Pro ton-Synchrot ron Group on various problenls relating to the stabil i ty of the orbits of the machine. I ts main task however, is tha t of
developing an advanced training of junior theoretical physicists and offering them the oppor tuni ty to perform research work under the guidance of senior theoret ical physicists. Regular course and frequent colloquia held by members of the group or by distinguished visitors invited by the Group-Director, are an essential par t of the activity.
Numerous reports (29), papers (16), and lecture-notes (5) have been published by tile members of the Group on various aspects of high energy physics includ- ing nuclear consti tut ion and field theory.
Another impor tan t act iv i ty of CERN is the (~ Co-operation + which can, at least at present, be divided in the two following branches.
The first one, under the direction of Professor BOHR~ refers to activities of CERN which are developed in connection with existing high energy ma- chines which have been gratiously put at the disposal of CERN by various national institutions. Such a co-operation is qui te active with the Labora tory of Liverpool where a synchro-cyclotron of 410 MeV has been recently comp- leted and which is very close to operation. Four junior experimental phy- sicists of various European countries will s tudy there in close collaboration with the local British physicists, and under the au thor i ty of Professor SKINNER, director of the Liverpool Laboratory.
A similar arrangement is going on in Uppsala where two junior experi- mental physicists of CERN are doing" research work with the local cyclotron of 200 million electron volts put at disposal of CERN by Professor SVEDBERG.
The second aspect of co-operation consists of sponsoring co-operative Eu- ropean research endeavours, such as cosmic rays investigation. Two inter- national expeditions for launching balloons from Sardinia were organized in
]952 and 1953. In the second expedition, in which 18 European universities ~md institutions took part , about 10 liter (or 37 kg) of nuclear emulsions were exposed for about 8 hours at about 25000 meters above sea level. The work on these emulsions is going on in all the part icipating laboratories (with
348 E. AMALDI
a total of about 100 microscopes) and interesting information is collected on new particles such as K-mesons and hyperons.
At a conference held in Padua in April last by members of the expedition the results of 6 months work have been presented; about half of all the 7- and K-mesons and about 2/3 of all the hyperons observed in emulsions until now, have been found in investigations of less than 1!4 of the emulsions exposed in this expedition (*).
Finally, during the next autumn two research teams will be established in Geneva, one working on ~uclear Induction, directly under Prof. BLocI~,
the other working on some problem of cosmic rays connected with the deve- lopment of experimental techniques, which later will be useful for the exper- iments with the machines.
The existence of these research teams will contribute to create the right spirit of research at Geneva.
6. - Questions Related with the Staff and the Finances .
The scientific and technical staff of CERN amounts, at the moment, to about 60 people plus 10 junior scientists working with the Theoretical Study Group for a period of several months, while the administrative staff amounts
to about 20 people. Table I I shows the distribution of personnel among the Member States.
When CERI~ will have achieved its full development, the total staff will amount
to about 300 people. While the Proton-Synchrotron Group and the Laboratory Group are already
in Geneva, the Synehro-cyclotron Group is still scattered in the various towns of Europe and will move to Geneva next September; the Theoretical Group is located at Copenhagen, where they will remain for about three more years.
At Geneva, the Proton-Synchrotron is located in a wing of the Ins t i tu te of Physics of the University and in a few hutments erected in its vicinity.
The surface of the hutments amounts to about 600 m ~. The Group has also at disposal a concrete building annex to the Insti tute with a surface of 600 m ~.
The Central Administration, the Laboratory Group (and later on the Synchro-
cyclotron Group) are placed in a Villa at the airport of Geneva (surface 360 m 2) and in a few hangars rented by CERN from the airport authorities (surface
325 m2). A few more hutments will be erected there during summer.
(*) :Vote added in proo]. - See the Rendiconti del Congresso Internazionale suUe parti- ce~le instabili pesanti e sugli eventi di a~ta energia nei raggi cosmiei, Padova, 12-15 Aprile 1954, in Suppl. Nuovo Cimento, 12, n. 2 (1954).
CERN, T H E E U R O P E A N C O U N C I L ]~'OR N U C L E A R R E S E A R C H 349
The work on the site has s ta r ted in May in order to prepare the foundat ions for the machines before next winter.
At the beginning of ] 956, construct ion on the site will be advanced enough
to allow for the gradua l t ransfer of the exper imenta l ac t iv i ty f rom the pro-
visional accomodat ions to the pe rmanen t ones. The tota l budget amoun t s to 120 million Swiss francs to be spent in about
7 years.
7. - Some Informat ion about the National Programmes of Construction o[ High
Energy Accelerators in Europe.
In order to give a fair view of the ac t iv i ty going on in Europe in the field
of high energy accelerators, one has to consider also the nat ional programmes.
I n Table I I I I have collected a few data abou t the machines (of an energy higher than 100 MeV) which are a l ready comple ted in Europe .
One can see tha t , apa r t f rom the Uni ted K ingdom and Sweden, there are no other European countries where machines would allow for research in the
field of high energy physics. Even in Uni ted Kingdom, where a very con- siderable effort in this directioi1 has beeI1 made, there is still a delay of abou t
6 years when compared with the deve lopment in this field of research in U.S.A.
The si tuat ion will be r e m a r k a b l y improved during the next few years ;
this not only as a consequence of C E R N ' s activities, bu t also because im-
po r t an t projects of construct ion of high energy accelerators are going on in var ious nat ional institutions.
Table I V contains da ta I was able to collect about the various nat ional projects of this type.
The number and nature of all these projects ensure t h a t in a few years the physics of n-mesons will be a highly cul t ivated field also in Europe . Although some of the nat ional machines will produce particles of energy around and above 1 GeV, one m a y expect tha t , if work on artificial heavy mesons
and hyperons will proceed satisfactorily, this will be mainly due to the Proton- Synchrot ron of CERN.
8. - The Nature of the Aims of CERN.
Before ending this report , I would like to stress three points which are essential in order to unders tand the real na ture of CERN.
The first refers to the relat ions between C E R N and nat ional insti tutions.
T h e Convention const i tu t ing C E B N establishes t ha t C E B N has to collaborate
with the nat ional research i n s t i t u t i o n s - and this collaborat ion is a l ready
350 E. AMALDI
TABLE I I I . - Accelerators producing particles o] energy
Country
Sweden
United Kingdom
Place
Uppsala
Harwell
Birming- ham
Liverpoo l
Glasgow
Inst i tu t ion of which the ma- chine belongs
The Gustaf Werner Insti- tute for Nuel. Chemistry, University
Atomic Energy Research Establish- ment
Physics Department ,
Liverpool University
University
Organization supplying
money
Director of
laboratory
Director of
project
The late Gu- I TH. star Werner I SVEDBERG Ins t i tu te and i Swedish Ato-i mic Energy Commission
De/partment of Atomic Energy
Depar tment of Scientific and Industr ia l Research
Z. D.
COCKCROFT
Depar tment of Scientific and Indust- rial Research Universi ty Grant Committee
Depar tment of Scientfic and Indust r ia l Research
TH. SVEDBERG
T. G. PICK- A V A N C E
31. L. OLI- M.L . OLI- PHANT PHANT
P. B. MOON P. B. Moox
!
H. W . B . M . J . i SKI~ER MOORE
TH. I. DEE M. MAC FARLAINE
I
Collaborators
H. TYRIAN B. HEDI~ T B. HELLSTR6M
H . SNOWDEN
J . B. ADAMS
J. S. GOODEN L. V. HIBBARD J. L. SY~aOSDS H. H. TAXLOUR and others
J. R. HOLT W- J, G. GREGORY B. S. HALLIDAY J. H. CRAIG and Messrs. Metro- poli tan Viekers Electr. Co.
Messrs. Metro- pol i tan Vickers Electr. Co., A.E.R.E. ,
C E R N , T I I E E U R O P E A N C O U N C I L F O R N U C L E A R R E S E A R C I I 351
larger tha~t 100 milio~ declroJt roll. 3lachit~es i~ operalion. ==
Tyl>e A ppr. Nr. of Repe- of :'~1 a x. date nf research Beam tition
machine ener-y operation ~'roups intensity time
Duration of
pulse I i
Present stage
Proton- 200 December 6 Internal 240 pps Synehro- MeV 1951 beam cyclotron ready for average
research 1 I~A 1952
P r o t o n - 180 Sept eml)er 4 1-2 mA Synero- MeV 1949 internal cyclotron
50 l)ps
100-500 y~s
200 ~s
Used for funda- mental high ener~zy physics, nuclear, chemist ry spec- troscopy etc.
Proton- 1 July 4 3.109 Synchrotron GeV 1953 protons
per pulse
Proton- Synchro- cyclotron
0.1 pps 3 ms
410 August 5-6 1 IxA about MeV 1954 internal 200 pps
several hundred
~ s
Almost complete.
Electron- 320 April 4 5 pps 10-1000 synchrotron MeV 1954 ~zs
N o t e : p p s = p u l s e p e r sCeOl l ( l .
352 E, AMALDI
TABLE IV. - Accelerators producing particles o/ energy larger titan
Institution to Organization Director Director Country Place which machine supplying of of Collaborators
belongs money k laboratory project
France
Germany
Italy
Nether- lands
Sweden
United Kingdom
Saclay
Bonn
Rome
Delft
Stock- holm
Harwell
Commissariat l']~nergie
Atomique
Physicali- sches Institut, University
Nat. Institute for Nuclear Physics
Department of Technical Physics, University
Swedish Atomic Energy Commission
Atomic Energy Research Establish- ment
i Commissariat! F. PERRIN
l'/~nergie Atomique
Deutsche Forschungs- gemeinschaft
C.N.R.N. and industry
University of Delft
Swedish Atomic Energy Commission
Department of Atomic Energy
W. PAUL
F. A. HEYN
H. ALFV~N
J~ D. COCKCROFT
R. MAIL- L~T
S. D. WIN- TER
W. PAUL
~ . ~ALu
F. A. HEYN
O. VERN- HOLM
T. G. PICK- AVANCE
BERNIER, BRUCK, DEBRAINE L~vY-MENDEL, LUTZ, PODLIASKY PAUTHIER, PRE-
VOST, TAIEB
Dr. BODENSTEDT Dr. EHRENBERG Dr. STEINWEDEL
E, PERSICO I. F. QUERCIA M. AGENO
S. LUNDQVIST, H. NYS~.TER, E. SM~RS, ~V[. SEDLACEK, C. E. TORNLOF, A. HOLM
Mr. MULLET Mr. WELKINSHAW Mr. SNOWDEN
C E R N , T I t E E U R O P E A N C O U N C I L F O R N U C L E A R R E S E A R C H 353
100 million electron volt. MacMttes in drawing or constructing stage.
~ I a x .
energy
Appr. Nr. of Beam date ireseareh
intensity operation i groups
Type of
machine
1.75 GeV
January 1958
Proton- synchrotron strong focusing"
1956 or 1957
Electron- 500 synchrotron MeV strong focushing
i
Repe- I Dura t ion! tition ~ of time pulse
_ i
i
1 pps
[ i
. . . . . . . . i . . . . .
1 50 pi)s
Electron- 1.0-1.2 1957 or about synchretron G eV lz~ter l 0
Proton- I
synchrotron GeV
Electron- 1 synchrotron (.;eV stronR" focusing
1956
I
Present stage
Planning of the i project I
1956
l i
possibly 25 pps 1010 :
electrons per pulse
[.25 pps
109-101~ 12.5 pps , electrons
per pulse
[
Proton linear 500 i 1958 or 3-4 1 tzA 50 pps accelerator MeV 1959 mean
current
1000 gs
200 9s
-Planning almost f in ished . S t a r t e d preliminary expe- riments
Prepar ing model of synchrotron; no definitive orders to industry given
Dynamic measure- ment on full scale magnet sector
Design study com- pleted up to 150 MeV; engineering design in progress
N o t e : PDS = p u l s e pe t ' s e c o n d .
2 3 - Supplen~ento al Nuovo Cimento.
354 ]~. AMALD1
going on with many universities and other research insti tutions of the various European c o u n t r i e s - and also when setting up the s t ructure of the Orga- nization itseif and tha t of the Labora to ry in Geneva, the Council l imited its aims in order to avoid too large a concentrat ion of European activities in one place, even if this should be the European Labora tory itself. The idea is ra ther to have a place, namely the Geneva Laboratory , where European physi- cists m a y go for special research which needs exceptional facilities not available n their own insti tut ions and where, a t the same time, they will have the op- por tun i ty of meeting their colleagues and exchanging their views so that , as a consequence, they will get a fur ther stimulus for their activities in national
insti tutions. The second point concerns the organizational s t ructure of the Labora tory
which is determined by the principle expressed in the following form in the Minutes of the 7th session of the Council: (~ The new Labora tory at Geneva should resemble in its research characteristics the research labora tory of a university, through which there is a free flow of graduates )), and therefore (( most posts should be of a short durat ion to allow of the flow of scientists through the Labora tory so necessary to avoid stagnation. This will also inc- rease the number of scientists who are able to use the unique facilities of the
Labora to ry ~. The third point relates to the purposes of the Organization which are
established in Article I I of the Convention, reading as follows: (~ The Orga- nization shall provide for collaboration among European States in ~uc lea r Rsearch of a pure scientific and fuud~menta l character , and in research essentially related thereto. The Organization shall have no concern with work for mil i tary requirements and the results of its experimental and theoretical work shall be published or otherwise made generally available... ,~.
